Publications

ascorbic acid stimulation of production of a highly branched ,beta-1,3-glucan by aureobasidium pullulans k-1--oxalic acid, a metabolite of ascorbic acid as the stimulating substance.	the production of a highly branched beta-1,3-glucan by aureobasidium pullulans k-1 in czapek's medium has been found to be stimulated by ascorbic acid. when the culture supernatant, after removal of polysaccharide from the culture filtrate by ethanol precipitation, was concentrated, then added to a new medium and this strain was cultured in the medium, the polysaccharide production was stimulated the same as when l-ascorbic acid was added to the medium. the stimulating substance was partially pu ...	2000	11055380
automated image analysis of live/dead staining of the fungus aureobasidium pullulans on microscope slides and leaf surfaces.	an image analysis program and protocol for the identification and enumeration of live versus dead cells of the yeast-like fungus aureobasidium pullulans was developed for both populations on microscope slides and leaf surfaces. live cells took up celltracker blue, while nonviable cells stained with dead red. image analysis macro programs running under optimas software were used to acquire images and to differentiate and enumerate viable from nonviable cells. the software was capable of discrimin ...	2000	11056819
exopolysaccharide production by entrapped cells of the fungus aureobasidium pullulans atcc 201253.	the production of the exopolysaccharide pullulan using entrapped cells of the fungus aureobasidium pullulans atcc 201253 was investigated. fungal cells entrapped in agarose or carrageenan were capable of elaborating pullulan for 2 production cycles. those fungal cells entrapped in carrangeenan were more productive than the agarose-immobilized cells during the initial cycle while the reverse was true during the second production cycle. the agarose-entrapped cells synthesized polysaccharide with a ...	2000	11199502
characterizing the mechanism of biological control of postharvest diseases on fruits with a simple method to study competition for nutrients.	abstract biocontrol agents may compete with pathogens for nutrients and space to delay or prevent decay of fruits after harvest. these mechanisms of biological control have been difficult to study because no method has been available to determine the significance of each of the components of competition. we developed a nondestructive method using tissue culture plates with cylinder inserts containing defusing membrane at one end to study competition for nutrients without competition for space. o ...	2000	18944420
quantitative imaging and statistical analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) of aureobasidium pullulans.	image and multifactorial statistical analyses were used to evaluate the intensity of fluorescence signal from cells of three strains of a. pullulans and one strain of rhodosporidium toruloides, as an outgroup, hybridized with either a universal or an a. pullulans 18s rrna oligonucleotide probe in direct or indirect fish reactions. in general, type of fixation (paraformaldehyde or methanol-acetic acid) had no apparent effect on cell integrity and minimal impact on fluorescence. permeabilization b ...	1999	10192042
modification of the carbohydrate composition of sulfite pulp by purified and characterized beta-xylanase and beta-xylosidase of aureobasidium pullulans.	both beta-xylanase and beta-xylosidase were purified to homogeneity from a xylose-grown culture of aureobasidium pullulans. cellular distribution studies of enzyme activities revealed that beta-xylanase was an extracellular enzyme, during both the exponential and stationary phases, whereas beta-xylosidase was mostly periplasmic associated. the beta-xylanase exhibited very high specificity for xylan extracted from eucalyptus grandis dissolving pulp, whereas the beta-xylosidase was only active on ...	1999	10194394
intra-specific diversity of aureobasidium pullulans strains isolated from rocks and other habitats assessed by physiological methods and by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd).	intra-specific diversity of aureobasidium pullulans strains isolated from environmental sources and from stones was studied by assessment of morphological, biochemical and physiological characters as well as random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) using microsatellite or minisatellite dna primers (gtg)5, (gaca)4, m13. the results showed that both classical and molecular techniques evidenced a phenotypic and genetic diversity of analysed a. pullulans strains. a different behaviour was observed in ...	1999	10353803
unique molecular conformation of aureobasidin a, a highly amide n-methylated cyclic depsipeptide with potent antifungal activity: x-ray crystal structure and molecular modeling studies.	a structural feature of aureobasidins, cyclic depsipeptide antibiotics produced by aureobasidium pullulans r106, is the n-methylation of four out of seven amide bonds. in order to investigate possible relationship between the molecular conformation and the amide n-methylation, aureobasidin a (aba), which exhibits the potent antifungal activity, was subjected to x-ray crystal analysis. the crystal, recrystallized from ether (orthorhombic, space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 21.643 (3) a, b = 49.865(10 ...	1999	10424343
plasticizers increase adhesion of the deteriogenic fungus aureobasidium pullulans to polyvinyl chloride.	initial adhesion of fungi to plasticized polyvinyl chloride (ppvc) may determine subsequent colonization and biodeterioration processes. the deteriogenic fungus aureobasidium pullulans was used to investigate the physicochemical nature of adhesion to both unplasticized pvc (upvc) and ppvc containing the plasticizers dioctyl phthalate (dop) and dioctyl adipate (doa). a quantitative adhesion assay using image analysis identified fundamental differences in the mechanism of adhesion of a. pullulans ...	1999	10427051
pullulan production from deproteinized whey by aureobasidium pullulans.	the production of pullulan from deproteinized whey by aureobasidium pullulans p56 was investigated using an adaptation technique and a mixed culture system. the adaptation of a. pullulans and the mixed cultures of a. pullulans and/or lactobacillus brevisx20, debaryomyces hansenii 194 and aspergillus niger did not increase the production of polysaccharide. enzymic hydrolysis of lactose in deproteinized whey gave a higher polysaccharide concentration and polysaccharide yield than acidic hydrolysed ...	1999	10455488
effect of nitrogen source on pullulan production by aureobasidium pullulans grown in a batch bioreactor.	pullulan production by aureobasidium pullulans atcc 201253 using selected nitrogen sources was studied in a medium using corn syrup as a carbon source. independent of the corn syrup concentration present, the use of corn steep liquor or hydrolysed soy protein as a nitrogen source instead of ammonium sulphate did not elevate polysaccharide production by atcc 201253 cells grown in an aerated, batch bioreactor containing 4 litres of medium. pullulan production on corn steep liquor or hydrolysed soy ...	1999	10581727
