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assessing potential environmental contamination by baylisascaris procyonis eggs from infected raccoons in southern texas.baylisascaris procyonis is a large ascarid of raccoons (procyon lotor) and is a zoonotic threat. we documented the potential rate a raccoon population can contaminate their environment with b. procyonis eggs. we estimated the population size of raccoons using a 9 × 7 trapping grid of havahart traps, identified locations of raccoon scats through systematic searches, and enumerated the distance b. procyonis eggs passively travel from site of origin upon scat decay. during an 8-week capture period, ...201727841964
outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with raccoon contact at a wildlife rehabilitation centre, minnesota, 2013.campylobacteriosis is an enteric illness caused by bacteria of the genus campylobacter. there are approximately 900 culture-confirmed cases of campylobacteriosis reported annually to the minnesota department of health (mdh). case patients are interviewed about risk factors, including foods eaten, recreational and drinking water exposures and animal contact. in september 2013, mdh identified two campylobacter jejuni cases who reported working at the same wildlife rehabilitation centre before illn ...201727576067
cluster analysis of campylobacter jejuni genotypes isolated from small and medium-sized mammalian wildlife and bovine livestock from ontario farms.using data collected from a cross-sectional study of 25 farms (eight beef, eight swine and nine dairy) in 2010, we assessed clustering of molecular subtypes of c. jejuni based on a campylobacter-specific 40 gene comparative genomic fingerprinting assay (cgf40) subtypes, using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (upgma) analysis, and multiple correspondence analysis. exact logistic regression was used to determine which genes differentiate wildlife and livestock subtypes in our stud ...201727492809
molecular and statistical analysis of campylobacter spp. and antimicrobial-resistant campylobacter carriage in wildlife and livestock from ontario farms.the objectives of this study were to (i) compare the carriage of campylobacter and antimicrobial-resistant campylobacter among livestock and mammalian wildlife on ontario farms, and (ii) investigate the potential sharing of campylobacter subtypes between livestock and wildlife. using data collected from a cross-sectional study of 25 farms in 2010, we assessed associations, using mixed logistic regression models, between campylobacter and antimicrobial-resistant campylobacter carriage and the fol ...201727460061
the occurrence of pathogens in an endangered population of american badgers (taxidea taxus jacksoni) in ontario, canada.american badgers ( taxidea taxus jacksoni) at the periphery of the species' range in ontario, canada, are listed as endangered because of an estimated population size of <200 mature individuals. the main threats faced by this population include habitat loss and road mortality. however, on 18 november 2013, a radio-implanted badger was found nonresponsive in an agricultural field with signs consistent with canine distemper virus infection, which was subsequently confirmed. this prompted our inves ...201727749192
baylisascaris procyonis larva migrans in two captive north american beavers (castor canadensis).baylisascaris procyonis larva migrans was diagnosed in two north american beavers ( castor canadensis ) belonging to a zoological park in clarke county, georgia. both beavers presented with neurological signs. one beaver died naturally and despite attempted treatment, the other beaver was euthanatized because of severe clinical signs and poor prognosis. histologic evaluation of the beavers revealed evidence of parasitic migration characterized by several lesions, including eosinophilic granuloma ...201728363038
health survey of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) in central park, new york, new york, usa: implications for human and domestic animal health.we conducted health assessments on 113 free-ranging raccoons ( procyon lotor ) in central park, new york city, us, in february 2010, september 2010, and november 2011 in conjunction with a trap-vaccinate-release program to control a raccoon rabies epizootic. five individuals were sampled at two time points for 118 raccoon examinations in total. we tested 13 of 13 and 8 of 13 euthanized raccoons for rabies and canine distemper virus (cdv), respectively, by antigen testing on brain tissue; all wer ...201728135131
a permanent host shift of rabies virus from chiroptera to carnivora associated with recombination.bat virus host shifts can result in the spread of diseases with significant effects. the rabies virus (rabv) is able to infect almost all mammals and is therefore a useful model for the study of host shift mechanisms. carnivore rabvs originated from two historical host shifts from bat viruses. to reveal the genetic pathways by which bat rabvs changed their host tropism from bats to carnivores, we investigated the second permanent bat-to-carnivore shift resulting in two carnivore variants, known ...201728325933
management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: the road to elimination.rabies is an ancient viral disease that significantly impacts human and animal health throughout the world. in the developing parts of the world, dog bites represent the highest risk of rabies infection to people, livestock, and other animals. however, in north america, where several rabies virus variants currently circulate in wildlife, human contact with the raccoon rabies variant leads to the highest per capita population administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) annually. previous ra ...201728301480
lyssaviruses and rabies: current conundrums, concerns, contradictions and controversies.lyssaviruses are bullet-shaped, single-stranded, negative-sense rna viruses and the causative agents of the ancient zoonosis rabies. africa is the likely home to the ancestors of taxa residing within the genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae. diverse lyssaviruses are envisioned as co-evolving with bats, as the ultimate reservoirs, over seemingly millions of years. in terms of relative distribution, overt abundance, and resulting progeny, rabies virus is the most successful lyssavirus species to ...201728299201
application of high-throughput sequencing to whole rabies viral genome characterisation and its use for phylogenetic re-evaluation of a raccoon strain incursion into the province of ontario.raccoon rabies remains a serious public health problem throughout much of the eastern seaboard of north america due to the urban nature of the reservoir host and the many challenges inherent in multi-jurisdictional efforts to administer co-ordinated and comprehensive wildlife rabies control programmes. better understanding of the mechanisms of spread of rabies virus can play a significant role in guiding such control efforts. to facilitate a detailed molecular epidemiological study of raccoon ra ...201728219746
ecological potential for rabies virus transmission via scavenging of dead bats by mesocarnivores.multiple species of bats are reservoirs of rabies virus in the americas and are occasionally the source of spillover infections into mesocarnivore species. although rabies transmission generally is assumed to occur via bite, laboratory studies have demonstrated the potential for rabies transmission via ingestion of rabid animals. we investigated the ecological potential for this mode of transmission by assessing mesocarnivore scavenging behavior of dead bats in suburban habitats of flagstaff, ar ...201728094609
