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[endocarditis due to candida glabrata on a prosthetic valve]. 201622542877
pyruvate production in candida glabrata: manipulation and optimization of physiological function.candida glabrata, a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast, can accumulate a large amount of pyruvate extracellularly using glucose as the carbon source, a characteristic that has facilitated the cost-effective biotechnological production of pyruvate on an industrial scale. in this review, we describe the current advances in further improving the performance of c. glabrata for efficient pyruvate production, which includes: optimization of the vitamin and dissolved oxygen concentrations, regulation of i ...201623883073
a patient with interstitial lung disease secondary to dermatomyositis: a case report and review of the literature.we describe the case of a man with known dermatomyositis who presented with a dry cough and who early after admission rapidly evolved to respiratory insufficiency. based on pathological and radiological findings, the diagnosis of diffuse alveolar damage was made. postmortem examination also revealed infection with yeast, torulopsis glabrata. polymyositis (pm) and dermatomyositis (dm) are both auto-immune diseases, which are characterised by the presence of auto-antibodies and tissue-inflammation ...201624156232
evaluation of polymorphic locus sequence typing for candida glabrata epidemiology.the opportunistic yeast candida glabratais increasingly refractory to antifungal treatment or prophylaxis and relatedly is increasingly implicated in health care-associated infections. to elucidate the epidemiology of these infections, strain typing is required. sequence-based typing provides multiple advantages over length-based methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge); however, conventional multilocus sequence typing (targeting 6 conserved loci) and whole-genome sequencing are ...201626842706
epidemiology and microbiologic characterization of nosocomial candidemia from a brazilian national surveillance program.candidemia is a growing problem in hospitals all over the world. despite advances in the medical support of critically ill patients, candidiasis leads to prolonged hospitalization, and has a crude mortality rate around 50%. we conducted a multicenter surveillance study in 16 hospitals distributed across five regions of brazil to assess the incidence, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, and risk factors for bloodstream infections due to candida species. from june 2007 to march 2010, ...201626808778
a murine model of candida glabrata vaginitis shows no evidence of an inflammatory immunopathogenic response.candida glabrata is the second most common organism isolated from women with vulvovaginal candidiasis (vvc), particularly in women with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. however, mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of c. glabrata-associated vvc are unknown and have not been studied at any depth in animal models. the objective of this study was to evaluate host responses to infection following efforts to optimize a murine model of c. glabrata vvc. for this, various designs were evaluated for co ...201626807975
echinocandin resistance and population structure of invasive candida glabrata isolates from two university hospitals in germany and austria.echinocandin resistance in candida glabrata is emerging and is associated with the presence of fks mutations. in this study, we analysed the antifungal susceptibility, presence of fks mutations and clonality of c. glabrata blood culture isolates from two hospitals in germany and austria. susceptibility testing of 64 c. glabrata bloodstream isolates from two university hospitals was performed with broth microdilution method according to eucast. in addition, all isolates were screened for fks muta ...201626806376
editorial: candida glabrata, the other yeast pathogen. 201626802101
biocatalytic reduction of racemic 2-arenoxycycloalkanones by yeasts p. glucozyma and c. glabrata: one way of achieving chiral 2-arenoxycycloalcohols.chiral β-aryloxy alcohols are interesting building blocks that form part of drugs like β adrenergic antagonists. acquiring cyclic rigid analogs to obtain more selective drugs is interesting. thus, we used whole cells of yeast strains pichia glucozyma and candida glabrata to catalyze the reduction of several 2-arenoxycycloalkanones to produce chiral 2-arenoxycycloalcohols with good/excellent enantioselectivity. in both cases, the alcohol configuration that resulted from the carbonyl group reducti ...201626754816
metagenomics analysis of microbial communities associated with a traditional rice wine starter culture (xaj-pitha) of assam, india.this is the first report on the microbial diversity of xaj-pitha, a rice wine fermentation starter culture through a metagenomics approach involving illumine-based whole genome shotgun (wgs) sequencing method. metagenomic dna was extracted from rice wine starter culture concocted by ahom community of assam and analyzed using a miseq(®) system. a total of 2,78,231 contigs, with an average read length of 640.13 bp, were obtained. data obtained from the use of several taxonomic profiling tools were ...201628330225
candida nivariensis as a new emergent agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis: description of cases and review of published studies.candida nivariensis is a new emergent agent related to human infections in the vaginal tract and other localizations, but the phenotypic characteristics are very similar to candida glabrata and can be misidentified and underdiagnosed. we described four cases of vulvovaginitis identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and confirmed the results with pcr amplification and sequencing of the entire its genomic region (its1, its2 and 5.8 rrna). we reinf ...201626708316
the birth of a deadly yeast: tracing the evolutionary emergence of virulence traits in candida glabrata.the yeast candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen whose incidence has increased in the last two decades. despite its name, this yeast is only distantly related to the model fungal pathogen c. albicans, and more closely related to saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts that underwent an ancient whole-genome duplication. understanding what specific traits make c. glabrata a successful opportunistic pathogen within a clade of mostly innocuous yeasts, and how these compare to v ...201626684722
life-history strategies and carbon metabolism gene dosage in the nakaseomyces yeasts.the nakaseomyces clade consists of a group of six hemiascomyceteous yeasts (candida glabrata, nakaseomyces delphensis, c. nivarensis, c. bracarensis, c. castelli, n. bacillisporus), phylogenetically close to the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, their representative being the well-known pathogenic yeast c. glabrata. four species had been previously examined for their carbon assimilation properties and found to have similar properties to s. cerevisiae (repression of respiration in high glucose-i.e. ...201626684721