biosynthesis of novel exopolymers by aureobasidium pullulans.	aureobasidium pullulans atcc 42023 was cultured under aerobic conditions with glucose, mannose, and glucose analogs as energy sources. the exopolymer extracts produced under these conditions were composed of glucose and mannose. the molar ratio of glucose to mannose in the exopolymer extract and the molecular weight of the exopolymer varied depending on the energy source and culture time. the glucose content of exopolymer extracts formed with glucose and mannose as the carbon sources was between ...	1999	10583975
regulated expression of green fluorescent protein under the control of aureobasidium pullulans xylanase gene xyna.	a mutant form of the jellyfish cdna encoding green fluorescent protein (gfp) was fused to the promoter of the aureobasidium pullulans xylanase gene xyna and the expression vector pxynegfp was introduced into a. pullulans. in a manner consistent with regulation of the native xyna gene, gfp activity was induced by xylose and repressed by glucose. the marker may be useful for monitoring populations of a. pullulans in situ and for identifying transcriptional control elements of xyna.	1999	10585539
effect of the shear rate on pullulan production from beet molasses by aureobasidium pullulans in an airlift reactor.	the effect of the shear rate on pullulan production from beet molasses by aureobasidium pullulans p56 in an airlift reactor was investigated. a maximum polysaccharide concentration (18.5 g/l), biomass dry weight (14.0 g/l), polysaccharide yield (38.5%), and sugar utilization (96%) was achieved at a shear rate of 42 s(-1). a. pullulans grown on beet molasses produced a mixture of pullulan and other polysaccharides. the highest value of pullulan proportion (30% of total polysaccharide) was obtaine ...	1999	15304678
a comparative study on pb2+ accumulation between saccharomyces cerevisiae and aureobasidium pullulans by sem (scanning electron microscopy) and edx (energy dispersive x-ray) analyses.	scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analyses were carried out in a comparative investigation of pb(2+) accumulation in saccharomyces cerevisiae and aureobasidium pullulans. in s. cerevisiae, the time required to reach an equilibrium state was shortened from 100 h to 1 h as the initial pb(2+) concentration decreased from 96.5 mg/l to 16.0 mg/l, whereas the time was almost independent of initial pb(2+) concentration in a. pullulans. concomitant with the pb(2+) accumulation, th ...	1999	16232436
purification and characterization of a novel thermostable alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase from a color-variant strain of aureobasidium pullulans.	a color-variant strain of aureobasidium pullulans (nrrl y-12974) produced alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-l-afase) when grown in liquid culture on oat spelt xylan. an extracellular alpha-l-afase was purified 215-fold to homogeneity from the culture supernatant by ammonium sulfate treatment, deae bio-gel a agarose column chromatography, gel filtration on a bio-gel a-0.5m column, arabinan-sepharose 6b affinity chromatography, and sp-sephadex c-50 column chromatography. the purified enzyme had a ...	1998	9435077
three new metabolites from the marine yeast aureobasidium pullulans	two new diketopiperazines (1 and 2) with a d-cis-4-hydroxyproline residue, and orcinotriol (3), a new 1,3-dihydroxyphenol derivative, were isolated from cultured broth of the yeast aureobasidium pullulans, which was isolated from an okinawan marine sponge. the structures of the compounds, including their absolute stereochemistries, were determined by spectroscopic data and chemical means.	1998	9599283
fungitoxicity of chemical analogs with heartwood toxins.	trans-stilbene and tropolone as chemical analogs with naturally occurring fungitoxic heartwood compounds were studied with respect to their fungitoxic potency. while stilbene showed no fungitoxic activity towards the fungi aureobasidium pullulans var. melanogenum, penicillium glabrum, and trichoderma harzianum in the concentrations tested, the minimal inhibiting concentration of tropolone was 10(-3) m for penicillium glabrum and trichoderma harzianum, and 10(-5) m for aureobasidium pullulans var ...	1998	9625794
fatal hormonema dematioides peritonitis in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: criteria for organism identification and review of other known fungal etiologic agents.	we report a fatal case a fungal peritonitis caused by the yeast-like dematiaceous mould hormonema dematioides in a 45-year-old woman. the woman had a 13-year history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and had been on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure. h. dematioides was repeatedly isolated from the dialysate culture specimens collected on days 3, 9, 16, and 20 of her hospital stay. preliminary culture reports on day 7 of the growth of a yeast-like fungus, a ...	1998	9650991
modelling of simultaneous production of polygalacturonase and exopolysaccharide by aureobasidium pullulans athum 2915.	the polymorphic fungus aureobasidium pullulans athum 2915, produced significant quantities of extracellular polygalacturonase and polysaccharide when grown, under controlled conditions, in liquid medium with pectin and glucose as carbon sources and nitrogen source as limited factor. growth, substrate consumption and products formation were simulated by a structured mathematical model, which was compared with the experimental data from batch culture in a chemostat. this model was applied successf ...	1998	9717573
contribution to the synthesis of aureobasidin a. synthesis of cyclopeptolides containing the sequence leucyl-n-methyl-beta-hydroxyvalyl-(2r)-oxy-(3r)-methyl-pentanoi c acid.	the efficient antimycotic agent aureobasidin a, isolated from the culture broth of aureobasidium pullulans r 106, and the [(r)-pro9]-aureobasidin a were prepared starting from benzyl n-boc-n-methyl-(s)-beta-triethylsiloxyvalinate, the synthesis of which is described here. the easy accessibility of the tripeptolide benzyl boc-leucyl-n-methyl-beta-hydroxyvalyl-(2r)-oxy-(3r)-methylpentanoa te [boc-leu-homeval-(r)-hmp-obn] facilitates the construction of the cyclopeptolides 28, 34, 45 and 47. the pe ...	1998	9727871
effect of carbon source on production of alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase by aureobasidium pullulans	a color-variant strain of aureobasidium pullulans (nrrl y-12974) produced alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-l-afase) when grown in liquid culture on sugar beet arabinan, wheat arabinoxylan, l-arabinose, l-arabitol, xylose, xylitol, oat spelt xylan, corn fiber, or arabinogalactan. l-arabinose was most effective for production of both whole-broth and extracellular alpha-l-afase activity, followed by l-arabitol. oat spelt xylan, sugar beet arabinan, xylose, xylitol, and wheat arabinoxylan were int ...	1998	9767714
[contribution of the allergy clinic to occupational asthma and allergic alveolitis].	among the contributions of the allergy unit the following premier descriptions are to be mentioned particularly: humidifier fever, detergent enzymes, penicillium as cause of cheesewasher's asthma, rennet, wax moth, aureobasidium pullulans in cooling lubricant as cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a hard metal grinder, pectinase, amylase, pepsin, indigenous bat, edible boletus. starting with these and other occupational illnesses elucidated and described by the allergy unit, the importance ...	1998	9816925
