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interruption of annual single dose dec regimen administration: impact on wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia, vector infection and infectivity rates.the effect of single dose diethylcarbamazine regimen (6 mg/kg body wt.) in comparison to standard dec regimen i.e; 72 mg/kg body wt (administered in 12 consecutive days) in clearing wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae from low density micro filariae carriers (1- 8 mf per 20 microl) and its impact on vector infection rate were studied in an urban region endemic for bancroftian filariasis. the efficacy of dec regimens were determined by assessing the rate of successful treatment, percentage cure ra ...200919886172
status of lymphatic filariasis in lucknow district, uttar pradesh.lucknow district was endemic for lymphatic filariasis (lf). during march 2008, lf survey was carried out in 14 randomly selected villages (six primary health centres) and 4 mohallas of lucknow city. out of 3,654 night blood smears (nbs) collected and examined, 209 were found positive for wuchereria bancrofti (micrifilaria rate: 5.7%). microfilaria (mf) carriers were detected from all surveyed villages and mohallas. the age of these positive persons ranged from 6-70 years. in all areas, prevalenc ...200919886174
dna-based diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is still a major public health problem. the disease is ranked by the world health organization (who) as the second leading cause of permanent and long-term disability, and has been targeted for elimination by 2020. effective diagnosis lf is required for treatment of infected individuals, for epidemiological assessment and for monitoring of the control program. conventional diagnosis of lf depends on detection of microfilariae (mf) in blood specimens, which has low sensi ...200919842372
ten years of managing the clinical manifestations and disabilities of lymphatic filariasis.the aim of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis is to eradicate one of the world's leading causes of permanent and long-term disability, at least as a public-health problem. the achievement of this goal is based on the interruption of the transmission of the causative parasites (so preventing new cases) and, as a 'second pillar', the prevention of disability in those who are infected. the disability is associated with the main clinical manifestations of human infection with wuc ...200919843392
lymphatic filariasis: patients and the global elimination programme.the defining images of lymphatic filariasis are the horrendous disfigurements of lymphoedema, elephantiasis and hydrocele. these clinical presentations, although obviously important and life changing, are not, however, the only outcomes of this wide-spread filarial infection. the other effects of the disease range from severe, acute but short-term bouts of sickness to psychological impairment, poverty and family hardship. it is important to support cases of the disease through all means availabl ...200919843397
the sharp end - experiences from the tanzanian programme for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis: notes from the end of the road.the tanzania lymphatic filariasis programme, which was launched in 2000, is, in terms of geographical coverage, among the largest disease-control programmes in tanzania's history, currently reaching 9.4 million people in 34 districts. the issues associated with this programme's implementation are reviewed here, in the context of the various players/stakeholders involved. this article provides an insight of how the programme began and discusses key areas in the programme's design. mainly, however ...200919843398
the nematode parasite onchocerca volvulus generates the transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta).transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) is a highly conserved cytokine that has a well-known regulatory role in immunity, but also in organ development of most animal species including helminths. homologous tgf-b genes and mrna have been detected in the filaria brugia malayi. the in situ protein expression is unknown for filariae. therefore, we examined several filariae for the expression and localization of latent (stable) tgf-beta in adult and larval stages. a specific goat anti-human laten ...200919452170
filarial infection is resisted differentially by subjects having different blood group phenotypes.this study was aimed to elucidate the relationship between major blood group antigens (bgas) and susceptibility or resistance to human lymphatic filariasis. a total of 492 human subjects, living in raipur city of chhattisgarh, endemic for bancroftian filariasis in central india, were screened for the presence of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and disease manifestations. the frequency of bgas was tabulated as a function of the status of filariasis, namely normal (no infection), mf carrier (pr ...200919455632
reduction in levels of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor-a and improvement in hydrocele patients by targeting endosymbiotic wolbachia sp. in wuchereria bancrofti with doxycycline.the treatment for hydrocele is expensive, invasive surgery-hydrocelectomy. a drug that could prevent or improve this condition could replace or supplement hydrocelectomy. in ghana, 42 hydrocele patients participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a six-week regimen of doxycycline, 200 mg/day. four months after doxycycline treatment, patients received 150 mug/kg of ivermectin and 400 mg of albendazole, which is used for mass chemotherapy in this area. patients were monitored for l ...200919478258
current practices in the management of lymphatic filariasis.lymphatic filariasis is a major cause of acute and chronic morbidity in 81 countries. the availability of safe treatment regimens along with rapid diagnostic tools resulted in a global program to eliminate the disease. the two main objectives of the global elimination program are to interrupt transmission of the parasites and to provide care for those with the disease. the strategy for transmission interruption is preventive chemotherapy through mass drug administration. this article reviews the ...200919485799
[epidemiological study on lymphatic filariasis (wuchereria bancrofti) in sénégal].the purpose of this descriptive study conducted in an area endemic for lymphatic filariasis was to update information on the prevalence, clinical aspects, and awareness of this parasitic disease. all consenting inhabitants over 10 years old in three selected sectors were included. an entomological investigation was carried out to estimate the rate of vector infection. out of a total of 3.359 subjects examined, 57.3% reported familiarity with the disease and provided an accurate description. the ...200919499747
evaluation of wuchereria bancrofti gst as a vaccine candidate for lymphatic filariasis.lymphatic filarial parasites survive within the lymphatic vessels for years despite the complex immune environment surrounding them. parasites possibly accomplish this by adopting various immunomodulatory strategies, which include release of glutathione-s-transferases (gsts) that counteract the oxidative free radicals produced by the host. since gsts produced by parasites appear to be critical for the survival of parasites in the host, several studies evaluated the potential of parasite gsts as ...200919513102
