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novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus in broiler chickens, egypt.we detected a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n2) virus in 3 poultry farms in egypt. the virus carried genome segments of a pigeon h9n2 influenza virus detected in 2014, a nucleoprotein segment of contemporary chicken h9n2 viruses from egypt, and hemagglutinin derived from the 2.3.4.4b h5n8 virus clade.202031855539
transcriptomic profile of chicken bone marrow-derive dendritic cells in response to h9n2 avian influenza a virus.avian influenza subtype h9n2 infection is a mild but highly contagious disease that is associated with a decrease in the efficacy of vaccine interventions, and an increase in susceptibility to secondary infections in poultry. however, the immune evasion mechanism of h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) in chickens is poorly understood. dendritic cells (dcs) are immune cells of major importance, involved in innate immune responses against viruses, but also in the setting of adaptive immune respons ...202031846798
analysis of antibody response to an epitope in the haemagglutinin subunit 2 of avian influenza virus h5n1 for differentiation of infected and vaccinated chickens.the h5n1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has been circulating in poultry in indonesia since 2003 and vaccination has been used as a strategy to eradicate the disease. however, monitoring of vaccinated poultry flocks for h5n1 infection by serological means has been difficult, as vaccine antibodies are not readily distinguishable from those induced by field viruses. therefore, a test that differentiates infected and vaccinated animals (diva) would be essential. currently, no sim ...202031738584
conserved ha-peptides expressed along with flagellin in trichoplusia ni larvae protects chicken against intranasal h7n1 hpaiv challenge.the immunization of poultry where h5 and h7 influenza viruses (ivs) are endemic is one of the strategies to prevent unexpected zoonoses. our group has been focused on conserved ha-epitopes as potential vaccine candidates to obtain multivalent immune responses against distinct iv subtypes. in this study, two conserved epitopes (ng-34 and cs-17) fused to flagellin were produced in a baculovirus platform based on trichoplusia ni larvae as living biofactories. soluble extracts obtained from larvae e ...202031735501
the effect of a lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter capsulatus pg on inflammation caused by various influenza strains.the development of a specific inflammation in mice that had been infected by two influenza virus strains, a/chicken/kurgan/5/2005 (h5n1) and a/hamburg/2009 ma (h1n1), was studied. we investigated the effect of a non-toxic lipopolysaccharide from rhodobacter capsulatus pg on the survival and body weight of the mice, production of igg antibodies, and the induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood serum. the administration of the r. capsulatus pg lipopolysaccharide was shown to indu ...202031720016
improvement of a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 vectored vaccine by the addition of untranslated regions.we have previously developed a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 (raavv-10/ha) expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) as an emergency vaccine for poultry. raavv-10/ha can overcome the activity of the anti-aavv-1 (newcastle disease virus) antibody acquired by commercial chickens upon routine vaccination. most chickens do not have the anti-aavv-10 antibody, which could interfere with the vaccine efficacy. however, the vaccine efficacy of ...202031718900
host-specific restriction of avian influenza virus caused by differential dynamics of anp32 family members.influenza viruses must utilize host factors to complete their lifecycle. species-specific differences in host factors between birds and mammals mean that avian influenza viruses (aivs) replicate well in avian hosts but not in human hosts. acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member a (anp32a) has been identified as the host restriction factor for the viral polymerase (vpol) activity of aivs. the anp32a belongs to the conserved anp32 family, the functional roles of which during viral replicati ...202031581291
outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2018 in the northern regions of south africa were unrelated to those of 2017.asian-origin h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5 goose/guangdong/96 lineage, clade 2.3.4.4 group b, reached south africa by june 2017. by the end of that year, 5.4 million layers and broiler chickens died or were culled, with total losses in the poultry industry estimated at us$ 140 million, and thousands of exotic birds in zoological collections, endangered endemic species and backyard poultry and pet birds also perished. the 2017 h5n8 hpai outbreaks were characteriz ...202031833671
genetic and pathogenic characteristics of clade 2.3.2.1c h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry outbreaks in laos during 2015-2018.since 2004, there have been multiple outbreaks of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in laos. here, we isolated h5n1 hpai viruses from poultry outbreaks in laos during 2015-2018 and investigated their genetic characteristics and pathogenicity in chickens. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c and that they differed from previous laos viruses with respect to genetic composition. in particular, the isolates were divided into two genotypes, eac ...202031769586
protective efficacy of vaccines of the korea national antigen bank against the homologous h5nx clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.the occurrence of severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in korea led to establishment of a national antigen bank for emergency preparedness. here, we developed five vaccines for this bank (clade 2.3.2.1c, clade 2.3.4.4a, b, c, and d) by reverse genetics, inactivated them with formalin, and evaluated the protective efficacy and potency of serial dilutions against lethal homologous challenge in specific-pathogen-free chickens. after vaccination with one dose, each vaccine resulted ...202031669062
genetic characterization and pathogenesis of the first h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens in kenyan live bird markets.poultry production plays an important role in the economy and livelihoods of rural households in kenya. as part of a surveillance program, avian influenza virus (aiv)-specific real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) was used to screen 282 oropharyngeal swabs collected from chickens at six live bird markets (lbms) and 33 backyard poultry farms in kenya and 8 positive samples were detected. virus was isolated in eggs from five samples, sequenced, and identified as h9n2 low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv) g1 lineage, wi ...202031634645
co-infections of chickens with avian influenza virus h9n2 and moroccan italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus: effect on pathogenesis and protection conferred by different vaccination programmes.since the emergence of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 viruses in morocco in 2016, severe respiratory problems have been encountered in the field. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is often detected together with h9n2, suggesting disease exacerbation in cases of co-infections. this hypothesis was therefore tested and confirmed in laboratory conditions using specific-pathogen-free chickens. most common field vaccine programmes were then tested to compare their efficacies against these ...202031412705