disaccharides permeases: constituents of xylanolytic and mannanolytic systems of aureobasidium pullulans.	aureobasidium pullulans, a yeast-like microorganism was found to produce mannobiose permease and xylobiose permease, transporting beta-1,4-mannobiose or beta-1,4-xylobiose into the cells from extracellular media. both permeases are induced by the same inducers as the corresponding hemicellulolytic enzyme systems. mannobiose permease is induced by beta-1,4-mannobiose or is formed in the cells growing on mannan (inducers of beta-mannanolytic enzymes) and xylobiose permease is induced by d-xylose, ...	1998	9838219
chronic septal panniculitis caused by phaeohyphomycosis.	panniculitis is caused by a heterogeneous group of clinical entities that tend to manifest themselves as erythematous-violaceous subcutaneous nodules on the legs. in addition to associations with rheumatic diseases including vasculitis, its causes may include various infections. the microorganisms most commonly involved are bacteria and fungi. among the latter, candida sp,, nocardia sp., sporotrichosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, cromomycosis, and inter alia, have been described. we present ...	1998	19078331
control of postharvest pathogens and colonization of the apple surface by antagonistic microorganisms in the field.	abstract selected isolates of aureobasidium pullulans, rhodotorula glutinis, and bacillus subtilis reduced the size and number of lesions on wounded apples caused by the postharvest pathogens penicillium expansum, botrytis cinerea, and pezicula malicorticis. combinations of the antagonistic microorganisms were applied to apple trees in the field late in the growing season of two consecutive years. the population dynamics of the introduced microorganisms and the incidence of fruit decay were dete ...	1997	18945006
interaction of four antagonistic fungi with botrytis aclada in dead onion leaves: a comparative microscopic and ultrastructural study.	abstract the colonization of dead onion leaves by botrytis aclada and the fungal antagonists aureobasidium pullulans, chaetomium globosum, glio-cladium catenulatum, and ulocladium atrum and the interactions between b. aclada and each of the four antagonists were studied at the microscopic and ultrastructural level. this approach was used in an attempt to understand the colonization pattern of these fungi and the nature of the biocontrol activity of the antagonists that have shown a potential to ...	1997	18945082
chromoblastomycosis produced by aureobasidium pullulans in an immunosuppressed patient.		1997	9158428
the stereospecificity of hydrogen transfer to nad(p)+ catalyzed by lactol dehydrogenases.	the stereochemistry of hydrogen transfer to nad(p)+ has been determined for five lactol dehydrogenases. it was found that d-glucose dehydrogenases from bacillus megaterium and cryptococcus uniguttulatus and l-rhamnose dehydrogenase from aureobasidium pullulans are pro-s (b) specific, while d-glucose dehydrogenase from thermoplasma acidophilum and d-xylose dehydrogenase from procine liver are pro-r (a) specific. the latter two enzymes are the first examples of a-specific dehydrogenases oxidizing ...	1997	9168914
safety studies of a novel starch, pullulan: chronic toxicity in rats and bacterial mutagenicity.	this study was designed to assess the potential toxicity of pullulan, a starch-like substance produced by aureobasidium pullulans that is proposed for use as a texturizer for meat and meat substitutes and as a flavour substrate. sprague-dawley rats (15/sex/group) were administered pullulan as a dietary admixture at levels of 1, 5 and 10% for a period of 62 wk. control animals (15/sex) received untreated standard laboratory diet. the feeding study, originally intended to continue for 24 months, w ...	1997	9207894
mold spectrum of four cereal brands of the german crop 1995.	the concentration of extracellular polysaccharides (eps) of 80 cereal grain samples of the german harvest 1995 was investigated. in addition to this, the total as well as the inherent mycoflora of two winter wheat and two winter rye brands which showed the highest eps-concentration was detected on maltsalt agar (nacl 5%). surface disinfection with 1% naocl for the determination of the internal mycoflora caused a significant reduction in number and kind of fungi. however, the mycoflora of all sam ...	1997	9232848
peritonitis by aureobasidium pullulans in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.		1997	9249816
quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization of aureobasidium pullulans on microscope slides and leaf surfaces.	a 21-mer oligonucleotide probe designated ap665, directed at the 18s rrna of aureobasidium pullulans and labelled with five molecules of fluorescein isothiocyanate, was applied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to populations of the fungus on slides and apple leaves from growth chamber seedlings and orchard trees. in specificity tests that included ap665 and a similarly labelled universal probe and the respective complementary probes as controls, the hybridization signal was strong fo ...	1997	9251214
seasonal occurrence of yeasts and yeast-like organisms in the river danube.	one hundred and seventy yeast strains belonging to 14 genera and 29 species were isolated from 112 water samples of the river danube in the area of bratislava. the samples were collected through the year from april to march. saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida maltosa, aureobasidium pullulans, cystofilobasidium capitatum, rhodotorula glutinis, geotrichum candidum, and candida krusei were the most frequent. the basidiomycetous yeasts and yeast-like organisms with oxidative metabolism were present i ...	1997	9298185
a new variety of aureobasidium pullulans characterized by exopolysaccharide structure, nutritional physiology and molecular features.	the black yeast aureobasidium pullulans (de bary) arnaud is known to synthesize the exopolysaccharide pullulan, a poly-alpha-1,6-maltotriose. nine strains were found to produce additional aubasidan-like eps, i.e. glucans with alpha-1,4-d-, beta-1,6-d- and beta-1,3-d-glycosidic bonds. these strains had previously been found to deviate in genotypic characters. additional physiological differences were found: the optimal nitrogen source for exopolysaccharide production in liquid medium was nano3 fo ...	1997	9298193
expression of green fluorescent protein in aureobasidium pullulans and quantification of the fungus on leaf surfaces.	a red-shifted, mutated form of the jelly-fish green fluorescent protein (gfp) under control of a tef promoter was expressed at high levels in the filamentous fungus aureobasidium pullulans. in the three transformants studied, all morphotypes of the fungus, including pigmented chlamydospores, expressed gfp and fluoresced brightly. confocal microscopy showed that the intra-cellular distribution of gfp was nonuniform. when applied to leaf surfaces, the transformants were readily visible and amenabl ...	1997	9343693