setaria cervi dual specific phosphatase: characterization and its effect on eosinophil degranulation.setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite contains significant acid phosphatase (acp) activity in its various life stages. two forms of acp were separated from somatic extract of adult female parasite using cation exchange, gel filtration and concavalin affinity chromatography. one form having a molecular mass of 79 kda was characterized as dual specific protein tyrosine phosphatase (scdsp) based on substrate specificity and inhibition studies. with various substrates tested, it showed significa ...200919523248
prolonged persistence of residual wuchereria bancrofti infection after cessation of diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt programme.a diethylcarbamazine (dec)-fortified salt intervention programme was implemented between 1982 and 1986 in karaikal district, union territory of pondicherry, south india, to control culex transmitted bancroftian filariasis. the intervention reduced the microfilaria (mf) rate from 4.49% to 0.08%. to eliminate the residual microfilaraemia, the health department detected and treated mf carriers from 1987 to 2005 and mass-administered drugs in 2004 and 2005. surveillance from 1987 to 2005 revealed pe ...200919552662
patent filarial infection modulates malaria-specific type 1 cytokine responses in an il-10-dependent manner in a filaria/malaria-coinfected population.the effect of filarial infections on malaria-specific immune responses was investigated in malian villages coendemic for filariasis (fil) and malaria. cytokines were measured from plasma and ag-stimulated whole blood from individuals with wuchereria bancrofti and/or mansonella perstans infections (fil(+); n = 19) and those without evidence of filarial infection (fil(-); n = 19). plasma levels of il-10 (geometric mean [gm], 22.8 vs 10.4) were higher in fil(+) compared with fil(-), whereas levels ...200919561105
the effect of hiv on filarial-specific antibody response before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine in wuchereria bancrofti infected individuals.the effect of hiv on filarial-specific antibody response before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine (dec) was analysed by comparing two groups of wuchereria bancrofti-infected adult individuals (positive for circulating filarial antigen) who were positive (n=15) or negative (n=21) for hiv co-infection. prior to dec treatment there was no significant difference in filarial-specific igg1, igg2, igg4 and ige antibody response between the hiv negative and the hiv positive group, while a five ...200919567236
the heme biosynthetic pathway of the obligate wolbachia endosymbiont of brugia malayi as a potential anti-filarial drug target.filarial parasites (e.g., brugia malayi, onchocerca volvulus, and wuchereria bancrofti) are causative agents of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, which are among the most disabling of neglected tropical diseases. there is an urgent need to develop macro-filaricidal drugs, as current anti-filarial chemotherapy (e.g., diethylcarbamazine [dec], ivermectin and albendazole) can interrupt transmission predominantly by killing microfilariae (mf) larvae, but is less effective on adult worms, whic ...200919597542
[paradigm shift in bancroftian filariasis].the way a particular subject is understood changes over time as a result of scientific research. in most cases, these changes are minor, with limited effect on the overall knowledge on the subject. sometimes, however, revolutionary changes occur and not only modify the understanding of the subject but open perspectives that can trigger new interpretations and new ways for expansion of scientific knowledge. the studies of gregor johann mendel were a good example. they led to discovery of the laws ...200919629359
intrascrotal nodules in adult men as a marker for filarial granuloma in a bancroftian filariasis-endemic area.a retrospective study was undertaken in recife, brazil to evaluate the specificity of intrascrotal nodules detected by physical examination as a marker of dead or degenerating adult wuchereria bancrofti worms (filarial granuloma). a total of 372 nodules from 340 adult male patients (mean age 23.1 years) were studied. of those, 253 (68%) nodules were from 226 patients treated with antifilarial drugs (group 1) and 119 (32%) nodules were considered non-drug related and were obtained from 114 patien ...200919635891
ecological meta-analysis of density-dependent processes in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis: survival of infected vectors.the survival rate of infected vectors represents one of the fundamental components that influence the transmission dynamics of mosquito-borne diseases. despite the occurrence of a number of studies investigating mosquito survival after infection with filarial worms, there remains conflicting evidence from both laboratory and field experiments as to the existence and mechanism for parasite-induced mortality among filarial mosquitoes. here, we used a mixed effects meta-analytical framework to comb ...200919645292
filariasis of the breast, diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. 200919700906
comparison of tests for the detection of circulating filarial antigen (og4c3-elisa and ad12-ict) and ultrasound in diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in individuals with microfilariae.significant advances were made in the diagnosis of filariasis in the 1990s with the emergence of three new alternative tools: ultrasound and tests to detect circulating antigen using two monoclonal antibodies, og4c3 and ad12-ict-card. this study aimed to identify which of these methods is the most sensitive for diagnosis of infection. a total of 256 individuals, all male and carrying microfilariae (1-15,679 mf/ml), diagnosed by nocturnal venous blood samples, were tested by all three techniques. ...200919722087
impact of season on filarial vector density and infection in raipur city of chhattisgarh, india.bionomics and transmission dynamics of vector population are profoundly influenced by local climatic conditions. the study monitored variations in density, infection and infectivity rates of culex quinquefasciatus with respect to season in randomly selected localities of raipur city of chhattisgarh state.200919724085
seasonal changes of infectivity rates of bancroftian filariasis vectors in coast province, kenya.bancroftian filariasis in kenya is endemic in coastal districts with an estimated number of 2.5 million people at risk of infection. the main mosquito genera involved in transmission of wuchereria bancrofti in these areas are anopheles, culex and mansonia. the study was envisaged to compare the infectivity rates of bancroftian filariasis vectors between the high transmission (wet) and the low transmission (dry) seasons.200919724086
an unusual presentation of wuchereria bancrofti infection. 200919736421
