Publications

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mmar_2770, a new enzyme involved in biotin biosynthesis, is essential for the growth of mycobacterium marinum in macrophages and zebrafish.biotin, which functions as an essential cofactor for certain carboxylases and decarboxylases, is synthesized by a multistep pathway in microorganisms and plants. biotin biosynthesis has not been studied in detail in mycobacteria. in this study, we isolated a mutant of mycobacterium marinum in which mmar_2770, a previously uncharacterized gene encoding a predicted short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, was inactivated. we found that this mutant is a biotin auxotroph that cannot grow in a minimal me ...201020974274
mycobacterium marinum infection in the setting of antitumor necrosis factor alpha therapy for crohn's disease. 201020976719
the mycobrowser portal: a comprehensive and manually annotated resource for mycobacterial genomes.in this paper, we present the mycobrowser portal (http://mycobrowser.epfl.ch/), a resource that provides both in silico generated and manually reviewed information within databases dedicated to the complete genomes of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae, mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium smegmatis. a central component of mycobrowser is tuberculist (http://tuberculist.epfl.ch), which has recently benefited from a new data management system and web interface. these improvements ...201020980200
non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of the skin: a retrospective study of 29 cases.the incidence of infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria has increased in recent years, due to a rise in dermatological procedures and a greater prevalence of immunosuppression in the general population. this study investigated the clinical and microbiological findings of non-tuberculous mycobacterial skin infections. the study population included 29 patients from whom non-tuberculous mycobacteria were cultured after isolation from skin biopsy materials, cutaneous abscesses or exudates ...201021039785
role of magnesium and a phagosomal p-type atpase in intracellular bacterial killing.bacterial ingestion and killing by phagocytic cells are essential processes to protect the human body from infectious microorganisms. however, only few proteins implicated in intracellular bacterial killing have been identified to date. we used dictyostelium discoideum, a phagocytic bacterial predator, to study intracellular killing. in a random genetic screen we identified kil2, a type v p-atpase as an essential element for efficient intracellular killing of klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. inte ...201021040356
mycobacterium marinum infection of the deep structures of the hand and wrist: 25 years of experience.mycobacterium marinum infection could have various presentations, from superficial skin infection to deep structure destruction. the prognosis is relatively poor when deep structure is involved as it is more destructive. the prognosis is even worse when operation is required. in the retrospective study of 136 patients who suffered this disease with deep structure involvement, their clinical presentations could be classified into benign and aggressive type. it was found that both types of present ...201021089196
regulation of the 18 kda heat shock protein in mycobacterium ulcerans: an alpha-crystallin orthologue that promotes biofilm formation.mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of the debilitating skin disease buruli ulcer, which is most prevalent in western and central africa. m. ulcerans shares >98% dna sequence identity with mycobacterium marinum, however, m. marinum produces granulomatous, but not ulcerative, lesions in humans and animals. here we report the differential expression of a small heat shock protein (hsp18) between strains of m. ulcerans (hsp18(+) ) and m. marinum (hsp18(-) ) and describe the molecular basis ...201021091506
morphology and distribution of granulomatous inflammation in freshwater ornamental fish infected with mycobacteria.mycobacteriosis in fish is a chronic progressive ubiquitous disease caused by mycobacterium marinum, m. gordonae and m. fortuitum in most cases. the aim of this study was to describe the morphology and distribution of lesions in 322 freshwater ornamental fish across 36 species. granulomatous inflammation was diagnosed by gross examination and histopathology testing in 188 fish (58.4%); acid-fast rods (afr) were determined in only 96 (51.1%) fish from 19 species after ziehl-neelsen staining. the ...201021091722
delayed diagnosis of mycobacterium marinum infection: a case report and review of the literature.mycobacterium marinum infection is the most common atypical skin mycobacterial infection of increasing importance. it results from skin injury and contact with contaminated aquarium water, fish, or shellfish; it is only rarely related to swimming pool sources nowadays. diagnosis should be confirmed by isolation and identification of the organism; however, this gold standard is difficult to achieve in practice. therefore, the diagnosis is primarily based on clinical examination, histopathology, a ...201020664920
