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isolation and molecular characterization of canine distemper virus from india.ocular swabs from canine distemper virus (cdv) suspected live or brain tissue from dead dogs were tested for the presence of cdv nucleoprotein (n) gene using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). partial "n" gene sequencing of the rt-pcr-positive samples and the local vaccine virus revealed that the ind/andaman 01/07 virus was highly divergent from the rest of the cdv isolates and from the vaccine strain. quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr) using sybr green i chemistry for c ...201121626062
urban domestic dog populations as a source of canine distemper virus for wild carnivores in the coquimbo region of chile.urban areas can support dog populations dense enough to maintain canine distemper virus (cdv) and can be a source of infection for rural dogs and free-ranging carnivores. the aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between urban and rural domestic dog and wild carnivore populations and their effects on the epidemiology of cdv to explain retrospectively a cd outbreak in wild foxes in 2003. from 2005 to 2007 a cross-sectional household questionnaire survey was conducted in coquimbo ...201121641130
canine distemper outbreak in rhesus monkeys, china.since 2006, canine distemper outbreaks have occurred in rhesus monkeys at a breeding farm in guangxi, people's republic of china. approximately 10,000 animals were infected (25%-60% disease incidence); 5%-30% of infected animals died. the epidemic was controlled by vaccination. amino acid sequence analysis of the virus indicated a unique strain.201121801646
identification of a new genotype of canine distemper virus circulating in america.canine distemper is a highly contagious viral systemic disease that affects a wide variety of terrestrial carnivores. canine distemper virus (cdv) appears genetically heterogeneous, markedly in the hemagglutinin protein (h), showing geographic patterns of diversification that are useful to monitor cdv molecular epidemiology. in mexico the activity of canine distemper remains high in dogs, likely because vaccine prophylaxis coverage in canine population is under the levels required to control eff ...201121713437
canine distemper virus infects canine keratinocytes and immune cells by using overlapping and distinct regions located on one side of the attachment protein.the morbilliviruses measles virus (mev) and canine distemper virus (cdv) both rely on two surface glycoproteins, the attachment (h) and fusion proteins, to promote fusion activity for viral cell entry. growing evidence suggests that morbilliviruses infect multiple cell types by binding to distinct host cell surface receptors. currently, the only known in vivo receptor used by morbilliviruses is cd150/slam, a molecule expressed in certain immune cells. here we investigated the usage of multiple r ...201121849439
atypical necrotizing encephalitis associated with systemic canine distemper virus infection in pups.this report describes the naturally occurring atypical neuropathological manifestation of systemic canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in two 16-day-old pit bull pups. cdv-induced changes affected the gray and white matter of the forebrain while sparing the hindbrain. histologically, there was necrosis with destruction of the nervous parenchyma due to an influx of inflammatory and reactive cells associated with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within glial cells. positive immunoreac ...201122122909
Distemper virus encephalitis exerts detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis.Aims: Despite knowledge about the impact of brain inflammation on hippocampal neurogenesis, data on the influence of virus encephalitis on dentate granule cell neurogenesis are so far limited. Canine distemper is considered an interesting model of virus encephalitis, which can be associated with a chronic progressing disease course and can cause symptomatic seizures. Methods: To determine the impact of canine distemper virus infection on hippocampal neurogenesis, we compared post-mortem tissue f ...201121883377
evidence for viral etiology of multiple sclerosis.the etiology of multiple sclerosis (ms) is unknown, and several hypotheses have been advanced over the past century to explain it. despite much effort, no single cause has been established. one of the most appealing hypotheses is that of infection due to a neurotropic infectious agent, possibly a virus. there are several lines of data to support this hypothesis. first, there are clear examples of inflammatory demyelinating disease caused directly or indirectly by viral infections in both humans ...201121964847
Infection with a Hepatozoon sp. closely related to Hepatozoon felis in a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex -Pseudalopex -gymnocercus) co-infected with canine distemper virus.A species of Hepatozoon closely related to Hepatozoon felis found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) is described. The fox was euthanized after showing severe incoordination. On necropsy and histopathology there was bilateral, diffuse, severe, sub-acute, necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia, with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. Canine distemper virus was detected by immunohistochemistry in the bronchiolar epi ...201122112977
Morbilliviral encephalitis in a striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba calf from Italy.A free-living, striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba calf was stranded on the Latium coast of Italy in November 2009. Significant neuropathological findings included non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, microgliosis, neuronal degeneration, astrocytosis, and occasional multinucleate syncytia. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for Morbillivirus were positive exclusively from the brain, with morbilliviral antigen and nucleic acid being detected ...201121932537
inhibition of viral rna synthesis in canine distemper virus infection by proanthocyanidin a2.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a contagious and multisystemic viral disease that affects domestic and wild canines as well as other terrestrial and aquatic carnivores. the disease in dogs is often fatal and no specific antiviral therapy is currently available. in this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity against cdv of proanthocyanidin a2 (pa2), a phenolic dimer belonging to the class of condensed tannins present in plants. our results showed that pa2 exerted in vitro antiviral a ...201122020306
Post-epizootic chronic dolphin morbillivirus infection in Mediterranean striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba.Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) has caused 2 epizootics with high mortality rates on the Spanish Mediterranean coast, in 1990 and 2006-07, mainly affecting striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba. Following the first epizootic unusual DMV infections affecting only the central nervous system of striped dolphins were found, with histological features similar to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and old dog encephalitis, the chronic latent localised infections caused by defective forms of measles viru ...201122132497
