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vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus: a continuous challenge.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a significant respiratory pathogen of commercial poultry that causes millions of dollars in lost revenue worldwide each year. even though the poultry industry extensively vaccinates against ibv, emergence of new serotypes and variants continually occur, making control of the disease difficult. current mass application strategies for ibv vaccines are inefficient and frequently result in vaccination failures. novel vaccine technology development has been slow, ...201728081857
the important role of lipid raft-mediated attachment in the infection of cultured cells by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus beaudette strain.lipid raft is an important element for the cellular entry of some viruses, including coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). however, the exact role of lipid rafts in the cellular membrane during the entry of ibv into host cells is still unknown. in this study, we biochemically fractionated ibv-infected cells via sucrose density gradient centrifugation after depleting plasma membrane cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin or mevastatin. our results demonstrated that unlike ibv non-structu ...201728081264
origin and evolution of lx4 genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus in china.we investigated the genomic characteristics of 110 lx4 genotype strains of infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) isolated between 1995 and 2005 in china. the genome of these ibvs varies in size from 27596bp to 27790bp. most ibv strains have the typical genomic organization of other gamacoronaviruses, however, two strains lacked 3a and 5b genes as a result of a nucleotide change within the start codon in the 3a or 5b genes. analysis of our 110 viruses revealed that recombination events may be resp ...201728062013
identification and molecular characterization of a novel serotype infectious bronchitis virus (gi-28) in china.avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) is a major poultry pathogen. a characteristic feature of ibv is the occurrence of many different strains belonging to different serotypes, which renders complete control of the disease by vaccination a challenging task due to the poor cross-protection between different serotypes. in this study, based on the results of s1 sequence analysis and virus cross-neutralization tests, ibv strain ck/ch/lgx/111119 was found to be genetically and antigenically d ...201728062000
channel-inactivating mutations and their revertant mutants in the envelope protein of infectious bronchitis virus.it has been shown previously in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) that two point mutations, n15a and v25f, in the transmembrane domain (tmd) of the envelope (e) protein abolished channel activity and led to in vivo attenuation. pathogenicity was recovered in mutants that also regained e protein channel activity. in particular, v25f was rapidly compensated by changes at multiple v25f-facing tmd residues located on a neighboring monomer, consistent with a recovery of oli ...201727974570
pathogenicity characteristics of an iranian variant-2 (is-1494) like infectious bronchitis virus in experimentally infected spf chickens.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is a major cause of economic loss to the poultry industry. ib virus primarily affects respiratory tract, but strains differ in their tropism for such other target organs as kidneys and alimentary tract. the objective of this study was to estimate the pathogenicity of an iranian ib virus (ibv) variant (variant-2) which is one of the most prevalent isolates circulating in iranian poultry farms. spf chickens were intranasally inoculated with 104 eid50/0.1 ml of the ...201727928919
a novel variant of the infectious bronchitis virus resulting from recombination events in italy and spain.infectious bronchitis is considered to be one of the most devastating diseases in poultry. control of its spread is typically attempted through biosecurity measures and extensive vaccination. however, the remarkable genetic and antigenic variability of the virus, which originate from both mutations and recombination events, represents an unsolved challenge for this disease. the present study reports on the emergence and spread of recombinant clusters detected in italy and spain between 2012 and ...201727329854
protection of chickens vaccinated with combinations of commercial live infectious bronchitis vaccines containing massachusetts, dutch and qx-like serotypes against challenge with virulent infectious bronchitis viruses 793b and is/1494/06 israel variant 2.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus which affects chickens of all ages. ibv mainly causes respiratory disease but can also result in reduced weight gain, reduced egg production, increased frequency of abnormal eggs and increased rates of mortality. vaccination is the most important way to control the disease. nevertheless, novel strains of infectious bronchitis (ib) continue to emerge in the field. in order to respond promptly, combinations of existing ib vaccines are frequently t ...201727400065
selection of reference genes for gene expression analysis by real-time qpcr in avian cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes infectious bronchitis in poultry, a respiratory disease that is a source of major economic loss to the poultry industry. detection and the study of the molecular pathogenesis of the virus often involve the use of real-time quantitative pcr assays (qpcr). to account for error within the experiments, the levels of target gene transcription are normalized to that of suitable reference genes. despite publication of the miqe (minimum information for publicatio ...201727624876
blood biochemistry and immune response in aseel chicken under free range, semi-intensive, and confinement rearing systems.a study was conducted to investigate the effects of 3 different rearing systems [free range ( fr: ), semi-intensive ( si: ), and confinement ( cf: )] on blood biochemical profile and immune response in 4 varieties of aseel chicken [lakha ( lk: ), mushki ( ms: ), peshawari ( pw: ) and sindhi ( sn: )] for 10 wk duration (7 to 16 wk). at the age of 6 wk, in total, 180 cockerels were assigned to 12 treatment groups, 3 (rearing system) × 4 (aseel chicken variety) factorial arrangement in 7 randomized ...201727591273
the effect of allium sativum (garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg.garlic is a plant has been used as a flavor, and anti-microbial and anti-diarrheal agent. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus. the available vaccines against ibv cannot cover new variants. this study evaluated the inhibitory effects of garlic extract on ibv.201727516987
pathogenesis of renal lesions in chickens after experimental infection with 9a5b newcastle disease virus mutant isolate.in this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of newcastle disease virus (ndv) in the chicken kidney. twenty-six 32-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were intranasally inoculated with the 9a5b ndv mutant isolate. kidney tissue samples, collected at 6 and 12 hours postinoculation (hpi) and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 days postinoculation (dpi), were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (ihc), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and virus titration. histopathologic ...201727371537
