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middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in dromedary camels, bangladesh, 2015.dromedary camels are bred domestically and imported into bangladesh. in 2015, of 55 camels tested for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dhaka, 17 (31%) were seropositive, including 1 bred locally. none were pcr positive. the potential for infected camels in urban markets could have public health implications and warrants further investigation.201829664373
sero-prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in tabuk, saudi arabia.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel coronavirus which was responsible of the first case of human acute respiratory syndrome in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa), 2012. dromedary camels are considered as potential reservoirs for the virus and seem to be the only animal host which may transmit the infection to human. further studies are required to better understand the animal sources of zoonotic transmission route and the risks of this infection. a primary sero- ...201829663439
nanobodies and cancer: current status and new perspectives.reducing the dimension of antigen-binding proteins to an only immunoglobulin domain has been one of the objectives of antibody manufacturing. heavy chain antibodies were encountered while attempting to separate the blood serum proteins of dromedaries. later the term "nanobodies" (nbs) was introduced. the advantageous features of nbs comprise little immunogenicity, stability at low/high ph, capacity to target antigens that are less antigenic, and, lastly, easy capability to be used for therapy ag ...201829658806
epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus circulation in tunisia.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was detected for the first time in tunisia and in other northern african countries in 2006. the objective of the present study was to investigate whether ehdv circulated in tunisian livestock before and after the officially-reported outbreak of 2006. thus, serum samples from cattle and dromedaries collected in different time periods (before and after 2006) and from different regions of tunisia were screened for the presence of ehdv antibodies. serologi ...201829631319
immunohistochemical expression of apoptosis-related biomarkers in normal tissues of camel (camelus dromedarius): a survey in a desert-dwelling mammalian model.programmed cell death is a fundamental event that takes place during organ development and plays an important role in cellular homeostasis. since various body organs of the camel are under high ecological and physiological stress during food and water deprivation, desiccation, and the long exposure to solar radiation in these desert nomads, we aimed to examine the immunohistochemical expression of apoptosis-related biomarkers in some of its normal body organs to illustrate a basic track for furt ...201829685720
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: risk factors and determinants of primary, household, and nosocomial transmission.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonosis that causes death in 35·7% of cases. as of feb 28, 2018, 2182 cases of mers-cov infection (with 779 deaths) in 27 countries were reported to who worldwide, with most being reported in saudi arabia (1807 cases with 705 deaths). mers-cov features prominently in the who blueprint list of priority pathogens that threaten global health security. although primary transmission of mers-cov to human beings is linked to exposure ...201829680581
bilateral renal abscessation and chronic active pyelonephritis in a male camel (camelus dromedarius) caused by escherichia coli.this report summarizes the clinical, hematobiochemical, ultrasonographic, histopathological and bacteriological findings in a male arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) with bilateral renal abscessation and chronic active pyelonephritis. owner complaint included a decreased appetite and loss of body condition with occasionally voiding red urine. in the right kidney, ultrasonographic changes included a hypoechoic fluid surrounding the renal parenchyma. within the left kidney, a large volume of hypo ...201829563349
azoospermia in male dromedary: clinical findings, testicular biopsy, serum follicle stimulating hormone and seminal biomarkers.azoospermia is not an uncommon infertility problem in the male dromedary (camelus dromedarius). azoospermia was investigated via clinical findings, testicular biopsy as well as the evaluation of follicle stimulating hormone (fsh), concentration of camel testis protein (tex101) and camel epididymis-specific extracellular matrix protein (ecm1) in seminal fluids. azoospermic male camels (azoo group, n = 28) that had been detected to be infertile as a result of lack of resulting pregnancies after re ...201830340855
ciliated protozoan fauna in the forestomach of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in libya.species composition and distribution of ciliated protozoa obtained from the forestomach of 20 dromedary camels living in zawiya, libya were examined. nineteen species and 10 morphotypes belonging to eight genera were identified. the mean number of ciliates was 54.2 ± 32.9 × 104 cells ml-1 in the forestomach contents, and the mean number of ciliate species per host was 6.5 ± 2.9. entodinium and epidinium were the main genera, as these ciliates were found consistently at higher proportions than th ...201830313172
epidemiological study of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in saudi arabia, april-may 2015.a cross-sectional study was conducted in five regions in saudi arabia to investigate the epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) during april and may2015. serum and nasal swab samples were tested for mers-cov antibodies andribonucleic acid (rna) using a recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (relisa) and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr), respectively. the overall mers-cov ...201830964454
ignatzschineria cameli sp. nov., isolated from necrotic foot tissue of dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) and associated maggots (wohlfahrtia species) in dubai.five bacterial strains, uae-hku57t, uae-hku58, uae-hku59, uae-hku60 and uae-hku61, were isolated in dubai, uae, from necrotic foot tissue samples of four dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) and associated maggots (wohrlfartia species). they were non-sporulating, gram-negative, non-motile bacilli. they grew well under aerobic conditions at 37 °c, but not anaerobically. the ph range for growth was ph 7.0-9.0 (optimum, ph 7.5-8.0) and the strains could tolerate nacl concentrations (w/v) up to 2 % (op ...201830303475
molecular cloning and characterization of the novel cyp2j2 in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).although its economic, cultural and biological importance, many genes haven't been depicted, sequenced or analyzed to date for camelus dromedarius. in the present paper, the full-length c-dna of a novel cyp2j2 (genbank accession number mh511989) was cloned from liver, heart, and kidney mrna by race-pcr. the full-length c-dna of the cloned cyp2j2 was sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics methods. the full-length c-dna sequence was 2135 bp with no introns. the open reading frame (orf) had 13 ...201830287372