characterization of a new dog isolate of canine distemper virus from china.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious pathogen of dogs. vaccination is an effective way to protect dogs from cdv infection, but occasionally fails. in the present study, a wild type (wt) cdv, named xj2, was isolated from a dead vaccinated dog. the hemagglutinin (h) gene of the xj2 was amplified and analyzed for the molecular characteristics including n-glycosylation sites, phylogenesis, hydrophobicity and epitopes. the data indicated that xj2 was a genetic variant strain of cdv. cd ...201122149495
unintended consequences of conservation actions: managing disease in complex ecosystems.infectious diseases are increasingly recognised to be a major threat to biodiversity. disease management tools such as control of animal movements and vaccination can be used to mitigate the impact and spread of diseases in targeted species. they can reduce the risk of epidemics and in turn the risks of population decline and extinction. however, all species are embedded in communities and interactions between species can be complex, hence increasing the chance of survival of one species can hav ...201122163323
increased p75 neurotrophin receptor expression in the canine distemper virus model of multiple sclerosis identifies aldynoglial schwann cells that emerge in response to axonal damage.gliogenesis under pathophysiological conditions is of particular clinical relevance since it may provide regeneration-promoting cells recruitable for therapeutic purposes. there is accumulating evidence that aldynoglial cells with schwann cell-like growth-promoting properties emerge in the lesioned cns. however, the characterization of these cells and the signals triggering their in situ generation have remained enigmatic. in the present study, we used the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(ntr) ) a ...201122072443
canine distemper virus: the emergence of new variants. 201120233663
validation of an elisa method for the serological diagnosis of canine brucellosis due to brucella canis.in the present study, the validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for serodiagnosis of canine brucellosis is described. two different antigenic extracts, obtained by heat or ultrasonic homogenization of microbial antigens from a wild isolate of brucella canis bacteria, were compared by elisa and western blot (wb). a total of 145 canine sera were used to define sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the elisa as follows: (1) sera from 34 animals with natural b. canis infectio ...201120692004
emergence of canine distemper in bavarian wildlife associated with a specific amino acid exchange in the haemagglutinin protein.a widespread, severe outbreak of canine distemper encephalitis was observed in wildlife in southern bavaria in the spring and summer of 2008. the haemagglutinin (ha) genes of six representative canine distemper virus (cdv) samples originating from five red foxes and one badger during this outbreak had a y549h amino acid substitution in the ha protein compared to sequences from two captive domesticated ferrets which succumbed to cdv in the same area 2 years earlier. as this specific substitution ...201120089424
surgical technique, postoperative complications and outcome in 14 dogs treated for hydrocephalus by ventriculoperitoneal shunting.to report frequency and type of complications, and outcome in dogs with severe neurologic signs secondary to internal, suspected obstructive hydrocephalus treated by ventriculoperitoneal (vp) shunting.201121244441
seroprevalence of various infectious agents in dogs with suspected acute canine polyradiculoneuritis.acute canine polyradiculoneuritis (acp) is considered to be an animal model of the acute axonal form of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) in humans. various antecedent events have been associated with gbs, including bacterial or viral infection. the relationship between acp and previous infection requires additional attention.201121352374
differentiation of canine distemper virus isolates in fur animals from various vaccine strains by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism according to phylogenetic relations in china.in order to effectively identify the vaccine and field strains of canine distemper virus (cdv), a new differential diagnostic test has been developed based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). we selected an 829 bp fragment of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of cdv. by rflp analysis using bamhi, field isolates were distinguishable from the vaccine strains. two fragments were obtained from the vaccine strains by rt-pcr-rflp an ...201121352564
genetic variability and viral seroconversion in an outcrossing vertebrate population.inverse correlations between genetic variability and parasitism are important concerns for conservation biologists. we examined correlations between neutral genetic variability and the presence of antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv) and feline parvovirus (fpv) in a free-ranging population of raccoons. over 3 years there was a strong relationship between age and seroprevalence rates. most young animals were seronegative to cdv and fpv, but the oldest age class was greater than 80 per cent ...201120667873
exposure to infectious agents in dogs in remote coastal british columbia: possible sentinels of diseases in wildlife and humans.ranked among the top threats to conservation worldwide, infectious disease is of particular concern for wild canids because domestic dogs (canis familiaris) may serve as sources and reservoirs of infection. on british columbia's largely undeveloped but rapidly changing central and north coasts, little is known about diseases in wolves (canis lupus) or other wildlife. however, several threats exist for transfer of diseases among unvaccinated dogs and wolves. to gain baseline data on infectious ag ...201121461190
phylogenetic analysis of austrian canine distemper virus strains from clinical samples from dogs and wild carnivores.austrian field cases of canine distemper (14 dogs, one badger [meles meles] and one stone marten [martes foina]) from 2002 to 2007 were investigated and the case histories were summarised briefly. phylogenetic analysis of fusion (f) and haemagglutinin (h) gene sequences revealed different canine distemper virus (cdv) lineages circulating in austria. the majority of cdv strains detected from 2002 to 2004 were well embedded in the european lineage. one austrian canine sample detected in 2003, with ...201121498265
optic neuritis caused by canine distemper virus in a jack russell terrier.an atypical case of canine distemper (cd) was diagnosed in a vaccinated healthy adult dog. the patient was presented circling, seizuring, and blind. postmortem examination resulted in a diagnosis of cd. optic neuritis was diagnosed, a finding not previously described in the context of cd virus infection presenting solely with neurological signs.201121731093
magnetic protein microbead-aided indirect fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of canine virus specific antibodies.rabies, canine distemper, and canine parvovirus are common contagious viral diseases of dogs and many other carnivores, and pose a severe threat to the population dynamics of wild carnivores, as well as endangering carnivore conservation. however, clinical diagnosis of these diseases, especially canine distemper and canine parvovirus, is difficult because of the broad spectrum of symptoms that may be confused with other respiratory and enteric diseases of dogs. the most frequently used and prove ...201121300534