[change of phenotypic properties of escape mutants and readaptants of influenza virus a (h1n1)pdm09 under the influence of selected mutations in the molecule of hemagglutinin.]after the emergence and spread of pandemic h1n1 viruses in 2009, antigenic epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies against the hemagglutinin of influenza a/moscow/01/09(h1n1)pdm09 viruses were studied.202031412173
efficacy of a plant-produced virus-like particle vaccine in chickens challenged with influenza a h6n2 virus.the efficacy, safety, speed, scalability and cost-effectiveness of producing hemagglutinin-based virus-like particle (vlp) vaccines in plants are well-established for human influenza, but untested for the massive poultry influenza vaccine market that remains dominated by traditional egg-grown oil-emulsion whole inactivated virus vaccines. for optimal efficacy, a vaccine should be closely antigenically matched to the field strain, requiring that influenza a vaccines be updated regularly. in this ...202031350931
spatiotemporal and risk analysis of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza in vietnam, 2014-2017.the aim of this study was to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of h5 hpai outbreak reports for the period 2014-2017 and to identify factors associated with h5 hpai outbreak reports. throughout the study period, a total of 139 outbreaks of h5 hpai in poultry were reported, due to either h5n1 (96 outbreaks) or h5n6 (43 outbreaks) subtype viruses. h5n1 hpai outbreaks occurred in all areas of vietnam while h5n6 hpai outbreaks were only reported in the northern and central provinces. we counte ...202031113666
effect of a potential probiotic candidate enterococcus faecalis-1 on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and immune response of commercial broiler chickens.the probiotic effect of enterococcus faecalis-1 (isolated from healthy chickens) on growth performance, immune response, and modulation of the intestinal microbiota of broilers was assessed with a total of 100-day-old commercial cobb chicks. the chicks were randomly divided into two equal groups. the control group received a basal diet, while the test group received a basal diet and was orally supplied with e. faecalis at a dose of 108 cfu/bird/day. results showed that e. faecalis-1 supplement s ...202031111440
quantification of visits of wild fauna to a commercial free-range layer farm in the netherlands located in an avian influenza hot-spot area assessed by video-camera monitoring.free-range poultry farms have a high risk of introduction of avian influenza viruses (aiv), and it is presumed that wild (water) birds are the source of introduction. there is very scarce quantitative data on wild fauna visiting free-range poultry farms. we quantified visits of wild fauna to a free-range area of a layer farm, situated in an aiv hot-spot area, assessed by video-camera monitoring. a total of 5,016 hr (209 days) of video recordings, covering all 12 months of a year, were analysed. ...202031587498
effect of omega-3 rich diet on the response of japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) infected with newcastle disease virus or avian influenza virus h9n2.this study was performed to evaluate the effects of omega-3 supplementation on growth performance, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titres, gene expression and histopathology in quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) infected with newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2. one hundred, 40-day-old male quails were divided into 5 groups: g1, fed a control basal diet; g2a, infected with ndv; g2b, infected with h9n2; g3a, infected ...202031712184
the pathogenesis of a north american h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 group a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in surf scoters (melanitta perspicillata).aquatic waterfowl, particularly those in the order anseriformes and charadriiformes, are the ecological reservoir of avian influenza viruses (aivs). dabbling ducks play a recognized role in the maintenance and transmission of aivs. furthermore, the pathogenesis of highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv) in dabbling ducks is well characterized. in contrast, the role of diving ducks in hpaiv maintenance and transmission remains unclear. in this study, the pathogenesis of a north american a/goose/1/guangdong ...202032967673
recombinant hemagglutinin glycoproteins provide insight into binding to host cells by h5 influenza viruses in wild and domestic birds.clade 2.3.4.4, h5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused devastating effects across wild and domestic bird populations. we investigated differences in the intensity and distribution of the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein binding of a clade 2.3.4.4 h5 hpaiv compared to a h5 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv). recombinant ha from gene sequences from a hpaiv, a/northern pintail/washington/40964/2014(h5n2) and a lpaiv, a/mallard/mn/410/2000(h5n2) were genera ...202032861143
the genome sequence of an h6n5 influenza a virus strain isolated from a northern pintail (anas acuta) sampled in alaska, usa, shares high identity with that of a south korean wild bird strain.we report the genome sequence of an h6n5 influenza a virus isolated from a northern pintail sampled in alaska in 2017. all segment sequences shared >99% nucleotide identity with those of a wild bird strain from south korea. this finding supports viral dispersal between east asia and north america by wild birds.202032817149
migration, pathogens and the avian microbiome: a comparative study in sympatric migrants and residents.animals generally benefit from their gastrointestinal microbiome, but the factors that influence the composition and dynamics of their microbiota remain poorly understood. studies of nonmodel host species can illuminate how microbiota and their hosts interact in natural environments. we investigated the role of migratory behaviour in shaping the gut microbiota of free-ranging barn swallows (hirundo rustica) by studying co-occurring migrant and resident subspecies sampled during the autumn migrat ...202033001530
detection of a reassortant h9n2 avian influenza virus with intercontinental gene segments in a resident australian chestnut teal.the present study reports the genetic characterization of a low-pathogenicity h9n2 avian influenza virus, initially from a pool and subsequently from individual faecal samples collected from chestnut teals (anas castanea) in southeastern australia. phylogenetic analyses of six full gene segments and two partial gene segments obtained from next-generation sequencing showed that this avian influenza virus, a/chestnut teal/australia/ct08.18/12952/2018 (h9n2), was a typical, low-pathogenicity, euras ...202031940999
influenza a viruses in ruddy turnstones (arenaria interpres); connecting wintering and migratory sites with an ecological hotspot at delaware bay.each may for over three decades, avian influenza a viruses (iavs) have been isolated from shorebirds and gulls (order charadriiformes) at delaware bay (de bay), usa, which is a critical stopover site for shorebirds on their spring migration to arctic breeding grounds. at de bay, most isolates have been recovered from ruddy turnstones (arenaria interpres), but it is unknown if this species is involved in either the maintenance or movement of these viruses outside of this site. we collected and te ...202033105913