fungal dysbiosis in mucosa-associated microbiota of crohn's disease patients.gut microbiota is involved in many physiological functions and its imbalance is associated with several diseases, particularly with inflammatory bowel diseases. mucosa-associated microbiota could have a key role in induction of host immunity and in inflammatory process. although the role of fungi has been suggested in inflammatory disease pathogenesis, the fungal microbiota has not yet been deeply explored. here we analysed the bacterial and fungal composition of the mucosa-associated microbiota ...201626574491
candida glabrata binds to glycosylated and lectinic receptors on the coronary endothelial luminal membrane and inhibits flow sense and cardiac responses to agonists.candida glabrata (cg) is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that initiates infection by binding to host cells via specific lectin-like adhesin proteins. we have previously shown the importance of lectin-oligosaccharide binding in cardiac responses to flow and agonists. because of the lectinic-oligosaccharide nature of cg binding, we tested the ability of cg to alter the agonist- and flow-induced changes in cardiac function in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. both transmission and scanning elec ...201626491100
candida glabrata induced infection of rat tracheal epithelial cells is mediated by tlr-2 induced activation of nf-κb.an increasing number of reports identified candida glabrata (c. glabrata) as the important causative agent of invasive pulmonary fungal infection. however, little is known about immune responses to c. glabrata in rat tracheal epithelial cell (rtec). here, the effect of c. glabrata on rtec and the role of tlr-2 and nf-κb in the immune response were investigated by treatment with tlr-2 sirna and nf-κb inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (pdtc), respectively. our results showed that the knockdown ...201626477714
vacuolar proteases from candida glabrata: acid aspartic protease pra, neutral serine protease prb and serine carboxypeptidase cpy. the nitrogen source influences their level of expression.the saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuole is actively involved in the mechanism of autophagy and is important in homeostasis, degradation, turnover, detoxification and protection under stressful conditions. in contrast, vacuolar proteases have not been fully studied in phylogenetically related candida glabrata.201626422323
growth, biofilm formation, antifungal susceptibility and oxidative stress resistance of candida glabrata are affected by different glucose concentrations.glucose is an important fuel source to support many living organisms. its importance in the physiological fitness and pathogenicity of candida glabrata, an emerging human fungal pathogen has not been extensively studied. the present study aimed to investigate the effects of glucose on the growth, biofilm formation, antifungal susceptibility and oxidative stress resistance of c. glabrata. in addition, its effect on the expression of a putative high affinity glucose sensor gene, snf3 was also inve ...201626358577
[isolation of candida spp. from ascites in cirrhotic patients].the isolation of candida spp. in ascites of cirrhotic patients is an uncommon situation in clinical practice. factors that have been associated with increased susceptibility to primary fungal peritonitis are exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppression, a typical situation of these patients. we report seven episodes of candida spp. isolation in ascites of cirrhotic patients detected in our hospital during the past 15years.201626195346
the novel arylamidine t-2307 demonstrates in vitro and in vivo activity against echinocandin-resistant candida glabrata.candida species are major causes of invasive mycoses in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. treatment options are limited in the setting of antifungal resistance and increased rates of echinocandin-resistant candida glabrata have been reported. the novel arylamidine t-2307 demonstrates potent in vitro antifungal activity against candida species. our objective was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo activity of t-2307 against resistant c. glabrata.201626620102
new eugenol glucoside-based derivative shows fungistatic and fungicidal activity against opportunistic candida glabrata.a new series of glucosides modified in their saccharide units were synthesized, evaluated against candida sp., and compared to prototype 1, an eugenol tetracetyl glucoside previously synthesized and shown to be active against candida glabrata. among the new glucosides, benzyl derivative 5 was the most promising, showing fungistatic activity at ic50 18.1 μm against candida glabrata (threefold higher than fluconazole) and fungicidal activity with a low ic90 value of 36.2 μm. moreover, the cytotoxi ...201626215123
microbiology, infection control and infection related outcome in pediatric patients in an oncology center in eastern india: experience from tata medical center, kolkata.infection is a major determinant in the outcome of patients with cancer.201626842142
accessing spoilage features of osmotolerant yeasts identified from kiwifruit plantation and processing environment in shaanxi, china.osmotolerant yeasts originating from kiwifruit industrial chain can result in spoilage incidences, while little information is available about their species and spoilage features. this work identified possible spoilage osmotolerant yeasts from orchards and a manufacturer (quick-freeze kiwifruit manufacturer) in main producing areas in shaanxi, china and further characterized their spoilage features. a total of 86 osmotolerant isolates dispersing over 29 species were identified through 26s rdna s ...201627294521
candida glabrata's recurrent infections: biofilm formation during amphotericin b treatment.candida species are responsible for recurrent human infections, mostly in immunocompromised patients, due to their high vulnerability. candida glabrata has a major role in systemic candidiasis and amphotericin b (amb), a polyene only used in hospitals, is frequently used to treat this disease. lately, however, clinical evidences of candida recurrent infections during these treatments are being described, probably due to biofilm (re)formation during this therapy. thus, this work aims at inferring ...201627259377
probiotic yeast saccharomyces boulardii (nom. nud.) modulates adhesive properties of candida glabrata.following the widespread use of immunosuppressive therapy together with broad-spectrum antimycotic therapy, the frequency of mucosal and systemic infections caused by the pathogenic yeast candida glabrata has increased in the past decades. due to the resistance of c. glabrata to existing azole drugs, it is very important to look for new strategies helping the treatment of such fungal diseases. in this study, we investigated the effect of the probiotic yeast saccharomyces boulardii (nom. nud.) on ...201627250926