plasma disposition of cefoperazone after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations in camels (camelus dromedarius).the plasma disposition of cefoperazone was investigated after intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administrations of 20 mg/kg as a single dose in six camels (camelus dromedarius) in a crossover design. blood plasma samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). after iv administration, elimination half-life (t1/2β), volume of distribution at steady state (vdss), total body clearance (cltot) and mean residence time (mrt) of cefoperazone were 1.95 h, 0.38 l/kg, 0.17 l/ ...201830264621
a review of coccidiosis in old world camels.domesticated old world camels (camelus dromedarius and c. bactrianus) are important for the economy of several countries in asia, africa, and the arabian peninsula, and coccidiosis is important as a cause of mortality in juvenile camels. there is confusion concerning the species of coccidian parasites in camels and their life cycles. the objective of the present paper is to review biology of the eimeria and cystoisospora species in camels. the following conclusions were drawn. although five spec ...201830389015
detection of distinct mers-coronavirus strains in dromedary camels from kenya, 2017. 201830482895
mers coronaviruses from camels in africa exhibit region-dependent genetic diversity.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a zoonotic respiratory disease of global public health concern, and dromedary camels are the only proven source of zoonotic infection. although mers-cov infection is ubiquitous in dromedaries across africa as well as in the arabian peninsula, zoonotic disease appears confined to the arabian peninsula. mers-covs from africa have hitherto been poorly studied. we genetically and phenotypically characterized mers-cov from dromedaries sam ...201829507189
blood meal identification in the cryptic species anopheles gambiae and anopheles coluzzii using maldi-tof ms.matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has recently emerged in entomology as a technique to identify arthropods and their blood meal source. in this study, female anopheles gambiae were fed on five host blood sources: ocelot (leopardus pardalis), binturong (arctictis binturong), springbok (antidorcas marsupialis), jaguar (panthera onca) and hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas), while anopheles coluzzii were fed on three hosts: dromedary (camelus ...201830052501
rapid detection of mers coronavirus-like viruses in bats: pote1ntial for tracking mers coronavirus transmission and animal origin.recently, we developed a monoclonal antibody-based rapid nucleocapsid protein detection assay for diagnosis of mers coronavirus (mers-cov) in humans and dromedary camels. in this study, we examined the usefulness of this assay to detect other lineage c betacoronaviruses closely related to mers-cov in bats. the rapid mers-cov nucleocapsid protein detection assay was tested positive in 24 (88.9%) of 27 tylonycteris bat cov hku4 (ty-batcov-hku4) rna-positive alimentary samples of tylonycteris pachy ...201829511173
isolation of streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (lama glama) in south tyrol (italy).streptococcus agalactiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans. in dairy cattle it commonly causes mastitis, with great economic losses, and there is scientific evidence of mastitis, caseous lymphadenitis, contagious skin necrosis and purulent infections associated with s. agalactiae in camels (camelus dromedarius) as well. in humans, it is a common component of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microflora, but it can also act as a pathogen, especially in elderly people and immunocompromi ...201830424747
bovine-like coronaviruses in domestic and wild ruminants.coronaviruses (covs) produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species. these viruses are well-recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism, to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations. it is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of covs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences. several covs (e.g. severe acute respi ...201830683171
cumulus cells of camel (camelus dromedarius) antral follicles are multipotent stem cells.the mammalian ovary is a highly dynamic organ, in which proliferation and differentiation occur constantly during the entire life span, particularly in camels that are characterized by a follicular wave pattern and induced ovulation. granulosa cells are the main cells of mature follicles. two distinct cell types, namely, the mural and cumulus granulosa cells are distinguished on the basis of antral fluid increase. the multipotency of follicular fluid and the luteinizing cell were recently demons ...201830100012
reported direct and indirect contact with dromedary camels among laboratory-confirmed mers-cov cases.dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) are now known to be the vertebrate animal reservoir that intermittently transmits the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) to humans. yet, details as to the specific mechanism(s) of zoonotic transmission from dromedaries to humans remain unclear. the aim of this study was to describe direct and indirect contact with dromedaries among all cases, and then separately for primary, non-primary, and unclassified cases of laboratory-confirmed me ...201830104551
countrywide survey for mers-coronavirus antibodies in dromedaries and humans in pakistan.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory disease in humans. although dromedary camels are considered as a major reservoir host, the mers-cov infection dynamics in camels are not fully understood. through surveillance in pakistan, nasal (n = 776) and serum (n = 1050) samples were collected from camels between november 2015 and february 2018. samples were collected from animal markets, free-roaming herds and abattoirs. an ...201830311100
gametogony of eimeria cameli in the small intestine of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).domesticated old world camels (camelus dromedarius and camelus bactrianus) are important for the economy of several countries in asia, africa, and the arabian peninsula, and coccidiosis is an important disease in camels. there is confusion concerning the species of coccidian parasites in camels and their life cycles. although five species of eimeria (e. cameli, e. rajasthani, e. dromedarii, e. bactriani, and e. pellerdyi) were named from camels, e. cameli is considered the most pathogenic. here, ...201830203186
chimeric camel/human heavy-chain antibodies protect against mers-cov infection.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) continues to cause outbreaks in humans as a result of spillover events from dromedaries. in contrast to humans, mers-cov-exposed dromedaries develop only very mild infections and exceptionally potent virus-neutralizing antibody responses. these strong antibody responses may be caused by affinity maturation as a result of repeated exposure to the virus or by the fact that dromedaries-apart from conventional antibodies-have relatively unique, ...201830101189