interaction of mycobacterium ulcerans with mosquito species: implications for transmission and trophic relationships.mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of buruli ulcer, a severe necrotizing skin disease that causes significant morbidity in africa and australia. person-to-person transmission of buruli ulcer is rare. throughout africa and australia infection is associated with residence near slow-moving or stagnant water bodies. although m. ulcerans dna has been detected in over 30 taxa of invertebrates, fish, water filtrate, and plant materials and one environmental isolate cultured from a water stri ...201020675453
painful red nodule on the right hand. 201020682513
mycobacterium marinum mmar_2380, a predicted transmembrane acyltransferase, is essential for the presence of the mannose cap on lipoarabinomannan.lipoarabinomannan (lam) is a major glycolipid in the mycobacterial cell envelope. lam consists of a mannosylphosphatidylinositol (mpi) anchor, a mannan core and a branched arabinan domain. the termini of the arabinan branches can become substituted with one to three α(1→2)-linked mannosyl residues, the mannose cap, producing manlam. manlam has been associated with a range of different immunomodulatory properties of mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection of the host. in some of these effects ...201020688818
mycobacterium marinum infection in a hybrid striped bass farm in italy. 201020690961
host-detrimental role of esx-1-mediated inflammasome activation in mycobacterial infection.the esx-1 (type vii) secretion system is a major virulence determinant of pathogenic mycobacteria, including mycobacterium marinum. however, the molecular events and host-pathogen interactions underlying esx-1-mediated virulence in vivo remain unclear. here we address this problem in a non-lethal mouse model of m. marinum infection that allows detailed quantitative analysis of disease progression. m. marinum established local infection in mouse tails, with esx-1-dependent formation of caseating ...201020463815
fish tank granuloma: misdiagnosed as cutaneous leishmaniasis.mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium that causes a skin infection known as fish tank granuloma or swimming pool granuloma affecting people who are exposed to aquatic environments. in general, it is managed medically with antimicrobials and variable treatment protocols. here, we report a saudi gentleman who acquired this infection in thailand and was misdiagnosed as cutaneous leishmaniasis. after establishing the correct diagnosis, treatment with minocycline and trimethoprim-sulfame ...201020465612
possible role of anti-tnf monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of mycobacterium marinum infection. 201020488924
[mycobacterium marinum infection causing extensive cutaneous ulcerations and deep abscesses on the extremities: a case report]. 201020491287
mycobacterium marinum infection following kayaking injury. 201020541959
tb or not tb? fishing for molecules making permissive granulomas.focal accumulations of mononuclear cells, called granulomas, are a hallmark of mycobacterial infections. a common misconception is that granulomas are uniformly protective. in transparent zebrafish larvae infected with mycobacterium marinum, volkman et al. demonstrate an interaction of mycobacteria with epithelial cells that helps recruit macrophages to the granuloma as "feeder cells."201020114023
mycobacterium marinum infection complicated by anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy.mycobacteria other than tuberculosis infections in patients taking various tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha inhibitors have been reported in the literature. we describe sporotrichoid spread of mycobacterium marinum in a man with crohn's disease treated with infliximab. after starting ethambutol and rifampicin and discontinuing infliximab, a worsening appeared. m. marinum infection may have a potential local spread and systemic dissemination in patients treated with tnf-alpha inhibitors.201020133411
nontuberculous mycobacteria: susceptibility pattern and prevalence rate in shanghai from 2005 to 2008.an increasing incidence of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) is being reported. the purpose of this study was to determine the isolation rates of ntm from various clinical specimens, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, over a 4-year period in shanghai.201020137367
sporotrichoid mycobacterium marinum infection of the face following a cat scratch.mycobacterium marinum infections in humans uncommonly affect the face and are not known to be associated with cat scratches. we describe a 24-year-old woman who presented with a 3-month history of multiple tender, occasionally discharging cystic nodules involving the left side of her face in a sporotrichoid distribution. she had suffered a cat scratch to her left lower eyelid 3 weeks before the onset of the eruption and owned multiple tropical fish tanks. she was systemically well and had no lym ...201020148843