epizootic canine distemper virus infection among wild mammals.in the spring of 2007, seven raccoon dogs and a weasel were captured near the city of tanabe in wakayama prefecture, japan. the causative agent of the animals' death 1-2days after capture was identified as canine distemper virus (cdv) by virus isolation, immunostaining with an anti-cdv polyclonal antibody, and a commercially available cdv antigen-detection kit. sequence analysis of hemagglutinin genes indicated the isolated viruses belong to genotype asia-1 and possess the substitution from tyro ...201121840141
diseases and parasites in wolves of the riding mountain national park region, manitoba, canada.we examined wolf (canis lupus) blood and fecal samples from the riding mountain national park (rmnp) region of manitoba, canada. in 601 fecal samples collected during two study periods in rmnp and the duck mountain provincial park and forest (dmppf) we found gastrointestinal helminth eggs from alaria sp. (15.5%), capillaria sp. (1.0%), taeniid tapeworms (30.8%), toxascaris sp. (1.7%), toxocara sp. (0.2%), trichuris sp. (2.2%), and moniezia sp. (0.5%). in addition, we found demodex sp. (0.2%) and ...201121270013
solution structure of a dna duplex containing the potent anti-poxvirus agent cidofovir.cidofovir (1(s)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine, cdv) is a potent inhibitor of orthopoxvirus dna replication. prior studies have shown that, when cdv is incorporated into a growing primer strand, it can inhibit both the 3'-to-5' exonuclease and the 5'-to-3' chain extension activities of vaccinia virus dna polymerase. this drug can also be incorporated into dna, creating a significant impediment to trans-lesion dna synthesis in a manner resembling dna damage. cdv and deoxycytidine ...201121280608
a distinct cdv genotype causing a major epidemic in alpine wildlife.canine distemper virus (cdv) infection represents an important conservation threat to many carnivore species and has contributed to the population decline of several wild terrestrial and aquatic mammalian species. since 2006, the alpine region of north-eastern (ne) italy has been experiencing a severe and widespread outbreak of cdv affecting the wild carnivore population. in this study we performed an extensive phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis of cdv identified during the recent ...201121310557
activities of different classes of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against bk virus in primary human renal cells.bk virus (bkv), a virus belonging to the polyomavirus family, is a circular double-stranded dna virus that causes nephropathies in immunocompromised patients after kidney or bone marrow transplantation. the occurrence of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in kidney transplant patients may trigger graft loss, and guidelines for the management of bkv infection have not yet been clearly established. treatment of bkv nephropathy with cidofovir (cdv) {(s)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cyto ...201121343444
efficacy of cmx001 as a prophylactic and presymptomatic antiviral agent in new zealand white rabbits infected with rabbitpox virus, a model for orthopoxvirus infections of humans.cmx001, a lipophilic nucleotide analog formed by covalently linking 3-(hexdecyloxy)propan-1-ol to cidofovir (cdv), is being developed as a treatment for smallpox. cmx001 has dramatically increased potency versus cdv against all dsdna viruses and, in contrast to cdv, is orally available and has shown no evidence of nephrotoxicity in healthy volunteers or severely ill transplant patients to date. although smallpox has been eliminated from the environment, treatments are urgently being sought due t ...201121369346
monkey cv1 cell line expressing the sheep-goat slam protein: a highly sensitive cell line for the isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from pathological specimens.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an important economically transboundary disease of sheep and goats caused by a virus which belongs to the genus morbillivirus. this genus, in the family paramyxoviridae, also includes the measles virus (mv), canine distemper virus (cdv), rinderpest virus (rpv), and marine mammal viruses. one of the main features of these viruses is the severe transient lymphopaenia and immunosuppression they induce in their respective hosts, thereby favouring secondary bacteri ...201121371505
efficacy of cmx001 as a post exposure antiviral in new zealand white rabbits infected with rabbitpox virus, a model for orthopoxvirus infections of humans.cmx001, a lipophilic nucleotide analog formed by covalently linking 3-(hexdecyloxy)propan-1-ol to cidofovir (cdv), is being developed as a treatment for smallpox. in the absence of human cases of smallpox, new treatments must be tested for efficacy in animal models. previously, we demonstrated the efficacy of cmx001 in protecting new zealand white rabbits from mortality following intradermal infection with rabbitpox virus as a model for smallpox, monkeypox and for treatment of adverse reactions ...201121373379
pharmacovigilance in veterinary medicine in chile: a pilot study.irag++en, d., urcelay, s., san mart+¡n, b. pharmacovigilance in veterinary medicine in chile: a pilot study. j. vet. pharmacol. therap.34, 108-115. in chile, there is no present government policy to survey and analyse adverse drug reactions (adrs) in the field of veterinary medicine. the intent of this study is to assess, for the first time, adr frequency in treated animals. to this purpose, a 6-month period pilot study based on who recommendations was conducted to monitor adrs in cats and dogs ...201121395600
canine distemper virus utilizes different receptors to infect chicken embryo fibroblasts and vero cells.inducing animal viruses to adapt to chicken embryos or chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef) is a common method to develop attenuated live vaccines with full security. canine distemper virus (cdv) also does this, but the mechanisms and particular receptors remain unclear. virus overlay protein blot assays were carried out on cef membrane proteins, which were extracted respectively with a mem-per™ kit, a radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer or a modified co-immunoprecipitation method, and revealed a ...201121468937
synthesis, metabolic stability and antiviral evaluation of various alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and 9-(s)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine.alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir (cdv) are orally active agents which inhibit the replication of a variety of double stranded dna (dsdna) viruses including variola, vaccinia, ectromelia, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus and others. one of these compounds, hexadecyloxypropyl-cdv (hdp-cdv, cmx001) is in clinical development for prevention and treatment of poxvirus infection, vaccination complications, and for infections caused by cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, herpesviruses and other ...201121493074
immunohistochemical detection of metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9), anti-oxidant like 1 protein (aop-1) and synaptosomal-associated protein (snap-25) in the cerebella of dogs naturally infected with spontaneous canine distemper.in most viral infections of the central nervous system (cns), the integrity of brain extracelluar matrix (ecm), oxidative stress and dysfunction in neuronal transmission may contribute to the observed pathology. the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of these factors in demyelinating canine distemper virus (cdv) infections. regardless of ecm integrity, the expression of metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9) was visualized in microglial-like cells, whereas the expression of anti-oxidant like ...201121526488