introducing a class of standardized and interchangeable parts utilizing programmed ribosomal frameshifts for synthetic biology applications.synthetic biology and the rational design of biological devices depend on the availability of standardized and interchangeable biological parts with diverse range of functions. reliable access to different reading frames during translation has largely been overlooked as functionality for bioengineering applications. here we report the construction and initial characterization of the first member of such a class of biological parts that conforms to the biobrick standard (rfc25), allowing its inte ...201726824028
activation of the c-jun nh2-terminal kinase pathway by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus promotes apoptosis independently of c-jun.mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are conserved protein kinases that regulate a variety of important cellular signaling pathways. among them, c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnk) are known to be activated by various environmental stresses including virus infections. previously, activation of the jnk pathway has been detected in cells infected with several coronaviruses. however, detailed characterization of the pathway as well as its implication in host-virus interactions has not been fully in ...201729238080
differentiation of infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains ma5 and 4/91 by taqman real-time pcr.the aim of this study was to develop rapid molecular assays for differentiating vaccine strains ma5 and 4/91 of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). specific primers and probes for s1 and n genes were designed based on the nucleotide sequences of both vaccine strains. cross-reactivity was not observed. assay sensitivity was 2.373 × 103 copies of the ma5 strain, and 3.852 x 103 copies of the 4/91 strain. samples belonging to a known genotype demonstrated that the designed assays supported rapid ...201729166280
molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler flocks in bushehr province, iran: 2014 - 2015.the aim of this study was to provide information on the molecular characteristic and the phylogenic relationship of infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv) strains in bushehr province in comparison to other strains reported in the middle east. samples were collected from broiler flocks in bushehr province during 2014 - 2015. these flocks had respiratory problems such as gasping, sneezing and bronchial rales. a number of 135 tracheal swabs were taken from fifteen flocks (nine swabs per flock). each t ...201729085606
reference gene selection for gene expression study in shell gland and spleen of laying hens challenged with infectious bronchitis virus.ten reference genes were investigated for normalisation of candidate target gene expression data in the shell gland and spleen of laying hens challenged with two strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). data were analysed with genorm, normfinder and bestkeeper, and a comprehensive ranking (geomean) was calculated. in the combined data set of ibv challenged shell gland samples, the comprehensive ranking showed tata-box binding protein (tbp) and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxyge ...201729079779
molecular characterization of qx-like and variant infectious bronchitis virus strains in malaysia based on partial genomic sequences comprising the s-3a/3b-e-m-intergenic region-5a/5b-n gene order.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the major poultry pathogens of global importance. however, the prevalence of ibv strains in malaysia is poorly characterized. the partial genomic sequences (6.8 kb) comprising the s-3a/3b-e-m-intergenic region-5a/5b-n gene order of 11 malaysian ibvs isolated in 2014 and 2015 were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. phylogenetic and pairwise sequence comparison analysis showed that the isolated ibvs are divided into two groups. group ...201729337625
efficacy of massachusetts and 793b vaccines against infectious bronchitis moroccan-italy 02 virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens and commercial broilers.the ability of commercial vaccines h120 and 4/91 to protect against moroccan-italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus (mor-it02) was investigated in specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens and commercial broiler chickens. commercial broiler chicks (experiment 1) were vaccinated at the hatchery with h120 vaccine at day 1, and challenged at day 21 with 10450% egg-infective dose (eid50) of mor-it02. all chicks were observed daily for clinical signs attributable to mor-it02 infection during the 10 days po ...201729337615
assessment of molecular and genetic evolution, antigenicity and virulence properties during the persistence of the infectious bronchitis virus in broiler breeders.the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes a highly contagious disease [infectious bronchitis (ib)] that results in substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. we conducted a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the s1 gene of brazilian (br) ibv isolates from a routinely vaccinated commercial flock of broiler breeders, obtained from clinical ib episodes that occurred in 24-, 46- and 62-week-old chickens. we also characterized the antigenicity, pathogenesis, tissue tropism ...201728895517
avian infectious bronchitis virus disrupts the melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (mda5) signaling pathway by cleavage of the adaptor protein mavs.melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (mda5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-i (rig-i) selectively sense cytoplasmic viral rna to induce an antiviral immune response. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the most important infectious agents in chickens, and in chicken cells, it can be recognized by mda5 to activate interferon production. rig-i is considered to be absent in chickens. however, the absence of rig-i in chickens raises the question of whether this protein influences the ...201729132350
[establishment of a high sensitive indirect elisa for detecting specific antibodies against h9 subtype avian influenza virus].h9 subtype avian influenza virus causes worldwide epidemic, resulting in enormous economic losses of poultry production. in the present study, an indirect elisa method was established for more accurate and specific detection. the recombinant protein of the globular head domain of ha of h9 subtype avian influenza virus was used as antigen. specific blocking buffers and dilution buffers were determined to increase the sensitivity and specificity. the sensitivity of elisa was higher than that of he ...201728853253
astragalus polysaccharides enhance the immune response to avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccination in chickens.astragalus polysaccharides (aps) are biological macromolecules extracted from astragalus species that have strong immunoregulatory properties. in this study, aps were employed as an adjuvant for an avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccine, and its effects on the cellular immune and humoral immune responses to vaccination in chicken were investigated. one hundred and fifty chicken were randomly divided into five groups (n = 30, each group). the chickens in all groups, except for the unvacc ...201728826771
genetic characterisation and analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from brazilian flocks between 2010 and 2015.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variants in brazil were isolated during 2010-2015 for epidemiological and molecular analysis to characterise the different variants and perform a bioinformatic analysis to compare with sequences of variants collected over the previous 40 years. of the 453 samples examined, 61.4% were positive for ibv and 75.9% of these were considered to have the br-i genotype and were detected in birds of all ages distributed in all five brazilian regions. the ratio of non-syno ...201728805451