pathogenicity of clade 2.3.2.1 h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in american kestrel (falco sparverius).birds of prey, including endangered species, have been infected with h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) in several countries. in this present study, we assessed the pathogenicity of the clade 2.3.2.1 h5n1 hpaiv in american kestrels (falco sparverius) with a view to preventing future outbreaks in raptors. the kestrels were intranasally inoculated with the virus or fed the meat of chicks that had died from viral infection. kestrels in both groups initially had reduced food intak ...202032619103
evidence of avian influenza virus in seabirds breeding on a norwegian high-arctic archipelago.wild aquatic birds serve as the natural reservoir for avian influenza virus (aiv), a disease with significant implications for avian and mammalian health. climate change is predicted to impact the dynamics of aiv, particularly in areas such as the arctic, but the baseline data needed to detect these shifts is often unavailable. in this study, plasma from two species of gulls breeding on the high-arctic svalbard archipelago were screened for antibodies to aiv.202032028933
wild birds in live birds markets: potential reservoirs of enzootic avian influenza viruses and antimicrobial resistant enterobacteriaceae in northern egypt.wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza a viruses (iav) and antimicrobial-resistant (amr) bacteria. trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (lbm). in the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for ...202032155863
avian influenza virus prevalence and subtype diversity in wild birds in shanghai, china, 2016-2018.from 2016 to 2018, surveillance of influenza a viruses in wild birds was conducted in shanghai, located at the east asian-australian flyway, china. a total of 5112 samples from 51 species of wild birds were collected from three different wetlands. the total three-year prevalence of influenza a viruses among them was 8.8%, as assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods, and the total prevalence was higher in anseriformes (26.3%) than in the charadriiformes (2.3%) and the othe ...202032948009
isolation and characterization of low pathogenic h7n7 avian influenza virus from a red-crowned crane in a zoo in south korea.south korea conducts annual national surveillance programs to detect avian influenza (ai) in domestic poultry, live bird markets, and wild birds. in march 2017, an aiv was isolated from fecal samples in an outdoor aviary flight cage in a zoo in korea.202033167987
evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza a virus in eastern saudi arabia.influenza type a virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h5n8, have been reported in birds in the arabian peninsula, including saudi arabia, in recent decades. this study aimed to evalu ...202033132612
viral subpopulation screening guides in designing a high interferon inducing live attenuated influenza vaccine by targeting rare mutations in ns1 and pb2 proteins.influenza a viruses continue to circulate among wild birds and poultry worldwide, posing constant pandemic threats to humans. effective control of emerging influenza viruses requires new broadly protective vaccines. live attenuated influenza vaccines with truncations in non-structural protein 1 (ns1) have shown broad protective efficacies in birds and mammals, which correlate with the ability to induce elevated interferon responses in the vaccinated hosts. given the extreme diversity of influenz ...202033115873
a review of avian influenza a virus associations in synanthropic birds.avian influenza a viruses (iav) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. in this review, we focus on what is known about iav dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking iavs to poultry operations. specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, ...202033114239
serological evidence of avian influenza virus subtype h5 and h9 in live bird market, myanmar.avian influenza (ai), caused by alphainfluenzaviruses (aivs), is a contagious respiratory disease in birds and mammals. aivs have been reported in poultry worldwide and the impact of aivs on human health is immense. in this study, a serological survey of aiv subtype h5 and h9 was conducted in a live bird market (lbm) in yangon, myanmar during february 2016 to september 2016. a total of 621 serum samples were collected from chickens (n = 489) and ducks (n = 132) from 48 vendors in the lbm. the sa ...202033091862
immunization with plant-derived multimeric h5 hemagglutinins protect chicken against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1.since 2003, h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have not only caused outbreaks in poultry but were also transmitted to humans with high mortality rates. vaccination is an efficient and economical means of increasing immunity against infections to decrease the shedding of infectious agents in immunized animals and to reduce the probability of further infections. subunit vaccines from plants are the focus of modern vaccine developments. in this study, plant-made hemagglutinin (h ...202033050224
infectivity and pathobiology of h7n1 and h5n8 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses for pigeons (columba livia var. domestica).avian influenza (ai) is one of the most important viral diseases in poultry, wildlife and humans. available data indicates that pigeons play a minimum role in the epidemiology of ai. however, a degree of variation exists in the susceptibility of pigeons to highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs), especially since the emergence of the goose/guangdong h5 lineage. here, the pathogenesis of h5n8 hpaiv in comparison with a h7n1 hpaiv and the role of pigeons in the epidemiology of these viruses were eva ...202033034513
cross-protection by inactivated h5 pre-pandemic vaccine seed strains against diverse goose/guangdong lineage h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 a/goose/guangdong/1996 lineage (gs/gd) is endemic in poultry across several countries in the world, and has caused lethal, sporadic infections in humans. vaccines are important in hpai control for both poultry and in pre-pandemic preparedness in humans. this study assessed inactivated pre-pandemic vaccine strains in a one health framework, focusing on the genetic and antigenic diversity of field h5n1 gs/gd viruses from the agricultural sec ...202032999029
analysis of the codon usage pattern of ha and na genes of h7n9 influenza a virus.novel h7n9 influenza virus transmitted from birds to human and, since march 2013, it has caused five epidemic waves in china. although the evolution of h7n9 viruses has been investigated, the evolutionary changes associated with codon usage are still unclear. herein, the codon usage pattern of two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na), was studied to understand the evolutionary changes in relation to host, epidemic wave, and pathogenicity. both genes displayed a low co ...202032992529
swine micrornas ssc-mir-221-3p and ssc-mir-222 restrict the cross-species infection of avian influenza virus.avian influenza virus (aiv) can cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals. however, these species-cross transmissions are most often dead-end infections due to host restriction. current research about host restriction focuses mainly on the barriers of cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and host proteins; whether micrornas (mirnas) play a role in host restriction is largely unknown. in this study, we used porcine alveolar macrophage (pam) cells as a model to elucidate the role of mi ...202032907982
serological evidence of avian influenza in captive wild birds in a zoo and two safari parks in bangladesh.avian influenza (ai) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2. among avian influenza a viruses (aiv), h5, h7, and h9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in bangladesh. to screen for aiv in captive birds to assess potential public health threat ...202032882787