serologic response in eight alpacas vaccinated by extralabel use of a large animal rabies vaccine during a public health response to a rabid alpaca in south carolina.case description a female alpaca, kept at pasture with 12 other female alpacas, 2 crias, and 5 goats, was evaluated because of clinical signs of aggression. clinical findings the clinical signs of aggression progressed to include biting at other animals as well as disorientation. three days later, the alpaca was euthanized because of suspicion of rabies virus infection. treatment and outcome no physical injuries were found at necropsy. brain tissue specimens were confirmed positive for rabies on ...201627585106
safety and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus (erags) in mice and raccoon dogs.the development of a genetically modified live rabies vaccine applicable to wild raccoon dogs is necessary for the eradication of rabies in korea. thus, we constructed a recombinant rabies virus (rabv) called the erags strain, using a reverse genetic system and evaluated its safety and efficacy in mice and its safety and immunogenicity in raccoon dogs.201627489806
the importance of wild canids in the epidemiology of rabies in northeast brazil: a retrospective study.rabies is an endemic disease in brazil, where it is considered a serious public health problem. although the number of human and dog-transmitted cases has declined in recent decades, rabies in wildlife has emerged considerably. among the sylvatic animals, wild canids have been considered important hosts of the rabies virus. we performed a retrospective study of reported cases of rabies in wild canids and human victims in ceará state (northeast brazil) during 2003 to 2013. information was provide ...201626815766
pathology and molecular detection of rabies virus in ferret badgers associated with a rabies outbreak in taiwan.until rabies virus (rabv) infection in taiwan ferret badgers (twfb; melogale moschata subaurantiaca) was diagnosed in mid-june 2013, taiwan had been considered rabies free for >50 yr. although rabies has also been reported in ferret badgers in china, the pathologic changes and distribution of viral antigens of ferret badger-associated rabies have not been described. we performed a comprehensive pathologic study and molecular detection of rabies virus in three necropsied rabid twfbs and evaluated ...201626560756
understanding past population dynamics: bayesian coalescent-based modeling with covariates.effective population size characterizes the genetic variability in a population and is a parameter of paramount importance in population genetics and evolutionary biology. kingman's coalescent process enables inference of past population dynamics directly from molecular sequence data, and researchers have developed a number of flexible coalescent-based models for bayesian nonparametric estimation of the effective population size as a function of time. major goals of demographic reconstruction in ...201627368344
prevalence of antibody to and dna of lawsonia intracellularis in samples from wild animals in korea.we evaluated the prevalence of lawsonia intracellularis infection in three wild animal species in korea; the korean water deer ( hydropotes inermis ), siberian roe deer ( capreolus pygargus ), and raccoon dogs ( nyctereutes procyonoides ). we collected 136 sera and 109 fecal samples from individuals in 10 wildlife rescue and conservation centers. serum samples were tested for anti- l. intracellularis antibodies using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (belisa), and fecal samples were s ...201627487235
free-living species of carnivorous mammals in poland: red fox, beech marten, and raccoon as a potential reservoir of salmonella, yersinia, listeria spp. and coagulase-positive staphylococcus.the objective of the study was to examine a population of free-living carnivorous mammals most commonly found in poland (red fox, beech marten, and raccoon) for the occurrence of bacteria that are potentially pathogenic for humans and other animal species and to determine their virulence potential (the presence of selected virulence genes). from the total pool of isolates obtained (n = 328), we selected 90 belonging to species that pose the greatest potential threat to human health: salmonella s ...201627171434
infectivity of attenuated poxvirus vaccine vectors and immunogenicity of a raccoonpox vectored rabies vaccine in the brazilian free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis).bats (order chiroptera) are an abundant group of mammals with tremendous ecological value as insectivores and plant dispersers, but their role as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases has received more attention in the last decade. with the goal of managing disease in free-ranging bats, we tested modified vaccinia ankara (mva) and raccoon poxvirus (rcn) as potential vaccine vectors in the brazilian free-tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis), using biophotonic in vivo imaging and immunogenicity studies. a ...201627650872
baylisascaris procyonis roundworm seroprevalence among wildlife rehabilitators, united states and canada, 2012-2015.baylisascaris procyonis roundworms can cause potentially fatal neural larva migrans in many species, including humans. however, the clinical spectrum of baylisascariasis is not completely understood. we tested 347 asymptomatic adult wildlife rehabilitators for b. procyonis antibodies; 24 were positive, suggesting that subclinical baylisascariasis is occurring among this population.201627869612
single-particle tracking shows that a point mutation in the carnivore parvovirus capsid switches binding between host-specific transferrin receptors.determining how viruses infect new hosts via receptor-binding mechanisms is important for understanding virus emergence. we studied the binding kinetics of canine parvovirus (cpv) variants isolated from raccoons-a newly recognized cpv host-to different carnivore transferrin receptors (tfrs) using single-particle tracking. our data suggest that cpv may utilize adhesion-strengthening mechanisms during tfr binding and that a single mutation in the viral capsid at vp2 position 300 can profoundly alt ...201626889026
first report of cryptosporidium canis in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and identification of several novel subtype families for cryptosporidium mink genotype in minks (mustela vison) in china.despite the rapid and extensive advances in molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidium in humans and a variety of animals, the prevalence and genetic traits of the parasite in wildlife bred in captivity and the role of the neglected hosts in zoonotic transmission of human cryptosporidiosis are rarely understood. this study investigated the prevalence, species/genotype, and subtype of cryptosporidium in farmed fur animals in china and assessed the possibility of zoonotic transmission. three of 191 ...201627001467
no evidence of dirofilaria repens infection in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) from brandenburg, germany.dirofilaria (d.) repens is a nematode causing dirofilariasis in dogs, cats and in humans. red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) are well-known wildlife reservoirs for zoonotic diseases. these two species are highly abundant in germany, frequently exposed to vector mosquitoes and potentially susceptible to dirofilaria infections. to obtain data about d. repens infections in these animals, red fox and raccoon dog carcasses (hunted or found dead) were collected from ...201626566618
