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transfer of anti-rotavirus antibodies during pregnancy and in milk following maternal vaccination with a herpes simplex virus type-1 amplicon vector.rotaviruses (rvs) are important enteric pathogens of newborn humans and animals, causing diarrhea and in rare cases death, especially in very young individuals. rotavirus vaccines presently used are modified live vaccines that lack complete biological safety. previous work from our laboratory suggested that vaccines based on in situ produced, non-infectious rotavirus-like particles (rvlps) are efficient while being entirely safe. however, using either vaccine, active mucosal immunization cannot ...201728212334
acute hiv-1 infection presenting with fulminant encephalopathy.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 directly affects the nervous system, causes distinct neurological symptoms, and indirectly results in opportunistic infections, which include herpes virus simplex (hsv)-1, hsv-2, varicella zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus encephalitis caused by immunodeficiency. early hiv-1 invasion of the central nervous system is also possible, and acute encephalopathy is a potentially lethal complication. we encountered a case of fulminant encephalopathy as a primary pres ...201728201953
cultured corneas show dendritic spread and restrict herpes simplex virus infection that is not observed with cultured corneal cells.herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) causes life-long morbidities in humans. while fever blisters are more common, occasionally the cornea is infected resulting in vision loss. a very intriguing aspect of hsv-1 corneal infection is that the virus spread is normally restricted to only a small fraction of cells on the corneal surface that connect with each other in a dendritic fashion. here, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the susceptibility of human corneal epithelial (hce) cells to hsv-1 i ...201728198435
infectivity inhibition by overlapping synthetic peptides derived from the gh/gl heterodimer of herpes simplex virus type 1.herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a human pathogen that infects epithelial cells. the cutaneous lesions, caused by the virus, spread to the nervous system creating several complications. fusion of host membranes with the viral envelope is mandatory and mediated by a group of glycoproteins conserved in all herpesviridae subfamilies, such as the glycoproteins b (gb), h (gh), l (gl) and d (gd). we investigated the inhibitory activity mediated by synthetic overlapping peptides spanning the entire ectodo ...201728194842
recurrent herpes labialis and hsv-1 herpes genitalis: which is the link?recently, herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 seroprevalence declined among adolescents, rendering young people lacking hsv-1 antibodies more susceptible to genital hsv-1 acquisition, if sexually exposed. the aim of the present study was to identify the possible risk factors for the development of hsv-1 related herpes genitalis (hg).201728181784
senp7 potentiates cgas activation by relieving sumo-mediated inhibition of cytosolic dna sensing.cyclic gmp-amp (cgamp) synthase (cgas, a.k.a. mb21d1), a cytosolic dna sensor, catalyzes formation of the second messenger 2'3'-cgamp that activates the stimulator of interferon genes (sting) signaling. how the cgas activity is modulated remains largely unknown. here, we demonstrate that sentrin/sumo-specific protease 7 (senp7) interacted with and potentiated cgas activation. the small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) was conjugated onto the lysine residues 335, 372 and 382 of cgas, which suppress ...201728095500
replication-coupled recruitment of viral and cellular factors to herpes simplex virus type 1 replication forks for the maintenance and expression of viral genomes.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infects over half the human population. much of the infectious cycle occurs in the nucleus of cells where the virus has evolved mechanisms to manipulate host processes for the production of virus. the genome of hsv-1 is coordinately expressed, maintained, and replicated such that progeny virions are produced within 4-6 hours post infection. in this study, we selectively purify hsv-1 replication forks and associated proteins from virus-infected cells and identi ...201728095497
pattern recognitions receptors in immunodeficiency disorders.pattern recognition receptors (prrs) recognize common microbial or host-derived macromolecules and have important roles in early activation and response of the immune system. initiation of the innate immune response starts with the recognition of microbial structures called pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps). recognition of pamps is performed by germline-encoded receptors expressed mainly on immune cells termed pattern recognition receptors (prrs). several classes of pattern recognit ...201728095323
comprehensive proteome analysis of lysosomes reveals the diverse function of macrophages in immune responses.phagocytosis and autophagy in macrophages have been shown to be essential to both innate and adaptive immunity. lysosomes are the main catabolic subcellular organelles responsible for degradation and recycling of both extracellular and intracellular material, which are the final steps in phagocytosis and autophagy. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying lysosomal functions after infection remain obscure. in this study, we conducted a quantitative proteomics analysis of the changes in const ...201728088779
humanized chondroitinase abc sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide.malignant gliomas (glioblastomas; gbms) are extremely aggressive and have a median survival of approximately 15 months. current treatment modalities, which include surgical resection, radiation and chemotherapy, have done little to prolong the lives of gbm patients. chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (cspg) are critical for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ecm) interactions and are implicated in glioma growth and invasion. chondroitinase (chase) abc is a bacterial enzyme that cleaves chon ...201728087981
association between herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 with cardiac myxoma.most cases of atrial myxoma are sporadic, and the exact etiology is unknown. we examined if herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 and hsv-2 antigens and/or dna could be detected in a cohort of iranian patients with cardiac myxomas. from july 2004 to june 2014, among a total of 36,703 patients undergoing open heart surgeries, consecutive patients with cardiac myxoma who were treated by surgical excision at our center included in this study. of 73 patients studied, 56% were female with a mean age of 54 yea ...201728081512
clinical characteristics of herpes simplex virus urethritis compared with chlamydial urethritis among men.the aim of this study was to ascertain the clinical characteristics associated with herpes simplex virus (hsv) urethritis in men and to compare those with chlamydial urethritis.201728079748