serological screening of influenza a virus antibodies in cats and dogs indicates frequent infection with different subtypes.influenza a viruses (iavs) infect humans and a variety of other animal species. infections with some subtypes of iav were also reported in domestic cats and dogs. in addition to animal health implications, close contact between companion animals and humans also poses a potential risk of zoonotic iav infections. in this study, serum samples from different cat and dog cohorts were analyzed for iav antibodies against seven iav subtypes, using three distinctive iav-specific assays differing in iav s ...202032878956
poultry farmer response to disease outbreaks in smallholder farming systems in southern vietnam.avian influenza outbreaks have been occurring on smallholder poultry farms in asia for two decades. farmer responses to these outbreaks can slow down or accelerate virus transmission. we used a longitudinal survey of 53 small-scale chicken farms in southern vietnam to investigate the impact of outbreaks with disease-induced mortality on harvest rate, vaccination, and disinfection behaviors. we found that in small broiler flocks (≤16 birds/flock) the estimated probability of harvest was 56% highe ...202032840482
influenza a virus is transmissible via aerosolized fomites.influenza viruses are presumed, but not conclusively known, to spread among humans by several possible routes. we provide evidence of a mode of transmission seldom considered for influenza: airborne virus transport on microscopic particles called "aerosolized fomites." in the guinea pig model of influenza virus transmission, we show that the airborne particulates produced by infected animals are mainly non-respiratory in origin. surprisingly, we find that an uninfected, virus-immune guinea pig w ...202032811826
avian influenza surveillance at the human-animal interface in lebanon, 2017.avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. in lebanon, aiv h9n2 was detected in 2006 and 2010 and h5n1 was detected in 2016.202032794162
functional neuraminidase inhibitor resistance motifs in avian influenza a(h5nx) viruses.neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) are antiviral agents recommended worldwide to treat or prevent influenza virus infections in humans. past influenza virus pandemics seeded by zoonotic infection by avian influenza viruses (aiv) as well as the increasing number of human infections with aiv have shown the importance of having information about resistance to nais by avian nas that could cross the species barrier. in this study we introduced four nai resistance-associated mutations (n2 numbering) prev ...202032750468
health profile of free-range wild boar (sus scrofa) subpopulations hunted in santa catarina state, brazil.wild boars represent a potential dissemination source of important pathogens to public and animal health, since they can host several pathogens. this study aimed to evaluate the health profile of wild boars hunted for population control in the state of santa catarina (sc), south of brazil. for this study, tissue and blood samples were collected from 61 wild boars hunted from october 2017 to november 2018. all 61 serum samples were screened for antibodies by different assays, presenting the follo ...202032725949
genetic characterization of a novel north american-origin avian influenza a (h6n5) virus isolated from bean goose of south korea in 2018.the complex overlap in waterfowl migratory pathways across the world has established numerous occurrences of genetic reassortment and intercontinental spread of avian influenza virus (aiv) over long distances, thereby calling for huge efforts and targeted surveillance for infection control. during annual surveillance in south korea in 2018, a novel avian influenza h6n5 (k6) subtype was isolated from the fecal sample of wild bird. genomic characterization using a phylogenetic tree indicated the k ...202032709116
immune escape adaptive mutations in the h7n9 avian influenza hemagglutinin protein increase virus replication fitness and decrease pandemic potential.h7n9 avian influenza viruses (aivs) continue to evolve and remain a huge threat to human health and the poultry industry. previously, serially passaging the h7n9 a/anhui/1/2013 virus in the presence of homologous ferret antiserum resulted in immune escape viruses containing amino acid substitutions alanine to threonine at residues 125 (a125t) and 151 (a151t) and leucine to glutamine at residue 217 (l217q) in the hemagglutinin (ha) protein. these ha mutations have also been found in field isolate ...202032699084
full-length genome sequences of the first h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the northeast of algeria.h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. h9n2 aiv was first reported in the northeast of algeria in april 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. in the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of aiv h9n2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses.202032680533
evolutionarily missing and conserved trna genes in human and avian.viral infection heavily relies on host transfer rna (trna) for viral rna decoding. counterintuitively, not all trna species based on anticodon are matched to all 64-triplet codons during evolution. life solves this problem by cognate trna species via wobbling decoding. we found that 14 out of 64 trna genes in humans and the main avian species (chicken and duck) were parallelly missing, including 8 trna-a34nn and 6 trna-g34nn species. by analyzing the conservation of key motifs in trna genes, we ...202032679345
transmission experiments support clade-level differences in the transmission and pathogenicity of cambodian influenza a/h5n1 viruses.influenza a/h5n1 has circulated in asia since 2003 and is now enzootic in many countries in that region. in cambodia, the virus has circulated since 2004 and has intermittently infected humans. during this period, we have noted differences in the rate of infections in humans, potentially associated with the circulation of different viral clades. in particular, a reassortant clade 1.1.2 virus emerged in early 2013 and was associated with a dramatic increase in infections of humans (34 cases) unti ...202032666894
irradiation by a combination of different peak-wavelength ultraviolet-light emitting diodes enhances the inactivation of influenza a viruses.influenza a viruses (iavs) pose a serious global threat to humans and their livestock. this study aimed to determine the ideal irradiation by ultraviolet-light emitting diodes (uv-leds) for iav disinfection. we irradiated the iav h1n1 subtype with 4.8 mj/cm2 uv using eight uv-leds [peak wavelengths (wl) = 365, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270, and 260 nm)] or a mercury low pressure (lp)-uv lamp (peak wl = 254 nm). inactivation was evaluated by the infection ratio of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells ...202032650492
establishing a robust manufacturing platform for recombinant veterinary vaccines: an adenovirus-vector vaccine to control newcastle disease virus infections of poultry in sub-saharan africa.developing vaccine technology platforms to respond to pandemic threats or zoonotic diseases is a worldwide high priority. the risk of infectious diseases transmitted from wildlife and domestic animals to humans makes veterinary vaccination and animal health monitoring highly relevant for the deployment of public health global policies in the context of "one world, one health" principles. sub-saharan africa is frequently impacted by outbreaks of poultry diseases such as avian influenza and newcas ...202032604755