genome characterization, antigenicity and pathogenicity of a novel infectious bronchitis virus type isolated from south china.in 2014, three infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains, designated as γcov/ck/china/i0111/14, γcov/ck/china/i0114/14 and γcov/ck/china/i0118/14, were isolated and identified from chickens suspected to be infected with ibv in guangxi province, china. based upon data arising from s1 sequence and phylogenetic analyses, the three ibv isolates were genetically different from other known ibv types, which represented a novel genotype (gi-29). virus cross-neutralization tests, using γcov/ck/china/i011 ...201728800976
genotyping of avian infectious bronchitis viruses in iran (2015-2017) reveals domination of is-1494 like virus.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is causing major economic losses to the poultry industry. the analysis of the s1 gene has been used to determine ibv genotype. the aim of this study was genotyping of ibvs circulating among the iranian broiler flocks in the period between 2015 to 2017. trachea samples from 278 broiler flocks were collected from broiler farms in eight provinces of iran. after real-time rt-pcr, ibv-positive samples were further characterized based on s1 gene. the results of ...201728789874
microrna transcriptome analysis in chicken kidneys in response to differing virulent infectious bronchitis virus infections.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) can cause a highly contagious and acute respiratory disease in poultry. micrornas (mirnas) have emerged as a class of crucial regulators for gene expression and are involved in the regulation of virus defence and immunological processes. to understand mirna regulation in chickens in response to ibv infection, high-throughput sequencing was performed to compare the small rna libraries from the kidneys of chicken infected with sck2, scdy2 and ldt3-a. by comparing ...201728779232
global distributions and strain diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus: a review.the poultry industry faces challenge amidst global food security crisis. infectious bronchitis is one of the most important viral infections that cause huge economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. the causative agent, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is an rna virus with great ability for mutation and recombination; thus, capable of generating new virus strains that are difficult to control. there are many ibv strains found worldwide, including the massachusetts, 4/91, d274, and qx-lik ...201728776490
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analyses of virulent infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from chickens in eastern saudi arabia.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the major respiratory viral threats for chickens. despite the intensive application of ibv vaccines, several outbreaks have been reported worldwide. here, we report several ibv outbreaks in thirteen poultry farms in eastern saudi arabia (esa) from 2013 to 2014. the main goals of the current study were as follows: (1) isolation and molecular characterization of the currently circulating strains in esa (al-hasa, dammam, and buqayq) and (2) evaluation of ...201728770245
infectious bronchitis corona virus establishes productive infection in avian macrophages interfering with selected antimicrobial functions.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes respiratory disease leading to loss of egg and meat production in chickens. although it is known that macrophage numbers are elevated in the respiratory tract of ibv infected chickens, the role played by macrophages in ibv infection, particularly as a target cell for viral replication, is unknown. in this study, first, we investigated the ability of ibv to establish productive replication in macrophages in lungs and trachea in vivo and in macrophage cell ...201728763472
epidemiology and characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains circulating in southern china during the period from 2013-2015.two hundred and six strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from chickens showing signs of disease in southern china during the period from 2013-2015. the nucleotide and amino acid sequences from the isolated field strains were compared to 42 published references. nucleotide homologies ranged from 63.1-99.9% and amino acid homologies ranging from 60.2-100%. at least seven ibv genotypes were co-circulating in commercial chicken farms in southern china. the ibv isolates we ...201728747730
whole-genome characterization of uruguayan strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus reveals extensive recombination between the two major south american lineages.infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus, coronaviridae) is a genetically variable rna virus that causes one of the most persistent respiratory diseases in poultry. the virus is classified in genotypes and lineages with different epidemiological relevance. two lineages of the gi genotype (11 and 16) have been widely circulating for decades in south america. gi-11 is an exclusive south american lineage while the gi-16 lineage is distributed in asia, europe and south america. here, we obtaine ...201728705717
co-circulation of three clusters of 793/b-like avian infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in iranian chicken flocks.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease causing severe economic losses in the poultry industry. the 793/b ib virus is an important infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genotype currently circulating in several countries, including iran. one hundred confirmed ibv samples (between 2014 and 2015; from 15 provinces in iran) were selected for genotyping based on s1 sequencing. after phylogenetic analysis, it was found that 30% of the ibv isolates belonged to the ...201728689232
chicken mannose binding lectin has antiviral activity towards infectious bronchitis virus.mannose binding lectin (mbl) is a collagenous c-type lectin, which plays an important role in innate immunity. it can bind to carbohydrates on the surface of a wide range of pathogens, including viruses. here we studied the antiviral effect of recombinant chicken (rc)mbl against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a highly contagious coronavirus of chicken. rcmbl inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the infection of bhk-21 cells by ibv-beaudette, as detected by immunofluorescence staining of vira ...201728686880
kidney cell-adapted infectious bronchitis arkdpi vaccine is stable and protective.we previously demonstrated that adaptation of an embryo-attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas (ark) delmarva poultry industry (dpi)-derived vaccine to chicken embryo kidney (cek) cells (cekp7) shifted the virus population towards homogeneity in spike (s) and nonstructural protein genes. moreover, the typical ark vaccine subpopulations emerging in chickens vaccinated with commercial ark vaccines were not detected in chickens vaccinated with cekp7, indicating that kidney-cell adapt ...201728665723
variability in biological behaviour, pathogenicity, protectotype and induction of virus neutralizing antibodies by different vaccination programs to infectious bronchitis virus genotype q1 strains from chile.in the period from july 2008 to 2010 a disease episode resulting in serious economic losses in the major production area of the chilean poultry industry were reported. these losses were associated with respiratory problems, increase of condemnations, drops in egg production and nephritis in breeders, laying hens and broilers due to infections with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). twenty-five ibv isolates were genotyped and 4 strains were selected for further testing by pathotyping and protecto ...201728660781