[cutaneous and soft skin infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria].the frequency of isolation as well as the number of species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) has increased in the last years. nearly every pathogenic species of ntm may cause skin and soft tissue infections, but rapidly growing mycobacteria (mycobacterium fortuitum, mycobacterium chelonae and mycobacterium abscessus), mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium ulcerans are the most commonly involved. many of these cutaneous mycobacteriosis, such as rapidly growing mycobacteria, m. marinum, myc ...201020172423
[infections of the upper airway with mycobacterium marinum]. 201020211092
the lta4h locus modulates susceptibility to mycobacterial infection in zebrafish and humans.exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis produces varied early outcomes, ranging from resistance to infection to progressive disease. here we report results from a forward genetic screen in zebrafish larvae that identify multiple mutant classes with distinct patterns of innate susceptibility to mycobacterium marinum. a hypersusceptible mutant maps to the lta4h locus encoding leukotriene a(4) hydrolase, which catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of leukotriene b(4) (ltb(4)), a potent chemoattr ...201020211140
direct visualization by cryo-em of the mycobacterial capsular layer: a labile structure containing esx-1-secreted proteins.the cell envelope of mycobacteria, a group of gram positive bacteria, is composed of a plasma membrane and a gram-negative-like outer membrane containing mycolic acids. in addition, the surface of the mycobacteria is coated with an ill-characterized layer of extractable, non-covalently linked glycans, lipids and proteins, collectively known as the capsule, whose occurrence is a matter of debate. by using plunge freezing cryo-electron microscopy technique, we were able to show that pathogenic myc ...201020221442
do mycobacterium marinum infections occur in india? 201020228557
[insight into tuberculosis pathogenic mechanism from the zebra fish-mycobacterium marinum model--a review].tuberculosis remains a major global health threat. nearly one-third of the world population infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis. m. tuberculosis is a typical and most successful intracellular pathogen. the pathogen can evade and manipulate the host immune response. insights into the interplays between the pathogen and the host was pivotal to develop more sophisticated diagnosis methods and control measures to tuberculosis. no single model can address the ...201020344935
chronic ulceration from mycobacterium marinum infection and the diagnostic value of t-cell interferon-gamma release assays.this case report describes the differential diagnosis of cutaneous ulcerations and the utility of the interferon-gamma release assays as a tool to aid in the diagnosis. these new assays can be used to identify mycobacterial infections (specifically mycobacterium marinum) as the etiologic agents.201020359256
attenuated mycobacterium marinum protects zebrafish against mycobacteriosis. 201019912456
a sensitive fret probe assay for the selective detection of mycobacterium marinum in fish.mycobacterium marinum is the causative agent of mycobacteriosis in wild and cultured fish and of atypical infection in humans. for the diagnosis of m. marinum, cultural and traditional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods are currently used. however, these protocols, although able to discriminate within mycobacterium spp., have proved to be time-consuming or difficult to carry out. for this reason, the aim of this study was to obtain a rapid and specific diagnostic tool to quantify fish mycob ...201019912457
extranodal natural killer cell/t-cell lymphoma, nasal type, presenting as cutaneous nodules and a small-bowel perforation.extranodal natural killer (nk) cell/t-cell lymphoma, nasal type, is a rare aggressive neoplasm, most commonly presenting as a destructive lesion in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx in middle-aged to older adults. about one third of cases present in an extranasal location, commonly involving skin and gastrointestinal tract, and usually occur in the absence of superficial lymphadenopathy. diagnosis of this malignancy can be missed given its rarity and heterogeneous presentation. we describe a pati ...201019940752
tuberculous granuloma induction via interaction of a bacterial secreted protein with host epithelium.granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells, are a hallmark of tuberculosis and have traditionally been thought to restrict mycobacterial growth. however, analysis of mycobacterium marinum in zebrafish has shown that the early granuloma facilitates mycobacterial growth; uninfected macrophages are recruited to the granuloma where they are productively infected by m. marinum. here, we identified the molecular mechanism by which mycobacteria induce granulomas: the bacterial secreted protein 6- ...201020007864
do mycobacteria produce endospores?the genus mycobacterium, which is a member of the high g+c group of gram-positive bacteria, includes important pathogens, such as m. tuberculosis and m. leprae. a recent publication in pnas reported that m. marinum and m. bovis bacillus calmette-guérin produce a type of spore known as an endospore, which had been observed only in the low g+c group of gram-positive bacteria. evidence was presented that the spores were similar to endospores in ultrastructure, in heat resistance and in the presence ...201020080769