lymph scrotum: an unusual urological presentation of lymphatic filariasis. a case series study.lymphatic filariasis (lf) causes a wide range of clinical signs and symptoms, including urogenital manifestations. transmission control and disability/morbidity management/control are the two pillars of the overall elimination strategy for lf. lymph scrotum is an unusual urological clinical presentation of lf with important medical, psychological, social and economic repercussions. a retrospective case series study was conducted on outpatients attended at the national reference service for filar ...200919738996
heritable factors play a major role in determining host responses to wuchereria bancrofti infection in an isolated south pacific island population.it is increasingly recognized that host genetic factors may play an important role in determining the outcome of filarial infections. to test this hypothesis in bancroftian lymphatic filariasis, pedigree data were collected twice during an 18-year period from an isolated polynesian population living on a pacific island where lymphatic filariasis is endemic.200919754310
a putative nuclear growth factor-like globular nematode specific protein.expressed sequence tags (ests) are an effective approach for discovery of novel genes. in the current study, approximately 250 ests of the cattle parasitic nematode setaria digitata were examined and a cdna clone identified whose coding sequence could not be functionally annotated by searching over publicly available genome, protein, est and sts databases. here, we report the extensive characterization of this orf (up) and its homologues using a bioinformatic approach. uncharacterized protein (s ...200919759810
an allele specific pcr assay for screening for drug resistance among wuchereria bancrofti populations in india.albendazole, a commonly used anthelminthic drug that targets the polymerization of alpha- and beta-tubulin dimer is currently co-administered with the antifilarial drug, diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec) in the ongoing global programme for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (gpelf). the experience in veterinary field has shown that there can be a rapid development of resistance to this drug, which therefore, needs to be monitored regularly in gpelf. hence, we investigated the nucleotide polymorp ...200919797818
a randomized trial of doxycycline for mansonella perstans infection.mansonella perstans infection is common in areas of africa where wuchereria bancrofti, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, is endemic. m. perstans is refractory to standard antifilarial therapies. the recent discovery of bacterial endosymbionts (e.g., wolbachia) in most filarial species, including m. perstans, provides new therapeutic options for reducing microfilaremia.200919812401
mansonella perstans--the importance of an endosymbiont. 200919812409
macrofilaricidal activity and amelioration of lymphatic pathology in bancroftian filariasis after 3 weeks of doxycycline followed by single-dose diethylcarbamazine.in a placebo controlled trial, the effects of 21- and 10-day doxycycline treatments (200 mg/day) followed by single dose diethylcarbamazine (administered 4 months post treatment) on depletion of wolbachia endobacteria from wuchereria bancrofti, filaricidal activity, and amerlioration of scrotal lymph vessel dilation were studied in 57 men from orissa, india. the 21-day doxycycline course reduced wolbachia in w. bancrofti by 94% before diethylcarbamazine administration. after 12 months, all patie ...200919815891
mosquito infection responses to developing filarial worms.human lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-vectored disease caused by the nematode parasites wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and brugia timori. these are relatively large roundworms that can cause considerable damage in compatible mosquito vectors. in order to assess how mosquitoes respond to infection in compatible mosquito-filarial worm associations, microarray analysis was used to evaluate transcriptome changes in aedes aegypti at various times during b. malayi development. changes in trans ...200919823571
filariasis and lymphoedema.among the causes of lymphoedema (le), secondary le due to filariasis is the most prevalent. it affects only a minority of the 120 million people infected with the causative organisms of lymphatic filariasis (lf), wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi/timori, but is clustered in families, indicating a genetic basis for development of this pathology. the majority of infected individuals develop filarial-specific immunosuppression that starts even before birth in cases where mothers are infected a ...200919825106
role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a major cause of acute and chronic morbidity in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world. the availability of safe, single-dose, drug treatment regimens capable of suppressing microfilaremia to very low levels, along with improvements in techniques for diagnosing infection, has resulted in the targeting of this major mosquito-borne disease for global elimination. the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (gpelf) was launched in 2000 with the princip ...200918798707
antigenemia in young children living in wuchereria bancrofti-endemic areas of orissa, india.the prevalence of filarial antigenemia (an indicator of adult worm burden) among 610 children, aged 3-15 years, was determined in three endemic villages of khurda district, orissa, india, during 2005. prevalence of antigenemia, detected using og4c3 circulating filarial antigen elisa, was 32.6% compared with 10% microfilaraemia. although the prevalence of antigenemia increased marginally with increase in age, no significant difference was observed among the children of different age groups (28.3% ...200918809193
a qpcr-based multiplex assay for the detection of wuchereria bancrofti, plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax dna.the purpose of this study was to develop real-time multiplex quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays for the simultaneous detection of wuchereria bancrofti (wb), plasmodium falciparum (pf) and p. vivax (pv) in mosquitoes. we optimized the assays with purified dna samples and then used these assays to test dna samples isolated from anopheles punctulatus mosquitoes collected in villages in papua new guinea where these infections are co-endemic. singleplex assays detected wb, pf and pv dna in 32%, 19% and 1 ...200918801545
activation and regulation of toll-like receptors (tlrs) by helminth parasites.helminth (worm) infections are major public health problems that have important socioeconomic consequences for the more than 2 billion infected individuals. chronicity (their hallmark) can lead to anemia (in hookworm infection), river blindness (onchcerciasis), cirrhosis (schistosomiasis), and elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis). although there have been many studies examining innate immune responses (including tlr expression and function) in response to intracellular pathogens, fewer have exam ...200918982454