lack of serological evidence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in virus exposed camel abattoir workers in nigeria, 2016.backgroundmiddle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic threat of global public health concern and dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. although mers-cov is enzootic in dromedaries in africa as well as the middle east, zoonotic disease has not been reported in africa. methods: in an abattoir in kano, nigeria, we tested nasal swabs from camels and investigated 261 humans with repeated occupational exposure to camels, many of whom also reported drinking fr ...201830107872
modeling the spread of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in saudi arabia.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been persistent in the middle east region since 2012. abundant scientific evidence showed that dromedary camels are the primary host of the virus. majority of human cases (i.e., 75% or 88%) are due to human-to-human transmission, while the others are due to camel-to-human transmission. mathematical modeling of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus camel-to-camel transmission was lacking. using the plug-and-play likelihood-based inference fr ...201829846148
first report of cryptosporidium parvum in a dromedary camel calf from western australia.cryptosporidium is an important enteric parasite that can contribute large numbers of infectious oocysts to drinking water catchments. as a result of its resistance to disinfectants including chlorine, it has been responsible for numerous waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. wildlife and livestock play an important role in the transmission of cryptosporidium in the environment. studies conducted outside australia have indicated that camels may also play a role in the transmission of zoonotic ...201829654683
prion disease in dromedary camels, algeria.prions cause fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, including creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). after the bse epidemic, and the associated human infections, began in 1996 in the united kingdom, general concerns have been raised about animal prions. we detected a prion disease in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in algeria. symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for sla ...201829652245
papillomavirus infection in humans and dromedary camels in eastern sudan.cases of wart-like lesions in humans and dromedary camels occurred in eastern sudan in 2015 were described. involvement of papillomavirus (pv) in causing these cases was affirmed by pcr and immunoperoxidase test. mostly, the lesions were observed on the skin of the chest and forearms in addition to lips and mandible. sequence analysis revealed camelus dromedarius pv types 1 and 2 genotypes as the causative genotypes. we also observed cases of wart-like lesions on hands and legs of two herders at ...201829893639
screening for fecal presence of colistin-resistant escherichia coli and mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in camel-calves in southern tunisia.camels (camelus dromedarius) are known to harbor multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria and to be involved in the transmission of various microorganisms to humans. data on the occurrence of colistin resistant escherichia coli as well as mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes in camels are lacking. we investigated the presence of colistin resistance and mcr (1-2) genes in e. coli from the feces of camels in tunisia. presumptive e. coli isolates from camel-calves in southern tunisia were qu ...201829866140
importance of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting multiple antigenic sites on mers-cov spike to avoid neutralization escape.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a highly lethal pulmonary infection with ∼35% mortality. the potential for a future pandemic originating from animal reservoirs or healthcare-associated events is a major public health concern. there are no vaccines or therapeutic agents currently available for mers-cov. using a probe-based single b cell-cloning strategy, we have identified and characterized multiple neutralizing mabs specifically binding to the receptor binding doma ...201829514901
hosts and sources of endemic human coronaviruses.the four endemic human coronaviruses hcov-229e, -nl63, -oc43, and -hku1 contribute a considerable share of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in adults and children. while their clinical representation resembles that of many other agents of the common cold, their evolutionary histories, and host associations could provide important insights into the natural history of past human pandemics. for two of these viruses, we have strong evidence suggesting an origin in major livestock species ...201829551135
screening and antitumor effect of an anti‑ctla‑4 nanobody.cytotoxic t‑lymphocyte antigen‑4 (ctla‑4) is a critical negative regulator of immune responses. ctla‑4 is rapidly upregulated following t‑cell activation, and then binds to b7 molecules with a higher affinity than cd28. ctla‑4 may abolish the initiation of the responses of t cells by raising the threshold of signals required for full activation of t cells, and it also may terminate ongoing t-cell responses. this regulatory role has led to the development of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) designed ...201829207143
morphogenesis of lingual papillae of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) during prenatal life: a light and scanning electron microscopic study.this study was made on 24 camel fetuses of crown-rump vertebral length (cvrl) ranging from 10.5 cm to 105 cm cvrl (94-352 days old). these camel fetuses were classified into three groups representing the three trimesters of prenatal life. during the first trimester (94-142 days), lingual papillae (circumvallate and lentiform papillae) were demonstrated on the lingual root, but lingual body and the apex were almost free of papillae except for some scattered epithelial projections especially near ...201829152779
development and utilization of vhh antibodies derived from camelus dromedarius against foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an acute, highly contagious, and economically devastating viral disease of domestic and wildlife species. for effective implementation of fmd control program, there is an imperative need for developing a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostics which help in the identification of serotypes involved in the outbreaks. the humoral immune response of the camelidae is unique since in these animals 75% of circulating antibodies are constituted by heavy-chain antibodie ...201829527970
source, treatment and type of nuclear donor cells influences in vitro and in vivo development of embryos cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer in camel (camelus dromedarius).experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of source, treatment and type of nuclear donor cells on embryonic and fetal development of somatic cell nuclear-transfer reconstructs in dromedary camel. in experiment 1, actively growing, serum starved or confluent skin fibroblast cells were used as nuclear donors. in experiment 2, skin fibroblasts from 4 different animals while in experiment 3, skin fibroblasts and cumulus cells from the same animal were used as nuclear donors. in all the three ...201829078197