a network of paralogous stress response transcription factors in the human pathogen candida glabrata.the yeast candida glabrata has become the second cause of systemic candidemia in humans. however, relatively few genome-wide studies have been conducted in this organism and our knowledge of its transcriptional regulatory network is quite limited. in the present work, we combined genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip-seq), transcriptome analyses, and dna binding motif predictions to describe the regulatory interactions of the seven yap (yeast ap1) transcription factors of c. glabrata. ...201627242683
biodegradation and decolorization of melanoidin solutions by manganese peroxidase yeasts.the ability of selected manganese peroxidase (mnp) yeast strains, isolated from the mixed liquor of an activated sludge bioreactor treating melanoidins wastewater, was investigated in this work, aiming to examine the degradation potential of melanoidins, in the presence or absence of nutrients. ten yeast strains were initially isolated from the mixed liquor; four yeast strains (y1, y2, y3 and y4) were selected for further studies, based on their tolerance towards synthetic melanoidins (sms) degr ...201627191565
time-to-reporting of blood culture positivity and central venous catheter-associated candida glabrata fungemia in cancer patients.among cancer patients with candida glabrata (the candida species with the slowest in-vitro growth) fungemia, time-to-positive blood culture reporting (ttr) was shorter in catheter-associated candidemia (mean±standard deviation: 67±35 h) than in candidemia from other sources (79±31, p<.01). ttr<48 h was 92% specific for catheter-associated c. glabrata fungemia.201627133559
two echinocandin-resistant candida glabrata fks mutants from south africa.echinocandins are recommended as first-line agents to treat invasive infections caused by candida glabrata since this organism is inherently less susceptible to azoles. however, resistance to echinocandins has been described in c. glabrata due to amino acid changes in the hotspot regions of the fks1 and fks2 genes. in this report, we describe the first two south african c. glabrata isolates with echinocandin resistance mediated by mutations in the fks2 gene. both isolates were cultured from urin ...201627069849
potassium uptake mediated by trk1 is crucial for candida glabrata growth and fitness.the maintenance of potassium homeostasis is crucial for all types of cells, including candida glabrata. three types of plasma-membrane systems mediating potassium influx with different transport mechanisms have been described in yeasts: the trk1 uniporter, the hak cation-proton symporter and the acu atpase. the c. glabrata genome contains only one gene encoding putative system for potassium uptake, the trk1 uniporter. therefore, its importance in maintaining adequate levels of intracellular pota ...201627058598
reversal of fluconazole resistance induced by a synergistic effect with acca sellowiana in candida glabrata strains.the increased incidence of non-albicans candida (nac) resistant to fluconazole (flz) makes it necessary to use new therapeutic alternatives. acca sellowiana (o.berg) burret (myrtaceae) is a guava with several proven biological activities. the interaction with fluconazole can be a feasible alternative to overcome this resistance.201627050162
prevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistance.the fungal pathogen candida glabrata has emerged as a major health threat since it readily acquires resistance to multiple drug classes, including triazoles and/or echinocandins. thus far, cellular mechanisms promoting the emergence of resistance to multiple drug classes have not been described in this organism. here we demonstrate that a mutator phenotype caused by a mismatch repair defect is prevalent in c. glabrata clinical isolates. strains carrying alterations in mismatch repair gene msh2 e ...201627020939
partial decay of thiamine signal transduction pathway alters growth properties of candida glabrata.the phosphorylated form of thiamine (vitamin b1), thiamine pyrophosphate (tpp) is essential for the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates in all organisms. plants and microorganisms, such as yeast, synthesize thiamine de novo whereas animals do not. the thiamine signal transduction (thi) pathway in saccharomyces cerevisiae is well characterized. the ~10 genes required for thiamine biosynthesis and uptake are transcriptionally upregulated during thiamine starvation by thi2, thi3, and pdc2. ...201627015653
novel point mutations in the erg11 gene in clinical isolates of azole resistant candida species.the azoles are the class of medications most commonly used to fight infections caused by candida sp. typically, resistance can be attributed to mutations in erg11 gene (cyp51) which encodes the cytochrome p450 14α-demethylase, the primary target for the activity of azoles. the objective of this study was to identify mutations in the coding region of theerg11 gene in clinical isolates of candida species known to be resistant to azoles. we identified three new synonymous mutations in the erg11 gen ...201626982177
propensity score analysis of the role of initial antifungal therapy in the outcome of candida glabrata bloodstream infections.candida glabrata isolates have reduced in vitro susceptibility to azoles, which raises concerns about the clinical effectiveness of fluconazole for treating bloodstream infection (bsi) by this candida species. we aimed to evaluate whether the choice of initial antifungal treatment (fluconazole versus echinocandins or liposomal amphotericin b [l-amb]-based regimens) has an impact on the outcome of c. glabrata bsi. we analyzed data from a prospective, multicenter, population-based surveillance pro ...201626976872
voriconazole minimum inhibitory concentrations are predictive of treatment outcome in experimental murine infections by candida glabrata.in this study, 27 clinical isolates of candida glabrata with voriconazole (vrc) minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) ranging from ≤0.03 μg/ml to 8 μg/ml were tested to determine whether in vitro data are predictive of in vivo efficacy. the efficacy of vrc administered at 40 mg/kg was assayed in a neutropenic murine model of disseminated infection by c. glabrata. the reduction in fungal tissue burden in the kidneys was used as a marker of treatment efficacy. vrc reduced the fungal tissue burd ...201626976780
multilocus microsatellite analysis of european and african candida glabrata isolates.this study aimed to elucidate the genetic relatedness and epidemiology of 127 clinical and environmental candida glabrata isolates from europe and africa using multilocus microsatellite analysis. each isolate was first identified using phenotypic and molecular methods and subsequently, six unlinked microsatellite loci were analyzed using automated fluorescent genotyping. genetic relationships were estimated using the minimum-spanning tree (mstree) method. microsatellite analyses revealed the exi ...201626946511