[amylase production by aureobasidium pullulans in liquid and solid media].	amylase production by a strain of aureobasidium pullulans isolated in the laboratory was evaluated in liquid media (complex and synthetic) and in solid medium (wheat bran). there was an inhibitory effect in amylase production or amylase secretion by glucose. asparagine was the best nitrogen source for amylase production (4-6 g/l). only chlamidospores and melanin but not, amylase activity, were obtained with ammonium sulfate. amylase production in solid culture was higher than the production obta ...	1997	9411486
freeze-drying of some strains of biotechnological interest (aureobasidium pullulans).	optimal freeze-drying conditions for aureobasidium pullulans were investigated. protective substances were used to compensate for the stress reported during freezing (gelatin, calf serum) and desiccation (saccharose, raffinose, trehalose), used in different combinations.	1997	9558979
[studies on the antimould activity of compound tbz and its application in paint].	the compound tbz is a new antimould agent, which contains mainly [2-(4-thiazolyl) benzoimidazole (tbz)], ethanoic acid and propionic acid. it was shown in laboratory experiment that the compound tbz had excellent mycostatic effect on all the 10 fungi tested with 70% of the mycostatic zones larger than 6.0 cm. it had obvious inhibitary activity on alternaria nees and aureobasidium pullulans isolated from mouldy wall. in laboratory condition the surface of fibreboard painted with compound tbz did ...	1997	10325606
formation of di-isodityrosine and loss of isodityrosine in the cell walls of tomato cell-suspension cultures treated with fungal elicitors or h2o2.	about 84% of the hydroxyproline residues in a cell culture of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum x lycopersicon peruvianum) were present in phenol-inextractable (i.e. covalently wall-bound) material. treatment of the cells with any of three fungal elicitors (wall fragments from phytophthora megasperma and pythium aphanidermatum and xylanase from aureobasidium pullulans) or with 1 mm h2o2 had little effect on the quantity of phenolinextractable hydroxyproline per milligram of freeze-dried cells. how ...	1997	12223793
expression of aureobasidium pullulans xyna in, and secretion of the xylanase from, saccharomyces cerevisiae.	a previous report dealt with the cloning in escherichia coli and sequencing of both the cdna and genomic dna encoding a highly active xylanase (xyna) of aureobasidium pullulans (x.-l. li and l. g. ljungdahl, appl. environ. microbiol. 60:3160-3166, 1994). now we show that the gene was expressed in saccharomyces cerevisiae under the gal1 promoter in pyes2 and that its product was secreted into the culture medium. s. cerevisiae clone pce4 with the whole open reading frame of xyna, including the par ...	1996	8572698
peritoneal catheter colonization and peritonitis with aureobasidium pullulans.		1996	8616189
development of an oligonucleotide probe for aureobasidium pullulans based on the small-subunit rrna gene.	aureobasidium pullulans, a cosmopolitan yeast-like fungus, colonizes leaf surfaces and has potential as a biocontrol agent of pathogens. to assess the feasibility of rrna as a target for a. pullulans-specific oligonucleotide probes, we compared the nucleotide sequences of the small-subunit rrna (18s) genes of 12 geographically diverse a. pullulans strains. extreme sequence conservation was observed. the consensus a. pullulans sequence was compared with other fungal sequences to identify potentia ...	1996	8633850
aur1, a novel gene conferring aureobasidin resistance on saccharomyces cerevisiae: a study of defective morphologies in aur1p-depleted cells.	aureobasidin a (aba), a cyclic depsipeptide produced by aureobasidium pullulans r106, is highly toxic to fungi including saccharomyces cerevisiae. we isolated several dominant mutants of s. cerevisiae which are resistant to more than 25 micrograms/ml of aba. from a genomic library of one such aur1 mutant, the aur1r (for aureobasidin resistant) mutant gene was isolated as a gene that confers resistance to aba on wild-type cells. its nucleotide sequence showed that the predicted polypeptide is a h ...	1996	8668135
precursor directed biosynthesis of aureobasidins.	the antifungal antibiotic aureobasidin a (aba) is a cyclic depsipeptide composed of eight amino acids and a hydroxy acid. new ab analogs were produced by feeding various amino acids to aureobasidium pullulans r 106 c-712 in a chemically-defined medium containing glucose and ammonium sulfate. the constituent amino acids of aba at positions 3 (l-phenylalanine), 4 (n-methyl-l-phenylalanine), 5 (l-proline), 6 (l-allo-isoleucine) and 8 (l-leucine) were replaced by respective analogous amino acids suc ...	1996	8784430
structural characterization and solution properties of an acidic branched (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan from aureobasidium pullulans.	an acidic exopolysaccharide was isolated from a selected strain of aureobasidium pullulans. on the basis of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques, the polymer was identified as a beta-d-glucan containing a main chain of (1-->3)-linked beta-d-glucopy-ranosyl units substituted at the o-6 position by single beta-d-glucopyranosyl side chains. the ratio of units in the main chain to units in the side chain was found to be 1.4:1. the ionic character of this exopolysaccharide is due to the prese ...	1996	8910055
[a boy highly suspected of hypersensitivity pneumonitis characterized by generalized mucosal lesions].	the case is a boy who developed progressive dyspnea and had since been followed over a long period time as a case of unknown fever without respiratory symptoms. he showed mucosal symptoms such as intraoral aphtha, eosinophilic pyuria and diarrhea and was clinically diagnosed as hypersensitivity pneumonitis. the affected child showed high levels of circulating immune complex, a decline in dlco on the respiratory function test and a decrease in cd 4/8 in bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes; further ...	1996	8952322
fungal melanins and their interactions with metals.	fungal melanins are dark brown or black pigments located in cell walls. they also exist as extracellular polymers. melanized fungi possess increased virulence and resistance to microbial attack as well as enhanced survival while under environmental stress. melanins contain various functional groups which provide an array of multiple nonequivalent binding sites for metal ions. pigmented cladosporium cladosporoides was shown to biosorb 2.5- to four-fold more ni, cu, zn, cd, and pb than albino peni ...	1996	8987489
enumeration of bacterial and yeast colonists of apple fruits and identification of epiphytic yeasts on pear fruits in the pacific northwest united states.	a procedure for the isolation of diverse culturable microflora for the estimation of the population size of yeasts and bacteria on the surface of pome fruits is described. maximum numbers of morphologically distinct colonies of both yeasts and bacteria were recovered from apple fruit surfaces when fruits were shaken for 5 min in sterile phosphate buffer plus tween, sonicated for 5 min, and aliquots of the buffer plated onto diluted yeast malt agar and diluted nutrient broth agar, respectively. t ...	1996	9022303