microbiology. subversion from the sidelines. 201020093460
microscopic cords, a virulence-related characteristic of mycobacterium tuberculosis, are also present in nonpathogenic mycobacteria.the aggregation of mycobacterial cells in a definite order, forming microscopic structures that resemble cords, is known as cord formation, or cording, and is considered a virulence factor in the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the species mycobacterium marinum. in the 1950s, cording was related to a trehalose dimycolate lipid that, consequently, was named the cord factor. however, modern techniques of microbial genetics have revealed that cording can be affected by mutations in genes not ...201020097851
immunostaining for treponema pallidum: caution in its evaluation. 201020571350
evaluation of a rapid differentiation test for mycobacterium tuberculosis from other mycobacteria by selective inhibition with p-nitrobenzoic acid using mgit 960.tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (m.tb) as well as non-tubercular mycobacterium (ntm) with similar clinical presentation. infections due to ntm are reported to have increased in the past few years. growth of m.tb is inhibited by p-nitrobenzoic acid (pnb), whereas, ntm are resistant. one hundred and nine isolates from various clinical samples were identified up to species level by their growth rate, pigmentation, and a battery of biochemical tests, including niacin accumulatio ...201021346904
recurrent cutaneous abscesses in two italian family members.environmental mycobacteria are the causative factors of an increasing number of infections worldwide. cutaneous infections as a result of such mycobacteria are often misdiagnosed, and their treatment is difficult since they can show in vivo and in vitro multidrug resistance. absence of pathognomonic clinical signs and variable histological findings often delay diagnosis. we report a case of localized recurrent soft tissue swelling by mycobacterium marinum in 2 members of the same family. the cas ...201024470891
"you never asked doc., i do fish".joint pains and swellings are routine complaints in rheumatology clinics. infectious diseases may mimic common rheumatic conditions and thus need to be ruled out before initiating any immunosuppressive treatment. mycobacterium marinum is an organism that can present with a typical arthritis picture. a 60-year-old gentleman with a complicated medical history presented with a right wrist swelling which was initially managed as a case of remitting seronegative arthritis. he eventually required teno ...201019727911
mycobacterium marinum: current recommended pharmacologic therapy. 200919773128
extrapulmonary infections associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent persons.over the past several years, the prevalence of human disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) has increased. whether the increase in cases is real or whether more cases are being recognized remains unclear. despite a considerable increase in knowledge about ntm infections, they still represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for several reasons: 1) pathogenic isolates may be indistinguishable from contaminant or saprophytic isolates; 2) timely and reliable identification of iso ...200919788801
[non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections of the hand and wrist: a retrospective review of five cases from a single centre].a suggestion for a graduated diagnostic and therapeutic approach for patients with a suspected infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) of the hand and wrist is made.200919790021
cooperation between a coenzyme a-independent stand-alone initiation module and an iterative type i polyketide synthase during synthesis of mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids.several mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, mycobacterium leprae, and other mycobacterial pathogens produce a group of small-molecule virulence factors called phenolic glycolipids (pgls). pgls play key roles in pathogenicity and host-pathogen interaction. thus, elucidation of the pgl biosynthetic pathway will not only expand our understanding of natural product biosynthesis, but may also illuminate routes to novel therapeutics to afford alternative lines of defense against mycobacterial infectio ...200919799378
pathogenetic mechanisms of the intracellular parasite mycobacterium ulcerans leading to buruli ulcer.the necrotising skin infection buruli ulcer is at present the third most common human mycobacteriosis worldwide, after tuberculosis and leprosy. buruli ulcer is an emergent disease that is predominantly found in humid tropical regions. there is no vaccine against buruli ulcer and its treatment is difficult. in addition to the huge social effect, buruli ulcer is of great scientific interest because of the unique characteristics of its causative organism, mycobacterium ulcerans. this pathogen is g ...200919850228