herpes simplex virus 1 abrogates the cgas/sting-mediated cytosolic dna-sensing pathway via its virion host shutoff protein, ul41.cyclic gmp-amp synthase (cgas) is a key dna sensor capable of detecting microbial dna and activating the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (sting), leading to interferon (ifn) production and host antiviral responses. cells exhibited reduced type i ifn production in response to cytosolic dna in the absence of cgas. although the cgas/sting-mediated dna-sensing signal is crucial for host defense against many viruses, especially for dna viruses, few viral components have been identified ...201728077645
human antiviral protein ifix suppresses viral gene expression during herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) infection and is counteracted by virus-induced proteasomal degradation.the interferon-inducible protein x (ifix), a member of the pyhin family, was recently recognized as an antiviral factor against infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1). ifix binds viral dna upon infection and promotes expression of antiviral cytokines. how ifix exerts its host defense functions and whether it is inhibited by the virus remain unknown. here, we integrated live cell microscopy, proteomics, ifix domain characterization, and molecular virology to investigate ifix regulation and ...201728077445
bidirectional crosstalk between the sensory and sympathetic motor systems innervating brown and white adipose tissue in male siberian hamsters.the brain networks connected to the sympathetic motor and sensory innervations of brown (bat) and white (wat) adipose tissues were originally described using two transneuronally transported viruses: the retrogradely transported pseudorabies virus (prv), and the anterogradely transported h129 strain of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1 h129). further complexity was added to this network organization when combined injections of prv and hsv-1 h129 into either bat or wat of the same animal generated set ...201728077392
inhibition of herpes simplex-1 virus replication by 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol.oxysterols are known pleiotropic molecules whose antiviral action has been recently discovered. here reported is the activity of a panel of oxysterols against hsv-1 with the identification of a new mechanism of action. a marked antiviral activity not only of 25hc but also of 27hc against hsv-1 was observed either if the oxysterols were added before or after infection, suggesting an activity unrelated to the viral entry inhibition as proposed by previous literature. therefore, the relation betwee ...201728359048
prevalence of neurotropic viruses in malignant glioma and their onco-modulatory potential.the association between infectious agents and tumour aetiology is relevant in about 20% of cases.201728358704
subclinical herpes simplex virus type 1 infections provide site-specific resistance to an unrelated pathogen.hsv-1 infections of the cornea range in severity from minor transient discomfort to the blinding disease herpes stromal keratitis, yet most patients experience a single episode of epithelial keratitis followed by re-establishment of a clear cornea. we asked whether a single transient episode of hsv-1 epithelial keratitis causes long-term changes in the corneal microenvironment that influence immune responses to subsequent corneal infection or trauma. we showed that c57bl/6 mouse corneas infected ...201728062697
a luciferase gene driven by an alphaherpesviral promoter also responds to immediate early antigens of the betaherpesvirus hcmv, allowing comparative analyses of different human herpesviruses in one reporter cell line.widely used methods for quantification of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection in cell culture such as immunoblotting or plaque reduction assays are generally restricted to low throughput and require time-consuming evaluation. up to now, only few hcmv reporter cell lines have been generated to overcome these restrictions and they are afflicted with other limitations because permanently expandable cell lines are normally not fully permissive to hcmv. in this work, a previously existing epitheli ...201728060895
exposure stress induces reversible corneal graft opacity in recipients with herpes simplex virus-1 infections.most of the inflammation in murine herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-induced stromal keratitis (hsk) is due to exposure stress resulting from loss of corneal nerves and blink reflex. corneal grafts often fail when placed on corneal beds with a history of hsk. we asked if corneal exposure contributes to the severe pathology of corneal grafts on hsv-1-infected corneal beds.201728055100
facile functionalization at the c4 position of pyrimidine nucleosides via amide group activation with (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (bop) and biological evaluations of the products.reactions of o-t-butyldimethylsilyl-protected thymidine, 2'-deoxyuridine, and 3'-azidothymidine (azt) with (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (bop) leads to activation of the c4 amide carbonyl by formation of putative o(4)-(benzotriazol-1-yl) derivatives. subsequent substitution with alkyl and aryl amines, thiols, and alcohols leads to facile functionalization at this position. reactions with amines and thiols were conducted either as a two-step, one-pot tra ...201728054092
induction of multiple mir-200/182 members in the brains of mice are associated with acute herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis.important roles of micrornas (mirnas) in regulating the host response during viral infection have begun to be defined. however, little is known about the functional roles of mirnas within an in vivo acute viral encephalitis model. we therefore identified global changes in mirna expression during acute herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) encephalitis (hsve) in mice. we found that many of the highly upregulated mirnas (mir-155, mir-146a and mir-15b) detected in hsv-1 infected brain tissue are know ...201728045967
ctcf interacts with the lytic hsv-1 genome to promote viral transcription.ctcf is an essential chromatin regulator implicated in important nuclear processes including in nuclear organization and transcription. herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, which enters productive infection in human epithelial and many other cell types. ctcf is known to bind several sites in the hsv-1 genome during latency and reactivation, but its function has not been defined. here, we report that ctcf interacts extensively with the hsv-1 dna during lytic infection by ...201728045091
five pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers from rhododendron capitatum.chemical investigation on the aerial parts of rhododendron capitatum resulted in the discovery of five enantiomeric pairs of new meroterpenoids, (+)-/(-)-rhodonoids c (1a and 1b), e (3a and 3b), f (4a and 4b), and (-)-/(+)-rhodonoids d (2a and 2b) and g (5a and 5b). these enantiomeric pairs existed as partial racemates in a plant and were obtained by chiral hplc separation. their structures with absolute configurations were assigned by spectroscopic data, single-crystal x-ray diffraction, and ec ...201728034317
herpes simplex virus 1 ubiquitin-specific protease ul36 abrogates nf-κb activation in dna sensing signal pathway.the dna sensing pathway triggers innate immune responses against dna virus infection, and nf-κb signaling plays a critical role in establishing innate immunity. we report here that the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) ubiquitin-specific protease (ul36usp), which is a deubiquitinase (dub), antagonizes nf-κb activation, depending on its dub activity. in this study, ectopically expressed ul36usp blocked promoter activation of beta interferon (ifn-β) and nf-κb induced by cyclic gmp-amp synthase (cgas) ...201728031360