echinococcus multilocularis in foxes and raccoon dogs: an increasing concern for baltic countries.in europe, the life-cycle of echinococcus multilocularis is predominantly sylvatic, involving red foxes (vulpes vulpes) as the main definitive hosts and rodents such as muskrats and arvicolids as intermediate hosts. the parasite is the etiological agent of human alveolar echinococcosis, a malignant zoonotic disease caused by the accidental ingestion of eggs shed by definitive hosts in their faeces. the aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of e. multilocularis in red foxes and ra ...201627899156
first findings of trichinella spiralis and dna of echinococcus multilocularis in wild raccoon dogs in the netherlands.the recent invasion of the raccoon dog in the netherlands may be associated with the risk of introduction and spread of zoonotic pathogens. the aim of this study was to assess whether echinococcus multilocularis and trichinella spp. infections are present in dutch raccoon dogs. between 2013 and 2014, nine raccoon dogs, mainly road kills, were collected for necropsies. one raccoon dog tested repeatedly positive in the qpcr for e. multilocularis. the positive raccoon dog was collected in the provi ...201627747155
surveillance and management of echinococcus multilocularis in a wildlife park.the fox tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a severe zoonotic disease that may be fatal if untreated. a broad spectrum of mammalian species may be accidentally infected even in captivity. in april 2011, liver lesions due to e. multilocularis were observed during the necropsy of a captive-born nutria (myocastor coypus) in a french wildlife park, leading to initiation of a study to survey the parasite's presence in the park. a comparable environm ...201626780546
cryptosporidium spp. and enterocytozoon bieneusi in introduced raccoons (procyon lotor)-first evidence from poland and germany.the raccoon (procyon lotor) carnivore native to north america is a fast spreading, invasive species in the europe now. at the moment, the highest population occupies areas near the german-polish border. the data on the occurrence of cryptosporidium spp. and microsporidia in raccoons is limited to north america's territory and is totally lacking in the case of their introduction to europe. therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of microparasites, i.e., cryptospor ...201627630099
prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization of enterocytozoon bieneusi in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in five provinces of northern china.the disease microsporidiosis is found worldwide and is mainly caused by enterocytozoon bieneusi. e. bieneusi can infect a wide range of hosts; however, information regarding the prevalence and genotyping of e. bieneusi infection in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) is limited. therefore, in 2015, we examined 305 faecel samples from 80 farmed raccoon dogs in jilin province, from 54 in hebei province, from 72 in liaoning province, from 29 in shandong province, and from 40 in heilongjiang pro ...201627260667
genetic variation of mini- and microsatellites and a clonal structure in enterocytozoon bieneusi population in foxes and raccoon dogs and population differentiation of the parasite between fur animals and humans.enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of mammal hosts and birds. previous genotypic surveys were limited to measure the polymorphisms at the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) that evolved slowly. data on population structure are available only on e. bieneusi isolates from primates. this study explored the genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of four mini- and microsatellites and performed a population genetic analysis in ...201627095568
epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolates from raccoons (procyon lotor) and the environment on swine farms and conservation areas in southern ontario.antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to livestock, human and environmental health. although resistant bacteria have been detected in wildlife, their role in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance is not clear. our objective was to investigate demographic, temporal and climatic factors associated with carriage of antimicrobial resistant escherichia coli in raccoons and the environment. we collected samples from raccoon paws and feces and from soil, manure pit and dumpsters on five sw ...201627829035
high and novel genetic diversity of francisella tularensis in germany and indication of environmental persistence.in germany tularemia is a re-emerging zoonotic disease. therefore, we investigated wild animals and environmental water samples for the presence and phylogenetic diversity of francisella tularensis in the poorly studied berlin/brandenburg region. the phylogenomic analysis of three isolates from wild animals revealed three new subclades within the phylogenetic tree of f. tularensis [b.71 from a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides); b.74 from a red fox (vulpes vulpes), and b.75 from a eurasian b ...201627356883
occurrence and multilocus genotyping of giardia intestinalis assemblage c and d in farmed raccoon dogs, nyctereutes procyonoides, in china.giardia intestinalis, the only causative agent of human giardiasis, can infect a wide range of animals. as no information concerning the prevalence and genotyping of g. intestinalis in raccoon dogs in china is available, examination of 305 faecal samples from raccoon dogs in jilin province (n = 110), heilongjiang province (n = 40), liaoning province (n = 72), hebei province (n = 54) and shandong province (n = 29) was conducted to estimate the prevalence of g. intestinalis in raccoon dogs in nort ...201627576343
giardia duodenalis genotypes in domestic and wild animals from romania identified by pcr-rflp targeting the gdh gene.sixty giardia duodenalis isolates from domestic (n=49) and wild (n=11) animals (dogs, cats, deers, wolves, raccoon dog and muskrat) were analysed by pcr-rflp at glutamate dehydrogenase locus (gdh). the isolates were obtained from positive feces samples for giardia cysts analysed by flotation technique with saturated sodium chloride solution (specific gravity 1.28). three g. duodenalis genotypes were identified: c (10/60; 16.7%); d (42/60; 70.0%); and e (7/60; 11.7%). in dogs all three genotypes ...201626827864
experimental infection of peridomestic mammals with emergent h7n9 (a/anhui/1/2013) influenza a virus: implications for biosecurity and wet markets.during 2013, a novel avian-origin h7n9 influenza a virus (iav) emerged in china and subsequently caused large economic and public health burdens. we experimentally infected three common peridomestic wild mammals with h7n9 (a/anhui/1/2013) iav. striped skunks exhibited the highest burden of disease followed by raccoons and cottontail rabbits. striped skunks also produced the highest levels of viral shedding (up to 10(6.4)pfu/ml nasal flush) followed by cottontail rabbits (up to 10(5.8)pfu/ml nasa ...201626550948
receiving the unwanted gift: infection transmission through organ transplantation.infections are common in the general u.s. population, so it is inevitable that some persons with a potentially transmissible disease will become organ donors. there are numerous reports of viral, parasitic, fungal, and bacterial transmission through transplantation. at the same time, immunosuppression increases the risk of infection in organ recipients, so attribution of infectious diseases to the transplanted organ is often difficult.201627096745