use of sequence-independent, single-primer-amplification (sispa) for rapid detection, identification, and characterization of avian rna viruses.current technologies with next generation sequencing have revolutionized metagenomics analysis of clinical samples. to achieve the non-selective amplification and recovery of low abundance genetic sequences, a simplified sequence-independent, single-primer amplification (sispa) technique in combination with miseq platform was applied to target negative- and positive-sense single-stranded rna viral sequences. this method allowed successful sequence assembly of full or near full length avian influ ...201728646651
oral administration of tea saponins to relive oxidative stress and immune suppression in chickens.the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of tea saponins on oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide in chickens. one hundred twenty chickens were randomly divided into 5 groups. groups 3 to 4 received intramuscular injection of cyclophosphamide to induce oxidative stress and immunosuppression. after that, groups 2 and 4 were orally administered tea saponins in drinking water for 7 d. then, groups 1 to 4 were immunized with a live, bivalent vaccine of newcastle disease virus an ...201728633386
analysis of antigenicity and pathogenicity reveals major differences among qx-like infectious bronchitis viruses and other serotypes.avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes considerable damage to the poultry industry worldwide and the proportion of qx-like genotype isolates have increased over time. here, to better understand the antigenicity and pathogenicity of this genotype, we conducted sequence analyses, cross neutralization tests, and also examined the pathogenicity of two strains, sd and sz. sequence analyses revealed that sd and sz isolates belong to the qx-like ibv genotype and share high homology ...201728619139
genetic, antigenic, and pathogenic characteristics of avian infectious bronchitis viruses genotypically related to 793/b in china.in this study, 20 infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains, which were genotypically related to 793/b, as assessed by an s1 gene comparison and a complete genomic sequence analysis, were isolated and identified from 2009 to 2014 in china. phylogenetic analysis, network tree, similarity plot analysis, recombination detection program 4(rdp4) and sequence comparison revealed that 12 of the 20 isolates were likely the reisolated vaccine virus. one isolate, ck/ch/lsd/110857, was shown to have origin ...201728619134
co-infection of h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus decreases sp-a expression level in chickens.chicken surfactant protein a (csp-a) is a collectin believed to play an important role in antiviral immunity. however, csp-a expression in the respiratory tract of chickens after viral co-infection remains unclear. the aim of this study was the detection and characterization of csp-a in co-infected chickens. for this purpose, four-week-old specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens were divided into five groups and inoculated intranasally with h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious bron ...201728619132
a reverse genetics system for avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus based on targeted rna recombination.avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a respiratory pathogen of chickens that causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. major advances in the study of the molecular biology of ibv have resulted from the development of reverse genetics systems for the highly attenuated, cell culture-adapted, ibv strain beaudette. however, most ibv strains, amongst them virulent field isolates, can only be propagated in embryonated chicken eggs, and not in continuous cell li ...201728606144
antigen-sparing and enhanced efficacy of multivalent vaccines adjuvanted with immunopotentiators in chickens.we previously described that immunopotentiators, cvcva5, increased the efficacy of h5 and h9 subtype avian influenza vaccines in chickens, ducks, and geese. in this study, we further investigated the effects of the cvcva5 for improving the efficacy of other univalent or multivalent inactivated vaccines. the immune response administrated with half-dose of monovalent vaccine plus cvcva5 were higher than those of one dose of monovalent vaccine without immunopotentiators as measured by levels of ant ...201728603519
infectious bronchitis virus in romanian broiler farms. 201728600421
combination of h120 and 1/96 avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains protect chickens against challenge with is/1494/06 (variant 2)-like infectious bronchitis virus.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is a worldwide chicken disease, caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) which infects all commercial poultry lines. the present study was done to evaluate protection caused by two different serotype vaccines (massachusetts and 793/b) in order to evaluate protection against challenge with is/1494/06-like virus (variant 2-like virus), which is prevalent in the middle east. spf chickens were divided into four groups (n = 20). first and second group as nega ...201728523921
reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.we have developed a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in which a full-length cdna corresponding to the ibv genome is inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a t7 promoter sequence. vaccinia virus as a vector for the full-length ibv cdna has the advantage that modifications can be introduced into the ibv cdna using homologous recombination, a method frequently used to insert and delete sequences from the vaccinia virus genome. ...201728508215
complete genome sequences of two avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in egypt: evidence for genetic drift and genetic recombination in the circulating viruses.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is highly prevalent in chicken populations and is responsible for severe economic losses to poultry industry worldwide. in this study, we report the complete genome sequences of two ibv field strains, cu/1/2014 and cu/4/2014, isolated from vaccinated chickens in egypt in 2014. the genome lengths of the strains cu/1/2014 and cu/4/2014 were 27,615 and 27,637 nucleotides, respectively. both strains have a common genome organization in the order of 5'-utr-1a-1 ...201728495648
specific detection of gii-1 lineage of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a worldwide prevalent rna virus that causes highly contagious and economically devastating disease in chicken. the virus exists in many different genetic forms which made the disease control very difficult. the present study describes the development and validation of taqman probe-based real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) targeting the s1 coding region of s gene characteristic for the gii-1 lineage (formerly the d1466- ...201728493279
pathogenicity study of iranian genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ir-1).avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is a major cause of economic losses in poultry industry. the ib virus primarily affects respiratory tract, but various strains differ in their tropism for other target organs such as kidney and alimentary tract. the objective of this study was to estimate the pathogenicity of iranian ibv variant (ir-1), which is limited exclusively to iran. specific pathogen free chicks were inoculated intranasally. sera, fecal swabs and different tissue samples were collected on ...201728473895