inhibiting fungal multidrug resistance by disrupting an activator-mediator interaction.eukaryotic transcription activators stimulate the expression of specific sets of target genes through recruitment of co-activators such as the rna polymerase ii-interacting mediator complex. aberrant function of transcription activators has been implicated in several diseases. however, therapeutic targeting efforts have been hampered by a lack of detailed molecular knowledge of the mechanisms of gene activation by disease-associated transcription activators. we previously identified an activator ...201626886795
cell wall composition and biofilm formation of azoles-susceptible and -resistant candida glabrata strains.in the present study, three strains of candida glabrata have been investigated to shed light on the mechanisms involved in azole resistance during adherence and biofilm formation. in particular, a clinical isolate, susceptible to azole-based drugs, dsy562 and two different resistant mutagenic strains deriving from dsy562, sfy114 and sfy115, have been analysed with different approaches for their cell wall composition and properties. a proteomic analysis revealed that the expression of six cell wa ...201627439026
amino acid substitutions in erg11p of azole-resistant candida glabrata: possible effective substitutions and homology modelling.understanding the mechanisms responsible for fluconazole resistance in candida glabrata is not only crucial for the development of new antifungals but is also important in choosing appropriate antifungals for patients at the earliest stages. the aim of this study was to determine the erg11p amino acid substitutions in fluconazole-resistant c. glabrata isolates. sixty clinical isolates of c. glabrata were investigated. in vitro antifungal activities of fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole w ...201627436465
a new isolation and evaluation method for marine-derived yeast spp. with potential applications in industrial biotechnology.yeasts that are present in marine environments have evolved to survive hostile environments that are characterized by high exogenous salt content, high concentrations of inhibitory compounds, and low soluble carbon and nitrogen levels. therefore, yeasts isolated from marine environments could have interesting characteristics for industrial applications. however, the application of marine yeast in research or industry is currently very limited owing to the lack of a suitable isolation method. cur ...201627435537
expression of efflux pumps and fatty acid activator one genes in azole resistant candida glabrata isolated from immunocompromised patients.acquired azole resistance in opportunistic fungi causes severe clinical problems in immunosuppressed individuals. this study investigated the molecular mechanisms of azole resistance in clinical isolates of candida glabrata. six unmatched strains were obtained from an epidemiological survey of candidiasis in immunocompromised hosts that included azole and amphotericin b susceptible and azole resistant clinical isolates. candida glabrata cbs 138 was used as reference strain. antifungal susceptibi ...201627424018
chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of tunisian limoniastrum guyonianum durieu ex boiss extracts.in the present investigation, extracts obtained from l. guyonianum durieu ex boiss. aerial parts were used to evaluate total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents. a study of antioxidant activities of the prepared samples was carried out on the basis of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph), 2-2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (abts+.) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (frap) assays. moreover, the efficiency of methanolic, chloroformic and petroleum ether extracts and th ...201627393443
identification of components of the sumoylation machinery in candida glabrata: role of the desumoylation peptidase cgulp2 in virulence.regulation of protein function by reversible post-translational modification, sumoylation, is widely conserved in the eukaryotic kingdom. sumoylation is essential for cell growth, division, and adaptation to stress in most organisms, including fungi. as these are key factors in determination of fungal virulence, in this study, we have investigated the importance of sumoylation in the human pathogen, candida glabrata we identified the enzymes involved in small ubiquitin-like modifier conjugation ...201627382059
roles of vacuolar h+-atpase in the oxidative stress response of candida glabrata.vacuolar h(+)-atpase (v-atpase) is responsible for the acidification of eukaryotic intracellular compartments and plays an important role in oxidative stress response (osr), but its molecular bases are largely unknown. here, we investigated how v-atpase is involved in the osr by using a strain lacking vph2, which encodes an assembly factor of v-atpase, in the pathogenic fungus candida glabrata the loss of vph2 resulted in increased h2o2 sensitivity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ros) ...201627370212
iron-depletion promotes mitophagy to maintain mitochondrial integrity in pathogenic yeast candida glabrata.candida glabrata, a haploid budding yeast, is the cause of severe systemic infections in immune-compromised hosts. the amount of free iron supplied to c. glabrata cells during systemic infections is severely limited by iron-chelating proteins such as transferrin. thus, the iron-deficiency response in c. glabrata cells is thought to play important roles in their survival inside the host's body. in this study, we found that mitophagy was induced under iron-depleted conditions, and that the disrupt ...201627347716
rapid detection of fks-associated echinocandin resistance in candida glabrata.a novel and highly accurate diagnostic assay platform was established for rapid identification of fks mutations associated with echinocandin resistance in candida glabrata the assay platform uses allele-specific molecular beacon and dna melt analysis following asymmetric pcr. a dual assay for fks1 and fks2 was developed to identify within 3 h the most common and clinically relevant resistance-associated mutations, including 8 fks1 hs1 (wild type [wt], s629p, f625s, d632y, d632e [t1896g], d632e [ ...201627550360
kre5 suppression induces cell wall stress and alternative er stress response required for maintaining cell wall integrity in candida glabrata.the maintenance of cell wall integrity in fungi is required for normal cell growth, division, hyphae formation, and antifungal tolerance. we observed that endoplasmic reticulum stress regulated cell wall integrity in candida glabrata, which possesses uniquely evolved mechanisms for unfolded protein response mechanisms. tetracycline-mediated suppression of kre5, which encodes a predicted udp-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, significantly increased c ...201627548283