simple and specific method for detection of antibodies against hepatitis e virus in mammalian species.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of hepatitis e, a food- and water-borne disease. in developed countries, consumption of meats from pigs, wild boars and deer is a major source of infection. although hev and hev-related viruses have been detected in many animal species, their zoonotic potential and prevalence has not been completely understood. to detect anti-hev antibody in mammalian species, a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was established using extract from cell ...201627732880
cytologic diagnosis of heterobilharzia americana infection in a liver aspirate from a dog.heterobilharzia americanais a trematode of the schistosomatidae family that infects dogs, raccoons, and other mammals as definitive hosts. this parasite is considered endemic in the southern atlantic and gulf coasts; however, only a few cases are reported. a 7-year-old dog from louisiana was referred for persistent hypercalcemia, hyperglobulinemia, and weight loss. abdominal ultrasound revealed diffuse hyperechogenicity of the liver with several hyperechoic nodules of varying size. cytologic exa ...201626272209
identification and characterization of the toll-like receptor 8 gene in the chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides).tlr8 is an important sensor of single-stranded rna (ssrna) from the viral genome and plays an essential role in innate antiviral responses via the recognition of conserved viral molecular patterns. in this report, tlr8 in the chinese raccoon dog was characterized and analyzed for the first time. the full-length sequence of raccoon dog tlr8 (rdtlr8) cdna was cloned by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) and is 3191bp with a 3117-bp open reading frame (orf) encoding 1038 amino acids. the putat ...201627481482
characterization of a novel canine distemper virus causing disease in wildlife.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a common cause of a multisystemic disease in both domestic dogs and wildlife species, including raccoons and foxes. outbreaks of cdv in domestic dogs in eastern tennessee have occurred since 2012, and it was determined that these outbreaks resulted from a novel genotype of cdv. we hypothesized that this virus is also infecting area wildlife and may be a source of the virus for these outbreaks in dogs. from 2013 to 2014, autopsies were performed and tissues collect ...201627400957
unusual necrotizing encephalitis in raccoons and skunks concurrently infected with canine distemper virus and sarcocystis sp.canine distemper virus commonly infects free-ranging, terrestrial mesopredators throughout the united states. due to the immunosuppressive effects of the virus, concurrent opportunistic infections are also common. among these, secondary systemic protozoal infections have been described in a number of species. we report an unusual presentation of necrotizing encephalitis associated withsarcocystissp in four raccoons and one skunk concurrently infected with canine distemper virus. lesions were cha ...201626374278
live-vaccinia virus encapsulation in ph-sensitive polymer increases safety of a reservoir-targeted lyme disease vaccine by targeting gastrointestinal release.the incidence of lyme disease has continued to rise despite attempts to control its spread. vaccination of zoonotic reservoirs of human pathogens has been successfully used to decrease the incidence of rabies in raccoons and foxes. we have previously reported on the efficacy of a vaccinia virus vectored vaccine to reduce carriage of borrelia burgdorferi in reservoir mice and ticks. one potential drawback to vaccinia virus vectored vaccines is the risk of accidental infection of humans. to reduce ...201627502570
differential associations of borrelia species with european badgers (meles meles) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in western poland.european badgers and raccoon dogs and their associated ticks and lice were assayed for the presence of lyme borreliosis and relapsing fever-group spirochete dna in western poland. analyses of blood, ear-biopsy and liver samples revealed that 25% of 28 raccoon dogs and 12% of 34 badgers were pcr positive for borreliae. borrelia garinii was the dominant species in raccoon dogs (62.5%), followed by b. afzelii (25%) and b. valaisiana (12.5%). pcr-positive badgers were infected only with b. afzelii. ...201627263838
bartonella rochalimae and b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in wild carnivores from colorado, usa.spleen samples from 292 wild carnivores from colorado, us were screened for bartonella infection. bartonella dna was detected in coyotes ( canis latrans ) (28%), striped skunks ( mephitis mephitis ) (23%), red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) (27%), and raccoons ( procyon lotor ) (8%) but not in black bears ( ursus americanus ), gray foxes ( urocyon cinereoargenteus ), and mountain lions ( puma concolor ). two bartonella species, b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and b. rochalimae, were identified. all 10 in ...201627529290
variable infection dynamics in four peromyscus species following experimental inoculation with baylisascaris procyonis.wild rodents such as peromyscus spp. are intermediate hosts for the zoonotic ascarid baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm), and previous studies indicate peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) likely serves an important role in parasite ecology. natural infections have been sporadically identified in a few peromyscus spp., but no data are available on differences in susceptibility among the many other species. we compared survival and infection dynamics of b. procyonis in 4 species ( p. ...201627351237
raccoon roundworm is on the move. 201627784104
raccoon roundworm infection associated with central nervous system disease and ocular disease - six states, 2013-2015.baylisascaris procyonis, predominantly found in raccoons, is a ubiquitous roundworm found throughout north america. although raccoons are typically asymptomatic when infected with the parasite, the larval form of baylisascaris procyonis can result in fatal human disease or severe neurologic outcomes if not treated rapidly. in the united states, baylisascaris procyonis is more commonly enzootic in raccoons in the midwestern and northeastern regions and along the west coast (1). however, since 200 ...201627608169
baylisascaris procyonis demography and egg production in a california raccoon population.california has more reported human raccoon roundworm cases than any other state due to large and overlapping human and raccoon populations. infection by this parasite, baylisascaris procyonis , is relatively benign in raccoons but can cause severe pathology in other species. disease risk is driven by environmental egg contamination which increases with raccoon density, worm intensity, and worm prevalence. to improve knowledge about risk to humans and other species, 189 raccoons from southern cal ...201627556367