visualization of herpes simplex virus type 1 virions using fluorescent colors.our laboratory was one of the first to engineer a live fluorescent tag, enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp), that marked the capsid of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and subsequently maturing virus as the particle made its way to the cell surface. in the present study we sought to increase the repertoire of colors available as fusion to the small capsid protein, vp26, so that they can be used alone or in conjunction with other fluorescent tags (fused to other hsv proteins) to follow t ...201728012897
mildly acidic ph triggers an irreversible conformational change in the fusion domain of herpes simplex virus 1 glycoprotein b and inactivation of viral entry.herpes simplex virus (hsv) entry into a subset of cells requires endocytosis and endosomal low ph. preexposure of isolated virions to mildly acidic ph of 5 to 6 partially inactivates hsv infectivity in an irreversible manner. acid inactivation is a hallmark of viruses that enter via low-ph pathways; this occurs by pretriggering conformational changes essential for fusion. the target and mechanism(s) of low-ph inactivation of hsv are unclear. here, low-ph-treated hsv-1 was defective in fusion act ...201728003487
herpes simplex virus 1 ul41 protein suppresses the ire1/xbp1 signal pathway of the unfolded protein response via its rnase activity.during viral infection, accumulation of viral proteins can cause stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and trigger the unfolded protein response (upr) to restore er homeostasis. the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (ire1)-dependent pathway is the most conserved of the three upr signal pathways. upon activation, ire1 splices out an intron from the unspliced inactive form of x box binding protein 1 [xbp1(u)] mrna and produces a transcriptionally potent spliced form [xbp1(s)]. previous studies have r ...201727928013
reaction of complement factors and proteasomes in experimental encephalitis.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) encephalitis causes a deleterious inflammation and elevated intracranial pressure. as a step towards examining the origin of the inflammation, we here report the response of circulating proteasomes and complement factors in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) in rats infected with hsv-1. infection was via the nasal route, with 1.1 × 10(4) plaque-forming units of hsv-1 strain 2762 given in one or both nostrils. a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was u ...201727913959
a tribute to professor steven l. wechsler (1948-2016): the man and the scientist.professor steven l. wechsler, a world-renowned eye researcher and virologist, passed away unexpectedly on june 12, 2016 at the age of 68. many scientists came to know professor wechsler as a gifted researcher in the field of ocular herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) latency, reactivation, and pathogenesis. professor wechsler published over 150 peer-reviewed scientific papers during his career, pushing forward the frontiers of his field eye research. his colleagues would say, 'steve literally wrote the ...201727911113
thymidine kinase-negative herpes simplex virus 1 can efficiently establish persistent infection in neural tissues of nude mice.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) establishes latency in neural tissues of immunocompetent mice but persists in both peripheral and neural tissues of lymphocyte-deficient mice. thymidine kinase (tk) is believed to be essential for hsv-1 to persist in neural tissues of immunocompromised mice, because infectious virus of a mutant with defects in both tk and ul24 is detected only in peripheral tissues, but not in neural tissues, of severe combined immunodeficiency mice (t. valyi-nagy, r. m. gesser, b. ...201727974554
signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) regulates host defense and protects mice against herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) infection.signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) mediates cellular responses to multiple cytokines, governs gene expression, and regulates the development and activation of immune cells. stat3 also modulates reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) in ganglia. however, it is unclear how stat3 regulates the innate immune response during the early phase of hsv-1 lytic infection. many cell types critical for the innate immunity are derived from the myeloid lineage. therefore, ...201727965384
protective role of cx3cr1 signalling in resident cells of the central nervous system during experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis.cx3cr1 is an important chemokine receptor expressed on the surface of microglia and blood leukocytes, including monocytes. signalling through this receptor influences the immune activity of microglia and monocyte trafficking into the central nervous system (cns) in several neurological diseases. during experimental herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) encephalitis (hse), cx3cr1 deficiency has been reported to exacerbate the outcome of the disease. however, the precise contribution of cx3cr1 expressed ...201727902351
neutralizing human recombinant antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins b from a phage-displayed scfv antibody library.the hsv-1 envelope glycoprotein b (gb) plays a critical role in virus entry into host cells. neutralizing antibodies can therefore potentially prevent virus entry into target cells and cell-to-cell spread of infection. our present study focused on the selection of neutralizing single-chain fv (scfv) antibodies of a phage-displayed nonimmune human scfv antibody library against gb of hsv-1. to enrich specific scfvs, two phage antibodies were isolated against amino acid residues 31-43 derived from ...201727888111
a protective role for herpes simplex virus type-1-specific humoral immunity in alzheimer's disease. 201727882822
dual function of the pul7-pul51 tegument protein complex in herpes simplex virus 1 infection.the tegument of herpesviruses is a highly complex structural layer between the nucleocapsid and the envelope of virions. tegument proteins play both structural and regulatory functions during replication and spread, but the interactions and functions of many of these proteins are poorly understood. here we focus on two tegument proteins from herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), pul7 and pul51, which have homologues in all other herpesviruses. we have now identified that hsv-1 pul7 and pul51 form a st ...201727852850
mutations inactivating herpes simplex virus 1 microrna mir-h2 do not detectably increase icp0 gene expression in infected cultured cells or mouse trigeminal ganglia.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) latency entails the repression of productive ("lytic") gene expression. an attractive hypothesis to explain some of this repression involves inhibition of the expression of icp0, a lytic gene activator, by a viral microrna, mir-h2, which is completely complementary to icp0 mrna. to test this hypothesis, we engineered mutations that disrupt mir-h2 without affecting icp0 in hsv-1. the mutant virus exhibited drastically reduced expression of mir-h2 but showed wild-typ ...201727847363