atypical mycobacterial tenosynovitis and bursitis of the wrist.atypical mycobacterial tenosynovitis of the wrist can easily be misdiagnosed as synovial chondromatosis. both sonography and magnetic resonance imaging plays an important role in depicting "rice bodies" within the distended tendon sheaths and bursae of atypical mycobacterial infection. an endemic place for mycobacterium species and the occupation of the patient should raise the suspicion for the disease. polymerase chain reaction of the distended tendon fluid is a sensitive, specific and rapid m ...200919862676
fish, flesh and a good red herring: a case of ascending upper limb infection in a renal transplant patient.while newly developed potent immunosuppressive agents have dramatically reduced the incidence of rejection of transplanted organs, they have increased the patients' susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancer. here we report a rare skin infection caused by atypical mycobacterium marinum in a 50-year-old female renal transplant recipient. the patient presented with localized skin lesion on the dorsum of her hand, which was misdiagnosed as gout. only after the lesions spread in a sporotr ...200919863885
chronic mycobacterium marinum infection acts as a tumor promoter in japanese medaka (oryzias latipes).an accumulating body of research indicates there is an increased cancer risk associated with chronic infections. the genus mycobacterium contains a number of species, including m. tuberculosis, which mount chronic infections and have been implicated in higher cancer risk. several non-tuberculosis mycobacterial species, including m. marinum, are known to cause chronic infections in fish and like human tuberculosis, often go undetected. the elevated carcinogenic potential for fish colonies infecte ...200918929684
sequence and analysis of a plasmid-encoded mercury resistance operon from mycobacterium marinum identifies merh, a new mercuric ion transporter.in this study, we report the dna sequence and biological analysis of a mycobacterial mercury resistance operon encoding a novel hg(2+) transporter. merh was found to transport mercuric ions in escherichia coli via a pair of essential cysteine residues but only when coexpressed with the mercuric reductase.200918931130
atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infections.atypical mycobacterial infections have been a cause of steadily growing infections over the past decades, especially in immunocompromised patients. they are classified by their ability to produce pigment, growth rate, and optimal temperature. mycobacterium marinum, m. kansasii, and m. avium-intracellulare are examples of slow-growing mycobacteria. m. fortuitum, m. chelonei, and m. abscessus are examples of rapidly growing mycobacteria. atypical mycobacteria are ubiquitous in the environment. no ...200918984369
disseminated mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving infliximab therapy.tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are important adjunctive therapies for rheumatologic diseases. these agents increase the risk for granulomatous disease. we present a case of a woman with severe rheumatoid arthritis on infliximab who developed multiple nodular skin lesions. biopsies grew mycobacterium marinum. new lesions developed through therapy, necessitating surgical debulking.200919266397
cell biology. the art of making an exit. 200919325101
infection by tubercular mycobacteria is spread by nonlytic ejection from their amoeba hosts.to generate efficient vaccines and cures for mycobacterium tuberculosis, we need a far better understanding of its modes of infection, persistence, and spreading. host cell entry and the establishment of a replication niche are well understood, but little is known about how tubercular mycobacteria exit host cells and disseminate the infection. using the social amoeba dictyostelium as a genetically tractable host for pathogenic mycobacteria, we discovered that m. tuberculosis and m. marinum, but ...200919325115
hypercalcemia and renal failure in a case of disseminated mycobacterium marinum infection. 200919327592
sporotrichoid atypical cutaneous infection caused by mycobacterium marinum.a case of a sporotrichoid cutaneous infection caused by mycobacterium marinum is reported. a 53- year-old male patient presented with red, partly purulent nodular lesions on the back of his left hand, forearm, and upper medial arm that had developed consecutively during the past 4 weeks. a mycobacterial infection with m. marinum was confirmed by molecular methods in a lesional skin biopsy. the patient was treated systemically with rifampicin (750 mg/day) and clarithromycine (1,000 mg/day), and t ...200919350186
transfer, stable maintenance and expression of the mycolactone polyketide megasynthase mls genes in a recombination-impaired mycobacterium marinum.the human pathogen mycobacterium ulcerans produces a polyketide metabolite called mycolactone with potent immunomodulatory activity. m. ulcerans strain agy99 has a 174 kb plasmid called pmum001 with three large genes (mlsa1, 51 kb; mlsa2, 7.2 kb; mlsb, 43 kb) that encode type i polyketide synthases (pks) required for the biosynthesis of mycolactone, as demonstrated by transposon mutagenesis. however, there have been no reports of transfer of the mls locus to another mycobacterium to demonstrate ...200919383681
reintroduction of etanercept during treatment of cutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. 200919405014