envelope-chimeric entry-targeted measles virus escapes neutralization and achieves oncolysis.measles virus (mv) is a promising vector for cancer therapy and multivalent vaccination, but high prevalence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies may reduce therapeutic efficacy, particularly following systemic administration. mv has only one serotype, but here we show that its envelope glycoproteins can be exchanged with those of the closely related canine distemper virus (cdv), generating a chimeric virus capable of escaping neutralization. to target its entry, we displayed on the cdv attac ...201121610701
domestic dog origin of canine distemper virus in free-ranging wolves in portugal as revealed by hemagglutinin gene characterization.serologic evidence for canine distemper virus (cdv) has been described in grey wolves but, to our knowledge, virus strains circulating in wolves have not been characterized genetically. the emergence of cdv in several non-dog hosts has been associated with amino acid substitutions at sites 530 and 549 of the hemagglutinin (h) protein. we sequenced the h gene of wild-type canine distemper virus obtained from two free-ranging iberian wolves (canis lupus signatus) and from one domestic dog (canis f ...201121719841
occurrence of filaria in domestic dogs of samburu pastoralists in northern kenya and its associations with canine distemper.samples of blood (serum, smears and blood preserved with ethanol) were collected from dogs during a vaccination campaign in northern kenya in the years 2006 and 2007. blood was screened for filarial parasites using molecular and microscopy methods and sera were tested for antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv). parasitological examination revealed the presence of two species of canine filariae: acanthocheilonema dracunculoides and a. reconditum. the dna from the former species was detec ...201121724332
development of cmx001 for the treatment of poxvirus infections.cmx001 (phosphonic acid, [[(s)-2-(4-amino-2-oxo-1(2h)-pyrimidinyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl]mono[3-(hexadecyloxy)propyl] ester) is a lipid conjugate of the acyclic nucleotide phosphonate, cidofovir (cdv). cmx001 is currently in phase ii clinical trials for the prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infection and under development using the animal rule for smallpox infection. it has proven effective in reduction of morbidity and mortality in animal models of human smallpox, even after the ons ...201021499452
rna editing enzyme adenosine deaminase is a restriction factor for controlling measles virus replication that also is required for embryogenesis.measles virus (mv), a member of the family paramyxoviridae and an exclusively human pathogen, is among the most infectious viruses. a progressive fatal neurodegenerative complication, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (sspe), occurs during persistent mv infection of the cns and is associated with biased hypermutations of the viral genome. the observed hypermutations of a-to-g are consistent with conversions catalyzed by the adenosine deaminase acting on rna (adar1). to evaluate the role of ada ...201021173229
prevalence of protective antibody titers for canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in dogs entering a florida animal shelter.to determine the proportion of dogs entering an animal shelter with protective antibody titers (pats) for canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) and identify factors associated with having a pat.201020550446
evaluation of the antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus.we evaluated the antiviral activity of a chlorine dioxide gas solution (cd) and sodium hypochlorite (sh) against feline calicivirus, human influenza virus, measles virus, canine distemper virus, human herpesvirus, human adenovirus, canine adenovirus and canine parvovirus. cd at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 ppm produced potent antiviral activity, inactivating >or= 99.9% of the viruses with a 15 sec treatment for sensitization. the antiviral activity of cd was approximately 10 times higher ...201020616431
unconventional wisdom about the obesity epidemic.diet and sedentary lifestyle, interacting with "thrifty" genes, are widely accepted as the principal cause of the current global obesity epidemic. however, a number of alternative etiologies for obesity have been proposed, including "drifty" genes, viruses, bacteria, environmental toxins, social network effects, maternal imprinting, sleep deprivation, and others. these grand rounds reviews the background of some of these unconventional ideas and evidence for or against their roles in the obesity ...201021119332
systemic sarcocystosis in a striped skunk (mephitis mephitis).a striped skunk with neurological signs was euthanized and examined via necropsy. histologically, protozoa were found in multiple tissues. protozoal schizonts measured 15 to 25 mum in diameter and contained 4 to 6 mum crescent-shaped merozoites. protozoa were associated with necrosis and inflammation in the lung, brain, liver, and nasal epithelium. immunohistochemistry labeled protozoa strongly positive for sarcocystis neurona. polymerase chain reaction-amplified products from the protozoan were ...201020375428
rapid detection of peste des petits ruminants virus by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) is the causative agent of peste des petits ruminants (ppr), an economically important viral disease of small ruminants. in this report, a one-step, single-tube, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for the detection of pprv. a set of six lamp primers were designed based on the matrix gene sequence of pprv to amplify the target rna by incubation at 63°c for 60min with bst dna polymerase and reverse trans ...201020813134
cidofovir does not prevent caprine herpesvirus type-1 neural latency in goats.cidofovir (cdv) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that exhibits a potent antiviral activity against several dna viruses. in previous studies, cdv has been shown to significantly reduce the clinical severity and the viral shedding in primary caprine herpesvirus type-1 (cphv-1) infection in goats. cphv-1 is an alpha-herpesvirus showing many biological similarities with human herpesvirus type-2 (hhv-2); therefore, studies conducted on the cphv-1 goat model could provide useful information on the ...201020710060
investigation of a unique short open reading frame within the 3' untranslated region of the canine distemper virus matrix messenger rna.increasing evidence suggest that the long "untranslated" region (utr) between the matrix (m) and the fusion (f) proteins of morbilliviruses has a functional role. in canine distemper virus (cdv), the f 5' utr was recently shown to code for a long f signal peptide (fsp). subsequently, it was reported that the m/f utrs combined with the long fsp were synergistically regulating the f mrna and protein expression, thereby modulating virulence. unique to cdv, a short putative open reading frame (orf) ...201020797417
a comparison of the immune responses of dogs exposed to canine distemper virus (cdv) - differences between vaccinated and wild-type virus exposed dogs.canine distemper virus (cdv)-specific immune response was measured in different dog populations. three groups of vaccinated or wild-type virus exposed dogs were tested: dogs with a known vaccination history, dogs without a known vaccination history (shelter dogs), and dogs with potential exposure to wild-type cdv. the use of a t-cell proliferation assay demonstrated a detectable cdv-specific t-cell response from both spleen and blood lymphocytes of dogs. qualitatively, antibody assays [enzyme-li ...201020885846