in vitro activities of six antifungal drugs against candida glabrata isolates: an emerging pathogen.candida glabrata is a pathogenic yeast with several unique biological features and associated with an increased incidence rate of candidiasis. it exhibits a great degree of variation in its pathogenicity and antifungal susceptibility.201627540459
heteroresistance to fluconazole is a continuously distributed phenotype among candida glabrata clinical strains associated with in vivo persistence.candida glabrata causes persistent infections in patients treated with fluconazole and often acquires resistance following exposure to the drug. here we found that clinical strains of c. glabrata exhibit cell-to-cell variation in drug response (heteroresistance). we used population analysis profiling (pap) to assess fluconazole heteroresistance (flc(hr)) and to ask if it is a binary trait or a continuous phenotype. thirty (57.6%) of 52 fluconazole-sensitive clinical c. glabrata isolates met acce ...201627486188
discontinuation of echinocandin and azole treatments led to the disappearance of an fks alteration but not azole resistance during clonal candida glabrata persistent candidaemia.to give an indication of a fitness cost conferred by fks mutation-associated echinocandin resistance in candida glabrata during human infection. six c. glabrata clinical strains sequentially isolated from blood and a hepatic abscess in a solid organ transplant recipient were analysed. the patient had received long-term azole and echinocandin therapy for invasive aspergillosis and persistent candidaemia. minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by the european committee on antimicrobial ...201627484020
interaction of human fibronectin with candida glabrata epithelial adhesin 6 (epa6).adherence of pathogens to extracellular matrix proteins and host cells is one of the essential steps in the microbial colonization of the human organism. the adhesion of c. glabrata, i.e. the second major causative agent of human disseminated candidiases after c. albicans, to the host epithelium mainly engages specific fungal cell wall proteins - epithelial adhesins (epa) - in particular, epa1, epa6 and epa7. the aim of the present study was to identify the major epa protein involved in the inte ...201627474404
identification of genes in candida glabrata conferring altered responses to caspofungin, a cell wall synthesis inhibitor.candida glabrata is an important human fungal pathogen whose incidence continues to rise. because many clinical isolates are resistant to azole drugs, the drugs of choice to treat such infections are members of the echinocandin family, although there are increasing reports of resistance to these drugs as well. in efforts to better understand the genetic changes that lead to altered responses to echinocandins, we screened a transposon-insertion library of mutants for strains to identify genes tha ...201627449515
crz1p regulates ph homeostasis in candida glabrata by altering membrane lipid composition.the asexual facultative aerobic haploid yeast candida glabrata is widely used in the industrial production of various organic acids. to elucidate the physiological function of the transcription factor cgcrz1p and its role in tolerance to acid stress we deleted or overexpressed the corresponding gene cgcrz1 deletion of cgcrz1 resulted in a 60% decrease in dry cell weight (dcw) and a 50% drop in cell viability compared to the wild type at ph 2.0. expression of lipid metabolism-associated genes was ...201627663025
candida glabrata encodes a longer variant of the mating type (mat) alpha2 gene in the mating type-like mtl3 locus, which can form homodimers.the fungal pathogen candida glabrata is a haploid asexual yeast. candida glabrata contains orthologs of the genes that control mating and cell-type identity in other fungi, which encode putative transcription factors localized in the mat locus in saccharomyces cerevisiae or mtl in other fungi. candida glabrata contains three copies of the cgmtl locus but only cgmtl1 correctly expresses the information encoded in it. cgmtl1 can encode the cg a1: gene ( a: information), or the cgalpha1 and cgalpha ...201627650705
nk cell recognition of candida glabrata through binding of nkp46 and ncr1 to fungal ligands epa1, epa6, and epa7.natural killer (nk) cells form an important arm of the innate immune system and function to combat a wide range of invading pathogens, ranging from viruses to bacteria. however, the means by which nk cells accomplish recognition of pathogens with a limited repertoire of receptors remain largely unknown. in the current study, we describe the recognition of an emerging fungal pathogen, candida glabrata, by the human nk cytotoxic receptor nkp46 and its mouse ortholog, ncr1. using ncr1 knockout mice ...201627736647
the phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates retrograde trafficking of the iron permease cgftr1 and iron homeostasis in candida glabrata.the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (pi3k), which phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol and produces pi3p, has been implicated in protein trafficking, intracellular survival, and virulence in the pathogenic yeast candida glabrata here, we demonstrate pi3-kinase (cgvps34) to be essential for maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis. we examine how cgvps34 regulates the fundamental process of iron acquisition, and underscore its function in vesicular trafficking as a central determinant. rna sequencing an ...201627729452
genome sequencing of the pyruvate-producing strain candida glabrata cctcc m202019 and genomic comparison with strain cbs138.candida glabrata cctcc m202019 as an industrial yeast strain that is widely used to produce α-oxocarboxylic acid. strain m202019 has been proven to have a higher pyruvate-producing capacity than the reference strain cbs138. to characterize the genotype of the m202019 strain, we generated a draft sequence of its genome, which has a size of 12.1 mbp and a gc content of 38.47%. evidence accumulated during genome annotation suggests that strain m202019 has strong capacities for glucose transport and ...201627713500
fumarate production by torulopsis glabrata: engineering heterologous fumarase expression and improving acid tolerance.fumarate is a well-known biomass building block compound. however, the poor catalytic efficiency of fumarase is one of the major factors preventing its widespread production. to address this issue, we selected residues 159hpnd162 of fumarase from rhizopus oryzae as targets for site-directed mutagenesis based on molecular docking analysis. twelve mutants were generated and characterized in detail. kinetic studies showed that the km values of the p160a, p160t, p160h, n161e, and d162w mutants were ...201627711153
management of a renal fungal bezoar caused by multidrug-resistant candida glabrata.we describe our management of an immunocompetent individual who developed obstructive uropathy and candidemia as a result of a fungal bezoar in the kidney. these sequelae arose from candiduria, provoked after several courses of antibiotics. successful treatment included therapy with both culture-appropriate intravenous antifungals and operative intervention, including direct irrigation of the affected kidney with amphotericin b, relief of renal obstruction with a ureteral stent, a percutaneous n ...201627695182