sequelae of world war ii: an outbreak of chronic cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection among satowanese islanders.after world war ii, residents of satowan (population, 650 persons), an outer island in the state of chuuk, federated states of micronesia, noted a high prevalence of a chronic, progressive skin disease known locally as "spam."200919405866
specificity of the zebrafish host transcriptome response to acute and chronic mycobacterial infection and the role of innate and adaptive immune components.pathogenic mycobacteria have the ability to survive within macrophages and persist inside granulomas. the complex host-pathogen interactions that determine the outcome of a mycobacterial infection process result in marked alterations of the host gene expression profile. here we used the zebrafish model to investigate the specificity of the host response to infections with two mycobacterium strains that give distinct disease outcomes: an acute disease with early lethality or a chronic disease wit ...200919409617
atg5-independent sequestration of ubiquitinated mycobacteria.like several other intracellular pathogens, mycobacterium marinum (mm) escapes from phagosomes into the host cytosol where it can polymerize actin, leading to motility that promotes spread to neighboring cells. however, only approximately 25% of internalized mm form actin tails, and the fate of the remaining bacteria has been unknown. here we show that cytosolic access results in a new and intricate host pathogen interaction: host macrophages ubiquitinate mm, while mm shed their ubiquitinated ce ...200919436699
mycobacterium marinum lipooligosaccharides are unique caryophyllose-containing cell wall glycolipids that inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in macrophages.earlier studies have reported a role for lipooligosaccharides (loss) in sliding motility, biofilm formation, and infection of host macrophages in mycobacterium marinum. although a los biosynthetic gene cluster has recently been identified in this species, many structural features of the different loss (los-i-iv) are still unknown. this clearly hampers assessing the contribution of each los in mycobacterial virulence as well as structure-function-based studies of these important cell wall-associa ...200919491094
the granuloma in tuberculosis--friend or foe? 200919494225
husbandry stress exacerbates mycobacterial infections in adult zebrafish, danio rerio (hamilton).mycobacteria are significant pathogens of laboratory zebrafish, danio rerio (hamilton). stress is often implicated in clinical disease and morbidity associated with mycobacterial infections but has yet to be examined with zebrafish. the aim of this study was to examine the effects of husbandry stressors on zebrafish infected with mycobacteria. adult zebrafish were exposed to mycobacterium marinum or mycobacterium chelonae, two species that have been associated with disease in zebrafish. infected ...200919531062
sporulation in mycobacteria.mycobacteria owe their success as pathogens to their ability to persist for long periods within host cells in asymptomatic, latent forms before they opportunistically switch to the virulent state. the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition into dormancy and emergence from it are not clear. here we show that old cultures of mycobacterium marinum contained spores that, upon exposure to fresh medium, germinated into vegetative cells and reappeared again in stationary phase via endospore for ...200919541637
non mycobacterial virulence genes in the genome of the emerging pathogen mycobacterium abscessus.mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging rapidly growing mycobacterium (rgm) causing a pseudotuberculous lung disease to which patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) are particularly susceptible. we report here its complete genome sequence. the genome of m. abscessus (cip 104536t) consists of a 5,067,172-bp circular chromosome including 4920 predicted coding sequences (cds), an 81-kb full-length prophage and 5 is elements, and a 23-kb mercury resistance plasmid almost identical to pmm23 from mycobacte ...200919543527
tuberculosis and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.the sulfonamides were the first drugs with antituberculous effects. their use was abandoned and basically forgotten with the advent of streptomycin and isoniazid combination treatment. there is a widespread belief, apparently based on testing a single isolate on questionable media, that mycobacterium tuberculosis is resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). we saw a complex immunocompromised patient with tuberculosis who was initially treated with tmp-smx without antituberculous drug ...200919564358
subcutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with chronic rheumatoid arthritis receiving immunosuppressive therapy. 200919570091
large sequence polymorphisms unveil the phylogenetic relationship of environmental and pathogenic mycobacteria related to mycobacterium ulcerans.mycolactone is an immunosuppressive cytotoxin responsible for the clinical manifestation of buruli ulcer in humans. it was believed to be confined to its etiologic agent, mycobacterium ulcerans. however, the identification of other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria (mpms) in other species, including mycobacterium marinum, indicated a more complex taxonomic relationship. this highlighted the need for research on the biology, evolution, and distribution of such emerging and potentially infectious ...200919592526