domain interaction studies of herpes simplex virus 1 tegument protein ul16 reveal its interaction with mitochondria.the ul16 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is conserved among all herpesviruses and plays many roles during replication. this protein has an n-terminal domain (ntd) that has been shown to bind to several viral proteins, including ul11, vp22, and glycoprotein e, and these interactions are negatively regulated by a c-terminal domain (ctd). thus, in pairwise transfections, ul16 binding is enabled only when the ctd is absent or altered. based on these results, we hypothesized that d ...201727847362
human asymptomatic epitopes identified from the herpes simplex virus tegument protein vp13/14 (ul47) preferentially recall polyfunctional effector memory cd44high cd62llow cd8+ tem cells and protect humanized hla-a*02:01 transgenic mice against ocular herpesvirus infection.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) infection is widespread among humans. the hsv-1 virion protein 13/14 (vp13/14), also known as ul47, is a tegument antigen targeted by cd8(+) t cells from hsv-seropositive individuals. however, whether vp13/14-specific cd8(+) t cells play a role in the natural protection seen in asymptomatic (asymp) individuals (individuals who have never had a clinical herpetic disease) has not been elucidated. using predictive computer-assisted algorithms, we identified 10 potenti ...201727847359
the interaction between human papillomavirus and other viruses.the etiological role of human papillomavirus (hpv) in anogenital tract and head and neck cancers is well established. however, only a low percentage of hpv-positive women develop cancer, indicating that hpv is necessary but not sufficient in carcinogenesis. several biological and environmental cofactors have been implicated in the development of hpv-associated carcinoma that include immune status, hormonal changes, parity, dietary habits, tobacco usage, and co-infection with other sexually trans ...201727826043
herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) specific t-cell generation from hla-a1- and hla-a2-positive donors for adoptive immunotherapy.herpes simplex virus (hsv) reactivation and infection is common in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) and requires routine antiviral prophylaxis. drug-resistant strains are increasingly common, and effective alternative therapy is currently unavailable. we generated and characterized hsv-1-specific t cells for use in adoptive cellular immunotherapy following allogeneic stem cell transplantation.201727793552
in vitro permeation and biological activity of punicalagin and zinc (ii) across skin and mucous membranes prone to herpes simplex virus infection.coadministration of pomegranate rind extract (pre) and zinc (ii) ions has recently been reported as a potential new topical treatment for herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections. in the current work we examined the in vitro topical delivery of punicalagin (major phytochemical of pre) and zinc from hydrogels across epithelial membranes that can become infected with hsv. porcine epidermal, buccal and vaginal mucous membranes were excised and mounted in franz diffusion cells and dosed with a simple h ...201727516148
neat1 modulates herpes simplex virus-1 replication by regulating viral gene transcription.nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (neat1) is the crucial structural platform of paraspeckles, which is one type of nuclear bodies. as a stress-induced lncrna, the expression of neat1 increases in response to viral infection, but little is known about the role of neat1 or paraspeckles in the replication of herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1). here, we demonstrate that hsv-1 infection increases neat1 expression and paraspeckle formation in a stat3-dependent manner. neat1 and other paraspeckle p ...201727783096
hsv-1 clinical isolates with unique in vivo and in vitro phenotypes and insight into genomic differences.strain-specific factors contribute in significant but undefined ways to the variable incidence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) recrudescence. studies that investigate these strain-specific factors are needed. here, we used qpcr, in vitro assays, and genomic sequencing to identify important relationships between in vitro and clinical phenotypes of unique hsv-1 clinical isolates. nine hsv-1 isolates from individuals displaying varying reactivation patterns were studied. isolates associated with freq ...201727739035
elevated epstein-barr virus antibody level is associated with cognitive decline in the korean elderly.chronic viral infection is implicated in cognitive decline and alzheimer's disease (ad). our goal was to identify biomarkers for the development of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (amci) from cognitively normal state. to accomplish this, we analyzed plasma igg levels against epstein-barr virus (ebv) and herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) in study subjects with incident amci (converter) and normal cognitive function (nc control) who did or did not convert from cognitively normal state to amci duri ...201727589534
occurrence of viral dna in paired samples of corneal rim and cornea preservation fluid.corneal transplants have one of the highest success rates among all transplantological procedures. corneas intended for transplantation are stored in a preservation fluid, which is then tested for bacterial and fungal infections. among all analyses of infectious complications following corneal transplants, infections caused by bacteria or fungi are the most prominent. surprisingly, however, apart from a few publications, there is a lack of data regarding the occurrence of viruses in donor cornea ...201727588373
characterization of the subcellular localization and nuclear import molecular mechanisms of herpes simplex virus 1 ul2.as a crucial protein, the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) ul2 protein has been shown to take part in various stages of viral infection, nonetheless, its exact subcellular localization and transport molecular determinants are not well known thus far. in the present study, by using live cells fluorescent microscopy assay, ul2 tagged with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein was transiently expressed in live cells and showed a completely nuclear accumulation without the presence of other hsv-1 protei ...201727865090
cornea lymphatics drive the cd8(+) t-cell response to herpes simplex virus-1.herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) infection of the cornea induces vascular endothelial growth factor a (vegf-a)-dependent lymphangiogenesis. however, the extent to which hsv-1-induced corneal lymphangiogenesis impacts the adaptive immune response has not been characterized. here, we used floxed vegf-a mice to study the importance of newly created corneal lymphatic vessels in the host adaptive immune response to infection. whereas the mice infected with the parental virus (strain sc16) exhibited rob ...201727577867
prevalence of herpesviruses in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: relationship to clinical parameters and effect of treatment.assess the prevalence of herpesviruses in healthy subjects, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis patients, to assess the relationship between the prevalence of herpesviruses and periodontal clinical parameters, and to evaluate the effect of phase-i therapy on the level of viral detection.201727563201