production of extracellular beta-mannanases by yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms.	a new screening method for simultaneous detection of endo-beta-1,4-mannanase and endo-beta-1,4-xylanase producing microorganisms is described. two differently dyed substrates ostazin brilliant red-galactomannan and remazol brilliant blue-xylan were incorporated into the same agar media. decolorizing of one or both substrates around the cell colonies indicates secretion of the corresponding enzyme(s). the method was used to screen 449 yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms belonging to 68 different ...	1996	9090823
pullulan production by aureobasidium pullulans grown on ethanol stillage as a nitrogen source.	pullulan production by aureobasidium pullulans strain rp-1 using thin stillage from fuel ethanol production as a nitrogen source was studied in a medium using corn syrup as a carbon source. the use of 1% thin stillage as a nitrogen source instead of ammonium sulphate elevated polysaccharide production by strain rp-1 cells when grown on a concentration of up to 7.5% corn syrup, independent of yeast extract supplementation. dry weights of cells grown in medium containing ammonium sulphate as the n ...	1996	9121381
a self-tuning vision system for monitoring biotechnological processes: i. application to production of pullulan by aureobasidium pullulans.	a prototype of a self-tuning vision system (stvs) has been developed to monitor cell population in fermentations. the stvs combines classical image processing techniques, neural networks and fuzzy logic technologies. by combining these technologies the stvs is able to analyze sampled images of the culture. the proposed system can be "tailored" with minimum effort by an expert who can "teach" the system to recognize cells by showing examples of different morphologies. after adaptation, the stvs i ...	1996	18629813
yeasts and yeast-like organisms isolated from fish-pond waters.	fifteen genera and 29 yeast species were found in the water of three fish-ponds located in the area of the lowland zahorie (slovakia). the fish-ponds were sampled in summer and autumn. aureobasidium, sporobolomyces, candida, and cryptococcus species occurred the most frequently. the composition of yeast species was more heterogeneous in summer than in autumn, but the number of yeasts observed in autumn was 5.5 times higher than those isolated in summer. some species of the genus candida, hyphopi ...	1995	8906934
integrative and replicative genetic transformation of aureobasidium pullulans.	a hybrid selectable marker for transformation was constructed by placing the promoter (tef1p) from the gene encoding the aureobasidium pullulans translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) adjacent to the 5' end of the escherichia coli hygromycin b phosphotransferase gene (hpt). plasmids containing this hybrid gene (tef1p/hpt) transformed a. pullulans strain r106 to a hygromycin b-resistant (hmbr) phenotype. a pcr-generated dna fragment consisting of the tef1p/hpt resistance marker flanked by 4 ...	1995	8595660
phylogenetic analysis of ten black yeast species using nuclear small subunit rrna gene sequences.	the nuclear small subunit rrna genes of authentic strains of the black yeasts exophiala dermatitidis, wangiella dermatitidis, sarcinomyces phaemuriformis, capronia mansonii, nadsoniella nigra var. hesuelica, phaeoannellomyces elegans, phaeococcomyces exophialae, exophiala jeanselmei var. jeanselmei and e. castellanii were amplified by pcr and directly sequenced. a putative secondary structure of the nuclear small subunit rrna of exophiala dermatitidis was predicted from the sequence data. alignm ...	1995	8526477
intraspecific variability and exopolysaccharide production in aureobasidium pullulans.	forty seven strains of the black yeasts, aureobasidium pullulans and hormonema dematioides, and the type strain of hormonema macrosporum were examined using pcr-ribotyping and universally primed pcr with subsequent hybridization. four groups (populations) were distinguished within a. pullulans with pcr-ribotyping, which largely coincided with up-pcr/hybridization groups. the up-pcr technique revealed a greater degree of heterogeneity between the groups studied. five strains identified as hormone ...	1995	8526482
cloning and characterization of the gene encoding translation elongation factor 1 alpha from aureobasidium pullulans.	the gene (tef1) encoding translation elongation factor 1 alpha from the dimorphic fungus aureobasidium pullulans (ap) strain r106 has been cloned using candida albicans tef1 as a heterologous hybridization probe. electrophoretic molecular karyotype/hybridization analysis of ap revealed eight chromosomal bands and suggested that tef1 resides on chromosome vi. comparison of the genomic dna sequence with the cdna sequence of tef1 verified the presence of three introns, the first one occurring five ...	1995	7557396
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis complicated by aureobasidium pullulans peritonitis.	we describe a case of peritonitis caused by aureobasidium pullulans in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). this dematiaceous fungus rarely causes infection in humans and to date has not been reported as an etiology of capd-associated peritonitis. the patient was managed successfully with peritoneal catheter removal and a prolonged course of intravenous amphotericin b, allowing resumption of capd. in vitro susceptibility testing confirmed sensitivity of this organism to ...	1995	7573197
killer activity of yeasts isolated from the water environment.	the killer activity of 46 strains belonging to 12 yeast and yeast-like species isolated from water or sediment samples was studied. only two strains of the genus cryptococcus did not show killer activity. killer activity of yeast-like species aureobasidium pullulans, hyphopichia burtonii and geotrichum candidum, and yeast species candida krusei and candida lambica was low. sporobolomyces salmonicolor, cryptococcus laurentii and cryptococcus albidus had better activity against basidiomycetous tha ...	1995	7585352
comparison of biomass dry weights and radial growth rates of fungal colonies on media solidified with different gelling compounds.	penicillium commune, aureobasidium pullulans, and paecilomyces farinosus were grown on two different media solidified with agar, pluronic f-127, carrageenan x-4910, or carrageenan x-4910 overlaid with cellophane. growth on carrageenan x-4910 was generally the same as that on agar, as was the visual appearance of the colonies, e.g., the pigmentation. the carrageenan x-4910 gels had a melting point, depending on the medium, of 41 to 46(deg)c, and the dry weights of the colonies were readily determ ...	1995	16535179
production, purification, and properties of a thermostable beta-glucosidase from a color variant strain of aureobasidium pullulans.	a color variant strain of aureobasidium pullulans (nrrl y-12974) produced beta-glucosidase activity when grown in liquid culture on a variety of carbon sources, such as cellobiose, xylose, arabinose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, glucose, xylitol, xylan, cellulose, starch, and pullulan. an extracellular beta-glucosidase was purified 129-fold to homogeneity from the cell-free culture broth of the organism grown on corn bran. the purification protocol included ammonium sulfate treatment, cm bio-gel a ...	1994	16349415