adaptive evolution of mers-cov to species variation in dpp4.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) likely originated in bats and passed to humans through dromedary camels; however, the genetic mechanisms underlying cross-species adaptation remain poorly understood. variation in the host receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4), can block the interaction with the mers-cov spike protein and form a species barrier to infection. to better understand the species adaptability of mers-cov, we identified a suboptimal species-derived variant of dp ...201830110630
superovulatory response following fsh, ecg-fsh and hmg and pregnancy rates following transfer of hatched blastocyst embryos with different diameter and shape in dromedary camel.the objectives of this study were to compare three superovulation protocols and to investigate the effect of embryo diameter and shape on pregnancy rates in dromedary camel. in experiment 1, following follicular wave synchronization of donors using two injections of gnrh (25 μg, im), superovulation was initiated 2 days after the second gnrh (day 0 of experiment). then, donors were assigned into three groups (n = 5) and received 1) fsh alone (390 mg), 2) ecg (1000 iu; single dose on day 0) and fs ...201829059602
the prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in livestock and temporal relation to locations and seasons.the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) has been reported for the first time infecting a human being since 2012. the who was notified of 27 countries have reported cases of mers, the majority of these cases occur in the arabian peninsula, particularly in saudi arabia. dromedary camels are likely to be the main source of middle east respiratory syndrome virus (mers-cov) infection in humans.201829396257
differential glycosylation and modulation of camel and human hsp isoforms in response to thermal and hypoxic stresses.increased expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) following heat stress or other stress conditions is a common physiological response in almost all living organisms. modification of cytosolic proteins including hsps byo-glcnac has been shown to enhance their capabilities for counteracting lethal levels of cellular stress. since hsps are key players in stress resistance and protein homeostasis, we aimed to analyze their forms at the cellular and molecular level using camel and human hsps as mode ...201829385708
towards the description of livestock mobility in sahelian africa: some results from a survey in mauritania.understanding spatio-temporal patterns of host mobility is a key factor to prevent and control animal and human diseases. this is utterly important in low-income countries, where animal disease epidemics have strong socio-economic impacts. in this article we analyzed a livestock mobility database, whose data have been collected by the centre national d'elevage et de recherches vétérinaires (cnerv) mauritania, to describe its patterns and temporal evolution. data were collected through phone and ...201829364989
what is your diagnosis? mediastinal mass in a dromedary camel. 201829357114
factors affecting reproductive performance in dromedary camel herds in saudi arabia.a survey of 7122 dromedary camels in 115 herds in saudi arabia was used to estimate the effects of herd size (hz; < 25 vs. 25-49 vs. 50-100 vs. > 100 camels), herder/camels ratio (h/c; 1:< 25 vs. 1:25-50 vs. 1:> 50), manager experience (me; < 5 vs. 5-10 vs. > 10 years), male/females ratio (m/f), housing system (hs; free vs. closed vs. mixed), length of the breeding season (winter vs. winter and spring vs. fall, winter and spring), age at first mating (3 vs. > 3 years), and time of mating after p ...201829450815
serum protein electrophoretic pattern in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) in tripoli, libya.the aim of this study was to characterize serum protein capillary electrophoretic pattern in apparently healthy adult male (age: 3-7 years) dromedary camels and also evaluate total protein and albumin levels using automated analyzer. blood samples were taken from 20 camels. 5ml of blood was collected from the jugular vein and serum was separated from samples by centrifugation. capillary electrophoresis of serum proteins identified six protein fractions in adult camels, including albumin, alpha1, ...201829445614
effect of reproductive disorders on productivity and reproductive efficiency of dromedary she-camels in relation to cytokine concentration.this experiment was conducted to study the effect of reproductive disorders on reproductive efficiency and milk production in relation with pro-inflammatory cytokines in dromedary she-camels. total of 20 late pregnant maghrabi she-camels, aging 6-9 years, weighing 420-550 kg, and between the second and third parities were divided into two groups. animals in the first group (n = 12) showed normal reproductive status (g1) at parturition, while those in the second one (n = 8) were suffered from rep ...201829423707
occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild animals in state of paraná, brazil.the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from wild birds and mammals from the state of paraná. in total, 220 stool samples were sent to parasitic diseases laboratory of the federal university of paraná during 13 months (jan/2013-jan/2014). a total of 52.7% (116/220) of the animals were positive for cysts, oocysts, eggs and/or trophozoites. in birds, the positivity rate was 37.9% (25/66) and mammals was 59.1% (91/154) ...201829340477
hepatitis e virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: a review.hepatitis e is a human disease mainly characterized by acute liver illness, which is caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). large hepatitis e outbreaks have been described in developing countries; however, the disease is also increasingly recognized in industrialized countries. mortality rates up to 25% have been described for pregnant women during outbreaks in developing countries. in addition, chronic disease courses could be observed in immunocompromised transplant patients. wh ...201828944602
characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies against the mers-coronavirus spike protein and their application in species-independent antibody detection by competitive elisa.since discovering the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) as a causative agent of severe respiratory illness in the middle east in 2012, serological testing has been conducted to assess antibody responses in patients and to investigate the zoonotic reservoir of the virus. although the virus neutralization test is the gold standard assay for mers diagnosis and for investigating the zoonotic reservoir, it uses live virus and so must be performed in high containment laboratories ...201828993122