role of type-specific herpes simplex virus-1 and 2 serology as a diagnostic modality in patients with clinically suspected genital herpes: a comparative study in indian population from a tertiary care hospital.type-specific serology (tss) test for herpes simplex virus (hsv) have been used as a research tool in seroepidemiological studies for some years. however, tss as a diagnostic modality for diagnosis of current episode of genital herpes is not well documented.201727510668
defective natural killer cell activity in a mouse model of eczema herpeticum.patients with atopic dermatitis (ad) are susceptible to several viruses, including herpes simplex virus (hsv). some patients experience 1 or more episodes of a severe skin infection caused by hsv termed eczema herpeticum (eh). there are numerous mouse models of ad, but no established model exists for eh.201727476888
discovery and preliminary structure-activity relationship of the marine natural product manzamines as herpes simplex virus type-1 inhibitors.herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) is a member of alpha-herpesviridae family and is known to cause contagious human infections. the marine habitat is a rich source of structurally unique bioactive secondary metabolites. a small library of marine natural product classes 1-10 has been screened to discover a new hit entity active against hsv-1. manzamine a showed potent activity against hsv-1 via targeting the viral gene icp0. manzamine a is a β-carboline alkaloid isolated from the indo-pacific sp ...201727447204
comparative analysis of human nucleoside kinase-based reporter systems for pet imaging.radionuclide-based reporter gene imaging has the sensitivity to monitor gene- and cell-based therapies in human subjects. potential immunogenicity of current viral transgenes warrants development of human-based reporter systems. we compared human nucleoside kinase reporters to a panel of nucleoside analogs of feau, fmau, and fiau, including the first in vivo assessment of l-[(18)f]feau.201727393689
changes in corneal innervation after hsv-1 latency established with different reactivation phenotypes.we used a rabbit model infected with high phenotypic reactivators (hprs) as well as recombinant hsv-1 (herpes simplex virus 1) with deletions to study their effect on corneal innervations after latency was established.201727315102
in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 activity of hydroethanolic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds from stem bark of schinus terebinthifolius raddi.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is associated with orofacial infections and is transmitted by direct contact with infected secretions. several efforts have been expended in the search for drugs to the treatment for herpes. schinus terebinthifolius is used in several illnesses and among them, for the topical treatment of skin wounds, especially wounds of mucous membranes, whether infected or not.201727076754
human herpesviruses as copathogens of hiv infection, their role in hiv transmission, and disease progression.of eight human herpesviruses (hhvs), often, only herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) find mention in medical literature as both of these viruses are commonly associated with genital lesions and oral ulcers, commonly known as cold sores. however, role of human herpesviruses as copathogens and in aggravation and in the transmission of other human diseases, especially the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) has only very recently been recognized. therefore, screening and tr ...201727013807
kyrieleis plaques associated with herpes simplex virus type 1 acute retinal necrosis.we report the case of a 55-year-old immunocompetent male who presented with features typical of acute retinal necrosis (arn). polymerase chain reaction of the aqueous tap was positive for herpes simplex virus (hsv) - 1. following therapy with intravenous acyclovir, followed by oral acyclovir and steroids, there was marked improvement in the visual acuity and clinical picture. at one week after initiation of treatment, kyrieleis plaques were observed in the retinal arteries. they became more prom ...201727330396
study of antiherpetic efficiency of phosphite of acycloguanosine ableto over come the barrier of resistance to acyclovir.as has been shown previously, phosphite of acycloguanosine (hp-acg) exhibits equal efficacy against acv-sensitive and acv-resistant hsv-1 strains in cell culture. intraperitoneal administration of hp-acg to model mice with herpetic encephalitis caused by hsv-1 infection was shown to be effective in protecting against death. in the present work, we continue the study of the antiviral efficiency of hp-acg against hsv administered non-invasively; namely in vivo, orally and in the form of ointment f ...201727099786
absent anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor nr1a antibodies in herpes simplex virus encephalitis and varicella zoster virus infections.a 2012 report and subsequent case series described anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (nmdar) antibodies in patients during the acute phase and relapse of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv1) encephalitis (hsv1e). however, the prevalence of this phenomenon is unknown and systematic studies on other viral infections of the nervous system are missing.201726887329
facial paralysis induced by ear inoculation of herpes simplex virus in rat.bell's palsy is caused by the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1). using balb/c mice inoculated with the kos strain of hsv-1, we previously developed an animal disease model that simulated mild bell's palsy. the current study developed an animal disease model of more severe facial palsy than that seen in the mouse model.201727095741
simultaneous detection and genotype determination of hsv 1 and 2 by real-time pcr using melting curve analysis and a unique pair of primers.herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a human pathogen that causes different pathologic manifestations. rapid and feasible detection and discrimination methods for hsv genotyping is a challenge in clinical laboratories, especially in children suffering from herpetic encephalitis. a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based genotyping assay using sybr green i was established. we designed only 1 pair of primer for hsv 1 and 2, targeting thymidine kinase gene conserved region. hsv genoty ...201726709736
herpes simplex encephalitis as a complication of whole-brain radiotherapy: a case report and review of the literature.a 55-year-old male recently diagnosed with stage iv lung adenocarcinoma presented with altered mental status approximately 1 week after the completion of 14 fractions of whole-brain radiotherapy (wbrt) for brain metastases. on admission, he was somnolent but oriented and without focal neurological deficits. brain imaging revealed marked regression of his brain metastases. laboratory values were only significant for hyponatremia with urine hyperosmolality consistent with syndrome of inappropriate ...201725722668
in vitro evaluation of anti-herpes simplex-1 activity of three standardized medicinal plants from lamiaceae.rosmarinic acid (ra) is a phenolic acid with antioxidant and anti-viral effects. we have studied anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) effect of three medicinal plants from lamiaceae family which have been standardized on the basis of ra content.201725737608