micronutrient status indicators in individuals single- or double-infected with hiv and wuchereria bancrofti before and after dec treatment.to identify possible associations between selected micronutrient status indicators (serum ferritin, retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, and the acute phase reactant alpha-1 antichymotrypsin) and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or wuchereria bancrofti, and to assess the effect of the antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine (dec) on the micronutrient status indicators in individuals positive for one or both of the two infections.200919017312
lymphadenovarix of the head-neck region--a rare presentation of bancroftian filariasis.cystic swellings of the neck in children have limited differential diagnoses, often either lymphatic or vascular malformations. other cystic inflammations can be the result of tuberculous abscesses, suppurated lymph nodes and actinomycosis. microfilaria causing lmphadenovarix of head-neck region has not yet been described in the literature. a 10-year-old indian boy presented with an asymptomatic cystic neck mass of 8 months duration. aspiration of the swelling demonstrated numerous wuchereria ba ...200919095694
subperiodic, asymptomatic microfilaremia in an adult male from mysore: a nonendemic area.wuchereria bancrofti is found throughout tropics and subtropics like asia, pacific islands, africa, areas of south america and caribbean basin. in all these areas, except pacific islands, microfilaria occurs in the periodic form, in which case the microfilaria are found in large numbers in the peripheral blood during night. in the pacific islands, they occur in the subperiodic form, i.e., microfilaria are present in the peripheral blood at all times and reach the maximum level of parasitemia in ...200919136806
filaria control and elimination: diagnostic, monitoring and surveillance needs.gold standard diagnosis using blood films or skin snips has dimished relevance as mass drug distribution programmes for control of filaria infections expand. the view of 'diagnosis' and its relevance at the individual level has changed, as it has been recognised that the spectrum of programmatic processes (mapping, mass drug interventions, monitoring and evaluation, and surveillance) require different approaches as different questions are asked at each stage. the feasibility and relevance of ski ...200919181357
screening of different classes of proteases in microfilarial and adult stages of setaria cervi.many of the filarial proteases involved in critical physiological functions are expressed in stage-specific manner and belong to various mechanistic classes. setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite express different classes of proteases. this parasite shows strong antigenic cross-reactivity with human filarial parasites wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. somatic extracts of s. cervi microfilariae (mf) and adult stages as well as their excretory-secretory (es) products were screened for th ...200919184106
rapid detection of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi in mosquito vectors (diptera: culicidae) using a real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer multiplex pcr and melting curve analysis.we developed a single-step real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) merged with melting curve analysis for the detection of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi dna in blood-fed mosquitoes. real-time fret multiplex pcr is based on fluorescence melting curve analysis of a hybrid of amplicons generated from two families of repeated dna elements: the 188 bp sspi repeated sequence, specific to w. bancrofti, and the 153-bp hhai repeated seque ...200919198529
disseminated microfilaremia associated with lung cyst and empyema: an autopsy report.clinical manifestations of extralymphatic disease caused by filariasis are varied and range from symptoms due to tropical pulmonary eosinophilia to hematuria, proteinuria, splenomegaly, and rarely arthritis. disseminated microfilaremia in association with loculated lung cyst and empyema is of rare occurrence and to the best of our knowledge has not been documented in the literature so far. we report here a case of disseminated microfilaremia due to wuchereria bancrofti infection accompanied by a ...200919290091
ultrastructural analysis of microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti obtained from persistent carriers after repeated courses of diethylcarbamazine.single dose of diethylcarbamazine (dec) used in control programs is effective in breaking the transmission of filariasis. in order to investigate the effect of aggressive therapy on wuchereria bancrofti (wb) microfilariae, dec was given to 29 patients who were positive for the circulating filarial antigen (cfa) assay but did not have clinical manifestations of filariasis, at 6 mg/kg/day for 12 days and again six months later using the same dosing regimen. for each patient, microfilarial density ...200919359187
host melatonin secretion is a timing signal for the release of w. bancrofti microfilaria into the circulation.infection of the lymphatic system by wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria is the most common cause of elephantiasis, a disease that affects over 100 million people. the nightly release of microfilaria into the circulation coincides with the feeding activity of its mosquito vector, a synchronization that is presumably an evolutionary adaptation favoring survival and transmission of the parasite. during the daytime hours, the microfilaria are thought to be sequestered in the lungs, and because they a ...200919398280
assessing transmission of lymphatic filariasis using parasitologic, serologic, and entomologic tools after mass drug administration in american samoa.assessing the interruption of lymphatic filariasis transmission after annual mass drug administration (mda) requires a better understanding of how to interpret results obtained with the available diagnostic tools. we conducted parasitologic, serologic, and entomologic surveys in three villages in american samoa after sentinel site surveys suggested filarial antigen prevalence was < 1% after five annual mdas with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole. antigen and antifilarial antibody prevalence ran ...200919407122
xenomonitoring of wuchereria bancrofti and dirofilaria immitis infections in mosquitoes from american samoa: trapping considerations and a comparison of polymerase chain reaction assays with dissection.entomologic monitoring of filarial infections, xenomonitoring, may have advantages in certain epidemiologic situations to assess the presence of infections in humans. hemalum staining and dissection and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were compared to determine the filarial infection status of aedes (stegomyia) mosquitoes in american samoa. the overall prevalences of wuchereria bancrofti and dirofilaria immitis infections in ae. polynesiensis were, respectively, 0.16% and 1.06% by dissection and ...200919407123
a four-antigen mixture for rapid assessment of onchocerca volvulus infection.onchocerciasis, an infection caused by the filarial nematode onchocerca volvulus, is a major public health concern. given the debilitating symptoms associated with onchocerciasis and concerns about recrudescence in areas of previous onchocerciasis control, more efficient tools are needed for diagnosis and monitoring of control measures. we investigated whether luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (lips) may be used as a more rapid, specific, and standardized diagnostic assay for onchocerca vol ...200919436728