induction of cross-group broadly reactive antibody response by natural h7n9 avian influenza virus infection and immunization with inactivated h7n9 vaccine in chickens.pre-existing immunity against the conserved haemagglutinin (ha) stalk underlies the elicitation of cross-group antibody induced by natural h7n9 virus infection and immunization in humans. however, whether broadly reactive antibodies can be induced by h7n9 infection and immunization in the absence of pre-existing stalk-specific immunity is unclear. in this study, antibody response induced by h7n9 virus infection and immunization with inactivated and viral-vectored h7n9 vaccines in naïve chickens ...202032602258
seroprevalence of avian influenza in baltic common eiders (somateria mollissima) and pink-footed geese (anser brachyrhynchus).blood plasma was collected during 2016-2018 from healthy incubating eiders (somateria molissima, n = 183) in three danish colonies, and healthy migrating pink-footed geese (anser brachyrhynchus, n = 427) at their spring roost in central norway (svalbard breeding population) and their novel flyway through the finnish baltic sea (russian breeding population). these species and flyways altogether represent terrestrial, brackish and marine ecosystems spanning from the western to the eastern and nort ...202032585505
year‑round influenza a virus surveillance in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) reveals genetic persistence during the under‑sampled spring season.active influenza a virus (iav) surveillance in wild waterfowl in the united states has revolved around convenience-based sampling methods, resulting in gaps in surveillance during the spring season. we conducted active iav surveillance in mallards continuously from july 2017 to july 2019 in the coastal marshes of lake erie near port clinton, ohio. we aimed to understand ecological and evolutionary dynamics of iav across multiple seasons, including the under‑sampled spring season. we collected 20 ...202032545281
pattern recognition receptor signaling and innate responses to influenza a viruses in the mallard duck, compared to humans and chickens.mallard ducks are a natural host and reservoir of avian influenza a viruses. while most influenza strains can replicate in mallards, the virus typically does not cause substantial disease in this host. mallards are often resistant to disease caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, while the same strains can cause severe infection in humans, chickens, and even other species of ducks, resulting in systemic spread of the virus and even death. the differences in influenza detection and ...202032477965
bacillus subtilis spores as adjuvants against avian influenza h9n2 induce antigen-specific antibody and t cell responses in white leghorn chickens.low-pathogenicity avian influenza h9n2 remains an endemic disease worldwide despite continuous vaccination, indicating the need for an improved vaccine strategy. bacillus subtilis (b. subtilis), a gram-positive and endospore-forming bacterium, is a non-pathogenic species that has been used in probiotic formulations for both animals and humans. the objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of b. subtilis spores as adjuvants in chickens administered inactivated avian influenza vir ...202032448402
a modified live bat influenza a virus-based vaccine prototype provides full protection against hpaiv h5n1.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of subtype h5 are a major threat for poultry holdings worldwide, here especially the zoonotic asian h5n1 viruses. these hpaivs have caused more than 500 fatal spillover infections from poultry to humans, with a looming danger of a new pandemic by establishing human-to-human transmissions. besides culling measures in infected farms in endemic areas, vaccination is the major tool against hpaiv. however, the mainly used inactivated preparations hav ...202032435514
eco-epidemiological evidence of the transmission of avian and human influenza a viruses in wild pigs in campeche, mexico.influenza, a zoonosis caused by various influenza a virus subtypes, affects a wide range of species, including humans. pig cells express both sialyl-α-2,3-gal and sialyl-α-2,6-gal receptors, which make them susceptible to infection by avian and human viruses, respectively. to date, it is not known whether wild pigs in mexico are affected by influenza virus subtypes, nor whether this would make them a potential risk of influenza transmission to humans. in this work, 61 hogs from two municipalitie ...202032403268
surveillance of influenza a virus subtype h5n1 in a live bird market in yangon, myanmar: 2017-2018.a survey of influenza a viruses (iavs) in the mingalar taung nyunt live bird market (mtn-lbm), yangon, myanmar, was conducted from december 2017 to december 2018. during the survey, 455 swab samples were collected from broilers, layers, backyard chickens and ducks from the mtn-lbm. ninety-one pooled samples were screened for iavs by real-time rt-pcr specific to the m gene. positive pooled samples were individually retested for iavs. in total, 2.63% of individual samples (12/455) were positive fo ...202032386461
co-circulation of multiple reassortant h6 subtype avian influenza viruses in wild birds in eastern china, 2016-2017.h6 subtype influenza viruses were prevalent in domestic poultry and wild birds, which also could pose potential threat to humans. however, little is known about the prevalence of h6 subtype viruses in wild birds in eastern china, a crucial stopover or wintering site for migratory wild birds along the east asian-australasian flyway.202032349760
antiviral properties of extracts of streptomyces sp. smu 03 isolated from the feces of elephas maximus.actinobacteria are historically and continued to be an important source for drug discovery. the annual epidemics and periodic pandemics of humans induced by influenza a virus (iav) prompted us to develop new effective antiviral drugs with different modes of action. an actinobacterium of streptomyces sp. smu 03 was identified from the feces of elephas maximus in yunnan province, china. by employing an h5n1 pseudo-typed virus drug screening system, the anti-iav effect of the dichloromethane extrac ...202032330578
emerging diseases of avian wildlife.climate change and the interaction with humans and domestic species influences disease in avian wildlife. this article provides updated information on emerging disease conditions such as the spread of an asian tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, and its associated diseases among migratory birds in the eastern united states; lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys in the united states; and salmonellosis, particularly among passerines, which has zoonotic potential. in addition, it includes ...202032327043
development and evaluation of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for quantitative and qualitative recognition of h5 subtype of avian influenza viruses.avian influenza viruses (aiv) affect a wide range of birds and mammals, cause severe economic damage to the poultry industry, and pose a serious threat to humans. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpai) h5n1 were first identified in southeast asia in 1996 and spread to four continents over the following years. the viruses have caused high mortality in chickens and various bird species and deadly infections in humans. multiple conventional methods have been so far introduced for the dete ...202032291998