antitumor activities and immunochemical properties of the cell-wall polysaccharides from aureobasidium pullulans.	delipidated cell walls from aureobasidium pullulans were fractionated systematically. the cell surface heteropolysaccharide contains d-mannose, d-galactose, d-glucose, and d-glucuronic acid (ratio, 8.5:3.9:1.0:1.0). it consists of a backbone of (1-->6)-alpha-linked d-mannose residues, some of which are substituted at 0-3 with single or beta-(1-->6)-linked d-galactofuranosyl side chains, some terminated with a d-glucuronic acid residue, and also with single residues of d-glucopyranose, d-galactop ...	1994	7765709
studies on the condition of fermentation of pullulan by aureobasidium pullulans.	studies on optimal conditions for pullulan fermentation based on the results obtained from a shaking flask were carried out in a 16-l auto-controlling fermentor. it found that the optimal de value of starch hydrolyzate was 40-50 when 10% starch hydrolysate was used as carbon source. the optimal concentration of ammonium sulfate in the medium for fermentation was different from that of the shaking flask. the fermentation kinetics and effects of seed age, seed volume, airflow rate, pressure of tan ...	1994	7780025
[the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in the polluted environment of the labedy district in gliwice].	this study was undertaken to find relationships between the degree of bacteriological contamination with qualitative composition of potentially pathogenic keratinolytic fungal population in soil, sediment and air samples from the labedy district in gliwice (poland). the examined soil samples were characterized by the predominance of botryotrichum piluliferum, chrysosporium anamorph of arthroderma curreyi, myceliophthora anamorph of ctenomyces serratus, chrysosporium pannicola and trichphyton aje ...	1994	7792523
cloning, sequencing, and regulation of a xylanase gene from the fungus aureobasidium pullulans y-2311-1.		1994	7811105
prevalence of fungal corneal ulcers in northern india.	fungal corneal ulcer is common in india due to the tropical climate and a large agrarian population that is at risk. various factors such as trauma, the injudicious use of topical antibiotics and corticosteroids are involved. many of the age and sex-related risk factors also play a minor role. this 6-year study from northern india revealed that fungi were detected in 61 (8.4%) out of 730 patients investigated. direct microscopy was positive in 51 (7%) and culture in 53 (7.3%) patients. aspergill ...	1994	7927819
cloning, sequencing, and regulation of a xylanase gene from the fungus aureobasidium pullulans y-2311-1.	aureobasidium pullulans y-2311-1 growing on xylan secretes four major xylanases with different masses and isoelectric points. two of these enzymes, named apx-i and apx-ii, have been purified previously. their n-terminal amino acid sequences are identical except that apx-i has asp and apx-ii has asn at position 7. an 83-bp dna region was amplified by pcr and used as a probe for the xylanase gene cloning. the longest cdna (xyna) obtained by cdna cloning and pcr amplification consisted of 895 bp. a ...	1994	7944361
conidiogenesis, nutritional physiology and taxonomy of aureobasidium and hormonema.	diagnostic criteria for the distinction of the slightly osmophilic species, aureobasidium pullulans, and the opportunistic pathogen on conifers, hormonema dematiodies, are provided. reliable identification requires a combination of characters of conidiogenesis, expansion growth and assimilative abilities. relationships with species of kabatiella, and with the teleomorph genera pringsheimia, dothidea and dothiora, all having dothiora, all having hormonemia-like cultural states, are discussed. an ...	1994	8060123
yeast communities of the cactus pilosocereus arrabidae and associated insects in the sandy coastal plains of southeastern brazil.	the yeast communities from necrotic tissues, decaying flowers and fruits, and from larval feeding sites of the moth sigelgaita sp. in the cactus pilosocereus arrabidae were surveyed in three restinga ecosystems in southeastern brazil. insects associated with these substrates were sampled to verify the vectoring of yeasts. the cactus pilosocereus arrabidae was shown to have four different yeast communities associated with it. necrotic stems had a diverse yeast community with the prevalent species ...	1994	8060124
production of antibacterial compounds by phylloplane-inhabiting yeasts and yeastlike fungi.	the production of antibacterial compounds by yeasts and yeastlike fungi isolated from the phylloplane is reported. aureobasidium pullulans, citeromyces matritensis, cryptococcus laurentii, rhodotorula glutinis, and sporobolomyces roseus produced antibacterial compounds inhibitory to both pseudomonas fluorescens and staphylococcus aureus in an overlay bioassay. in contrast, isolates of candida albicans, filobasidium uniguttulatum, saccharomyces cerevisiae, torulaspora delbruckii, tremella foliace ...	1994	8161185
polysaccharide production by aureobasidium pullulans: factors affecting polysaccharide formation.	aureobasidium pullulans nrrl 6220 synthesized polysaccharide most actively in media containing sucrose, fructose or maltose with (nh4)2so4 (0.6 g/l) or ammonium acetate giving greatest yields of the polysaccharide. with (nh4)2so4 at ≥1.2 g/l, production of polysaccharide was decreased considerably. polysaccharide production was highest with an initial ph of 6.5 while biomass formation was better below an initial ph of 5.5. optimum phosphate concentration for polysaccharide production was 0.03 m.	1994	24421090
β-xylanase production by aureobasidium pullulans grown on sugars agricultural residues.	aureobasidium pullulans grew well in media containing glucose, fructose, xylan or xylose but β-xylanase was only produced with xylan or xylose. lactose and maltose were poor substrates for growth. β-xylanase production was repressed in media containing glucose or fructose along with xylose. agricultural residues, such as wheat bran, paddy husk and rice straw, could be used as carbon sources for growth and β-xylanase production of aureobasidium pullulans. tween 80 at 0.5% (v/v) increased the yiel ...	1993	24420115
isolation, structures, and antifungal activities of new aureobasidins.	aureobasidins are a group of cyclic depsipeptides with antifungal activity and are produced by aureobasidium pullulans. aureobasidins are composed of eight amino acids and one hydroxy acid such as 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid (hmp), and highly lipophilic. five new aureobasidins, s1, s2a, s2b, s3 and s4, which have higher hydrophilicity in reversed phase hplc than the known aureobasidins a-r, were discovered in a fermentation broth of a. pullulans r106 by means of on-line liquid chromatograph ...	1993	8226313
purification and characterization of a new xylanase (apx-ii) from the fungus aureobasidium pullulans y-2311-1.	aureobasidium pullulans y-2311-1 produced four major xylanases (ec 3.2.1.8) with pi values of 4.0, 7.3, 7.9, and 9.4 as revealed by isoelectric focusing and zymogram analysis when grown for 4 days on 1.0% oat spelt xylan. the enzyme with a pi of 9.4 was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on a deae-sephadex a-50 column, and gel filtration with a sephadex g-75 column. the enzyme had a mass of about 25 kda as determined by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel elect ...	1993	8250548