echinocandin resistance in candida species: a review of recent developments.the echinocandins are important agents for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, especially those caused by candida species. however, as with other antimicrobial agents, microbiologic resistance to this class of antifungal agents has emerged and can result in clinical failure. several studies have recently reported an increase in echinocandin resistance in candida glabrata isolates at various medical centers in different geographic regions of the usa. recent studies have also reported tha ...201627771864
genome engineering in the yeast pathogen candida glabrata using the crispr-cas9 system.among candida species, the opportunistic fungal pathogen candida glabrata has become the second most common causative agent of candidiasis in the world and a major public health concern. yet, few molecular tools and resources are available to explore the biology of c. glabrata and to better understand its virulence during infection. in this study, we describe a robust experimental strategy to generate loss-of-function mutants in c. glabrata. the procedure is based on the development of three mai ...201627767081
azole resistance in candida glabrata.candida infections have increased due to the growth and expansion of susceptible patient populations. the azole fluconazole is the most widely prescribed antifungal, but rising rates of clinical resistance among candida glabrata isolates have greatly limited its utility. a better understanding of the mechanisms of azole antifungal resistance will provide information needed to overcome this clinical problem and reclaim this antifungal class as an option for empiric treatment of candida infections ...201627761779
novel halogenated pyrazine-based chalcones as potential antimicrobial drugs.chalcones, i.e., compounds with the chemical pattern of 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones, exert a wide range of bio-activities, e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-infective etc. our research group has been focused on pyrazine analogues of chalcones; several series have been synthesized and tested in vitro on antifungal and antimycobacterial activity. the highest potency was exhibited by derivatives with electron withdrawing groups (ewg) in positions 2 and 4 of the ring b. as halo ...201627801810
a novel hybrid iron regulation network combines features from pathogenic and nonpathogenic yeasts.iron is an essential micronutrient for both pathogens and their hosts, which restrict iron availability during infections in an effort to prevent microbial growth. successful human pathogens like the yeast candida glabrata have thus developed effective iron acquisition strategies. their regulation has been investigated well for some pathogenic fungi and in the model organism saccharomyces cerevisiae, which employs an evolutionarily derived system. here, we show that c. glabrata uses a regulation ...201627795405
a fatal mycotic sepsis after retrograde intrarenal surgery: a case report and literature review.the retrograde intrarenal surgery (rirs) is a procedure that sees an increase in its use every day and is supported by excellent results in terms of safety and feasibility. we report the first case of fatal mycotic septic complication in a neurological patient for renal stone disease.201627174535
opportunistic fungal pathogen candida glabrata circulates between humans and yellow-legged gulls.the opportunistic pathogenic yeast candida glabrata is a component of the mycobiota of both humans and yellow-legged gulls that is prone to develop fluconazole resistance. whether gulls are a reservoir of the yeast and facilitate the dissemination of human c. glabrata strains remains an open question. in this study, mlva genotyping highlighted the lack of genetic structure of 190 c. glabrata strains isolated from either patients in three hospitals or fecal samples collected from gull breeding co ...201627782182
p2x7 from j774 murine macrophages acts as a scavenger receptor for bacteria but not yeast.we studied the effects of extracellular atp and ca(2+) on uptake of bacteria (staphylococcus aureus or escherichia coli) and live yeast (candida glabrata) by j774 macrophages to determine the role of endogenous p2x7 receptors in phagocytosis. our findings show that phagocytosis of bio-particles coated with s. aureus or e. coli was blocked by atp and the p2x7 receptor agonist bzatp, while yeast phagocytosis was not. a438079, an antagonist of p2x7 receptors, partially reverted the effects of atp o ...201627833023
micafungin versus caspofungin in the treatment of candida glabrata infection: a case report.micafungin and caspofungin, which are both echinocandins, elicit their antifungal effects by suppressing the synthesis of β-d-glucan, an essential component of fungal cell walls. if micafungin is not effective against a fungal infection, is it unreasonable to switch to caspofungin?201627821139
nkp46 is an nk cell fungicidal pattern recognition receptor.natural killer (nk) cells are an important contributor to innate host defense because of their role in direct microbial recognition and killing. vitenshtein et al. make an important contribution by demonstrating that nk cells kill candida glabrata using the nk activating receptor, nkp46, which recognizes the epa adhesins.201627816327
promising therapies for fungal infection based on the study to elucidate mechanisms to cope with stress in candida species.in recent years, the incidence of fungal infections has been increasing, particularly among patients with immune systems compromised by human immunodeficiency virus infection, organ transplantation, and/or chemotherapy for cancer. current therapies for treating systemic fungal infection have limited effectiveness and have created problems of adverse reactions and drug resistance. these issues therefore motivate us to develop novel antifungals. elucidation of stress response mechanisms and virule ...201627904062
candida glabrata pneumonia in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among infectious diseases. streptococcus pneumoniae and viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia. candidiasis in such patients has been associated with haemodialysis, fungal colonization, exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, intensive care unit (icu) hospitalization, and immunocompromised patients. the most common cause of infection is c. albicans. the case presented here is of a 66-year-old male patient diagnosed with c. g ...201627882253
genetic drivers of multidrug resistance in candida glabrata.both the incidence of invasive fungal infections and rates of multidrug resistance associated with fungal pathogen candida glabrata have increased in recent years. in this perspective, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the capacity of c. glabrata to rapidly develop resistance to multiple drug classes, including triazoles and echinocandins. we will focus on the extensive genetic diversity among clinical isolates of c. glabrata, which likely enables this yeast to survive multiple stressors ...201628018323