construction of two whole genome radiation hybrid panels for dromedary (camelus dromedarius): 5000radand 15000rad.the availability of genomic resources including linkage information for camelids has been very limited. here, we describe the construction of a set of two radiation hybrid (rh) panels (5000radand 15000rad) for the dromedary (camelus dromedarius) as a permanent genetic resource for camel genome researchers worldwide. for the 5000radpanel, a total of 245 female camel-hamster radiation hybrid clones were collected, of which 186 were screened with 44 custom designed marker loci distributed throughou ...201829386528
divergent cryptosporidium parvum subtype and enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in dromedary camels in algeria.little information is available on the occurrence of the zoonotic protists cryptosporidium spp. and none on enterocytozoon bieneusi in camels. this preliminary study was conducted to examine the identity of cryptosporidium subtypes and e. bieneusi genotypes in dromedary camels in algeria. a total of 39 fecal specimens were collected from young camels. pcr-sequence analysis of the small subunit rrna was used to detect and genotype cryptosporidium spp. cryptosporidium parvum present was further su ...201829327324
detection of candida species by nested pcr method in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius).systemic fungal diseases are the infections caused by false treatment protocols and generally are not taken into consideration especially in the veterinary field. one-humped camels are found in the western side of the aegean region of our country and bred for wrestling. the aim of this study is the application of diagnosing systemic fungi infection from camel blood samples by the pcr method. in this study, specific primers for dna topoisomerase ii gene sequences were used. as a result, a systemi ...201829080936
the association between glutamine repeats in the androgen receptor gene and personality traits in dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).temperament traits such as fearfulness are important as they define an animal's responses to its environment and handling. the increasing automation of daily tasks and growing population limits contact between camels and humans. such limitations contribute to fear of humans and changes in physical environment. monoamine oxidase a (maoa) and androgen receptor (ar) genes are important candidates associated with mammal personality. in our analysis, maoa exon 15 showed no polymorphism but a novel po ...201829415053
molecular study on pasteurella multocida and mannheimia granulomatis from kenyan camels (camelus dromedarius).outbreaks of a haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs) like disease causing large mortalities in camels (camelus dromedarius) in asia and in africa have been reported since 1890. yet the aetiology of this condition remains elusive. this study is the first to apply state of the art molecular methods to shed light on the nasopharyngeal carrier state of pasteurellaceae in camels. the study focused on hs causing pasteurella multocida capsular types b and e. other pasteurellaceae, implicated in common respirat ...201728830429
crimean congo hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (camelus dromedaries) in central sudan.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne viral zoonotic disease caused by crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv), a member of the genus nairovirus in the family bunyaviridae. cchf is typically asymptomatic in animals but can be highly fatal in humans approaching case fatality rate of approximately 30%. in the present investigation, a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cchf and to identify the potential risk factors associated with cchfv seropo ...201728774342
hepatitis e virus genotypes and evolution: emergence of camel hepatitis e variants.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of viral hepatitis globally. zoonotic hev is an important cause of chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. the rapid identification of novel hev variants and accumulating sequence information has prompted significant changes in taxonomy of the family hepeviridae. this family includes two genera: orthohepevirus, which infects terrestrial vertebrates, and piscihepevirus, which infects fish. within orthohepevirus, there are four species, a-d, with w ...201728425927
serologic evidence for influenza c and d virus among ruminants and camelids, africa, 1991-2015.influenza d virus has been identified in america, europe, and asia. we detected influenza d virus antibodies in cattle and small ruminants from north (morocco) and west (togo and benin) africa. dromedary camels in kenya harbored influenza c or d virus antibodies, indicating a potential new host for these viruses.201728820371
a46 mers-cov in arabian camels in africa and central asia. 201728845242
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: five years later.in the past five years, there have been 1,936 laboratory-confirmed cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 27 countries, with a mortality rate of 35.6%. most cases have arisen in the middle east, particularly the kingdom of saudi arabia, however there was a large hospital-associated outbreak in the republic of korea in 2015. exposure to dromedary camels has been recognized by the world health organization (who) as a risk factor in primary cases, but the exact mechanis ...201728826284
trypanosoma vivax is the second leading cause of camel trypanosomosis in sudan after trypanosoma evansi.this study was conducted in response to recurring reports from eastern sudan of camel trypanosomosis that can no longer be treated by currently available trypanocidal drugs. one hundred and eighty-nine blood samples were obtained from camels in different herds and local markets in the western part of sudan, and a cross-sectional study was carried out between december 2015 and february 2016 to identify the causative agents and possible circulating genotypes.201728403897
supplementation of tris-based extender with plasma egg yolk of six avian species and camel skim milk for chilled preservation of dromedary camel semen.the present study was conducted to investigate a suitable source (expt. 1) and concentration (expt. 2) of plasma egg yolk (pey) and concentration of camel skim milk (csm; expt. 3) to supplement tris based extender for chilled storage of dromedary camel semen. in expt. 1, pey (20%) of six avian species (domestic chicken, domestic duck, japanese quail, partridge, pigeon and guinea fowl) was added to semen extender. in expt. 2, different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of selected pey from e ...201728709736
epidemiological study of common diseases and their risk factors in camels in south punjab, pakistan.bacteriological study of mastitis along with common blood protozoan diseases were studied in dromedary camels in cholistan, dera ismail khan and rahim yar khan districts in south punjab, pakistan. for this purpose 300 camels were sampled randomly at different common grazing and watering point. for study of blood parasites clinically suspected and apparently healthy camels, 150 each, were sampled. an overall prevalence of 15%and 5% was recorded for trypanosomiasis and anaplasmosis respectively. t ...201728428133