permeability and viability of baylisascaris procyonis eggs in southern texas soils.baylisascaris procyonis is a nematode whose definitive host is the raccoon ( procyon lotor ). adult parasites are not particularly pathogenic to raccoons; however, larvae in intermediate hosts can cause visceral, ocular, and neural larva migrans. humans serve as dead-end hosts, and pathological responses are similar to those found in infected intermediate hosts. infected raccoons expose intermediate hosts through their feces, which can contain millions of b. procyonis eggs. our objective was to ...201627541828
environmental temperatures in southern texas, usa: implications for survival of baylisascaris procyonis eggs.baylisascaris procyonis is an intestinal nematode of raccoons ( procyon lotor ). within intermediate hosts, larvae can cause visceral, ocular, and neural migrans. humans, especially children, have become infected after ingestion of larvated eggs at raccoon latrines. eggs of b. procyonis have a thermal death point of 62 c. during 2012, we assessed the likelihood of thermal lethality on b. procyonis eggs in southern texas. we recorded temperature every 30 min with data loggers placed on the ground ...201627525592
diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis from raccoon exposure resistant to laser photocoagulation.diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (dusn) is an ocular disease caused by a subretinal nematode worm. the authors present a unique case of a 9-year-old girl with dusn due to presumed baylisascaris procyonis, given the size of the worm and previous raccoon exposure. the worm was located in the inner retina and treated with laser photocoagulation and albendazole. at the 1-week follow-up, the worm was still mobile despite being inactive immediately after the initial laser treatment and requi ...201627434904
baylisascaris procyonis parasites in raccoons, costa rica, 2014. 201627433741
update on baylisascariasis, a highly pathogenic zoonotic infection.baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, infects a wide range of vertebrate animals, including humans, in which it causes a particularly severe type of larva migrans. it is an important cause of severe neurologic disease (neural larva migrans [nlm]) but also causes ocular disease (olm; diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis [dusn]), visceral larva migrans (vlm), and covert/asymptomatic infections. b. procyonis is common and widespread in raccoons, and there is increasing recognition o ...201626960940
alien species and their zoonotic parasites in native and introduced ranges: the raccoon dog example.the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid that is indigenous in east asia and alien in europe, where it was introduced more than half a century ago. the aim of this study was to compare the parasite faunas associated with raccoon dogs in their native and introduced ranges, and to identify zoonotic parasite species. we examined 255 carcasses of hunted raccoon dogs from estonia and recorded a total of 17 helminth species: 4 trematodes, 4 cestodes and 9 nematodes. the most prevalent par ...201626921035
rabies in the baltic states: decoding a process of control and elimination.rabies is a fatal zoonosis that still causes nearly 70, 000 human deaths every year. in europe, the oral rabies vaccination (orv) of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) was developed in the late 1970s and has demonstrated its effectiveness in the eradication of the disease in western and some central european countries. following the accession of the three baltic countries--estonia, latvia and lithuania--to the european union in 2004, subsequent financial support has allowed the implementation of regular ...201626849358
absence of nucleolus formation in raccoon dog-porcine interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos results in embryonic developmental failure.interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt) can be a solution for preservation of endangered species that have limited oocytes. it has been reported that blastocyst production by iscnt is successful even if the genetic distances between donors and recipients are large. in particular, domestic pig oocytes can support the development of canine to porcine iscnt embryos. therefore, we examined whether porcine oocytes may be suitable recipient oocytes for korean raccoon dog iscnt. we investiga ...201627064112
driving forces behind the evolution of the aleutian mink disease parvovirus in the context of intensive farming.aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) causes plasmacytosis, an immune complex-associated syndrome that affects wild and farmed mink. the virus can also infect other small mammals (e.g., ferrets, skunks, ermines, and raccoons), but the disease in these hosts has been studied less. in 2007, a mink plasmacytosis outbreak began on the island of newfoundland, and the virus has been endemic in farms since then. in this study, we evaluated the molecular epidemiology of amdv in farmed and wild animals of n ...201627774297
identification of a novel aleutian mink disease virus b-cell epitope using a monoclonal antibody against vp2 protein.aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is a parvovirus that causes an immune complex-mediated disease in minks. capsid protein vp2 is a major structural viral protein and can be used to diagnose amdv. in this study, a specific monoclonal antibody, 1m13, was produced against the amdv vp2 protein (amino acids 291-502). a linear vp2-protein epitope was identified by subjecting a series of partially overlapping synthesized peptides to be enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) analysis. the results in ...201627354304
the white-nosed coati (nasua narica) is a naturally susceptible definitive host for the zoonotic nematode angiostrongylus costaricensis in costa rica.angiostrongylus costaricensis (strongylida, angiostrongylidae) is a roundworm of rodents, which may cause a severe or fatal zoonosis in several countries of the americas. a single report indicated that the white-nosed coati (nasua narica), acts as a potential free-ranging wildlife reservoir. here we investigated the prevalence and features of a. costaricensis infection in two procyonid species, the white-nosed coati and the raccoon (procyon lotor) from costa rica to better understand their possi ...201627692339
the structure and seasonality of baylisascaris procyonis populations in raccoons (procyon lotor).baylisascaris procyonis , the raccoon ( procyon lotor ) ascarid, is a common roundworm parasite of raccoons that is also a well-recognized zoonotic pathogen, and a cause for conservation concern. the transmission dynamics of b. procyonis differ with host population attributes, season, and landscape. we examined how the parasite's population attributes change with season, parasite population structure, and host demographics. we examined 1,050 raccoon gastrointestinal tracts collected from 1996 to ...201626967139
acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis concurrent with acquired myasthenia gravis in a west highland white terrier dog.acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis, an animal model for the axonal form of the guillain - barre syndrome in humans and the acquired myasthenia gravis are different autoimmune disorders affecting the peripheral nerves and the neuromuscular junction, respectively. both lead to muscle weakness and possible respiratory failure. the coexistence of these two entities combined in the same patient is rare in humans and, to our knowledge, the present case is the first reported in dogs.201627301259