new formyl phloroglucinol meroterpenoids from the leaves of eucalyptus robusta.seven new formyl phloroglucinol meroterpenoids (fpms), namely eucalrobusones j-p (1-7), as well as three known ones (8-10) were isolated from the leaves of eucalyptus robusta. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined by applications of the snatzke's helicity rule and the electron circular dichroism (ecd) calculation. these fpms are diverse in coupling patterns between phloroglucinol and sesquiterpenoid units, forming novel ...201628004790
antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of a new metabolite from quercus incana.phytochemical investigations of quercus incana led to the isolation of a new catechin derivative quercuschin (1), along with six known compounds: quercetin (2), methyl gallate (3), gallic acid (4), betulinic acid (5), (z)-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (6) and β-sitosterol glucoside (7) from the ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract of the bark. compound 1 was screened for its antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant potential. antibacterial and antifungal activities of the compound we ...201628000514
membrane proteomics analysis of the candida glabrata response to 5-flucytosine: unveiling the role and regulation of the drug efflux transporters cgflr1 and cgflr2.resistance to 5-flucytosine (5-fc), used as an antifungal drug in combination therapy, compromises its therapeutic action. in this work, the response of the human pathogen candida glabrata to 5-fc was evaluated at the membrane proteome level, using an itraq-based approach. a total of 32 proteins were found to display significant expression changes in the membrane fraction of cells upon exposure to 5-fc, 50% of which under the control of cgpdr1, the major regulator of azole drug resistance. these ...201628066366
fluconazole and echinocandin resistance of candida glabrata correlates better with antifungal drug exposure rather than with msh2 mutator genotype in a french cohort of patients harboring low rates of resistance.candida glabrata is a major pathogenic yeast in humans that is known to rapidly acquire resistance to triazole and echinocandin antifungal drugs. a mutator genotype (msh2 polymorphism) inducing a mismatch repair defect has been recently proposed to be responsible for resistance acquisition in c. glabrata clinical isolates. our objectives were to evaluate the prevalence of antifungal resistance in a large cohort of patients in saint-louis hospital, paris, france, some of whom were pre-exposed to ...201628066361
widespread inter- and intra-domain horizontal gene transfer of d-amino acid metabolism enzymes in eukaryotes.analysis of the growing number of available fully-sequenced genomes has shown that horizontal gene transfer (hgt) in eukaryotes is more common than previously thought. it has been proposed that genes with certain functions may be more prone to hgt than others, but we still have a very poor understanding of the selective forces driving eukaryotic hgt. recent work uncovered that d-amino acid racemases have been commonly transferred from bacteria to fungi, but their role in the receiving organisms ...201628066338
effects of aspirin as an anti-inflammatory drug on azole-resistant candida glabrata in vitro. 201628028508
analysis of polyphenolic compounds in extracts from leaves of some malus domestica cultivars: antiradical and antimicrobial analysis of these extracts.in this study, methanol, ethyl acetate, water extracts, and precipitate were obtained from leaves of malus domestica cultivars: golden delicious, jonagold, elstar, ligol, and mutsu. antiradical activity of these extracts was measured using the abts(+∙) radical, and antimicrobial activity was measured with the disk-diffusion method. phenolic compounds were measured with the colorimetric method and identified with high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the highest antiradical activity was ...201628097143
survey and analysis of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) in three genomes of candida species.simple sequence repeats (ssrs) or microsatellites, which composed of tandem repeated short units of 1-6 bp, have been paying attention continuously. here, the distribution, composition and polymorphism of microsatellites and compound microsatellites were analyzed in three available genomes of candida species (candida dubliniensis, candida glabrata and candida orthopsilosis). the results show that there were 118,047, 66,259 and 61,119 microsatellites in genomes of c. dubliniensis, c. glabrata and ...201626883055
antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from natural honey against pathogenic candida species.the role of lactic acid bacteria (lab) in honey as antifungal activity has received little attention and their mechanism of inhibitory of fungi is not fully understood. in this study, lab were isolated from honey samples from malaysia, libya, saudi arabia, and yemen. twenty-five isolates were confirmed lab by catalase test and gram staining, and were screened for antifungal activity. four lab showed inhibitory activity against candida spp. using the dual agar overlay method. and they were identi ...201628154488
candida glabrata species complex prevalence and antifungal susceptibility testing in a culture collection: first description of candida nivariensis in argentina.the presence of the cryptic species belonging to the candida glabrata complex has not been studied in argentina. we analyzed a collection of 117 clinical isolates of c. glabrata complex belonging to a national culture collection of instituto nacional de microbiología "dr. carlos g. malbrán" from argentina (40 isolates from blood samples, 18 from other normally sterile sites, 20 from vagina, 14 from urine, 7 from oral cavity, 3 from catheter, 1 from a stool sample and 14 isolates whose clinical o ...201627681573
use of candida-specific chicken egg yolk antibodies to inhibit the adhering of candida to denture base materials: prevention of denture stomatitis.polyclonal anti-candida chicken egg yolk antibodies (anti-igy) were used to investigate the prevention of adherence of candida species to denture base material in vitro.201625393605
in vitro and in vivo removal of oral candida from the denture base.to clarify the effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning for removing candida lodged in the denture base.201625220495
arteriovenous graft infection caused by candida glabrata: a case report and literature review.the infection rate of arteriovenous (av) grafts is high, but fungal etiology is rare. only five cases of graft infection due to candida albicans (c. albicans) or c. tropicalis have been described in the literature. herein, we report the first case of av graft infection caused by c. glabrata. a 60-year-old woman on maintenance hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease was admitted because of intermittent fever, for 10 days. upon physical examination, tenderness over the av graft site was noticed. ...201623838263