evidence for the exacerbation of lymphedema of geochemical origin, podoconiosis, by onchocerciasis.the study was conducted to investigate a variation in the distribution of endemic elephantiasis previously determined to be of geochemical origin in three neighbouring and essentially homogenous villages, bambili, bambui and finge of the bambui health district of nw cameroon. a total of 301 subjects were examined for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis in the area using standard procedures. the onchocercal microfilarial prevalence varied from 6.5% in bambili through 20.4% in bambui to 60.4% ...200920701883
wandering nematode in the vitreous cavity.bancroftian filariasis is focally endemic in egypt. there have been many reports of intraocular filariasis; the question of why one filarial nematode should cause ocular disease while another does not may be related to the behavior of the microfilaria and the location of the cross-reacting ocular antigen.200925390844
epidemiological, clinical and entomological observations on lymphatic filariasis in urban puri, orissa. 200819301704
filariasis: new drugs and new opportunities for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.chemotherapy against onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis has been discussed mainly within the framework of mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin and albendazole. although strong reductions in infection prevalence were achieved, the regimes for these drugs do not fully cover needs of individual patients who seek treatment because of symptoms. chemotherapy against filarial wolbachia endosymbionts with doxycycline showed higher antiparasitic efficacy in onchocerciasis and ...200818978537
susceptibility of various mosquitoes of thailand to nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti.ten different mosquito species representing five genera were allowed to feed on human blood containing microfilariae (5.5-6.5 mf/microl) of nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti from kanchanaburi province, thailand. aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes desmotes, downsiomyia species (=finlaya niveus group), culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles dirus a, an. maculatus, an. minimus, armigeres subalbatus, and mansonia uniformis were fed under laboratory conditions using an artificial membrane fee ...200819263851
subcutaneous dirofilariasis caused by dirofilaria repens diagnosed by histopathologic and polymerase chain reaction analysis.a 31-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug abuse presented with an inflamed subcutaneous nodule in his left thigh. the nodule measured up to 1.2 cm in largest diameter. under the clinical impression of an inflamed epidermal cyst or a subcutaneous abscess, surgical excision was performed. histopathologic examination of the nodule and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis revealed the presence of the helminth dirofilaria (d.) repens, a member of the family filarioidea. diro ...200819111148
identification of immune-responsive genes in the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus infected with the filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti.several antimicrobial/parasitic peptides are known to be upregulated in mosquitoes upon infection with parasites. the aim of this study was to identify immune-responsive genes in the vector mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) against the human lymphatic filarial parasite, wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae). suppression subtractive hybridization was performed using rna from filarial infected and non-infected mosquitoes to obtain differentially expresse ...200819120967
locomotor disability in bancroftian filarial lymphoedema patients.disability prevention in cases with lymphatic filarial disease has been a research priority in view of the current programme on global elimination of lymphatic filariasis. this is also important for estimation of disease burden, impact evaluation, developing strategy for morbidity management and rehabilitation for lymphoedema patients in the endemic countries. in this communication, we are presenting the results of quantification of functional limitations of lower extremities with lymphoedema ca ...200819127664
awareness of health personnel about lymphatic filariasis and mass drug administration in kerala state.the mass drug administration programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis with dec in kerala was started in 1997, extended to all the 11 endemic districts by 2005. since the beginning of mass drug administration, the drug consumption rate was found to be not satisfactory. the reasons for noncompliance indicated that the community is not fully convinced about the programme. the knowledge of the medical and para medical workers is certainly a factor in the success of implementation of the programme ...200819127667
microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti in cytologic smears: a report of 5 cases with unusual presentations.endemicity of filariasis in tropical countries calls for its high incidence. however, the disease is often overlooked or misdiagnosed because unusual presentations. as a result the patients are often subjected to numerous investigations before a definitive diagnosis is made.200819068676
lymfasim, a simulation model for predicting the impact of lymphatic filariasis control: quantification for african villages.lymfasim is a simulation model for lymphatic filariasis transmission and control. we quantified its parameters to simulate wuchereria bancrofti transmission by anopheles mosquitoes in african villages, using a wide variety of reported data. the developed model captures the general epidemiological patterns, but also the differences between communities. it was calibrated to represent the relationship between mosquito biting rate and the prevalence of microfilariae (mf) in the human population, the ...200819006602
rt-pcr assay for the detection of infective (l3) larvae of lymphatic filarial parasite, wuchereria bancrofti, in vector mosquito culex quinquefasciatus.periodic monitoring of vector population for infection and infectivity rates is central to the evaluation of the filariasis elimination strategies in endemic areas to monitor the success of mda and also to establish endpoints for intervention. the main objective of this study was to develop a rt-pcr assay, based on l3 stage-specific primers to detect the presence of infective stage larvae of filarial parasite, wuchereria bancrofti in the vector culex quinquefasciatus.200818807377
expression of defensin, cecropin, and transferrin in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) infected with wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae), and the abnormal development of nematodes in the mosquito.the temporal expression of defensin, cecropin and transferrin was assessed in aedes aegypti naturally refractory to wuchereria bancrofti upon infection with this worm, in parallel to analysis of filarial development in the insect. compared to controls, transcription of defensin and cecropin was higher in infected mosquitoes as soon as 2h post infection and peaked before 48h. transferrin transcription was higher in infected mosquitoes at 24h, and at 48h was almost leveled to controls. at 72h and ...200818809401