using environmental sampling techniques to conduct influenza a virus surveillance in poultry and waterfowl at ohio agricultural exhibitions.the outbreak of highly pathogenic h5nx influenza a viruses (iavs) in the united states during 2014-2015 caused devastating economic losses; therefore, several measures were established to control and eliminate highly pathogenic h5nx from u.s. poultry flocks. one such measure was a temporary ban on poultry exhibitions during 2015, and this decision dramatically affected youth raising poultry as part of agricultural education programs. during the summer of 2016, surveillance of the environment was ...202032267131
highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 presents in vitro characteristics consistent with its predicted tropism for avian species.avian influenza a viruses are a major threat to animal and public health. since 1997, several highly pathogenic h5n1 avian viruses have been directly transmitted from poultry to humans, caused numerous human deaths, and had considerable economic impact on poultry markets. during 2015-2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak occurred in southwestern france. different subtypes circulated, including the a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 h5n1 highly pathogenic virus, which did not possess the ...202032267129
detection of h3n8 influenza a virus with multiple mammalian-adaptive mutations in a rescued grey seal (halichoerus grypus) pup.avian influenza a viruses (iavs) in different species of seals display a spectrum of pathogenicity, from sub-clinical infection to mass mortality events. here we present an investigation of avian iav infection in a 3- to 4-month-old grey seal (halichoerus grypus) pup, rescued from st michael's mount, cornwall in 2017. the pup underwent medical treatment but died after two weeks; post-mortem examination and histology indicated sepsis as the cause of death. iav np antigen was detected by immunohis ...202032211197
h7n9 influenza virus in china.in early 2013, human infections caused by a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) were first reported in china; these infections caused severe disease and death. the virus was initially low pathogenic to poultry, enabling it to spread widely in different provinces, especially in live poultry markets. importantly, the h7n9 low pathogenic aivs (lpaivs) evolved into highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs) in the beginning of 2017, causing a greater threat to human health and devastating losses to the poul ...202032205415
an r195k mutation in the pa-x protein increases the virulence and transmission of influenza a virus in mammalian hosts.in the 21st century, the emergence of h7n9 and h1n1/2009 influenza viruses, originating from animals and causing severe human infections, has prompted investigations into the genetic alterations required for cross-species transmission. we previously found that replacement of the human-origin pa gene segment in avian influenza virus (aiv) could overcome barriers to cross-species transmission. recently, it was reported that the pa gene segment encodes both the pa protein and a second protein, pa-x ...202032161172
a review of pathogens in selected baltic sea indicator species.here we review the state-of-the-art of pathogens in select marine and terrestrial key species of the baltic sea, i.e. ringed seal (pusa hispida), harbour seal (phoca vitulina), grey seal (halichoerus grypus), harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena), common eider (somateria mollissima), pink-footed goose (anser brachyrhynchus) and white-tailed eagle (haliaeetus albicilla). this review is the first to merge and present available information and baseline data for the fp7 bonus balthealth project: balt ...202032070804
a broad and potent h1-specific human monoclonal antibody produced in plants prevents influenza virus infection and transmission in guinea pigs.although seasonal influenza vaccines block most predominant influenza types and subtypes, humans still remain vulnerable to waves of seasonal and new potential pandemic influenza viruses for which no immunity may exist because of viral antigenic drift and/or shift. previously, we described a human monoclonal antibody (hmab), kpf1, which was produced in human embryonic kidney 293t cells (kpf1-hek) with broad and potent neutralizing activity against h1n1 influenza a viruses (iav) in vitro, and pro ...202032024281
serological survey for select infectious agents in wild magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in argentina, 1994-2008.despite being the most numerous penguin species in south america, exposure of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) to pathogens has not yet been thoroughly assessed. we collected serum from 1,058 magellanic penguins at 10 breeding colonies along the entire latitudinal range of this species in argentina. the work spanned 10 breeding seasons over 15 yr (1994-2008). sera were tested for antibodies to select infectious agents. antibodies reacting against 16 pathogens were detected (serop ...202031237822
bearing the brunt: mongolian khulan (equus hemionus hemionus) are exposed to multiple influenza a strains.the majority of influenza a virus strains are hosted in nature by avian species in the orders of anseriformes and charadriformes. a minority of strains have been able to cross species boundaries and establish themselves in novel non-avian hosts. influenza viruses of horses, donkeys, and mules represent such successful events of avian to mammal influenza virus adaptation. mongolia has over 3 million domestic horses and is home to two wild equids, the asiatic wild ass or khulan (equus hemionus hem ...202032122608
eco-virological preliminary study of potentially emerging pathogens in hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) recovered at a wildlife treatment and rehabilitation center in northern italy.the western european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) is one of the four hedgehog species belonging to the genus erinaceus. among them, e. amurensis is extant in east asia's areas only, whereas e. europaeus, e. roumanicus and e. concolor are mainly found in europe. e. europaeus is endemically distributed from western to central and southern europe, including italy. western european hedgehogs' ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, ...202032121543
immune profiling of influenza-specific b- and t-cell responses in macaques using flow cytometry-based assays.influenza remains a significant global public health burden, despite substantial annual vaccination efforts against circulating virus strains. as a result, novel vaccine approaches are needed to generate long-lasting and universal broadly cross-reactive immunity against distinct influenza virus strains and subtypes. several new vaccine candidates are currently under development and/or in clinical trials. the successful development of new vaccines requires testing in animal models, other than mic ...202032741011
influenza-infected newborn and adult monkeys exhibit a strong primary antibody response to hemagglutinin stem.the specificity of antibodies (abs) generated against influenza a virus (iav) infection can significantly alter protection and viral clearance. at present, the impact of age upon this process is relatively unexplored. here, we evaluated the ab response in newborn and adult african green monkeys following infection with iav using a strain that enables us to determine the immunodominance (id) hierarchy of the ab response to hemagglutinin (ha), the principal target of protective abs. this revealed ...202032078584