the new mutation l321f in candida albicans erg11 gene may be associated with fluconazole resistance.for many years fluconazole has been commonly used to treat candida infections. however, the indiscriminate use of this antimycotic therapy has favored the emergence of resistant isolates. mutations in the erg11 gene have been described as one of the primary mechanisms of resistance in candida species.201623402828
[onychomycosis by yeast not common in diabetics of a health center].mexican diabetic population frequently presents mycosis under foot hyperkeratosis; however, in another type of onychomycosis as the ones that is assumed candida albicans is the causal agent, it is unknown the frequency, the prevalence and if another candida species or other yeasts are found.201626482238
microbiota-gut-brain axis: yeast species isolated from stool samples of children with suspected or diagnosed autism spectrum disorders and in vitro susceptibility against nystatin and fluconazole.autism spectrum disorder (asd) is a general term for a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders of brain development that limits a person's ability to function normally. etiology has not been clearly defined up to date. however, gut microbiota and the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and brain, the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis, are hypothesized, which may be involved in the etiology of several mental disorders. recent reports suggest that candida, partic ...201626442855
[first report of invasive fungal disease by candida fabianii in a non-neonatal paediatric patient].invasive fungal diseases have increased in recent years. candida species are the most common aetiology. candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata and candida krusei are the cause of most of them. the aim of this work is to describe the first isolation of candida fabianii in the blood of a non-neonatal paediatric patient.201626439426
detection of candida spp. in the vagina of a cohort of nulliparous pregnant women by culture and molecular methods: is there an association between maternal vaginal and infant oral colonisation?most studies describing vaginal candida spp. in pregnancy focus on symptomatic vaginitis, rather than asymptomatic colonisation, and solely utilise microbiological culture. the extent to which asymptomatic vaginal carriage may represent a reservoir for infant oral colonisation has been highly debated.201626437337
biofilm formation is a risk factor for mortality in patients with candida albicans bloodstream infection-scotland, 2012-2013.bloodstream infections caused by candida species remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. biofilm formation by candida species is an important virulence factor for disease pathogenesis. a prospective analysis of patients with candida bloodstream infection (n = 217) in scotland (2012-2013) was performed to assess the risk factors associated with patient mortality, in particular the impact of biofilm formation. candida bloodstream isolates (n = 280) and clini ...201626432192
[common genital infections].vulvo-vaginal infections are frequently encountered by gynecologists and general practitioners. the diagnosis and the recurrence of these affections must lead to a discussion about sexually transmitted disease, notably when trichomonas vaginalis and herpetic infections are found. even if they do not correspond to classical sexually transmitted diseases, their prevalence is increased by sexual intercourses reports and the number of partners which should also be treated. it is necessary to documen ...201628525226
pseudohyphae formation incandida glabratadue to co2exposure.formation of pseudohyphae is considered a virulence factor incandidaspecies. generally,candida glabratagrows as budding yeast cells; however, reports illustrated thatc. glabratacould form pseudohyphal cells in response to some stimuli. in this study, we provided insight into the ability ofc. glabratain forming pseudohyphal cells under different levels of carbon dioxide (co2).201628959796
candida glabrata, friend and foe.candida glabratais mostly good, but, at times, it is an opportunistic pathogen. previously known astorulopsis glabrata, it enjoyed a good reputation and was even present in starter cultures. its haploid genome and lack of mating made it an attractive challenge for yeast genetics studies. however, more recently it has become better known due to its character as an emerging cause of candidiasis, and for its resistance to multidrugs that are employed for candidiasis treatment. while now classified ...201529376912
evaluation of the antifungal activities of various extracts from pistacia atlantica desf.despite the availability of various treatments for fungal diseases, there are some limitations in the management of these conditions due to multiple treatment-related side-effects. the present study was designed to investigate the antifungal properties of different extracts from pistacia atlantica desf.201528680993
candida glabrata renal abscesses in a peritoneal dialysis patient. 201522302932
epidemiology of invasive candidiasis in a surgical intensive care unit: an observational study.invasive candidiasis (ic) is a frequent and life-threatening infection in critically ill patients. the aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of ic and the antifungal susceptibility of etiological agents in patients admitted to our surgical intensive care unit (sicu) in spain.201526415526
photodynamic inactivation of a multispecies biofilm using photodithazine(®) and led light after one and three successive applications.in this investigation, the effectiveness of successive applications of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (api) mediated by photodithazine(®) (pdz) and led light was evaluated against a multispecies biofilm formed by candida albicans, candida glabrata, and streptococcus mutans on denture base acrylic resin. standard cell suspensions (bacteria and yeast) were inoculated on acrylic resin samples, and the biofilm was grown for 48 h (37 °c/75 rpm). api was performed by the administration of pdz ...201526404782
effects of bovine lactoferrin to oral candida albicans and candida glabrata isolates recovered from the saliva in elderly people.the effects of bovine lactoferrin (blf) on the growth of candida species and on inflammatory cytokine production in gingival keratinocytes, ndusd-1 co-cultured with candida strains were investigated. the results showed that blf at 10 and 100 lg/ml significantly inhibits the growth of two c. albicans strains and two c. glabrata strains isolated from the saliva of elderly people requiring nursing care, respectively. the levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (il)-6, and il-8 in ndusd-1 cocu ...201525756168
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