different evolutionary trajectories of vaccine-controlled and non-controlled avian infectious bronchitis viruses in commercial poultry.to determine the genetic and epidemiological relationship of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates from commercial poultry to attenuated live ibv vaccines we conducted a phylogenetic network analysis on the full-length s1 sequence for arkansas (ark), massachusetts (mass) and delmarva/1639 (dmv/1639) type viruses isolated in 2015 from clinical cases by 3 different diagnostic laboratories. phylogenetic network analysis of ark isolates showed two predominant groups linked by 2 mutations, consi ...201728472110
development of a taqman-based real-time pcr assay for rapid and specific detection of fowl aviadenovirus serotype 4.twelve serotypes of fowl aviadenovirus, namely, fadv-(1-8a and 8b-11), have been identified, among which fadv-4 is the aetiologic agent of hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome (hhs) in chickens. outbreaks of hhs have been documented in many countries, causing significant economic losses. real-time pcr methods described so far in the literature cross-detect different serotypes of fadvs. in this study, we aimed to develop a taqman-based real-time pcr assay for the specific detection of fadv-4. a pa ...201728437156
phylogenetic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolates from morocco: a retrospective study (1983 to 2014). 201728421419
the effect of diatomaceous earth in live, attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine, immune responses, and protection against challenge.live virus vaccines are commonly used in poultry production, particularly in broilers. massive application and generation of a protective local mucosal and humoral immunity with no adverse effects is the main goal for this strategy. live virus vaccines can be improved by adding adjuvants to boost mucosal innate and adaptive responses. in a previous study we showed that diatomaceous earth (de) can be used as adjuvant in inactivated vaccines. the aim of this study was to test de as adjuvant in an ...201728419351
a robust and cost-effective approach to sequence and analyze complete genomes of small rna viruses.next-generation sequencing (ngs) allows ultra-deep sequencing of nucleic acids. the use of sequence-independent amplification of viral nucleic acids without utilization of target-specific primers provides advantages over traditional sequencing methods and allows detection of unsuspected variants and co-infecting agents. however, ngs is not widely used for small rna viruses because of incorrectly perceived cost estimates and inefficient utilization of freely available bioinformatics tools.201728388925
isolation and molecular characterization of novel infectious bronchitis virus variants from vaccinated broiler flocks in egypt.the present study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics of circulating infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains in vaccinated broiler flocks in the giza and fayoum governorates. thirty-four isolates were collected, and egg propagation revealed their ability to induce typical ibv lesions after three to five successive passages. three selected isolates were identified as ibv using a real-time reverse transcriptase-pcr assay targeted the nucleocapsid (n) gene and further characterized b ...201728957013
infectious bronchitis virus variants: molecular analysis and pathogenicity investigation.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variants constantly emerge and pose economic threats to poultry farms worldwide. numerous studies on the molecular and pathogenic characterization of ibv variants have been performed between 2007 and 2017, which we have reviewed herein. we noted that viral genetic mutations and recombination events commonly gave rise to distinct ibv genotypes, serotypes and pathotypes. in addition to characterizing thes1genes, full viral genomic sequencing, comprehensive antigen ...201728937583
think globally, act locally: phylodynamic reconstruction of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) qx genotype (gi-19 lineage) reveals different population dynamics and spreading patterns when evaluated on different epidemiological scales.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) represents one of the poultry industry major threats, particularly in high density producing countries. the emergence and spread of new ibv genotypes have frustrated the various disease control efforts implemented over time. despite that, few comprehensive and large scale studies have been performed to understand the international and local spreading dynamics of this virus. in the present work, these phenomena were evaluated by implementing a bayesian phylodynam ...201728880958
cd59 association with infectious bronchitis virus particles protects against antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis.cd59 protein functions as a negative regulator of the terminal pathway of the complement system by binding to the c8/c9 factors. to date, little is known about the role of cd59 in coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection. in this study, we discovered that cd59 was downregulated in ibv-infected cells and was associated with ibv virions. this association protected ibv particles from antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis. ibv titres in the supernatant were significantly increa ...201729068273
evaluation of the genetic variability found in brazilian commercial vaccines for infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is currently one of the most important pathogens in the poultry industry. the h120 and ma5 are the only viral strains approved by the brazilian government as the constituent of vaccines. despite the systematic vaccination in brazil, ibv has not yet been controlled and diseases associated with this virus have been reported in vaccinated chickens. here, we investigated the genetic variability of h120 and ma5 strains present in the ibv vaccines from different brazi ...201729128885
complete genome sequence of a novel strain of infectious bronchitis virus, isolated from chickens in china in 2016.an avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was detected from trachea swabs of chickens in hubei province, china, in 2016. the complete genome of the ibv strain, ck/ch/hb/2016, was characterized and analyzed to better understand ibv epidemiology in china.201729122882
infectious bronchitis virus s2 of 4/91 expressed from recombinant virus does not protect against ark-type challenge.we previously demonstrated that chickens primed with a recombinant newcastle disease virus lasota (rls) expressing the s2 gene of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and boosted with an attenuated ibv massachusetts (mass)-type vaccine were protected against ibv arkansas (ark)-type virulent challenge. a possible basis for the reported ability of ibv 4/91 (serotype 793/b) vaccine to protect against divergent ibv strains (e.g., qx, q1, and d1466) in a prime-boost approach with an ibv mass vaccine is ...201728957002
understanding immune resistance to infectious bronchitis using major histocompatibility complex chicken lines.genetic resistance or susceptibility to infectious diseases has been largely associated with the avian major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes. our goal was to determine resistance and susceptibility of mhc b haplotype in congenic and inbred chicken lines in order to establish a resistant-susceptible model. eight congenic lines (253/b18, 254/b15, 330/b21, 312/b24, 331/b2, 335/b19, 336/b21, and 342/bo), two inbred lines (003/b17 and 077/b19), and three commercial lines (white leghorn, brown ...201728956996
infectious bronchitis virus infection induces apoptosis during replication in chicken macrophage hd11 cells.avian infectious bronchitis has caused huge economic losses in the poultry industry. previous studies have reported that infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection can produce cytopathic effects (cpe) and apoptosis in some mammalian cells and primary cells. however, there is little research on ibv-induced immune cell apoptosis. in this study, chicken macrophage hd11 cells were established as a cellular model that is permissive to ibv infection. then, ibv-induced apoptosis was observed through a ...201728933760