explaining the geographic spread of emerging epidemics: a framework for comparing viral phylogenies and environmental landscape data.phylogenetic analysis is now an important tool in the study of viral outbreaks. it can reconstruct epidemic history when surveillance epidemiology data are sparse, and can indicate transmission linkages among infections that may not otherwise be evident. however, a remaining challenge is to develop an analytical framework that can test hypotheses about the effect of environmental variables on pathogen spatial spread. recent phylogeographic approaches can reconstruct the history of virus dispersa ...201626864798
the geographical distribution and prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in animals in the european union and adjacent countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.this study aimed to provide a systematic review on the geographical distribution of echinococcus multilocularis in definitive and intermediate hosts in the european union (eu) and adjacent countries (ac). the relative importance of the different host species in the life-cycle of this parasite was highlighted and gaps in our knowledge regarding these hosts were identified.201627682156
impact of season, demographic and environmental factors on salmonella occurrence in raccoons (procyon lotor) from swine farms and conservation areas in southern ontario.salmonella has been detected in the feces of many wildlife species, including raccoons (procyon lotor), but little is known about the epidemiology of salmonella in wildlife living in different habitat types. our objective was to investigate demographic, temporal, and climatic factors associated with the carriage of salmonella in raccoons and their environment on swine farms and conservation areas. using a repeated cross-sectional study design, we collected fecal samples from raccoons and environ ...201627611198
dirofilaria immitis and d. repens in sylvatic reservoirs of krasnodar krai (russian federation).dirofilariosis is a cosmopolitan vector-borne transmitted disease whose causal agents in europe are d. immitis and d. repens. hosts are mainly domestic and wild canines and felines. while there is a great amount of data on dirofilariosis in pets (dogs and cats), information on the extension of this parasitosis in wild reservoirs is scarce. in the present study, we analyzed the carcasses of 451 carnivores that were legally shot during the hunting periods of 2006-2011 in 4 different geo-climatic a ...201631014525
impact of anthropogenic pressure on the formation of population structure and genetic diversity of raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides.the raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides experienced an active introduction and acclimatization in the european part of russia followed by its migration to and colonization in the neighboring countries. eventually, it has spread rapidly into many european countries. n. procyonoides probably invaded lithuania from the neighboring countries of belarus and latvia where the species was introduced. however, the data on genetic diversity and population structure of the raccoon dogs in the recently inv ...201629491930
preparing for and responding to recent incursions of raccoon rabies variant into canada.by the late 2000s, canada had successfully eliminated the incursion of racoon rabies from the south and remained free of this rabies variant from approximately 2009 to 2014. however, new incursions of raccoon rabies variant have recently been detected in three canadian provinces: ontario, quebec and new brunswick. actions to address previous and current incursions of this rabies variant include enhanced surveillance programs, a point infection control strategy to respond to cases, a trap-vaccine ...201629770016
the changing face of rabies in canada.rabies prevention and control programs in canada have proven highly successful in past decades and have significantly reduced both terrestrial animal and human rabies cases. successful management and prevention of rabies to date have not, however, eliminated our need for ongoing rabies prevention and control programs. this issue of the canadian communicable disease report (ccdr) provides an overview of recent and emerging rabies trends and challenges in canada and examines the rationale to maint ...201629770014
no evidence of sarcocystis calchasi involvement in mammalian meningoencephalitis of unknown origin.sarcocystis calchasi has recently been identified as the cause of pigeon protozoal encephalitis, ppe, a lethal brain disease in pigeons and parrots. while only avian species have been identified so far to be susceptible to this pathogen as definitive or intermediate hosts, we speculated whether mammals may be susceptible as well, as in sarcocystis neurona and other related apicomplexan parasites. specifically, we hypothesized its involvement in mammalian meningoencephalitis of unknown origin, mu ...201631014499
[potential nest predators of syrmaticus reevesii based on camera traps and artificial nests.]in order to understand the background of the field breeding ecology of reeves's pheasant (syrmaticus reevesii) inside and outside of protected area, an investigation on nest predation rate, potential nest predators and the habitat factors affecting nest predation was conducted at dongzhai national nature reserve, henan province and pingjingguan village, hubei province, which were protected and non-protected area, respectively. the fieldwork was conducted from march to july 2014, and artificial n ...201629737706
the economics of a successful raccoon rabies elimination program on long island, new york.raccoon rabies is endemic in the eastern u.s.; however, an epizootic had not been confirmed on long island, new york until 2004. an oral rabies vaccination (orv) program was initiated soon after the first rabies-positive raccoon was discovered, and continued until raccoon rabies was eliminated from the vaccination zone. the cost-effectiveness and economic impact of this rabies control program were unknown. a public health surveillance data set was evaluated following the orv program on long isla ...201627935946
assessing the relation of usda conservation expenditures to suspended sediment reductions in an iowa watershed.from 1936 to 2010, u.s. department of agriculture (usda) agencies spent $293.7 billion (value adjusted for inflation at the 2009 level) on conservation programs. of these expenditures, $75.2 billion (26%) were allocated for technical assistance (ta; it is related to costs associated with usda field staff providing their expert advice to farmers) and $218.5 billion (74%) for financial assistance (fa; monetary incentives for farmers to adopt conservation programs). a major environmental goal of th ...201627262032
the energetic contributions of aquatic primary producers to terrestrial food webs in a mid-size river system.rivers are increasingly recognized as providing nutritional subsidies (i.e., energy and nutrients) to adjacent terrestrial food webs via depredation of aquatic organisms (e.g., emergent aquatic insects, crayfish, fish) by terrestrial consumers. however, because these prey organisms assimilate energy from both aquatic (e.g., benthic algae, phytoplankton, aquatic macrophytes) and terrestrial (e.g., riparian leaf detritus) primary producers, river subsidies to terrestrial consumers represent a comb ...201627197396
production of a recombinant capsid protein vp1 from a newly described polyomavirus (racpyv) for downstream use in virus characterization.here we describe the methods for production of a recombinant viral capsid protein and subsequent use in an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and for use in production of a rabbit polyclonal antibody. these reagents were utilized in development and optimization of an elisa, which established the extent of exposure of free ranging raccoons to a newly described polyomavirus (racpyv) [1]. production of a polyclonal antibody has allowed for further characterization of racpyv, includ ...201626955649