corneal lymphangiogenesis in herpetic stromal keratitis.corneal lymphangiogenesis is the extension of lymphatic vessels into the normally alymphatic cornea, a process that compromises the cornea's immune-privileged state and facilitates herpetic stromal keratitis (hsk). hsk results most commonly from infection by herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) and is characterized by immune- and inflammation-mediated damage to the deep layers of the cornea. current research demonstrates the potential of anti-lymphangiogenic therapy to decrease and prevent herpes-indu ...201725444520
nigerian female with skin lesions in the leg and face: herpetic sycosis folliculitis.nongenital hsv 1 presents outside the mucus membrane. our patient had unusual presentation that caused diagnostic dilemma. 30-year-old native nigerian female coming with fiancée to the united states presented to our service one day after arrival through er with a lesion on her right ankle. she was diagnosed with cellulitis, started on antibiotics, and admitted to hospital. she had fever of 39.1°c. head and neck exam showed multiple sized lesions over tongue and palate and inner aspect of lower l ...201628018688
prevalence of sexually transmitted viral and bacterial infections in hiv-positive and hiv-negative men who have sex with men in toronto.hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis c (hcv) and other sexually transmitted infections (stis) have been associated with hiv transmission risk and disease progression among gay men and other men who have sex with men (msm), but the frequency and distribution of stis in this community in canada has not been extensively studied.201627391265
increased expression of herpes virus-encoded hsv1-mir-h18 and hsv2-mir-h9-5p in cancer-containing prostate tissue compared to that in benign prostate hyperplasia tissue.previously, we reported the presence of virus-encoded micrornas (mirnas) in the urine of prostate cancer (cap) patients. in this study, we investigated the expression of two herpes virus-encoded mirnas in prostate tissue.201627377944
differential diagnosis and treatment of acute cauda equina syndrome in the human immunodeficiency virus positive patient: a case report and review of the literature.acute cauda equina syndrome is an uncommon but significant neurologic presentation due to a variety of underlying diseases. anatomical compression of nerve roots, usually by a lumbar disk hernia is a common cause in the general population, while inflammatory, neoplastic, and ischemic causes have also been recognized. among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, infectious causes are encountered more frequently, the most prevalent of which ar ...201627268102
association of human papillomavirus and chlamydia trachomatis with intraepithelial alterations in cervix samples.the influence of different infectious agents and their association with human papillomavirus (hpv) in cervical carcinogenesis have not been completely elucidated. this study describes the association between cytological changes in cervical epithelium and the detection of the most relevant aetiological agents of sexually transmitted diseases. samples collected from 169 patients were evaluated by conventional cytology followed by molecular analysis to detect hpv dna, chlamydia trachomatis, herpes ...201626841046
complement opsonization promotes herpes simplex virus 2 infection of human dendritic cells.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections globally, with a very high prevalence in many countries. during hsv-2 infection, viral particles become coated with complement proteins and antibodies, both present in genital fluids, which could influence the activation of immune responses. in genital mucosa, the primary target cells for hsv-2 infection are epithelial cells, but resident immune cells, such as dendritic cells (dcs), are also infected. dcs ar ...201626937039
first description of herpes simplex virus type 1 epididymo-orchitis: a new clinical form of herpes simplex virus infection during septic shock?genital herpes is increasingly caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), but recurrences are less frequent than with hsv-2. distinguishing between primary genital infection and reactivation can be difficult, but hsv-1 more often causes severe primary infections and fewer recurrences. however, as virus reactivation is common during septic shock, a severe form of hsv-1 reactivation can occur in locations other than the lungs, which remain the most common site. the case of a 79-year-old caucas ...201627672563
clinical and corneal microbial profile of infectious keratitis in a high hiv prevalence setting in rural south africa.the purpose of this investigation was to determine the clinical and corneal microbial profile of infectious keratitis in a high human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevalence setting in rural south africa. data in this cross-sectional study were collected from patients presenting with symptoms of infectious keratitis (n = 46) at the ophthalmology outpatient department of three hospitals in rural south africa. corneal swabs were tested for herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2), varicel ...201627236644
characterization of ryden (c19orf66) as an interferon-stimulated cellular inhibitor against dengue virus replication.dengue virus (denv) is one of the most important arthropod-borne pathogens that cause life-threatening diseases in humans. however, no vaccine or specific antiviral is available for dengue. as seen in other rna viruses, the innate immune system plays a key role in controlling denv infection and disease outcome. although the interferon (ifn) response, which is central to host protective immunity, has been reported to limit denv replication, the molecular details of how denv infection is modulated ...201626735137
von willebrand factor gene variants associate with herpes simplex encephalitis.herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) is a rare complication of herpes simplex virus type-1 infection. it results in severe parenchymal damage in the brain. although viral latency in neurons is very common in the population, it remains unclear why certain individuals develop hse. here we explore potential host genetic variants predisposing to hse. in order to investigate this we used a rat hse model comparing the hse susceptible shr (spontaneously hypertensive rats) with the asymptomatic infection o ...201627224245
herpes simplex encephalitis: an uncommon presentation.herpes simplex virus (hsv) encephalitis is an uncommon illness, with about 2 cases per 250,000 per year. most are caused by hsv-1, with 10% having hsv-2 as the aetiologic factor. we present a case of herpes simplex type1encephalitis in a 70 year old male with an uncommon presentation. the patient was a known case of endogenous depression with no medical records and on no treatment for the same, reported with acute changes in mental state for the past five days. he was talking irrelevantly, had h ...201627437286