antiviral drug resistance of human cytomegalovirus.the study of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) antiviral drug resistance has enhanced knowledge of the virological targets and the mechanisms of antiviral activity. the currently approved drugs, ganciclovir (gcv), foscarnet (fos), and cidofovir (cdv), target the viral dna polymerase. gcv anabolism also requires phosphorylation by the virus-encoded ul97 kinase. gcv resistance mutations have been identified in both genes, while fos and cdv mutations occur only in the dna polymerase gene. confirmation o ...201020930070
effects of cidofovir on human papillomavirus-positive cervical cancer cells xenografts in nude mice.cidofovir (cdv) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analog that shows broad spectrum anti-dna virus activity. in this study, we have investigated the influence of cidofovir on the tumor xenografts derived from hela and siha cells on nude mice. the hela/siha xenografts in nude mice were established by inoculating cells subcutaneously. administration of cidofovir by intratumoral injection led to significant tumor reduction. enhanced protein levels of p53 and p-prb within the tumor samples were ob ...201020939427
morbillivirus infection in a wild siberian tiger in the russian far east.we report the first documented case of morbillivirus infection in a wild, free-ranging siberian tiger (panthera tigris altaica). the tigress entered a small village in the russian far east in an ambulatory but stuporous state with no apparent recognition or fear of humans. her condition progressed rapidly with neurological signs, anorexia, and ultimately death. histologic lesions included vacuolated to malacic white matter in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus, with associated lymphocytic ...201020966275
polycyclic n-benzamido imides with potent activity against vaccinia virus.the synthesis and antiviral activity of a series of novel polycyclic analogues of the orthopoxvirus egress inhibitor tecovirimat (st-246) is presented. several of these compounds display sub-micromolar activity against vaccinia virus, and were more potent than cidofovir (cdv). the more active compounds were about 10-fold more active than cdv, with minimum cytotoxic concentrations above 100 μm. chemical manipulations of the two carbon-carbon double bonds present in the compounds were carried out ...201020967819
lights and shades on an historical vaccine canine distemper virus, the rockborn strain.both egg- and cell-adapted canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccines are suspected to retain residual virulence, especially if administered to immuno-suppressed animals, very young pups or to highly susceptible animal species. in the early 1980s, post-vaccine encephalitis was reported in dogs from various parts of britain after administration of a particular batch of combined cdv rockborn strain/canine adenovirus type-1 vaccine, although incrimination of the rockborn strain was subsequently retracte ...201021167117
oral hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir therapy in pregnant guinea pigs improves outcome in the congenital model of cytomegalovirus infection.cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection is the leading cause of congenital infection, producing both sensorineural hearing loss and mental retardation. we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of an orally bioavailable analog of cidofovir, hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (hdp-cdv), against guinea pig cmv (gpcmv) in a guinea pig model of congenital cmv infection. hdp-cdv exhibited antiviral activity against gpcmv with a 50% effective concentration (ec(50)) of 0.004 μm ± 0.001 μm. to evaluate in vivo efficacy, preg ...201021078944
n-(3-cyanophenyl)-2-phenylacetamide, an effective inhibitor of morbillivirus-induced membrane fusion with low cytotoxicity.based on the structural similarity of viral fusion proteins within the family paramyxoviridae, we tested recently described and newly synthesized acetanilide derivatives for their capacity to inhibit measles virus (mv)-, canine distemper virus (cdv)- and nipah virus (niv)-induced membrane fusion. we found that n-(3-cyanophenyl)-2-phenylacetamide (compound 1) has a high capacity to inhibit mv- and cdv-induced (ic(50) μm), but not niv-induced, membrane fusion. this compound is of outstanding inter ...201020685931
aromatase expression in the cerebellum of the dog infected with canine distemper virus.aromatase is the enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of estrogens. it is implicated in neuroprotection.the present study investigated aromatase expression in the cerebellum of dogs infected with canine distemper virus (cdv), a disease characterized by demyelination in the white matter of the cerebellum. the presence of cdv infection was confirmed on the basis of histopathology and immunohistochemical localization of cdv antigen in glial cells of the white matter.the number of aromatase immuno ...201020690542
viral infectivity and intracellular distribution of matrix (m) protein of canine distemper virus are affected by actin filaments.to investigate the role of cytoskeletal components in canine distemper virus (cdv) replication, various agents were used that interfere with turnover of actin filaments and microtubules. only inhibition of actin filaments significantly reduced viral infectivity. analysis of the intracellular localization of the viral matrix (m) protein revealed that it aligned along actin filaments. treatment with actin filament-disrupting drugs led to a marked intracellular redistribution of m protein during in ...201020625777
identification of key residues in virulent canine distemper virus hemagglutinin that control cd150/slam-binding activity.morbillivirus cell entry is controlled by hemagglutinin (h), an envelope-anchored viral glycoprotein determining interaction with multiple host cell surface receptors. subsequent to virus-receptor attachment, h is thought to transduce a signal triggering the viral fusion glycoprotein, which in turn drives virus-cell fusion activity. cell entry through the universal morbillivirus receptor cd150/slam was reported to depend on two nearby microdomains located within the hemagglutinin. here, we provi ...201020631152
diagnostic exercise. cerebral mass in a puppy with respiratory distress and progressive neurologic signs.a 5-month-old mongrel puppy with a history of respiratory disease presented with progressive neurologic dysfunction. hematologic results included leukocytosis (neutrophilia with a left shift) and lymphopenia. a mass in the right forebrain, identified by magnetic resonance imaging, was biopsied during decompressive craniectomy. the histologic diagnosis was granulomatous meningoencephalitis with intralesional amoebae. the dog died within 24 hours of surgery. at necropsy, a well-demarcated granulom ...201020634413
immunodeficiencies caused by infectious diseases.immunodeficiencies caused by infectious agents may result from disruption of normal host barriers or dysregulation of cellular immunity, the latter serving to promote survival of the infectious agent through immune evasion. such infections may be followed by opportunistic infections with a variety of other microorganisms. classic infectious causes of immunodeficiency in companion animals are the immunodeficiency retroviruses, including feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus. oth ...201020471525