manson's triple error.the author discusses the significance, implications and limitations of manson's work. how did patrick manson resolve some of the major problems raised by the filarial worm life cycle? the amoy physician showed that circulating embryos could only leave the blood via the percutaneous route, thereby requiring a bloodsucking insect. the discovery of a new autonomous, airborne, active host undoubtedly had a considerable impact on the history of parasitology, but the way in which manson formulated and ...200818814729
cytological diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis in lesions clinically anticipated as neoplastic.filariasis is a common disabling parasitic disease in this region and cytological diagnosis is often not required. cytology has important role in diagnosis of sub-clinical filariasis. most cases of cytologically diagnosed filariasis are clinically unanticipated. microfilaria, ova and fragments of adult worm of wuchereria bancrofti, in exfoliative as well as aspiration cytology have been reported and are useful in cytological detection of bancroftian filariasis. microfilaria is frequently detecte ...200818828433
antifilarial lead molecules isolated from trachyspermum ammi.lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with the parasitic filarial nematodes wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and b. timori, transmitted by mosquitoes. the lack of an adulticidal drug poses a challenge to filariasis elimination, hence it is essential to develop an effective antifilarial drug which could either kill or permanently sterilize the adult worms. in the reported work the in vitro activity of a methanolic extract of fruits of trachyspermum ammi (apiaceae) against adult bovine fi ...200818830147
filarial/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in urban southern india.the disease course of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is often altered by existing or newly acquired coinfections. treatment or prevention of these concomitant infections often improves the quality and duration of life of hiv-infected persons. the impact of helminth infections on infections with hiv is less clear. however, hiv is frequently most problematic in areas where helminth infections are common. in advance of the widespread distribution of drugs for elimination of lymphatic filariasis ...200818840744
absence of wolbachia endobacteria in the non-filariid nematodes angiostrongylus cantonensis and a. costaricensis.abstract: the majority of filarial nematodes harbour wolbachia endobacteria, including the major pathogenic species in humans, onchocerca volvulus, brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti. these obligate endosymbionts have never been demonstrated unequivocally in any non-filariid nematode. however, a recent report described the detection by pcr of wolbachia in the metastrongylid nematode, angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm), a leading cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans. to address ...200818801163
mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in papua new guinea: changes in microfilaremia, filarial antigen, and bm14 antibody after cessation.laboratory tools to monitor infection burden are important to evaluate progress and determine endpoints in programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. we evaluated changes in wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria, filarial antigen and bm14 antibody in individuals who participated in a five-year mass drug administration trial in papua new guinea. comparing values before treatment and one year after four annual treatments, the proportion of microfilaria positive individuals declined to the greatest de ...200818256431
purification and characterization of a leucine aminopeptidase from the bovine filarial parasite setaria cervi.using synthetic peptide substrate leu-p-na, leucine aminopeptidase (lap) activity was detected in both microfilarial and adult stages of a bovine filarial parasite setaria cervi. a single protein fraction containing lap activity was purified from the adult female s. cervi using three different chromatographic techniques. this purified enzyme was shown to be a 321 kda zinc dependent metalloexopeptidase having maximum activity at ph 9.0 and 37 degrees c. its activity was significantly inhibited by ...200818262499
probability risk transmission matrix as a decision tool for assessing methods of transmission interruption of wuchereria bancrofti infection.lymphatic filariasis continues to cause severe morbidity and economic loss. the world health assembly (wha) has passed a resolution to eliminate this disease by 2020. the major thrust of the elimination strategy is interrupting transmission by anti-parasitic treatment of entire communities. however, both vector density and community microfilaria load (cmfl) influence the intensity of transmission. therefore, using a logistic regression approach a relationship has been established between the ris ...200817579929
comment on: co-infection with subclinical hiv and wuchereria bancrofti, and the role of malaria and hookworms, in adult tanzanians: infection intensities, cd4/cd8 counts and cytokine responses. 200817945321
identification and cloning of a novel tetraspanin (tsp) homologue from brugia malayi.this is the first report of a tetraspanin (tsp)-like molecule in the lymphatic filarial parasites. expressed sequence tag (est) database search for tsp like molecules in the filarial genome resulted in three significant est hits (two partial ests from brugia malayi and one full length est from wuchereria bancrofti). the full length gene cloned from b. malayi showed significant similarity to caenorhabditis elegans tsp and human tsp and hence the gene was named b. malayi tsp (bmtsp). subsequent ge ...200817852334
actin protein up-regulated upon infection and development of the filarial parasite, wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae), in the vector mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).detection and identification of humoral proteins, which are up-regulated in culex quinquefasciatus upon infection by wuchereria bancrofti, is important in tracing out the biochemical consequences of the filarial parasite development in the vector mosquito. analysis of the haemolymph of infected mosquitoes through sds-page and rp-hplc showed up-regulation of five proteins of molecular weights 40, 66, 22, 14, and 7-kda. among these, only the 40-kda was unknown and the others were comparable with t ...200817931628
molecular evidence for apoptosis in microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti induced by diethylcarbamazine.apoptosis, a programmed cell death, is characterized by chromatin condensation, numerous vacuoles, reduction in cell volume, and endonuclease cleavage dna degradation detected in gel electrophoresis as nucleosomal ladder. here we report that diethylcarbamazine induces dna fragmentation in microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti revealed by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction and by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp nick end-labeling at the light and electron trans ...200818497999