polyomavirus and naturally occuring neuroglial tumors in raccoons (procyon lotor).polyomavirus (pyv) infections are widespread in human populations and, although generally associated with silent persistence, rarely cause severe disease. among diseases convincingly associated with natural pyv infections of humans, there are remarkably different tissue tropisms and outcomes, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, transient or progressive nephropathy, and cancer. the variable character and unpredictable outcomes of infection attest to large gaps in our basic under ...201626912716
fear of large carnivores causes a trophic cascade.the fear large carnivores inspire, independent of their direct killing of prey, may itself cause cascading effects down food webs potentially critical for conserving ecosystem function, particularly by affecting large herbivores and mesocarnivores. however, the evidence of this has been repeatedly challenged because it remains experimentally untested. here we show that experimentally manipulating fear itself in free-living mesocarnivore (raccoon) populations using month-long playbacks of large c ...201626906881
exposure to raccoon polyomavirus (racpyv) in free-ranging north american raccoons (procyon lotor).there is evidence that raccoon polyomavirus is causative for neuroglial brain tumors in the western united states. it is unknown if infection is limited to geographic locales where tumors have been reported or is widespread, like human polyomaviruses. we demonstrate raccoons in western, eastern and midwestern states have been exposed to racpyv by detection of antibodies to capsid protein, vp1. while raccoons in eastern and midwestern states are seropositive, exposure is lower than in the western ...201626802526
modeling agricultural watersheds with the soil and water assessment tool (swat): calibration and validation with a novel procedure for spatially explicit hrus.applications of the soil and water assessment tool (swat) model typically involve delineation of a watershed into subwatersheds/subbasins that are then further subdivided into hydrologic response units (hrus) which are homogeneous areas of aggregated soil, landuse, and slope and are the smallest modeling units used within the model. in a given standard swat application, multiple potential hrus (farm fields) in a subbasin are usually aggregated into a single hru feature. in other words, the stand ...201626616430
epidemiology of salmonella on the paws and in the faeces of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) in southern ontario, canada.raccoons are common in urban and rural environments and can carry a wide range of bacteria, including salmonella, that can negatively affect human and livestock health. although previous studies have reported that raccoons shed a variety of salmonella serovars in their faeces, it is unknown whether salmonella is carried on raccoon paws. our objective was to compare the prevalence of salmonella on the paws and in the faeces of raccoons in south-western ontario. raccoons were sampled in a repeat c ...201626404182
prevalence and spatial distribution of salmonella infections in the pennsylvania raccoon (procyon lotor).a study was conducted to determine the prevalence and spatial distribution of salmonella infection in pennsylvania raccoons (procyon lotor), common wildlife mammals known to occupy overlapping habitats with humans and domestic food animals. the pennsylvania game commission provided a total of 371 raccoon intestinal samples from trapped and road-killed raccoons collected between may and november 2011. salmonella was isolated from the faeces of 56 (15.1%) of 371 raccoons in 35 (54%) of 65 counties ...201626272724
soybean area and baseflow driving nitrate in iowa's raccoon river.improved understanding of the drivers of stream nitrate is necessary to improve water quality. this is particularly true for iowa, a large contributor to mississippi river basin nitrate loads. here, we focus on the raccoon river at des moines, iowa, and develop statistical models to describe the monthly (from march to august) nitrate concentrations in terms of eight drivers representing monthly climate, monthly hydrology, and yearly cropping practices. we consider six two-parameter distributions ...201627898792
reconstructive approach to an acquired absence of multiple facial components: a case report.the subject of our case report is a young girl who was attacked by a raccoon when she was 5 months old. she lost the majority of her nose, her entire right ear, and part of her upper lip. she had previous attempts at reconstructive surgery with poor results. our collective goals were to provide lifelong reconstruction without the use of synthetic implants and to organize the steps in a way that provided psychological benefit early on while allowing her to continue education and childhood activit ...201627826477
brd4 is associated with raccoon polyomavirus genome and mediates viral gene transcription and maintenance of a stem cell state in neuroglial tumour cells.polyomavirus infection often results in persistence of the viral genome with little or no virion production. however, infection of certain cell types can result in high viral gene transcription and either cytolysis or neoplastic transformation. while infection by polyomavirus is common in humans and many animals, major questions regarding viral persistence of most polyomaviruses remain unanswered. specifically, identification of target cells for viral infection and the mechanisms polyomaviruses ...201627600312
investigation into seasonal scavenging patterns of raccoons on human decomposition.although raccoons are known as one of the most common scavengers in the u.s., scavenging by these animals has seldom been studied in terms of forensic significance. in this research, the seasonal pattern of raccoon scavenging and its effect on human decomposition was investigated using 178 human cadavers placed at the anthropological research facility (arf) of the university of tennessee, knoxville (utk) between february 2011 and december 2013. the results reveal that (i) the frequency of scaven ...201627404620
total phosphorus concentration trends in 40 iowa rivers, 1999 to 2013.excessive phosphorus (p) in rivers is prompting states to develop strategies to reduce p concentrations and export. the goal of this study was to assess the current condition by analyzing trends in total p (tp) concentrations at 40 river monitoring sites in iowa for the period 1998 to 2013. we used monthly river monitoring data collected by the state of iowa at ambient sites located beyond the influence of point sources or cities. study objectives were to assess the presence of any linear trends ...201627380084
the incidence of jackal bites and injuries in the zagreb anti rabies clinic during the 1995-2014 period.rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by a virus. the disease affects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infectious material, usually saliva, via bites or scratches. rabies is present on all continents with the exception of antarctica, but more than 95% of human deaths occur in asia and africa. once the symptoms of the disease have developed, rabies is nearly always fatal. people are usually infected ...201627333730