antibodies to parvovirus, distemper virus and adenovirus conferred to household dogs using commercial combination vaccines containing leptospira bacterin.to examine how the inclusion (+) or exclusion (-) of inactivated leptospira antigens in a vaccine for canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine adenovirus type 2 (cadv-2) affects antibody titres to cpv-2, cdv and cadv-1 antigens, household dogs were vaccinated with commercially available vaccines from one of three manufacturers. cpv-2, cdv and cadv-1 antibody titres were measured 11 to 13 months later and compared within three different age groups and three differ ...201021262693
comparative whole genome sequence analysis of wild-type and cidofovir-resistant monkeypoxvirus.we performed whole genome sequencing of a cidofovir {[(s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxy-propyl) cytosine] [hpmpc]}-resistant (cdv-r) strain of monkeypoxvirus (mpv). whole-genome comparison with the wild-type (wt) strain revealed 55 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and one tandem-repeat contraction. over one-third of all identified snps were located within genes comprising the poxvirus replication complex, including the dna polymerase, rna polymerase, mrna capping methyltransferase, dna ...201020509894
multiplex amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (arms-pcr) for diagnosis of natural infection with canine distemper virus.canine distemper virus (cdv) is present worldwide and produces a lethal systemic infection of wild and domestic canidae. pre-existing antibodies acquired from vaccination or previous cdv infection might interfere the interpretation of a serologic diagnosis method. in addition, due to the high similarity of nucleic acid sequences between wild-type cdv and the new vaccine strain, current pcr derived methods cannot be applied for the definite confirmation of cd infection. hence, it is worthy of dev ...201020534175
caspase-3/-8/-9, bax and bcl-2 expression in the cerebellum, lymph nodes and leukocytes of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus.canine distemper is an immunosuppressive disease caused by the canine distemper virus (cdv). pathogenesis mainly involves the central nervous system and immunosuppression. dogs naturally infected with cdv develop apoptotic cells in lymphoid tissues and the cerebellum, but this apoptotic mechanism is not well characterized. to better understand this process, we evaluated the expression of bax, bcl-2, and caspase-3, -8 and -9, by evaluating mrna levels in the peripheral blood, lymph nodes and cere ...201020198571
canine distemper virus infection in fennec fox (vulpes zerda).fifteen 8-month-old fennec foxes imported from sudan showed fever, mucopurulent ocular discharge, diarrhea, severe emaciation, seizures, and generalized ataxia, and died. three of the 15 animals were presented for diagnostic investigation. severe dehydration, brain congestion, and gastric ulcers were observed in all animals. in one animal, the lungs had failed to collapse and were multifocally dark red in appearance. histopathologically, there were lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis with mala ...201020299771
viral protein expression and phenotyping of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system of phocine distemper virus-infected harbor seals (phoca vitulina).the central nervous system (cns) represents an important target organ of the phocine distemper virus (pdv). the aim of the present study was to characterize pathological changes in the cns of harbor seals suffering from natural pdv-infection. the distribution of virus protein and mrna was investigated by immunohistochemistry (ihc) and in situ hybridization, respectively. in addition, inflammatory and glial cells were characterized by ihc. polioencephalitis with glial activation, neuronal death a ...201020303682
disease transmission in territorial populations: the small-world network of serengeti lions.territoriality in animal populations creates spatial structure that is thought to naturally buffer disease invasion. often, however, territorial populations also include highly mobile, non-residential individuals that potentially serve as disease superspreaders. using long-term data from the serengeti lion project, we characterize the contact network structure of a territorial wildlife population and address the epidemiological impact of nomadic individuals. as expected, pride contacts are domin ...201021030428
canine distemper epizootic among red foxes, italy, 2009. 201021122248
persistence of canine distemper virus in the greater yellowstone ecosystem's carnivore community.canine distemper virus (cdv) is an acute, highly immunizing pathogen that should require high densities and large populations of hosts for long-term persistence, yet cdv persists among terrestrial carnivores with small, patchily distributed groups. we used cdv in the greater yellowstone ecosystem's (gye) wolves (canis lupus) and coyotes (canis latrans) as a case study for exploring how metapopulation structure, host demographics, and multi-host transmission affect the critical community size and ...201021049890
two domains of the v protein of virulent canine distemper virus selectively inhibit stat1 and stat2 nuclear import.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes in dogs a severe systemic infection, with a high frequency of demyelinating encephalitis. among the six genes transcribed by cdv, the p gene encodes the polymerase cofactor protein (p) as well as two additional nonstructural proteins, c and v; of these v was shown to act as a virulence factor. we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which the p gene products of the neurovirulent cdv a75/17 strain disrupt type i interferon (ifn-alpha/beta)-induced signaling ...201020427537
acute canine distemper encephalitis is associated with rapid neuronal loss and local immune activation.for most virus infections of the central nervous system (cns), immune-mediated damage, the route of inoculation and death of infected cells all contribute to the pathology observed. to investigate the role of these factors in early canine distemper neuropathogenesis, we infected ferrets either intranasally or intraperitoneally with the neurovirulent canine distemper virus strain snyder hill. regardless of the route of inoculation, the virus primarily targeted the olfactory bulb, brainstem, hippo ...201020016033
late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for thalassemia and sickle cell anemia: a prospective evaluation of polyoma (bk) virus infection and treatment with cidofovir.little is known about late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis (hc) in children, its relationship to bk virus, and treatment with cidofovir (cdv) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). we prospectively investigated bk virus reactivation in children who underwent hsct from a matched related donor for thalassemia or sickle cell anemia following busulfan-cyclophosphamide-based conditioning regimens and analyzed risk factors for development of hc and its treatment with cdv. grade 2-4 hc oc ...201020026413