an unusual presentation of filariasis: a case report.filariasis and its consequences are a major health problem in tropical countries, including the indian subcontinent. despite its high incidence, it is unusual to find microfilaria in fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) smears. we present a case of subcutaneous firm to cystic swelling, aspiration of which revealed a large number of microfilaria.200818499995
nature limits filarial transmission.abstract: lymphatic filariasis, caused by wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and b. timori is a public health problem of considerable magnitude of the tropics and subtropics. presently 1.3 billion people are at risk of lymphatic filariasis (lf) infection and about 120 million people are affected in 83 countries. in this context it is worth mentioning that 'nature' itself limits filarial transmission to a great extent in a number of ways such as by reducing vector populations, parasitic load and ...200818500974
distribution of filarial elephantiasis and hydrocele in matara district, sri lanka, as reported by local leaders, and an immunological survey in areas with relatively high clinical rates.to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by means of mass drug administration, it is essential to have reliable data on the disease distribution and prevalence in targeted areas. in matara district, sri lanka, self-administered questionnaires were mailed to 2105 local leaders questioning the presence and the numbers of elephantiasis and hydrocele cases. the information provided by them revealed that elephantiasis was clearly aggregated in the southern part of the district along the coast, while hydroce ...200818508407
rapid, novel, specific, high-throughput assay for diagnosis of loa loa infection.the ability to diagnose loa loa infection readily and accurately remains a demanding task. among the available diagnostic methods, many are impractical for point-of-care field testing. to investigate whether luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (lips) can be used for rapid and specific diagnosis of l. loa infection, a lips assay was developed based on immunoglobulin g (igg) and igg4 subclass antibodies to a recombinant l. loa sxp-1 (designated llsxp-1) antigen and tested with sera from healthy ...200818508942
impact of five annual rounds of mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on wuchereria bancrofti infection in american samoa.american samoa began a territory-wide mass drug administration (mda) program with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in 2000 after baseline surveys indicated that 16.5% of 2,989 residents were infected with wuchereria bancrofti based on tests for circulating filarial antigen. follow-up surveys were conducted in 2001, 2003, and 2006, using convenience samples of residents of sentinel villages. antigenemia prevalence in 2001 (11.5%) and 2003 (13.5%) showed no change. after the 2003 sentinel assess ...200818541771
preliminary observations on fluids incubated with wuchereria bancrofti using the immunochromatographic test.to assess the performance of the immunochromatographic test for filariasis, adult wuchereria bancrofti worms were incubated under different conditions. the tests were strongly positive with incubation fluids from both living and mechanically damaged females. negative results were observed with incubation fluids from all male worms and from intact dead females.200818545848
[workshop to evaluate the epidemiologic situation of lymphatic filariasis in the municipality of belém, pará, northern brazil]. 200818545849
impact of two rounds of mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole on wuchereria bancrofti infection and the sensitivity of immunochromatographic test in malindi, kenya.annual single-dose mass treatment of endemic populations with a combination of either diethylcarbamazine (dec) or ivermectin plus albendazole is recommended as the mainstay of lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes. we evaluated the impact of two rounds of annual mass drug administration (mda) of dec and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in a pilot elimination programme in an endemic area of kenya. overall prevalence of microfilaraemia decreased by 65.4%, whereas community microfilarial ...200818550135
usage of personal-protection measures against mosquitoes and the low prevalences of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia in the indian city of chennai.the usage of personal-protection measures against mosquitoes and the prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia were assessed in different areas of the city of chennai, a large urban area in southern india. most of the households investigated (75% to 92%, depending on socio-economic status) used some form of personal protection (such as mosquito coils, vaporizing mats and liquids and mosquito nets). the study households spent a mean (s.d.) of 109.45 (141.65) indian rupees/month on person ...200818577330
inferring the phylogenetic position of brugia pahangi using 18s ribosomal rna (18s rrna) gene sequence.this paper presents the first reported use of 18s rrna gene sequence to determine the phylogeny of brugia pahangi. the 18s rrna nucleotide sequence of a malaysian b. pahangi isolate was obtained by pcr cloning and sequencing. the sequence was compared with 18s rrna sequences of other nematodes, including those of some filarial nematodes. multiple alignment and homology analysis suggest that b. pahangi is closely related to b. malayi and wuchereria bancrofti. phylogenetic trees constructed using ...200818600209
giant penoscrotal filariasis.a 42 year old male individual having a hugely distended scrotum and barely perceptible penis, unable to maintain his livelihood on account of his handicap and socially withdrawn for the fear of humiliation, got admitted into the surgery department of mymensingh medical college hospital in august 5, 2007. the person had been carrying the so called curse for the last four years. on the basis of clinical, serological and haematological examinations, diagnosis was established as lymphatic filariasis ...200818626459
genetic heterogeneity of wuchereria bancrofti populations at spatially hierarchical levels in pondicherry and surrounding areas, south india.lymphatic filariasis (lf), caused by wuchereria bancrofti is widely distributed in areas of india with variable geoclimatic factors. these factors, coupled with chemotherapeutic pressure exerted for past half a century may have influenced the genetic structure of the parasite populations. a complex genetic structure of parasite populations will have major consequences to the on-going global lf elimination programme. hence, it is of interest to understand the genetic heterogeneity of w. bancrofti ...200818634904