correction: serological evidence of mers-cov antibodies in dromedary camels (camelus dromedaries) in laikipia county, kenya.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140125.].201728542448
camelus dromedarius glucose transporter 4: in silico analysis, cloning, expression, purification and characterisation in e. coli.camels have exceptional carbohydrate metabolism as their plasma glucose level is high and have low whole body insulin sensitivity, similar to that observed in type 2 diabetes patients. we aimed at studing an important component of insulin signalling pathway, the glut4, in camel. camelus dromedarius glut4 (cdglut4) cds is 1530 nucleotide in length that encodes for a 55kda protein. cdglut4 has 23 amino acid substitutions and 3n-glycosylation sites, compared to 2 in human glut4. 3 d structures of c ...201728440667
serological evidence of hepatitis e virus infection in dromedary camels in ethiopia.the genome of dromedary camel hepatitis e virus (dchev) has been detected in stool and serum samples from dromedary camels, but the sero-epidemiological information of dchev infection remains unclear. a total of 246 serum samples collected from dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in ethiopia, and 40 serum samples from bactrian camels (camelus ferus) in mongolia were examined for the detection of anti-dchev igg antibody by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) by using dc ...201728438608
selection of nanobodies with broad neutralizing potential against primary hiv-1 strains using soluble subtype c gp140 envelope trimers.broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) against hiv-1 protect from infection and reduce viral load upon therapeutic applications. however no vaccine was able so far to induce bnabs demanding their expensive biotechnological production. for clinical applications, nanobodies (vhh) derived from heavy chain only antibodies from camelidae, may be better suited due to their small size, high solubility/stability and extensive homology to human vh3 genes. here we selected broadly neutralizing nanobodies ...201728827559
parasitic diseases of camels in iran (1931-2017) - a literature review.parasitic diseases of camels are major causes of impaired milk and meat production, decreases in performance or even death. some camel parasites also represent a threat to human health. about 171,500 one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) and 100-300 two-humped camels (camelus bactrianus) live in iran. knowledge of the biodiversity of their parasites is still limited. the present review covers all information about camel parasitic diseases in iran published as dissertations and in both iranian ...201728617666
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus experimental transmission using a pig model.dromedary camels are the main reservoir of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), but other livestock species (i.e., alpacas, llamas, and pigs) are also susceptible to infection with mers-cov. animal-to-animal transmission in alpacas was reported, but evidence for transmission in other species has not been proved. this study explored pig-to-pig mers-cov transmission experimentally. virus was present in nasal swabs of infected animals, and limited amounts of viral rna, but no in ...201728653496
dromedary camels in northern mali have high seropositivity to mers-cov.a high percentage (up to 90%) of dromedary camels in the middle east as well as eastern and central africa have antibodies to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). here we report comparably high positivity of mers-cov antibodies in dromedary camels from northern mali. this extends the range of mers-cov further west in africa than reported to date and cautions that mers-cov should be considered in cases of severe respiratory disease in the region.201728616502
prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum in the serum of camels (camelus dromedarius) from central punjab, pakistan.infection with the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum occurs in domestic and wild animals worldwide. this parasite causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide. the current study was designed to assess the prevalence of n. caninum antibodies in the sera of camels (camelus dromedarius) from rakh mahni, bhakkar, pakistan, to better understand the epidemiology of this important cause of bovine abortion in pakistan. eighty-one sera samples collected from apparently healthy ...201728470581
molecular aspects of mers-cov.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a betacoronavirus which can cause acute respiratory distress in humans and is associated with a relatively high mortality rate. since it was first identified in a patient who died in a jeddah hospital in 2012, the world health organization has been notified of 1735 laboratory-confirmed cases from 27 countries, including 628 deaths. most cases have occurred in saudi arabia. mers-covancestors may be found in oldworld bats of the vespertili ...201728500431
mers-coronavirus: from discovery to intervention.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) still causes outbreaks despite public awareness and implementation of health care measures, such as rapid viral diagnosis and patient quarantine. here we describe the current epidemiological picture of mers-cov, focusing on humans and animals affected by this virus and propose specific intervention strategies that would be appropriate to control mers-cov. one-third of mers-cov patients develop severe lower respiratory tract infection and su ...201728616497
two novel dromedary camel bocaparvoviruses from dromedaries in the middle east with unique genomic features.the recent emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus and its discovery from dromedary camels has boosted interest in the search for novel viruses in dromedaries. while bocaparvoviruses are known to infect various animals, it was not known that they exist in dromedaries. in this study, we describe the discovery of two novel dromedary camel bocaparvoviruses (dbovs), dbov1 and dbov2, from dromedary faecal samples in dubai. among 667 adult dromedaries and 72 dromedary calves, ...201728613145
chadox1 and mva based vaccine candidates against mers-cov elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has infected more than 1900 humans, since 2012. the syndrome ranges from asymptomatic and mild cases to severe pneumonia and death. the virus is believed to be circulating in dromedary camels without notable symptoms since the 1980s. therefore, dromedary camels are considered the only animal source of infection. neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are approved for veterinary or medical use despite active research on this area. here, we ...201728579232
bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine leukemia virus (blv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections in algerian dromedary camels (camelus dromaderius).this study was performed to investigate the presence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine leukemia virus (blv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections in dromedary camels (camelus dromaderius) kept in mixed herds with sheep and goats in algeria, since the prevalence of bhv-1, bvdv, and blv infections among dromedary camels in algeria is unknown. totally, 111 camel sera were collected from two provinces (laghouat and ghardaia) in algeria. the sera were analyzed for bhv-1 specific ant ...201729134541