canine distemper viruses expressing a hemagglutinin without n-glycans lose virulence but retain immunosuppression.paramyxovirus glycoproteins are posttranslationally modified by the addition of n-linked glycans, which are often necessary for correct folding, processing, and cell surface expression. to establish the contribution of n glycosylation to morbillivirus attachment (h) protein function and overall virulence, we first determined the use of the potential n-glycosylation sites in the canine distemper virus (cdv) h proteins. biochemical characterization revealed that the three sites conserved in all st ...201020042514
hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (cmx001) suppresses jc virus replication in human fetal brain svg cell cultures.jc virus (jcv) is a polyomavirus that infects human oligodendrocytes, leading to development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml), an often fatal demyelinating disease occurring in immunocompromised individuals. currently there are no effective therapies for the treatment of pml that result in clearance of jcv from the brain. cidofovir (cdv) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that inhibits dna polymerases and has been used for the treatment of pml. however, cdv demonstrated litt ...201020823288
phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of current wild-type canine distemper viruses from south africa: lineage africa.there are no reports of cdv isolations in southern africa, and although cdv is said to have geographically distinct lineages, molecular information of african strains has not yet been documented. viruses isolated in cell cultures were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and the complete h gene was sequenced and phylogenetically analysed with other strains from genbank. phylogenetic comparisons of the complete h gene of cdv isolates from different parts of the w ...201020060661
natural infection with canine distemper virus in hand-feeding rhesus monkeys in china.an outbreak of canine distemper virus (cdv) in hand-feeding rhesus monkeys in china was reported. twenty rhesus monkeys presented blood and mucus in feces, respiratory symptoms, anorexia, acute fever, thicken of footpad and red rashes in the faces over 1-month period. cdv infection was identified by characteristic clinical signs, the specific detection of the bit rapid color cdv detection kit, electron microscopy and the results of sequence aligning. a phylogenetic analysis further confirmed tha ...201019837522
a multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detection and differentiation of wild-type and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus.a multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-npcr) method was developed for the detection and differentiation of wild-type and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus (cdv). a pair of primers (p1 and p4) specific for cdv corresponding to the highly conserved region of the cdv genome were used as a common primer pair in the first-round pcr of the nested pcr. primers p2 specific for cdv wild-type strains, were used as the forward primer together with the common reverse ...201020433759
viral obesity: fact or fiction?the aetiology of obesity is multifactorial. an understanding of the contributions of various causal factors is essential for the proper management of obesity. although it is primarily thought of as a condition brought on by lifestyle choices, recent evidence shows there is a link between obesity and viral infections. numerous animal models have documented an increased body weight and a number of physiologic changes, including increased insulin sensitivity, increased glucose uptake and decreased ...201019874530
in vitro cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy dogs to distemper virus, malassezia and toxocara.naïve cd4+ t cells may differentiate into a number of subsets including t helper 1 (th1) th2, th3, th17 and t regulatory (treg) cells depending on the type of antigen they encounter. these cd4+ families have been defined based on the array of cytokines they produce and the effects they have on adaptive immune responses. cd4+ subsets are cross regulatory and at times cooperative. the study of these adaptive immune modulators has revealed the important role that cytokines play in mounting effectiv ...201019880197
importance of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in free-ranging iberian lynxes (lynx pardinus).canine distemper virus (cdv) is a morbillivirus that is the etiological agent of one of the most important viral diseases affecting canids and an expanding range of other carnivores. using real-time rt-pcr, cdv rna was detected in organs of an iberian lynx (lynx pardinus) found dead in the doñana national park, southwestern andalusia, spain. this finding may be of great importance for the conservation of the species; at present the iberian lynx is the most critically endangered wild felid. the a ...201020570061
serosurvey of selected viruses in captive giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in china.serum samples from 92 giant pandas in three captive facilities were tested for antibodies against five viruses of carnivores. antibody titers against canine distemper virus (cdv) in two facilities in which giant pandas were vaccinated were variable. the canine adenovirus (cav-1) and canine parvovirus (cpv) titers in vaccinated group were both positive, but titers were not high and varied among individual except one vaccinated panda had extremely high cav-1 titer, indicating infection with the fi ...201019913371
controversial results of the genetic analysis of a canine distemper vaccine strain.canine distemper (cd) is a highly contagious, often fatal, multisystemic viral disease of receptive carnivores. the presence of a psii cleavage site on a specific location of the hemagglutinin (h) gene was found to be a hallmark of vaccine strains, thus, a previously published restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) test using psii theoretically allows the distinction between all currently used vaccine strains and virulent field strains. the rflp test was carried out on all brands of cd ...201019931324
fatal canine distemper infection in a pack of african wild dogs in the serengeti ecosystem, tanzania.in 2007, disease related mortality occurred in one african wild dog (lycaon pictus) pack close to the north-eastern boundary of the serengeti national park, tanzania. histopathological examination of tissues from six animals revealed that the main pathologic changes comprised interstitial pneumonia and suppurative to necrotizing bronchopneumonia. respiratory epithelial cells contained numerous eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and multiple syncytial cells were found throughout the p ...201020684868
age and long-term protective immunity in dogs and cats.vaccination can provide an immune response that is similar in duration to that following a natural infection. in general, adaptive immunity to viruses develops earliest and is highly effective. such anti-viral immune responses often result in the development of sterile immunity and the duration of immunity (doi) is often lifelong. in contrast, adaptive immunity to bacteria, fungi or parasites develops more slowly and the doi is generally short compared with most systemic viral infections. steril ...201019959181
pathogen dynamics and morbidity of striped skunks in the absence of rabies.parasites have the potential to influence the population dynamics of mammalian hosts, either as a single devastating pathogen or as a community effect. striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) are typically host to rabies, which often regulates population numbers. we assessed micro- and macroparasite dynamics in striped skunk populations in the absence of rabies, to determine if a single pathogen, or community, was responsible for a majority of skunk deaths. we monitored mortality due to pathogens, an ...201020688627