first characterization of a middle-east gi-23 lineage (var2-like) of infectious bronchitis virus in europe.variants assigned to gi-23 lineage of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), formerly called var2, have circulated for nearly 20 years only in countries of the middle east. strains of this lineage were first identified in israel in 1998. more severe form of the virus appeared in 2006, when the second wave of var2 epidemic has spread over the middle east region. the present study describes the detection and detailed genetic characterization of the gi-23 viruses in poland. the full-length genome of ga ...201728923510
protection against infectious bronchitis virus by spike ectodomain subunit vaccine.the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 subunit of the spike (s) glycoprotein mediates viral attachment to host cells and the s2 subunit is responsible for membrane fusion. using ibv arkansas-type (ark) s protein histochemistry, we show that extension of s1 with the s2 ectodomain improves binding to chicken tissues. although the s1 subunit is the major inducer of neutralizing antibodies, vaccination with s1 protein has been shown to confer inadequate protection against challen ...201728899630
genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from broiler chickens in kashmir.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is responsible for significant economic losses to the poultry industry across the world. the enormous genetic diversity of ibv poses difficulty in diagnosing and controlling the virus. to understand the nature of ibv prevalent in the kashmir himalayas, we characterized two field strains, isolated from non-immunized broiler chickens, by sequence and phylogenetic analysis of s1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein. the analysis revealed both the isolates are identica ...201729291237
comparative transcriptome analysis reveals induction of apoptosis in chicken kidney cells associated with the virulence of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) that causes respiratory and nephritic diseases in chicken is a major poultry pathogen leading to serious economic loss worldwide. the nephropathogenic ibv strains cause nephritis and kidney lesions intrinsically and the pathogenic mechanism is still unclear. in the present study, spf chicks were infected with three nephropathogenic ibvs of different virulence and their gene expression profiles in chicken kidney were compared at transcriptome level. as a re ...201729174688
astragalus polysaccharides inhibit avian infectious bronchitis virus infection by regulating viral replication.the avian coronavirus causes infectious bronchitis (ib), which is one of the most serious diseases affecting the avian industry worldwide. however, there are no effective strategies for controlling the ib virus (ibv) at present. therefore, development of novel antiviral treatment strategies is urgently required. as reported, astragalus polysaccharides (aps) have potential antiviral effects against several viruses; however, the antiviral effect of aps against ibv remains unclear. in this study, w ...201729170045
molecular survey of respiratory and immunosuppressive pathogens associated with low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 subtype and virulent newcastle disease viruses in commercial chicken flocks.the study was carried out in 48 poultry flocks to elucidate the roles of various complicating pathogens involved along with newcastle disease (nd)/ low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) outbreaks. necropsy was conducted and samples were collected for the isolation of newcastle disease virus (ndv), influenza a virus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), pathogenic bacteria; molecular detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowl adeno virus (fav), chicken anaemia virus (cav), mycopla ...201732908424
detection of infectious bronchitis virus strains similar to japan in taiwan.a total of 1,320 tracheal samples from 66 broiler flocks sent to slaughterhouses and 42 tracheal samples from 42 flocks of local chickens in the field were collected for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) gene detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using nucleocapsid-specific primers and spike-specific primers. prevalence in broiler flocks was 39.4% (26/66) and in local chicken flocks was 11.9% (5/42). several ibvs similar to japan were detected in taiwan. one-direction neut ...201626822119
rna sequencing-based analysis of the spleen transcriptome following infectious bronchitis virus infection of chickens selected for different mannose-binding lectin serum concentrations.avian infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious disease of the upper-respiratory tract caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction between innate and adaptive immune responses to ibv infection is a crucial element for further improvements in strategies to control ib. to this end, two chicken lines, selected for high (l10h line) and low (l10l line) serum concentration of mannose-binding lectin (mbl) were studied. in total, 32 ...201626819139
comparison between dot-immunoblotting assay and clinical sign determination method for quantifying avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine by titration in embryonated eggs.a sensitive and specific method for measuring the vaccine titer of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is important to commercial manufacturers for improving vaccine quality. typically, ibv is titrated in embryonated chicken eggs, and the infectivity of the virus dilutions is determined by assessing clinical signs in the embryos as evidence of viral propagation. in this study, we used a dot-immunoblotting assay (dia) to measure the titers of ibv vaccines that originated from different pathogenic s ...201626802454
heterologous live infectious bronchitis virus vaccination in day-old commercial broiler chicks: clinical signs, ciliary health, immune responses and protection against variant infectious bronchitis viruses.groups of one-day-old broiler chicks were vaccinated via the oculo-nasal route with different live infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines: massachusetts (mass), 793b, d274 or arkansas (ark). clinical signs and gross lesions were evaluated. five chicks from each group were humanely killed at intervals and their tracheas collected for ciliary activity assessment and for the detection of cd4+, cd8+ and iga-bearing b cells by immunohistochemistry (ihc). blood samples were collected at intervals ...201626743315
pathogenicity and tissue tropism of infectious bronchitis virus is associated with elevated apoptosis and innate immune responses.to establish a characteristic host response to predict the pathogenicity and tissue tropism of infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv), we investigated innate immune responses (iir) and apoptosis in chicken embryo kidney cells (cekc) and tracheal organ cultures (toc) infected with three ibv strains. results showed nephropathogenic ibv strains 885 and qx induced greater apoptosis in cekc than m41, which induced greater apoptosis in tocs compared to 885 and qx. elevated iir is associated with tissue t ...201626655241
development of rt-qpcr assays for the specific identification of two major genotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus, coronaviridae) is a genetically variable rna virus (27.6kb) that causes one of the most persistent respiratory disease in poultry. the virus is classified in genotypes with different epidemiological relevance and clinical implications. the present study reports the development and validation of specific rt-qpcr assays for the detection of two major ibv genotypes: south america i (sai) and asia/south america ii (a/saii). the sai genotype is an exclus ...201627181213