herpes simplex encephalitis is linked with selective mitochondrial damage; a post-mortem and in vitro study.herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1) encephalitis (hse) is the most commonly diagnosed cause of viral encephalitis in western countries. despite antiviral treatment, hse remains a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. improved understanding of pathogenesis may lead to more effective therapies. mitochondrial damage has been reported during hsv infection in vitro. however, whether it occurs in the human brain and whether this contributes to the pathogenesis has not been fully explo ...201627457581
both cerebral and hematopoietic deficiencies in ccr2 result in uncontrolled herpes simplex virus infection of the central nervous system in mice.ccr2 is a chemokine receptor expressed on the surface of blood leukocytes, particularly «ly6chi» inflammatory monocytes and microglia. signaling through this receptor is thought to influence the immune activity of microglia as well as monocytes egress from the bone marrow (bm) and their trafficking into the central nervous system (cns) in several neurological diseases. during experimental herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) encephalitis (hse), ccr2 deficiency has been reported to exacerbate the outco ...201627930721
pediatric medulloblastoma xenografts including molecular subgroup 3 and cd133+ and cd15+ cells are sensitive to killing by oncolytic herpes simplex viruses.childhood medulloblastoma is associated with significant morbidity and mortality that is compounded by neurotoxicity for the developing brain caused by current therapies, including surgery, craniospinal radiation, and chemotherapy. innate therapeutic resistance of some aggressive pediatric medulloblastoma has been attributed to a subpopulation of cells, termed cancer-initiating cells or cancer stemlike cells (cscs), marked by the surface protein cd133 or cd15. brain tumors characteristically con ...201626188016
chronic herpes simplex type-1 encephalitis with intractable epilepsy in an immunosuppressed patient.chronic herpes simplex virus type-1 encephalitis (hse-1) is uncommon. past reports focused on its association with prior documented acute infection. here, we describe a patient with increasingly intractable epilepsy from chronic hse-1 reactivation without history of acute central nervous system infection.201626187268
[kikuchi-fujimoto disease prior to childhood-systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis].kikuchi-fujimoto disease (kfd) is a self-limiting histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis of unknown origin. of note, kfd was infrequently reported in adult systemic lupus erythematosus (sle), with rare occurrence in childhood-sle (c-sle) patients. to our knowledge, the prevalence of kfd in the paediatric lupus population was not studied. therefore, in a period of 29 consecutive years, 5,682 patients were followed at our institution and 289 (5%) met the american college of rheumatology classificat ...201625627306
th2 biased upper airway inflammation is associated with an impaired response to viral infection with herpes simplex virus 1.we aimed to elucidate possible differences in antiviral defense in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (crswnp) mucosal tissue compared to healthy mucosal tissue (hmt) upon herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv1) exposure.201626702454
herpes simplex encephalitis in a captive black howler monkey (alouatta caraya).an 18-month-old captive black howler monkey (alouatta caraya) died after a 3-day history of neurologic signs. gross findings at autopsy were limited to bloody, yellow, and foul-smelling intestinal contents. histologically, there was extensive necrotizing meningoencephalitis predominantly in both cerebral hemispheres, and lymphohistiocytic, neutrophilic infiltrate expanded the subarachnoid and virchow-robbin space. in the most severely affected regions, neurons contained eosinophilic intranuclear ...201626699521
analyses of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency and reactivation at the single cell level using fluorescent reporter mice.herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) establishes a latent infection in sensory neurons from which the virus can periodically reactivate. whilst latency establishment is thought to result from a failure to express immediate-early genes, we have previously shown that subpopulations of the latent neuronal reservoir have undergone lytic promoter activation prior to latency establishment. in the present study, we have investigated the biological properties of such latently infected neuronal subpopulat ...201626694770
photo inactivation of virus particles in microfluidic capillary systems.it has long been established that uvc light is a very effective method for inactivating pathogens in a fluid, yet the application of uvc irradiation to modern biotechnological processes is limited by the intrinsic short penetration distance of uvc light in optically dense protein solutions. this experimental and numerical study establishes that irradiating a fluid flowing continuously in a microfluidic capillary system, in which the diameter of the capillary is tuned to the depth of penetration ...201626694540
involvement of aberrant calcium signalling in herpetic neuralgia.alpha-herpesviruses, herpes simplex viruses (hsv) and varicella zoster virus (vzv), are pathogens of the peripheral nervous system. after primary infection, these viruses establish latency within sensory ganglia, while retaining the ability to reactivate. reactivation of vzv results in herpes zoster, a condition characterized by skin lesions that leads to post-herpetic neuralgia. recurrent reactivations of hsv, which cause mucocutaneous lesions, may also result in neuralgia. during reactivation ...201626684187
anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis in a young child with histological evidence on brain biopsy of coexistent herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.we report a 3-year-old boy with anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis with a typical syndrome of movement disorder and encephalopathy and evidence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 infection on brain biopsy. hsv type 1 infection and anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis are temporally linked in some cases: this case suggests that prodromal hsv type-1 infection may be clinically subtle and easily missed.201626658379
effects of rna interference therapy against herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis.herpetic encephalitis (hse) is caused mainly by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) with an annual incidence of 1-4 cases/million inhabitants. currently, hse treatment faces difficulties such as the use of antivirals with elevated toxicity, metabolic side effects and hsv-1 resistance. an alternative to antivirals is the use of small interfering rna (sirna) as a viral replication inhibitor. in this work, sirna targeting the ul-39 region was evaluated for hse treatment in vivo.201626669609
evaluation of an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay in typing detection of igg antibodies against herpes simplex virus.herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) are common infectious agents worldwide and the primary infection of hsv remains a major problem in the pregnant women in china nowadays. at present, typing detection of hsv is mainly based on elisa in china.201626666528