tissue distribution of the mers-coronavirus receptor in bats.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has been shown to infect both humans and dromedary camels using dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp4) as its receptor. the distribution of dpp4 in the respiratory tract tissues of humans and camels reflects mers-cov tropism. apart from dromedary camels, insectivorous bats are suggested as another natural reservoir for mers-like-covs. in order to gain insight on the tropism of these viruses in bats, we studied the dpp4 distribution in the respirator ...201728446791
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a cause of severe respiratory infection in humans, specifically the elderly and people with comorbidities. the re-emergence of lethal coronaviruses calls for international collaboration to produce coronavirus vaccines, which are still lacking to date. ongoing efforts to develop mers-cov vaccines should consider the different target populations (dromedary camels and humans) and the correlates of protection. extending on our current knowle ...201728412285
generation and characterization of nanobodies targeting psma for molecular imaging of prostate cancer.nanobodies show attractive characteristics for tumor targeting in cancer diagnosis and therapy. a radiolabeled nanobody binding the prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma) could offer a noninvasive strategy to select prostate cancer patients eligible for psma-targeted therapies. we here describe the generation, production and in vivo evaluation of anti-psma nanobodies. nanobodies were derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies, raised in immunized dromedaries. binding characteristics were evalua ...201724700748
use of fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to quantify immunoglobulin g concentrations in alpaca serum.rapid, economical, and quantitative assays for measurement of camelid serum immunoglobulin g (igg) are limited. in camelids, failure of transfer of maternal immunoglobulins has a reported prevalence of up to 20.5%. an accurate method for quantifying serum igg concentrations is required.201724417433
accelerating the clinical development of protein-based vaccines for malaria by efficient purification using a four amino acid c-terminal 'c-tag'.development of bespoke biomanufacturing processes remains a critical bottleneck for translational studies, in particular when modest quantities of a novel product are required for proof-of-concept phase i/ii clinical trials. in these instances the ability to develop a biomanufacturing process quickly and relatively cheaply, without risk to product quality or safety, provides a great advantage by allowing new antigens or concepts in immunogen design to more rapidly enter human testing. these chal ...201728153778
emerging vector-borne diseases in dromedaries in tunisia: west nile, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease and rift valley fever.a total of 118 sera were collected during 2016 from two groups of dromedaries from kebili and medenine governorates in the south of tunisia. the aim of this study was to provide the first serological investigation of four emerging vector-borne diseases in two groups of dromedaries in tunisia. sera were tested by elisa and serum neutralisation test to identify west nile virus (wnv), bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) and rift valley fever virus (rvfv). in the firs ...201728397519
identification of risk factors for primary mers-cov infection in camel workers in qatar, 2013 - 2014; a case-control study.the transmission routes and risk factors for zoonotic mers-cov infections are still unknown. we used the who questionnaire for mers-cov case-control studies to assess risk factors for human mers-cov seropositivity at a farm complex in qatar. nine camel workers with mers-cov antibodies and 43 workers without antibodies were included. some camel-related activities may pose a higher risk of mers-cov infection, as well as cross-border movements of camels, poor hand hygiene and overnight hospital sta ...201728387845
preparation of goat and rabbit anti-camel immunoglobulin g whole molecule labeled with horseradish peroxidase.as the labeled anti-camel immunoglobulins (igs) with enzymes for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) are unavailable in the egyptian market, the present investigation was directed for developing local labeled anti-camel igg with horseradish peroxidase (hrp) to save hard curacy.201728246453
polydactyly suggesting local husbandry of pre-columbian camelids: a case from castillo de huarmey archaeological site, northern coast of peru.three camelid metapodials with polydactyly (additional digits) were found at the wari culture archaeological site (dated to the middle horizon) of castillo de huarmey. the anomalous bones were excavated among numerous remains, and presumably represent animals that were sacrificed within the principal mortuary mausoleum. the bones derive from at least two individuals. the etiology of the deformities remains unknown, but the most probable causes include low genetic diversity in the herd or uninten ...201728290309
a semi-empirical glycosylation model of a camelid monoclonal antibody under hypothermia cell culture conditions.the impact of cell culture environment on the glycan distribution of a monoclonal antibody (mab) has been investigated through a combination of experiments and modeling. a newly developed cho duxb cell line was cultivated at two levels of initial glutamine (gln) concentrations (0, 4 mm) and incubation temperatures of (33 and 37 °c) in batch operation mode. hypothermia was applied either through the entire culture duration or only during the post-exponential phase. beyond reducing cell growth and ...201728285402
risk factors for mers coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in burkina faso, ethiopia, and morocco, 2015.understanding middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) transmission in dromedary camels is important, as they consitute a source of zoonotic infection to humans. to identify risk factors for mers-cov infection in camels bred in diverse conditions in burkina faso, ethiopia and morocco, blood samples and nasal swabs were sampled in february-march 2015. a relatively high mers-cov rna rate was detected in ethiopia (up to 15.7%; 95% confidence interval (ci): 8.2-28.0), followed by burk ...201728382915
daily rhythms of behavioral and hormonal patterns in male dromedary camels housed in boxes.daily rhythmicity has been observed for a number of hormonal and behavioral variables in mammals. it can be entrained by several external factors, such as light-dark cycle and scheduled feeding. in dromedary camels, daily rhythmicity has been documented only for melatonin secretion and body temperature. in this study, the daily rhythmicity of behavioral repertoire, cortisol and testosterone levels was investigated in captive male camels.201728367365