isolation of a novel serotype strain of infectious bronchitis virus zz2004 from ducks in china.in chickens, the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) often causes respiratory distress, a decrease in egg production, poor egg quality, and occasional nephritis. however, zz2004, a chinese isolate of ibv, was obtained from ducks with clinical growth suppression and mild respiratory symptoms that had been reared with chickens in the central region of china. virus isolation, virus neutralization testing, and rt-pcr were employed to identify the causative pathogen, while sequence alignment was used t ...201627164844
infectious bronchitis virus and brown shell colour: australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus affect brown eggshell colour in commercial laying hens differently.the aim of the current study was to assess any effect of wild and vaccine australian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains on shell colour in brown-shelled eggs. in experiment 1, eggs were collected from day 1 to day 13 post-inoculation (p.i.) from unvaccinated laying hens challenged with ibv wild strains t and n1/88 and from a negative control group of hens. in experiment 2, eggs were collected from 2 to 22 days p.i. from unvaccinated and vaccinated laying hens challenged with either a wild ...201627163194
avian infectious bronchitis virus in africa: a review.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is worldwide in distribution, highly infectious, and extremely difficult to control because it has extensive genetic diversity, a short generation time, and a high mutation rate. ibv is a gammacoronavirus, single-stranded, and positive-sense rna virus. avian infectious bronchitis is well studied in european countries with identification of a large number of ibv variants, whereas in african countries epidemiological and scientific data are poor and not updated. h ...201627150555
genome sequence and origin analyses of the recombinant novel ibv virulent isolate saibk2.recombination between infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs), together with point mutations, insertions, and deletions, is thought to be responsible for the emergence of new ibv variants. saibk2 is a nephropathogenic strain isolated from layer flocks vaccinated with live attenuated h120 vaccine in sichuan province, china in 2011. saibk2 causes severe kidney lesions and results in 50 % mortality in 30-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens (with a dose of 10(5) eid50/0.1 ml saibk2 per chicken). th ...201627108998
comparison of sybr green i real-time rt-pcr with conventional agarose gel-based rt-pcr for the diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus infection in chickens in morocco.a rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular method for the diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection is important in curbing infectious bronchitis outbreaks in morocco and other countries.201627106608
prediction and identification of novel ibv s1 protein derived ctl epitopes in chicken.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major pathogen common in the poultry industry. broad cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response against ibv is one of the crucial factors that help to control viral replication. spike glycoproteins on the surface of the ibv virion harbor major t cell epitopes. in this study, based on the peptide-binding motifs of chicken mhc i molecules for the bf2*4, bf2*12, bf2*15, and bf2*19 haplotypes, potential ctl epitopes were predicted using s1 proteins from different ib ...201626620841
altered pathogenicity of a tl/ch/ldt3/03 genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus due to natural recombination in the 5'- 17kb region of the genome.an infectious bronchitis coronavirus, designated as ck/ch/lgx/130530, was isolated from an ibv strain h120-vaccinated chicken in this study. analysis of the s1 gene showed that isolate ck/ch/lgx/130530 was a tl/ch/ldt3/03-like virus, with a nucleotide sequence similarity of 99%. however, a complete genomic sequence analysis showed that ck/ch/lgx/130530 was more closely related to a massachusetts type strain (95% similarity to strain h120) than to the tl/ch/ldt3/03 strain (86%), suggesting that r ...201626616599
attenuation mechanism of virulent infectious bronchitis virus strain with qx genotype by continuous passage in chicken embryos.the virulent isolate sdzb0808 of qx-type infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was continuously passaged in chicken embryos for 110 generations. the safety and immune efficacy of the 110th generation of ibvs (p110) were evaluated. damage was not found in the appearance of the 3-day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks immunized with 10(4.5) eid50 (median embryo infective dose) of p110 by intranasal and ocular administration. at 14 d after the vaccination with 10(4.5) eid50 of p110, all the 3-day- ...201626611202
replication-competent fluorescent-expressing influenza b virus.influenza b viruses (ibvs) cause annual outbreaks of respiratory illness in humans and are increasingly recognized as a major cause of influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. studying influenza viruses requires the use of secondary methodologies to identify virus-infected cells. to this end, replication-competent influenza a viruses (iavs) expressing easily traceable fluorescent proteins have been recently developed. in contrast, similar approaches for ibv are mostly lacking. in this repor ...201626590325
first complete genome sequence of european turkey coronavirus suggests complex recombination history related with us turkey and guinea fowl coronaviruses.a full-length genome sequence of 27,739  nt was determined for the only known european turkey coronavirus (tcov) isolate. in general, the order, number and size of orfs were consistent with other gammacoronaviruses. three points of recombination were predicted, one towards the end of 1a, a second in 1b just upstream of s and a third in 3b. phylogenetic analysis of the four regions defined by these three points supported the previous notion that european and american viruses do indeed have differ ...201626585962
emergence of novel nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis viruses currently circulating in chinese chicken flocks.the emergence of novel infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) has been reported worldwide. between 2011 and 2014, eight ibv isolates were identified from disease outbreaks in northeast china. in the current study we analysed the s1 gene of these eight ibv isolates in addition to the complete genome of five of them. we confirmed that these isolates emerged through the recombination of lx4 and taiwan group 1 (tw1) viruses at two switch sites, one was in the nsp 16 region and the other in the spike p ...201626551660
molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler chicken farms in iran, 2014-2015.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a viral avian disease with economic importance in the world, including iran. s1 gene sequencing has been used for molecular epidemiological studies and genotypic characterization of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). a total of 118 ibv isolates were obtained from tissue samples from chickens with clinically suspected ib from iranian broiler farms (eight provinces, 200 samples). the isolates were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and characterize ...201626467927