abalone hemocyanin blocks the entry of herpes simplex virus 1 into cells: a potential new antiviral strategy.a marine-derived compound, abalone hemocyanin, from haliotis rubra was shown to have a unique mechanism of antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) infections. in vitro assays demonstrated the dose-dependent and inhibitory effect of purified hemocyanin against hsv-1 infection in vero cells with a 50% effective dose (ed50) of 40 to 50 nm and no significant toxicity. in addition, hemocyanin specifically inhibited viral attachment and entry by binding selectively to the viral surfa ...201626643336
implementation and evaluation of a fully automated multiplex real-time pcr assay on the bd max platform to detect and differentiate herpesviridae from cerebrospinal fluids.a fully automated multiplex real-time pcr assay--including a sample process control and a plasmid based positive control--for the detection and differentiation of herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv1), herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv2) and varicella-zoster virus (vzv) from cerebrospinal fluids (csf) was developed on the bd max platform. performance was compared to an established accredited multiplex real time pcr protocol utilizing the easymag and the lightcycler 480/ii, both very common devices in viral mo ...201627092772
managing atypical and typical herpetic central nervous system infections: results of a multinational study.there have been many studies pertaining to the management of herpetic meningoencephalitis (hme), but the majority of them have focussed on virologically unconfirmed cases or included only small sample sizes. we have conducted a multicentre study aimed at providing management strategies for hme. overall, 501 adult patients with pcr-proven hme were included retrospectively from 35 referral centres in 10 countries; 496 patients were found to be eligible for the analysis. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) a ...201627085724
human cytomegalovirus gh/gl forms a stable complex with the fusion protein gb in virions.human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is a ubiquitous virus that is a major pathogen in newborns and immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients. hcmv infects a wide variety of cell types using distinct entry pathways that involve different forms of the gh/gl glycoprotein: gh/gl/go and gh/gl/ul128-131 as well as the viral fusion glycoprotein, gb. however, the minimal or core fusion machinery (sufficient for cell-cell fusion) is just gh/gl and gb. here, we demonstrate that hcmv gb and gh/gl form a stab ...201627082872
cd8(+) t-cell immune evasion enables oncolytic virus immunotherapy.although counteracting innate defenses allows oncolytic viruses (ovs) to better replicate and spread within tumors, cd8(+) t-cells restrict their capacity to trigger systemic anti-tumor immune responses. herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) evades cd8(+) t-cells by producing icp47, which limits immune recognition of infected cells by inhibiting the transporter associated with antigen processing (tap). surprisingly, removing icp47 was assumed to benefit ov immuno-therapy, but the impact of inhibiting t ...201627077112
extended release of an anti-heparan sulfate peptide from a contact lens suppresses corneal herpes simplex virus-1 infection.to prolong the release of a heparan sulfate binding peptide, g2-c, using a commercially available contact lens as a delivery vehicle and to demonstrate the ability of the released peptide to block herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) infection using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of corneal hsv-1 infection.201626780322
development of a multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous detection of herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses in cerebrospinal fluid and lesion swab specimens.herpes simplex viruses (hsv) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) can have very similar and wide-ranging clinical presentations. rapid identification is necessary for timely antiviral therapy, especially with infections involving the central nervous system, neonates, and immunocompromised individuals. detection of hsv-1, hsv-2 and vzv was combined into one real-time pcr reaction utilizing hydrolysis probes. the assay was validated on the lightcycler(®) (roche) and applied biosystems 7500 real-time p ...201626711555
in vitro and in vivo antiherpetic effects of (1r,2r)-1-(5'-methylful-3'-yl)propane-1,2,3-triol.in this study, we demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo antiherpetic activities of a stable furan derivative, (1r,2r)-1-(5'-methylful-3'-yl)propane-1,2,3-triol (mfpt), which had originally been isolated from streptomyces sp. strain fv60. in the present study, we synthesized mfpt from (5-methylfuran-3-yl)methanol in 6 steps for use in the experiments. mfpt showed potent in vitro antiviral activities against two acyclovir (acv)-sensitive (kos and hf) strains and an acv-resistant (a4-3) strain of h ...201626763002
herpesviral icp0 protein promotes two waves of heterochromatin removal on an early viral promoter during lytic infection.herpesviruses must contend with host cell epigenetic silencing responses acting on their genomes upon entry into the host cell nucleus. in this study, we confirmed that unchromatinized herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) genomes enter primary human foreskin fibroblasts and are rapidly subjected to assembly of nucleosomes and association with repressive heterochromatin modifications such as histone 3 (h3) lysine 9-trimethylation (h3k9me3) and lysine 27-trimethylation (h3k27me3) during the first 1 to 2 ...201626758183
false-negative type-specific glycoprotein g antibody responses in sti clinic patients with recurrent hsv-1 or hsv-2 dna positive genital herpes, the netherlands.herpes simplex virus (hsv) type-discriminating antibody tests (glycoprotein g (gg) directed) are used to identify naïve persons and differentiate acute infections from recurrences. we studied test characteristics of three commercially available antibody tests in patients with recurrent (established by viral pcr tests) herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) genital herpes episodes.201626755775
hsv vector-mediated gad67 suppresses neuropathic pain induced by perineural hiv gp120 in rats through inhibition of ros and wnt5a.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related neuropathic pain is a debilitating chronic condition that is severe and unrelenting. despite the extensive research, the exact neuropathological mechanisms remain unknown, which hinders our ability to develop effective treatments. loss of gabaergic tone may have an important role in the neuropathic pain state. glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (gad67) is one of the isoforms that catalyze gaba synthesis. here, we used recombinant herpes simplex virus (hsv-1 ...201626752351
ifn-γ primes keratinocytes for hsv-1-induced inflammasome activation.inflammasomes are immune complexes that induce an inflammatory response upon sensing of different stress signals. this effect is mainly mediated by activation and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines proil-1β and -18. here we report that infection of human primary keratinocytes with the double-stranded dna viruses modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) or herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-induced secretion of mature il-1β and -18. this secretion was dependent on several inflammasome comple ...201626739094
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