yeasts and coliform bacteria of water accumulated in bromeliads of mangrove and sand dune ecosystems of southeast brazil.	yeasts and coliform bacteria were isolated from water that accumulated in the central cups and adjacent leaf axilae of two bromeliads, neoregelia cruenta of a coastal sand dune and quesnelia quesneliana of a mangrove ecosystem near the city of rio de janeiro, brazil. the mean total coliform counts were above 10,000 per 100 ml for waters of both plants, but the mean fecal coliform counts were only 74 per 100 ml for q. quesneliana and mostly undetected in water from n. cruenta. of 90 fecal colifor ...	1993	8261333
the existence of a dispensable fibrillar layer on the wall surface of mycelial but not yeast cells of aureobasidium pullulans.	wall surface ultrastructure of aureobasidium pullulans was studied by freeze-etching. yeast cells had a smooth wall surface as in typical yeast species. mycelial cells and chlamydospores had an extra layer on the wall surface made mostly of fibrils. the fibrils were 20 nm in diameter, and thicker than typical major fungal wall skeletal fibrils of beta-glucan and chitin. this layer was apparently easily detached from the wall proper, presumably as a result of enzymic activity or by physical means ...	1993	8405925
aureobasidium pullulans septicemia.		1993	8443324
influence of zn2+ on yeast-mycelium dimorphism and exopolysaccharide production by the fungus aureobasidium pullulans grown in a defined medium in continuous culture.	the yeast-mycelium dimorphism of aureobasidium pullulans was studied in continuous culture in a defined medium. at a constant dilution rate (0.08 h-1) the morphological status of the culture could be controlled by the input concentration of zn2+. as the input concentration of zn2+ was increased (in intervals from 0 to 7.6 microm) the culture shifted from a zinc-limited to a carbon-limited state. in this interval the culture gradually passed through three growth regimes based on morphology and co ...	1993	8126433
survey of bovine mycotic mastitis in dairy herds in the state of são paulo, brazil.	the purpose of this study was to isolate fungi from the quarter milk of cow udders from several dairy herds and to identify the different genera and species involved in mastitis. a total of 2078 milk samples from normal, clinical and subclinical mastitis quarters from 22 dairy herds of 16 districts in the state of são paulo, brazil was utilized in this survey. two hundred and fifty one (12.07%) fungi were isolated from the samples. two hundred and eight of these (82.86%) were yeasts and 30 (11.9 ...	1993	8159214
improvement of performance for cross-flow membrane filtration of pullulan broth.	to improve the performance of cross-flow membrane filtration of pullulan broth from aureobasidium pullulans, the effect of the cultivation conditions was examined. in particular, the sucrose concentration in the medium was changed over a wide range. by decreasing the sucrose concentration the distribution of morphology of the microbial cells in the broth changed; the yeast-like form became predominant and, as a result, the specific resistance of the microbial cake was lowered. when the broth was ...	1993	7763547
characteristics of cross-flow filtration of pullulan broth.	cross-flow filtration of culture broth from aureobasidium pullulans, which elaborates pullulan, was done with a thin channel-type module and microfiltration membranes made of different materials and with different pore sizes. various factors affecting the results of the filtration were studied. the specific resistance of the microbial cake was found to be higher than that of bakers' yeast, the cells of which are about the same size as an a. pullulans cell, and resistance increased with cultivati ...	1993	7763548
characterization of a monoclonal antibody (p40) against the 68 kd major allergen of penicillium notatum.	a monoclonal antibody (moab p40) against the 68 kd major allergen of penicillium notatum (p. notatum) was obtained by immunizing the mouse with a crude extract of p. notatum. analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, p40 reacted with two different isoforms of the 68 kd component of p. notatum with pis of 5.4 and 5.5. in addition to p. notatum, p40 showed positive elisa activity to aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) but not to components of six other fungi including al ...	1992	1377093
increased prevalence of igg-induced sensitization and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (humidifier lung) in nonsmokers exposed to aerosols of a contaminated air conditioner.	specific igg antibodies against antigens of a contaminated air conditioner were estimated in serum of 134 workers of a printing company. altogether 64% of the workers investigated revealed significantly elevated levels (> 3 u/ml) of igg antibodies specific to these antigens as compared to a nonexposed control group. the occurrence of igg antibodies for microbial extracts were 25% for fusarium, 23% for penicillium notatum, 13% for alternaria tenuis, 12% for aureobasidium pullulans, 9% for sphaero ...	1992	1485005
pharmacological profile of hs-142-1, a novel nonpeptide atrial natriuretic peptide antagonist of microbial origin. i. selective inhibition of the actions of natriuretic peptides in anesthetized rats.	hs-142-1, a novel polysaccharide, isolated from the culture broth of aureobasidium pullulans var. melanigenum, has been found to inhibit selectively the binding of [125i]atrial natriuretic peptide (anp) to the guanylyl cyclase-linked anp receptor (anp-b receptor) and production of cyclic gmp by anp. the effect of this compound on renal and vascular actions evoked by exogenously administered natriuretic peptides was examined in anesthetized rats. the increase in urine flow and in the urinary excr ...	1992	1346647
flow injection analysis with immobilized enzymes for process control of pullulan production by fermentation.	a flow injection system is described for the parallel determination of pullulan and glucose during a fermentation of the fungus aureobasidium pullulans. the polysaccharide was hydrolyzed by pullulanase and amyloglucosidase, immobilized to controlled-pore glass (cpg). the glucose produced was oxidized by glucose dehydrogenase and the nadh formed determined photometrically. the pullulan concentration was calculated from the difference to the response obtained for free glucose. the calibration curv ...	1992	1368197
isolation of new aureobasidium strains that produce high-molecular-weight pullulan with reduced pigmentation.	new isolates of aureobasidium pullulans were obtained from plant leaf surfaces gathered in san diego county. the new fungal isolates were identified as a. pullulans on the basis of the appearance of polymorphic colonies formed on agar plates, the electrophoretic profiles of repeated genomic dna sequences, and the production of pullulan in shake flask cultures. the isolates showed different degrees of pigmentation. one of the natural isolates was nonpigmented under mock production conditions in l ...	1992	16348676