curious case of raccoon eye under general anaesthesia. 201627330215
an elderly woman with bilateral raccoon eyes. 201628319930
the occurrence of trichinella spp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in different regions of poland: current data.trichinellosis is one of the most widespread parasitic zoonoses. trichinella owen, 1835 nematodes are found in pigs, horses, and humans in the domestic cycle, and in many carnivores and omnivores in the sylvatic cycle, such as wild boars, red foxes, raccoon dogs, and wolves. carnivores are known to be involved in the circulation of trichinella nematodes and they act as a reservoir in the sylvatic environment. the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of trichinella spp. infection in ...201627705096
quality of fresh and chilled-stored raccoon dog semen and its impact on artificial insemination efficiency.the aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of fresh raccoon dog semen and raccoon dog semen stored at 4 °c. the qualitative evaluation was based on apoptosis in the sperm cells, which was tested by the annexin v/pi assay, the tunel method and jc-1. in addition, the suitability of the semen for insemination and its effect on reproduction in females were determined in relation to the time of storage.201627724853
population structure of the raccoon dog on the grounds of the imperial palace, tokyo, revealed by microsatellite analysis of fecal dna.the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides, canidae, carnivora) is highly adaptable to urban environments. populations of carnivorans inhabiting urban areas sometimes differ ecologically and genetically from those in rural areas. however, there is little information on urban raccoon dogs. this study focused on raccoon dog populations in tokyo, one of the most highly urbanized cities in the world. we examined the genotypes of 10 microsatellites for 101 fecal samples from raccoon dogs inhabiting th ...201627715424
adverse reactions from consumption of oral rabies vaccine baits in dogs in finland.oral rabies vaccination of wildlife has effectively reduced the incidence of rabies in wildlife and has led to the elimination of rabies in large areas of europe. the safety of oral rabies vaccines has been assessed in both target (red fox and raccoon dog) and several non-target species.201627633386
lack of sex-specific movement patterns in an alien species at its invasion front - consequences for invasion speed.efficient targeting of actions to reduce the spread of invasive alien species relies on understanding the spatial, temporal, and individual variation of movement, in particular related to dispersal. such patterns may differ between individuals at the invasion front compared to individuals in established and dense populations due to differences in environmental and ecological conditions such as abundance of conspecifics or sex-specific dispersal affecting the encounter rate of potential mates. we ...201627547338
mercury content in organs and tissues of indigenous (vulpes vulpes l.) and invasive (nyctereutes procyonoides gray.) species of canids from areas near cherepovets (north-western industrial region, russia).trophic and spatial components of ecological niches of two canids native vulpes vulpes and introduced nyctereutes procyonoides are overlapping partially in the studied region. maximum concentrations of mercury in predatory mammals of canidae family from surroundings of cherepovets have been determined in liver and kidneys (over 0.50 mg/kg wet weight), with minimal concentrations in brain (<0.2 mg/kg wet weight). the amount of mercury in the same organs of the red fox and raccoon dog is not signi ...201627437948
homogenous population genetic structure of the non-native raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) in europe as a result of rapid population expansion.the extent of gene flow during the range expansion of non-native species influences the amount of genetic diversity retained in expanding populations. here, we analyse the population genetic structure of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) in north-eastern and central europe. this invasive species is of management concern because it is highly susceptible to fox rabies and an important secondary host of the virus. we hypothesized that the large number of introduced animals and the species' ...201627064784
are humans the initial source of canine mange?scabies, or mange as it is called in animals, is an ectoparasitic contagious infestation caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei. sarcoptic mange is an important veterinary disease leading to significant morbidity and mortality in wild and domestic animals. a widely accepted hypothesis, though never substantiated by factual data, suggests that humans were the initial source of the animal contamination. in this study we performed phylogenetic analyses of populations of s. scabiei from humans and fro ...201627015813
molecular identification of sarcocystis spp. in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) from germany.more than 200 sarcocystis spp. have been named and most of them appear to be involved in a particular predator-prey cycle. among canids, the european fox (vulpes vulpes) and the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) are widely distributed in europe and probably play an important role as definitive hosts in the epidemiology of sarcocystis spp. infections. a total of 50 small intestines from foxes and 38 from raccoon dogs were sampled in the federal state of brandenburg, germany. mucosal scraping ...201626995715
identification of polymorphisms and transcriptional activity of the proto-oncogene kit located on both autosomal and b chromosomes of the chinese raccoon dog.b chromosomes are dispensable and co-exist with autosomal and sex chromosomes. the karyotype of the chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides) comprises 0-4 b chromosomes. the proto-oncogene kit is found on all b chromosomes of the chinese raccoon dog. in the present study, partial dna and mrna sequences of kit were amplified and sequenced from four individuals containing b chromosomes. sequence analyses revealed that polymorphisms including single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps ...201626909958
seasonal and diel activity patterns of eight sympatric mammals in northern japan revealed by an intensive camera-trap survey.the activity patterns of mammals are generally categorized as nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular (active at twilight), and cathemeral (active throughout the day). these patterns are highly variable across regions and seasons even within the same species. however, quantitative data is still lacking, particularly for sympatric species. we monitored the seasonal and diel activity patterns of terrestrial mammals in hokkaido, japan. through an intensive camera-trap survey a total of 13,279 capture event ...201627732611
anatomy and disorders of the oral cavity of ferrets and other exotic companion carnivores.exotic companion carnivores such as ferrets, skunks, fennec foxes, coatimundis, raccoons, and kinkajous presented in clinical practice share similar dental anatomy, function, and diseases. the domestic ferret serves as the representative species for this group with its anatomy, diseases, and conditions described in detail. dog and cat guidelines for veterinary and home care seem to be relevant and applicable, including dental endodontic procedures. annual or biannual dental examinations and prop ...201627497211
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