parasites of urological importance.with the world increasingly becoming a global village, transnational and transcontinental migration has become the order of the day. it is expected that migrants will take with them some diseases (including parasites) which are normally endemic in their countries of origin, to their host countries. similarly, environmental changes that result from development of water resources, global warming, growth and migration of population can facilitate the spread of parasites. in this review we describe ...200818645264
molecular technique utilising sputum for detecting wuchereria bancrofti infections in malindi, kenya.lymphatic filariasis is a tropical parasitic disease which has been identified for elimination by 2020 through mass drugs administration. there is a major problem in its diagnosis and sensitive surveillance methods for monitoring the disease elimination programs need to be sought.200818663884
effect of single to triple dose dec on microfilaremics up to 5 years.a 5-year study was conducted with 200 selected microfilaremic subjects bearing mean microfilarial density (mmd) of 11.6 from 16 small foothill villages around susunia hill, bankura, west bengal during june 2001 to may 2002. all of them were treated with a single dose (6 mg/kg body weight) to triple dose diethylcarbamazine (dec). on day 180, 365, 730, 1,095, 1,460, and 1,825, recurrence of microfilaremia were 0.0%, 6.0%, 15.5% (6 + 9.5), 27% (15.5 + 11.5), 42% (27 + 15), and 49% (42 + 7), respect ...200818677655
[ bancroftian lymphatic filariasis: toward its elimination from the pacific?].the region of the pacific is historically affected by lymphatic filariasis (lf). following the world health assembly resolution in 1997, the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (gpelf) was launched. in the pacific, the world health organization (who) has implemented from 1999, the pacific program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (pacelf) bringing together the 22 countries and territories, in a common effort to eliminate the disease. the strategy is based on mass drug administration ...200818681220
sensitivity of the immunochromatographic card test relative to detection of adult wuchereria bancrofti worms by ultrasound.the diagnosis of active infection in bancroftian filariasis continues to pose an important and continuously evolving challenge to filariasis-endemic countries and to health personnel. sensitivity of the immunochromatographic card test (ict) relative to detection of adult wuchereria bancrofti worms by ultrasound was evaluated in a retrospective study conducted in the center for teaching, research and tertiary referral hospital for bancroftian filariasis (federal university of pernambuco) in recif ...200818187781
elephantiasis nostras verrucosa or "mossy foot lesions" in lymphedema praecox: report of a case.elephantiasis nostras verrucosa is a rare disorder that results from chronic obstructive lymphedema. it is characterized clinically by deforming, nonpitting edema; malodorous hyperkeratosis with generalized lichenification; cobblestoned papules; and verrucous changes, that often result in extreme enlargement of the involved body part. although elephantiasis nostras verrucosa is striking in clinical appearance, biopsy reveals only moderately abnormal findings: pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia wi ...200818202337
transmission dynamics of diurnally subperiodic lymphatic filariasis transmitted by ochlerotatus (finlaya) niveus in the andaman & nicobar islands.in india diurnally subperiodic filariasis is prevalent only in the nicobar district of andaman and nicobar islands, with significant health problem. sample surveys indicated that this form of filariasis is restricted to a small region of nancowry group of islands with ochlerotatus niveus as the vector. we therefore carried out a comprehensive study to assess the transmission dynamics of lf in teressa island in nicobar district in view of its control and evaluation of interventions.200818316851
genetic variability of diurnally sub-periodic wuchereria bancrofti in nicobarese tribe of nicobar group of islands, andaman and nicobar islands, india.sub-periodic form of wuchereria bancrofti occurs in several well-isolated islands of nicobar group of islands of andaman nicobar archipelago, india, presenting an interesting situation to study the genetic variability of its population. microfilariae collected from 40 microfilaria (mf) carriers residing in eight locations on five islands (five carriers from each locality) were studied for genetic variability by generating random-amplified polymorphic dna profiles. phylognetic analysis of the pro ...200818320222
rapid detection of brugia malayi in mosquito vectors using a real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer pcr and melting curve analysis.we developed real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) combined with melting curve analysis for detection of brugia malayi dna in blood-fed mosquitoes. real-time fret pcr is based on a fluorescence melting curve analysis of hybrid formed between amplicons generated from a family of repeated dna element, 153-bp hhai repeated sequence, specific to genus brugia and specific fluorophore-labeled probes. the b. malayi-infected mosquitoes were differentiate ...200818337351
sex ratio of wuchereria bancrofti in surgical specimens from an endemic area of brazil.the sex ratio of adult wuchereria bancrofti from 172 histologically diagnosed cases of lymphatic filariasis, all from an endemic area of recife, in north-eastern brazil, was investigated. of 172 tissue specimens examined, 74 (43%) were lymph nodes and 98 (57%) lymphatic-vessel segments. the morphology of the worms was generally disrupted, in some cases to the point where the worms were almost completely absorbed by the granulomatous inflammatory response. parasite gender was clearly determined i ...200818348777
an analysis of genetic diversity and inbreeding in wuchereria bancrofti: implications for the spread and detection of drug resistance.estimates of genetic diversity in helminth infections of humans often have to rely on genotyping (immature) parasite transmission stages instead of adult worms. here we analyse the results of one such study investigating a single polymorphic locus (a change at position 200 of the beta-tubulin gene) in microfilariae of the lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti. the presence of this genetic change has been implicated in benzimidazole resistance in parasitic nematodes of farmed ruminants ...200818382607
bancroftian filariasis in charleston, south carolina: the medical history of a forgotten and abhorred disease. 200818396600
immunoepidemiology of wuchereria bancrofti infection in two east african communities: antibodies to the microfilarial sheath and their role in regulating host microfilaraemia.the response pattern of specific antibodies to the microfilarial sheath (sheath-ab) of the mosquito-borne filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti was investigated in individuals from two east african communities with different levels of endemicity. individuals from both communities presented a strong inverse relationship between positivity for sheath-ab and being positive for microfilariae (mf) and circulating filarial antigens (cfa). the prevalence of sheath-ab positivity was highest in young in ...200818452886
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