the interaction of xylanases with commercial pulps.	when purified xylanases from trichoderma harzianum e58 or from a clone of bacillus circulans were incubated with various low-yield wood pulps, little of the original enzyme activity could be detected in the filtrate at the end of the reaction. partial bleaching of the pulps prior to enzymatic treatment generally resulted in an increased recovery of the xylanase activity. it appears that both nonspecific adsorption and soluble inhibitors may be responsible for the loss of much of the xylanase act ...	1991	18597365
genetic transformation of aureobasidium pullulans.	aureobasidium pullulans strain y117 was transformed to hygromycin resistance using plasmid pdh33, which contains the bacterial hygromycin b phosphotransferase gene (hph) fused to promoter elements of the aspergillus niger glucoamylase gene (glaa). southern hybridizations of transformants revealed multiple, integrated copies of the vector. the glaa promoter was not induced by starch in a. pullulans as it is in a. niger; however, the transcriptional start points were the same in both species.	1991	1369347
effect of surface sterilization, fumigation and gamma irradiation on the microflora and germination of barley seeds.	sodium hypochlorite (naocl) and mercuric chloride (hgcl2) surface sterilization, methyl bromide and propylene oxide fumigation and gamma irradiation treatments were compared for their effectiveness in killing microorganisms on or within barley seeds. surface sterilization with 12.5, 25 or 50% (v/v) naocl for 5, 15 or 30 min, decreased fusarium spp., epicoccum purpurascens, and bacillus spp. but did not kill alternaria alternata. however, surface sterilization with 0.1 or 0.2% (w/v) hgcl2 for 3 m ...	1991	1863528
silver tolerance and accumulation in yeasts.	debaryomyces hansenii (ncyc 459 and strain 75-21), candida albicans (3153a), saccharomyces cerevisiae (x2180-1b), rhodotorula rubra (ncyc 797) and aureobasidium pullulans (imi 45533 and atcc 42371) were grown on solid medium supplemented with varying concentrations of agno3. although ag+ is highly toxic towards yeasts, growth on solid media was still possible at ag concentrations of 1-2 mm. further subculture on higher ag concentrations (up to 5 mm) resulted in elevated tolerance. the extent of ...	1991	1878280
aureobasidins, new antifungal antibiotics. taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, and properties.	aureobasidins a to r were isolated from the fermentation broth of aureobasidium pullulans r106. aureobasidins are cyclic depsipeptide antibiotics with mw's ranging from 1.070 to 1,148. aureobasidins showed high in vitro antifungal activity against candida albicans.	1991	1938613
structure of aureobasidin a.	aureobasidin a, a new antifungal antibiotic, was isolated from the culture medium of aureobasidium pullulans r106. aureobasidin a was a cyclic depsipeptide consisting of eight alpha-amino acid units and one hydroxy acid unit. the structures of the units were found by acid hydrolysis of the antibiotic to be 2(r)-hydroxy-3(r)-methylpentanoic acid, beta-hydroxy-n-methyl-l-valine, n-methyl-l-valine, l-proline, allo-l-isoleucine, n-methyl-l-phenylalanine, l-leucine, and l-phenyl-alanine. the sequence ...	1991	1938614
the characteristics of aureobasidium pullulans fermentation process.	the fermentation kinetics, rheological property and oxygen mass transfer coefficient were studied for the fermentation process of aureobasidium pullulans. a mathematical kinetic model based on the logistic equation and luedeking-piret model has been established with the experimental results. the rheology of the fermentation broth behaves as pseudoplastic non-newtonian fluid. the oxygen mass transfer coefficient decreases during the fermentation process, an exponential equation has been postulate ...	1990	2132130
cross-reactivity among antigens of different air-borne fungi detected by elisa using five monoclonal antibodies against penicillium notatum.	cross-reactivity among antigens of 12 genera of air-borne fungi, 13 species of penicillium, and 5 species of aspergillus was studied by elisa using five monoclonal antibodies (moabs) against penicillium notatum. epitopes recognized by all the five moabs were susceptible to treatment of mild periodate oxidation and may therefore be associated with carbohydrates. furthermore, our results showed that there is cross-reactivity among antigens of penicillium, aspergillus, and eurotium species. by usin ...	1990	2178052
enhancement and stabilization of the production of glucoamylase by immobilized cells of aureobasidium pullulans in a fluidized-bed reactor.	glucoamylase production by aureobasidium pullulans a-124 was compared in free-living cells, cells immobilized in calcium alginate gel beads aerated on a rotary shaker (agitation rate 150 rpm), and immobilized cells aerated in an air bubble column reactor. fermentation conditions in the bioreactor were established for bead concentration, substrate (starch) concentration, calcium chloride addition to the fermentation medium, and rate of aeration. production of glucoamylase was optimized at approxi ...	1990	1366744
effect of simulated acid rain on quantity of epiphytic microfungi on scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) needles.	the effects of simulated acid rain on the phyllosphere microflora of pine (pinus sylvestris l.) were studied experimentally in northern finland during the summer of 1988. trees were irrigated with artificial acid rain of ph4 and ph3 (h(2)so(4) and hno(3), weight ratio of s:n=2.86:1). untreated trees and trees irrigated with spring water (ph6) were used as controls. two sampling heights (0.5m and 2m) were used. the needles were colonized exclusively by epiphytic fungi, mainly aureobasidium pullul ...	1990	15092206
production of amylases by yeasts.	yeasts (228) isolated for natural habitats were screened for their ability to produce amylases in semisolid medium of wheat bran. strains of aureobasidium pullulans, candida famata, and candida kefyr showed high enzymatic activity for a-amylase, glucoamylase, and debranching enzyme. key words: aureobasidium, candida, amylolytic yeasts, a-amylase, glucoamylase.	1990	22049934
the influence of pre-treatment, temperature and calcium ions on trace element uptake by an alga (scenedesmus pannonicus subsp. berlin) and fungus (aureobasidium pullulans).	experiments were carried out in order to obtain information on the uptake characteristics of metals in the algal and fungal components of lichens. the uptake of (115)cd, (65)zn, (64)cu, (140)la, (187)w and (76)as in the alga scenedesmus pannonicus, subsp. berlin and the fungus aureobasidium pullulans was determined at ph 7 and 5 respectively, in 4 h experiments varying with respect to temperature and ca(2+) solution concentrations. furthermore, the effects of pre-rinsing the cell suspensions on ...	1989	24243108
production of exopolysaccharide pullulan from inulin by a mixed culture of aureobasidium pullulans and kluyveromyces fragilis.		1989	18587852
biosynthesis of pullulan using immobilized aureobasidium pullulans cells.	immobilization of aureobasidium pullulans by adsorption on solid supports and entrapment in open pore polyurethane foam were attempted. by adsorption, the highest cell loading of 0.012-0.018 g dry wt/cm(2) support was obtained in ph 2.0 medium. under this acidic condition, the net surface charges (zeta potentials) of both the cells and supports were close to zero and no pullulan was synthesized. cationic coatings of cytodex and polyethylenimine were not efficient in enhancing the binding strengt ...	1989	18587918