scrotal granulomatous aspergillosis in a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).this report describes a case of primary subcutaneous aspergillosis in a 7-year-old neutered male dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).201728356153
proteomic profiling comparing the effects of different heat treatments on camel (camelus dromedarius) milk whey proteins.camel milk is consumed in the middle east because of its high nutritional value. traditional heating methods and the duration of heating affect the protein content and nutritional quality of the milk. we examined the denaturation of whey proteins in camel milk by assessing the effects of temperature on the whey protein profile at room temperature (rt), moderate heating at 63 °c, and at 98 °c, for 1 h. the qualitative and quantitative variations in the whey proteins before and after heat treatmen ...201728350354
middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus and dromedaries.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a zoonotic viral disease that can be transmitted from dromedaries to human beings. more than 1500 cases of mers have been reported in human beings to date. although mers has been associated with 30% case fatality in human beings, mers coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in dromedaries is usually asymptomatic. in rare cases, dromedaries may develop mild respiratory signs. no mers-cov or antibodies against the virus have been detected in camelids other than ...201728190501
joining the in vitro immunization of alpaca lymphocytes and phage display: rapid and cost effective pipeline for sdab synthesis.camelids possess unique functional heavy chain antibodies, which can be produced and modified in vitro as a single domain antibody (sdab or nanobody) with full antigen binding ability. production of sdab in conventional manner requires active immunization of camelidae animal, which is laborious, time consuming, costly and in many cases not feasible (e.g. in case of highly toxic or infectious antigens).201728114943
weak genetic structure in northern african dromedary camels reflects their unique evolutionary history.knowledge on genetic diversity and structure of camel populations is fundamental for sustainable herd management and breeding program implementation in this species. here we characterized a total of 331 camels from northern africa, representative of six populations and thirteen algerian and egyptian geographic regions, using 20 str markers. the nineteen polymorphic loci displayed an average of 9.79 ± 5.31 alleles, ranging from 2 (cvrl8) to 24 (cvrl1d). average he was 0.647 ± 0.173. eleven loci d ...201728103238
cross-sectional surveillance of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels and other mammals in egypt, august 2015 to january 2016.a cross-sectional study was conducted in egypt to determine the prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in imported and resident camels and bats, as well as to assess possible transmission of the virus to domestic ruminants and equines. a total of 1,031 sera, 1,078 nasal swabs, 13 rectal swabs, and 38 milk samples were collected from 1,078 camels in different types of sites. in addition, 145 domestic animals and 109 bats were sampled. overall, of 1,031 serologically ...201728333616
immunogenicity of candidate mers-cov dna vaccines based on the spike protein.mers-coronavirus is a novel zoonotic pathogen which spread rapidly to >25 countries since 2012. its apparent endemicity and the wide spread of its reservoir host (dromedary camels) in the arabian peninsula highlight the ongoing public health threat of this virus. therefore, development of effective prophylactic vaccine needs to be urgently explored given that there are no approved prophylactics or therapeutics for humans or animals to date. different vaccine candidates have been investigated but ...201728332568
single domain antibodies for the knockdown of cytosolic and nuclear proteins.single domain antibodies (sdabs) from camels or sharks comprise only the variable heavy chain domain. human sdabs comprise the variable domain of the heavy chain (vh) or light chain (vl) and can be selected from human antibodies. sdabs are stable, nonaggregating molecules in vitro and in vivo compared to complete antibodies and scfv fragments. they are excellent novel inhibitors of cytosolic/nuclear proteins because they are correctly folded inside the cytosol in contrast to scfv fragments. sdab ...201728271570
a frameshift mutation in kit is associated with  white spotting in the arabian camel.while the typical arabian camel is characterized by a single colored coat, there are rare populations with white spotting patterns. white spotting coat patterns are found in virtually all domesticated species, but are rare in wild species. theories suggest that white spotting is linked to the domestication process, and is occasionally associated with health disorders. though mutations have been found in a diverse array of species, fewer than 30 genes have been associated with spotting patterns, ...201728282952
serologic evidence for mers-cov infection in dromedary camels, punjab, pakistan, 2012-2015.dromedary camels from africa and arabia are an established source for zoonotic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection among humans. in pakistan, we found specific neutralizing antibodies in samples from 39.5% of 565 dromedaries, documenting significant expansion of the enzootic range of mers-cov to asia.201728221127
n-terminal chemical protein labeling using the naturally split gos-terl intein.chemoselective and regioselective chemical protein labeling is of great importance, yet no current technique is sufficiently general and simple to perform. protein trans-splicing by split inteins can be used to ligate short tags with chemical labels to either the n or the c terminus of a protein. the cystag approach exploits split intein fragments without a cysteine fused with such a short tag containing a single cysteine that is easily amenable to selective modification using classical cysteine ...201728332258
microscopic and molecular detection of camel piroplasmosis in gadarif state, sudan.the socioeconomic importance of camels (camelus dromedarius) could not be neglected in the sudan. the present study was planned to confirm the presence of piroplasmosis in camels from the eastern region of the sudan (gedarif state) using microscopical (blood film) and molecular technique (pcr). a total of 55 camels of different sexes (34 females and 21 males) were sampled from four localities of the state between january 2011 and january 2012. the prevalence rates using parasitological and molec ...201728293445
noninvasive imaging of human immune responses in a human xenograft model of graft-versus-host disease.the immune system plays a crucial role in many diseases. activation or suppression of immunity is often related to clinical outcome. methods to explore the dynamics of immune responses are important to elucidate their role in conditions characterized by inflammation, such as infectious disease, cancer or auto-immunity. immuno-pet is a non-invasive method by which disease and immune cell infiltration can be explored simultaneously. using radiolabeled antibodies or fragments derived from them, it ...201728209904
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