serosurvey for canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, leptospira interrogans, and toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging canids in scandinavia and svalbard.prevalence of antibodies reactive to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 1 (cav-1), leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae, and toxoplasma gondii were examined in free-ranging scandinavian canids. sampling included 275 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from mainland norway, 60 arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus) from the high-arctic islands of svalbard, and 98 wolves (canis lupus) from the joint swedish-norwegian population. methods used included virus neutralization ...201020688639
expression from baculovirus and serological reactivity of the nucleocapsid protein of dolphin morbillivirus.the nucleocapsid (n) protein of dolphin morbillivirus (dmv) was expressed from a baculovirus (autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus) vector and shown by sds-page and western blot analysis to be about 57 kda. transmission electron microscopy revealed fully assembled nucleocapsid-like particles (nlps) exhibiting the typical helical herringbone morphology. these nlps were approximately 20-22 nm in diameter and varied in length from 50 to 100 nm. purified dmv-n protein was used as antige ...201020005643
the identification of frequent variations in the fusion protein of canine distemper virus.canine distemper (cd) is a highly contagious disease with a worldwide distribution. genetic diversity in genes encoding the haemagglutinin (h) and fusion (f) virus envelope proteins have been implicated in the increasing incidence of cd. unlike the h gene, little is known about the genetic variability of the f gene in this virus. in the present study sequence analysis of the complete coding region of the f protein from cd virus isolates from taiwan were carried out. phylogenetic analysis demonst ...201019010700
host-virus specificity of morbilliviruses predicted by structural modeling of the marine mammal slam, a receptor.signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) is thought to be a major cellular receptor for high-host specificity morbilliviruses, which cause devastating and highly infectious diseases in mammals. we determined the sequences of slam cdna from five species of marine mammal, including two cetaceans, two pinnipeds and one sirenian, and generated three-dimensional models to understand the receptor-virus interaction. twenty-one amino acid residues in the immunoglobulin-like v domains of the slams ...201019027953
multi-host pathogens and carnivore management in southern africa.a retrospective serosurvey of multi-host feline and canine viruses among carnivore species in southern africa (n=1018) identified widespread pathogen exposure even in remote protected areas. in contrast to mortality experienced in east african predators, canine distemper virus (cdv) infection among african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in botswana was not associated with identifiable change in pup survivorship or disease related mortality of adults. a disease outbreak of unknown aetiology occurred i ...201019038454
seroprevalences to viral pathogens in free-ranging and captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) on namibian farmland.cheetah populations are diminishing rapidly in their natural habitat. one reason for their decline is thought to be a high susceptibility to (infectious) diseases because cheetahs in zoos suffer from high disease-induced mortality. data on the health status of free-ranging cheetahs are scarce, and little is known about their exposure and susceptibility to infectious diseases. we determined seroprevalences to nine key viruses (feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline parvovirus, feline co ...201019955325
phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of canine distemper virus strains detected from breeding foxes, raccoon dogs and minks in china.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a variety of carnivores, including wild and domestic canidae. genetic/antigenic heterogeneity has been observed among the various cdv strains, notably in the haemagglutinin (h) gene, that appears as a good target to gather epidemiological information. based on sequence analysis of the h gene, wild-type cdv strains cluster into distinct geographic lineages (genotypes), irrespective of the species of isolation. the sequence of the h gene of 28 cdv strains detec ...201019647380
first identification of canine distemper virus in hoary fox (lycalopex vetulus): pathologic aspects and virus phylogeny.canine distemper virus (cdv) has been reported in several wild animal species, but there have been no reports of cdv in hoary fox (lycalopex vetulus). this paper characterizes the first case of natural cdv infection in hoary fox, including the clinical and pathologic aspects of the disease as well as the viral strain phylogeny.201020090049
antiviral efficacy of eicar against canine distemper virus (cdv) in vitro.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious pathogen of carnivores. in dogs, the disease is characterized by high lethality rates and no specific antiviral therapy is available. the aim of this study was to verify the in vitro antiviral activity of the 5-ethynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (eicar) and to compare it with the 1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin, rbv). eicar was more active than rbv against cdv replication, while both molecules ...201019781726
demography of domestic dogs in rural and urban areas of the coquimbo region of chile and implications for disease transmission.a cross-sectional household questionnaire survey was conducted along two transects (80 and 45km long) from coquimbo and ovalle cities to the fray jorge national park (fjnp) in the coquimbo region of chile in 2005-2007 to investigate the demography of dogs in the context of a study of canine infectious diseases. data were collected on the number of dogs per household, fecundity, mortality, and sex and age distribution. the results from 1021 households indicated that dog ownership was common, with ...201020096943
canine distemper virus persistence in demyelinating encephalitis by swift intracellular cell-to-cell spread in astrocytes is controlled by the viral attachment protein.the mechanism of viral persistence, the driving force behind the chronic progression of inflammatory demyelination in canine distemper virus (cdv) infection, is associated with non-cytolytic viral cell-to-cell spread. here, we studied the molecular mechanisms of viral spread of a recombinant fluorescent protein-expressing virulent cdv in primary canine astrocyte cultures. time-lapse video microscopy documented that cdv spread was very efficient using cell processes contacting remote target cells ...201020119836
appearance of granulated cells in blood films stained by automated aqueous versus methanolic romanowsky methods.romanowsky stains are used routinely by veterinary clinical pathology laboratories for cytologic and blood film evaluations. automated stainers are available for both aqueous and methanolic romanowsky stains. mast cell granules and canine distemper virus inclusions are known to stain differently by these 2 methods, but we have noticed differences in the staining characteristics of other granulated cells.201019793228
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