assembly and immunogenicity of baculovirus-derived infectious bronchitis virus-like particles carrying membrane, envelope and the recombinant spike proteins.to assemble infectious bronchitis virus (ibv)-like particles bearing the recombinant spike protein and investigate the humoral immune responses in chickens.201626463372
molecular detection and smoothing spline clustering of the ibv strains detected in china during 2011-2012.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a highly variable virus with a large number of genotypes. during 2011-2012, nineteen wild ibv strains were isolated in china. sequence analysis showed that these isolates were divided into five sub-clusters: a2-like, ckchldl08i-like, saibk-like, km91-like and tw97/4-like. phylogenetic analysis based on the 1118 sequences available on line suggested that all ibvs were classified into six clusters. the prevalent strains including all the isolates were in cluste ...201626494165
deoxynivalenol in chicken feed alters the vaccinal immune response and clinical biochemical serum parameters but not the intestinal and carcass characteristics.this study was conducted to investigate the impacts of deoxynivalenol (don) feeding either alone or in combination with a microbial feed additive (mfa) on the immune response to a viral vaccine and serum clinical chemical parameters. forty 1-day-old boiler chicks were weighed and randomly divided into four groups, 10 birds in each group: (i) control group fed with basal diet; (ii) don group fed with basal diet artificially contaminated with 10 mg don/kg feed; (iii) don + mfa group fed with basal ...201625900321
evolutionary and bioinformatic analysis of the spike glycoprotein gene of h120 vaccine strain protectotype of infectious bronchitis virus from india.the infectious bronchitis virus is a causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis (aib), and is is an important disease that produces severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. recent aib outbreaks in india have been associated with poor growth in broilers, drop in egg production, and thin egg shells in layers. the complete spike gene of indian aib vaccine strain was amplified and sequenced using a conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and is submitted to ...201625311758
promoter structures and differential responses to viral and non-viral inducers of chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5.melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5) is a member of the retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-like receptors (rlrs) family and plays a pivotal role in the anti-viral innate immune response. as rig-i is absent in chickens, mda5 is hypothesized to be important in detecting viral nucleic acids in the cytoplasm. however, the molecular mechanism of the regulation of chicken mda5 (chmda5) expression has yet to be fully elucidated. with this in mind, a ∼2.5kb chmda5 gene promoter region w ...201627327127
a coronavirus associated with runting stunting syndrome in broiler chickens.runting stunting syndrome (rss) is a disease condition that affects broilers and causes impaired growth and poor feed conversion because of enteritis characterized by pale and distended small intestines with watery contents. the etiology of the disease is multifactorial, and a large variety of viral agents have been implicated. here we describe the detection and isolation of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) -like coronavirus from the intestines of a flock of 60,000 14-day-old brown/red broil ...201627309300
variability assessment of california infectious bronchitis virus variants.on the basis of the data from the california animal health and food safety laboratory system, 1444 infectious bronchitis (ib) cases were diagnosed between 1997 and 2012. epidemiologic analyses demonstrated two major ib virus (ibv) outbreak peaks, affecting mainly 35-to-49-day-old broiler chickens. california variant 1737 (ca1737) and california variant 1999 (cal 99) ibv types were the most prevalent genotypes during the analyzed period. to further understand the increased prevalence of these gen ...201627309282
kidney cell-adapted infectious bronchitis virus arkansas delmarva poultry industry vaccine confers effective protection against challenge.we previously demonstrated that adaptation of an embryo-attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas delmarva poultry industry (arkdpi)-derived vaccine to chicken embryo kidney (cek) cells shifted the virus population towards homogeneity in spike (s) and nonstructural protein genes. moreover, the typical ark vaccine subpopulations emerging in chickens vaccinated with commercial ark vaccines were not detected in chickens vaccinated with the cek-adapted virus. in this study, chickens vacc ...201627309281
infectious bronchitis coronavirus limits interferon production by inducing a host shutoff that requires accessory protein 5b.during infection of their host cells, viruses often inhibit the production of host proteins, a process that is referred to as host shutoff. by doing this, viruses limit the production of antiviral proteins and increase production capacity for viral proteins. coronaviruses from the genera alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), establish host shutoff via their nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1). the gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus ...201627279618
assessment of pathogenicity and tissue distribution of infectious bronchitis virus strains (italy 02 genotype) isolated from moroccan broiler chickens.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry, affecting chickens of all ages and causing major economic losses in poultry flocks. mass vaccination is conducted in morocco using a vaccine against massachusetts, which is the most dominant serotype; however no information about the pathogenesis and tissue distribution of the moroccan italy 02 genotype was reported. 40 one-day-old specific pathogen free chickens were divided randomly into four groups. group ...201627277076
experimental infection of is/885/00-like infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free and commercial broiler chicks.pathogenesis of an is/885/00-like (is/885) strain of variant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was examined in one day old specific pathogen free (spf) and commercial broiler chicks. chicks were humanely euthanized at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi) for necropsy examination, and tissues were collected for histopathology and virus detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). respiratory clinical signs and gross lesions consisting of tracheal caseous ...201627033901
detection of variant infectious bronchitis viruses in sri lanka (2012-2015).poultry production is an important sector of agriculture in sri lanka; however, there is a lack of information regarding circulation of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). rna was extracted from chicken tissues, subjected to ibv s1 rt-pcr, and sequenced. overall, 19 out of 34 (55.88 %) samples were ibv positive and contained the genotype 793b (n = 13; 68.42 %), d274 (n = 4; 21.05 %) or massachusetts (n = 2; 10.53 %). all three genotypes contained at least one strain with less than 99 % nucleotide ...201627020570
detection and identification of infectious bronchitis virus by rt-pcr in iran.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes severe diseases in poultry with significant economic consequences to the poultry industry in iran. the aim of this study was the detection and identification of ibv by reverse transcription(rt)-pcr in iran. ten ib virus strains were detected by testing trachea, cecal tonsil, and kidney tissues collected from broiler and layer farms in iran. in order to detect infectious bronchitis virus, an optimized rt-pcr was used. primers targeting the conserved region ...201627010714
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