efficacy of neuraminidase inhibitors against h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in a nonhuman primate model.attention has been paid to h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) because of its heavy burden on the poultry industry and human mortality. since an influenza a virus carrying n6 neuraminidase (na) has never spread in humans, the potential for h5n6 hpaiv to cause disease in humans and the efficacy of antiviral drugs against the virus need to be urgently assessed. we used nonhuman primates to elucidate the pathogenesis of h5n6 hpaiv as well as to determine the efficacy of antiviral d ...202032284377
low replicative fitness of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant h7n9 avian influenza a virus with r292k substitution in neuraminidase in cynomolgus macaques compared with i222t substitution.human cases of h7n9 influenza a virus infection have been increasing since 2013. the first choice of treatment for influenza is neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), but there is a concern that nai-resistant viruses are selected in the presence of nais. in our previous study, an h7n9 virus carrying aa substitution of threonine (t) for isoleucine (i) at residue 222 in na (na222t, n2 numbering) and an h7n9 virus carrying aa substitution of lysine (k) for arginine (r) at residue 292 in na (na292k, ...202032272175
l226q mutation on influenza h7n9 virus hemagglutinin increases receptor-binding avidity and leads to biased antigenicity evaluation.since the first outbreak in 2013, the influenza a (h7n9) virus has continued emerging and has caused over five epidemic waves. suspected antigenic changes of the h7n9 virus based on hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay during the fifth outbreak have prompted the update of h7n9 candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs). in this study, we comprehensively compared the serological cross-reactivities induced by the hemagglutinins (has) of the earlier cvv a/anhui/1/2013 (h7/ah13) and the updated a/guangdong/ ...202032796071
mouse adaptation of the h9n2 avian influenza virus causes the downregulation of genes related to innate immune responses and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in mice.h9n2 avian influenza viruses sporadically infect humans worldwide. these viruses have also contributed internal genes to h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 viruses, which have been isolated from humans with infections and are a substantial public health threat. to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 virus, we performed serial lung-to-lung passage of an avirulent h9n2 avian influenza virus (a/chicken/shandong/416/2016 [sd/416]) in mice to increase the pathogenicity of this virus. ...202031982962
quantifying within-host diversity of h5n1 influenza viruses in humans and poultry in cambodia.avian influenza viruses (aivs) periodically cross species barriers and infect humans. the likelihood that an aiv will evolve mammalian transmissibility depends on acquiring and selecting mutations during spillover, but data from natural infection is limited. we analyze deep sequencing data from infected humans and domestic ducks in cambodia to examine how h5n1 viruses evolve during spillover. overall, viral populations in both species are predominated by low-frequency (<10%) variation shaped by ...202031951644
reassortment and adaptive mutations of an emerging avian influenza virus h7n4 subtype in china.human infections with avian influenza viruses including h5, h7 and h9 hemagglutinin subtypes occur at a low rate. among human infections with h7 viruses, regional outbreaks with h7n2, h7n3, h7n7 and h7n9 have been documented. early in 2018, a human infection with a novel h7n4 avian influenza virus was reported in jiangsu, china. this study is aimed at understanding the probable origin and molecular features of this emerging h7n4 virus. genomic segments encoding hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminida ...202031951605
experimental infections and serology indicate that american white ibis (eudociumus albus) are competent reservoirs for type a influenza virus.the american white ibis (eudocimus albus) is a nomadic wading bird common to wetland habitats in the southeastern us. in south florida, us, habitat depletion has driven many ibis to become highly urbanized. although they forage in neighborhood parks, artificial wetlands, backyards, and golf courses, the majority continue to nest in natural wetlands, often in dense, mixed species colonies. adults and juveniles commonly disperse thousands of kilometers to other breeding colonies along the gulf and ...202031895646
human matriptase/st 14 proteolytically cleaves h7n9 hemagglutinin and facilitates the activation of influenza a/shanghai/2/2013 virus in cell culture.influenza is a zoonotic disease that infects millions of people each year resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, and in turn devastating pandemics. influenza is caused by influenza viruses, including influenza a virus (iav). there are many subtypes of iav but only a few seem to be able to adapt to humans and to cause disease. in 2013, an h7n9 iav subtype emerged in china that does not cause clinical symptoms in its chicken host but leads to severe infections when transmitted into humans. ...202031820577
organ-specific small non-coding rna responses in domestic (sudani) ducks experimentally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1).the duck represents an important reservoir of influenza viruses for transmission to other avian and mammalian hosts, including humans. the increased pathogenicity of the recently emerging clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5n1 subtype in ducks features systemic viral spread and organ-to-organ variation in viral transcription and tissue damage. we previously reported that experimental infection of sudani ducks (cairina moschata) with an egyptian hpai (h5n1) virus ( ...202031538530
elucidating the interactions between influenza virus polymerase and host factor anp32a.the avian-origin influenza a virus polymerase is restricted in human cells. this restriction has been associated with species differences in host factor anp32a. avian anp32a supports the activity of an avian-origin polymerase. however, the avian-origin polymerase is incompatible with human anp32a. avian anp32a proteins harbor an additional 33 amino acids compared to human anp32a proteins, which are crucial for their ability to support the avian-origin influenza virus polymerase. here, we elucida ...202031694956
biosafety risk assessment for production of candidate vaccine viruses to protect humans from zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.a major lesson learned from the public health response to the 2009 h1n1 pandemic was the need to shorten the vaccine delivery timeline to achieve the best pandemic mitigation results. a gap analysis of previous pre-pandemic vaccine development activities identified possible changes in the select agent exclusion process that would maintain safety and shorten the timeline to develop candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs) for use in pandemic vaccine manufacture. here, we review the biosafety characterist ...202031659871
characterization of h7n9 avian influenza viruses isolated from duck meat products.avian influenza h7n9 viruses have caused five epidemic waves of human infections since the first human cases were reported in 2013. in 2016, the initial low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h7n9 viruses became highly pathogenic, acquiring multi-basic amino acids at the haemagglutinin cleavage site. these highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h7n9 viruses have been detected in poultry and humans in china, causing concerns of a serious threat to global public health. in japan, both hpai and lp ...202031650680
detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models.understanding the prevalence of pathogens in invasive species is essential to guide efforts to prevent transmission to agricultural animals, wildlife, and humans. pathogen prevalence can be difficult to estimate for wild species due to imperfect sampling and testing (pathogens may not be detected in infected individuals and erroneously detected in individuals that are not infected). the invasive wild pig (sus scrofa, also referred to as wild boar and feral swine) is one of the most widespread ho ...201931632645
functional characterization of duck sting in ifn-β induction and anti-h9n2 avian influenza viruses infections.the stimulator of interferon genes (sting) protein has been shown to play a pivotal role in response to both cytosolic rna and dsdna to elicit interferon (ifn) production in mammals. however, the role of duck sting (dusting) in antiviral innate immunity, especially in anti-rna virus infection, has yet to be elucidated. in this study, the function of dusting in ifn induction and its role in anti-rna virus infections were studied. dusting was amplified via reverse transcription-polymerase chain re ...201931620135
serological survey of influenza a virus infection in japanese wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax).we conducted a serological survey to detect antibodies against influenza a virus (iav) in japanese wild boars in kagoshima prefecture, japan, between 2014 and 2017. seroprevalence against a pandemic-like swine h1n1 (h1n1pdm) virus was identified in 27.1% of specimens, and 1.7% were positive for both swine h1n2 and h3n2 viruses, indicating that wild boars could play an important role in the dynamics of h1n1pdm viral dispersion in the wild. the high frequency of positive results for sera against t ...201931595535
influenza a(h5n1) virus subunit vaccine administered with capnp adjuvant induce high virus neutralization antibody titers in mice.the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus continues to spread globally in domestic poultry with sporadic transmission to humans. the possibility for its rapid transmission to humans raised global fears for the virus to gain capacity for human-to-human transmission to start a future pandemic. through direct contact with infected poultry, it caused the largest number of reported cases of severe disease and death in humans of any avian influenza strains. for pandemic preparedness, use of saf ...201931591662
transcriptional and pathological host responses to coinfection with virulent or attenuated mycoplasma gallisepticum and low-pathogenic avian influenza a virus in chickens.the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum, the etiological agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens, exhibits enhanced pathogenesis in the presence of a copathogen such as low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv). to further investigate the intricacies of this copathogenesis, chickens were monoinfected or coinfected with either virulent m. gallisepticum strain rlow or lpaiv h3n8 (a/duck/ukraine/1963), with assessment of tracheal histopathology, pathogen load, and transcriptomic hos ...201931591166
exposure of alaska brown bears (ursus arctos) to bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents varies spatiotemporally and may be influenced by age.we collected blood and serum from 155 brown bears (ursus arctos) inhabiting five locations in alaska, us during 2013-16 and tested samples for evidence of prior exposure to a suite of bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents. antibody seroprevalence among alaska brown bears was estimated to be 15% for brucella spp., 10% for francisella tularensis, 7% for leptospira spp., 18% for canine adenovirus type 1 (cav-1), 5% for canine distemper virus (cdv), 5% for canine parvovirus, 5% for influenza a viru ...201930557123
probable reverse zoonosis of influenza a(h1n1)pdm 09 in a striped skunk (mephitis mephitis).striped skunks (skunks) are susceptible to respiratory infection by influenza a viruses (iav). as they are common synanthropes, maintenance of iav in skunks could provide a source of infection for humans. we previously studied the nasal turbinates, lungs and faeces of 50 free-ranging skunks for the presence of iav and identified two individuals with influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 infection during the 2009/2010 and 2013/2014 flu seasons. subsequent to publication of that study, ferrets were shown to pref ...201930552753
pathogenicity of two novel human-origin h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks.human infection by low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the h7n9 subtype was first reported in march 2013 in china. subsequently, these viruses caused five outbreaks through september 2017. in the fifth outbreak, h7n9 virus possessing a multiple basic amino acid insertion in the cleavage site of hemagglutinin emerged and caused 4% of all human infections in that period. to date, h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have been isolated from poultry, mostly chickens, as well ...201930539262
biological characteristics and immunological properties in muscovy ducks of h5n6 virus-like particles composed of ha-tm/ha-tmh3 and m1.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs), including h5n6 strains, pose threats to the health of humans and poultry. waterfowl play a crucial role as a reservoir of hpaivs. since current influenza vaccines induce poor antibody titres in waterfowl, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient vaccine against h5n6 infection. in this study, we constructed two h5n6 virus-like particles (vlps) composed of matrix-1 (m1) and haemagglutinin of wildtype (ha-tm) or haemagglutinin with transmem ...201930404538
mutation of influenza a virus pa-x decreases pathogenicity in chicken embryos and can increase the yield of reassortant candidate vaccine viruses.the pa-x protein of influenza a virus has roles in host cell shutoff and viral pathogenesis. while most strains are predicted to encode pa-x, strain-dependent variations in activity have been noted. we found that pa-x protein from the a/pr/8/34 (pr8) strain had significantly lower repressive activity against cellular gene expression than pa-x proteins from the avian strains a/turkey/england/50-92/91 (h5n1) (t/e) and a/chicken/rostock/34 (h7n1). loss of normal pa-x expression, either by mutation ...201930381488
h3n2 avian influenza viruses detected in live poultry markets in china bind to human-type receptors and transmit in guinea pigs and ferrets.the h3n2 influenza viruses became widespread in humans during the 1968 h3n2 pandemic and have been a major cause of influenza epidemics ever since. different lineages of h3n2 influenza viruses are also commonly found in animals. if a different lineage of h3n2 virus jumps to humans, a human influenza pandemic could occur with devastating consequences. here, we studied the genetics, receptor-binding properties, and replication and transmission in mammals of 15 h3n2 avian influenza viruses detected ...201931495283
antigenic pressure on h3n2 influenza virus drift strains imposes constraints on binding to sialylated receptors but not phosphorylated glycans.h3n2 strains of influenza a virus emerged in humans in 1968 and have continued to circulate, evolving in response to human immune pressure. during this process of "antigenic drift," viruses have progressively lost the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species and to replicate efficiently under the established conditions for amplifying clinical isolates and generating vaccine candidates. we have determined the glycome profiles of chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes to gain insights i ...201931484755
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