mycobacterial pe, ppe and esx clusters: novel insights into the secretion of these most unusual protein families.the human pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis harbours a large number of genes that encode proteins whose n-termini contain the characteristic motifs pro-glu (pe) or pro-pro-glu (ppe). a subgroup of the pe proteins contains polymorphic gc-rich sequences (pgrs), while a subgroup of the ppe proteins contains major polymorphic tandem repeats (mptr). the function of most of these proteins remains unknown. however, in this issue of molecular microbiology, abdallah and colleagues show that pe_pgrs pro ...200919602151
ppe and pe_pgrs proteins of mycobacterium marinum are transported via the type vii secretion system esx-5.esx-5 is one of the five type vii secretion systems found in mycobacteria. these secretion systems are also known as esat-6-like secretion systems. here, we have determined the secretome of esx-5 by a proteomic approach in two different strains of mycobacterium marinum. comparison of the secretion profile of wild-type strains and their esx-5 mutants showed that a number of pe_pgrs and ppe-mptr proteins are dependent on esx-5 for transport. the pe and ppe protein families are unique to mycobacter ...200919602152
region of difference 1 in nontuberculous mycobacterium species adds a phylogenetic and taxonomical character.the esat-6 and cfp-10 genes are essential for virulence in mycobacterium tuberculosis. among nontuberculous mycobacteria, we found these genes only in m. kansasii, m. szulgai, m. marinum, and m. riyadhense, with unique sequences. this adds a phylogenetic and taxonomical characteristic and may represent a virulence factor for nontuberculous mycobacteria.200919617365
subcutaneous nodules with sporotrichoid spread.mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium found worldwide and associated with swimming pools and aquariums. infections typically present with subcutaneous nodules and lymphangitis.200919624989
deep sequencing of the zebrafish transcriptome response to mycobacterium infection.novel high-throughput deep sequencing technology has dramatically changed the way that the functional complexity of transcriptomes can be studied. here we report on the first use of this technology to gain insight into the wide range of transcriptional responses that are associated with an infectious disease process. using solexa/illumina's digital gene expression (dge) system, a tag-based transcriptome sequencing method, we investigated mycobacterium-induced transcriptome changes in a model ver ...200919631987
comparison of the arylamine n-acetyltransferase from mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium tuberculosis.arylamine n-acetyltansferase (nat) from mycobacterium tuberculosis (tbnat) is a potential drug target for anti-tubercular therapy. recombinant tbnat is much less soluble and is produced in lower yields than the closely related nat from mycobacterium marinum (mmnat). in order to explore mmnat as a model for tbnat in drug discovery, we compare the two mycobacterial nat enzymes. two site-directed mutants of mmnat have been prepared and characterised: mmnat71, tyr --> phe and mmnat209, met --> thr, ...200919636684
intractable ulcer caused by mycobacterium shinshuense: successful identification of mycobacterium strain by 16s ribosomal rna 3'-end sequencing.an extremely rare case of intractable ulcer caused by mycobacterium shinshuense is described. a 59-year-old japanese woman developed an ulcerated subcutaneous induration on the upper arm. ziehl-neelsen staining revealed positive bacilli. tissue culture isolated mycobacterium species, but standard identification techniques (including molecular biological approaches such as dna-dna hybridization) could not distinguish the precise causative pathogen, although it was narrowed down to three possibili ...200919663856
mycobacterium marinum infection. 200921691387
influence of nutritional state on the progression and severity of mycobacteriosis in striped bass morone saxatilis.challenge studies with mycobacterium marinum clearly demonstrate that a poor diet affects the progression and severity of mycobacteriosis in striped bass morone saxatilis. fish (n = 512 total, wt = 65 +/- 15 g) were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu) g(-1) body weigth (bw) or a physiological saline solution (controls) and evaluated for 8 mo. inoculated fish fed a low-ration diet (0.15% bw d(-1)) developed a severe, systemic infection characterized by a high bacter ...200920099412
heterogeneity in the stereochemistry of mycolactones isolated from m. marinum: toxins produced by fresh vs. saltwater fish pathogens.a novel mycolactone has been identified from mycobacterium marinum infecting freshwater fish.200920024242
fishy business. 200919079348
buruli ulcer: reductive evolution enhances pathogenicity of mycobacterium ulcerans.buruli ulcer is an emerging human disease caused by infection with a slow-growing pathogen, mycobacterium ulcerans, that produces mycolactone, a cytotoxin with immunomodulatory properties. the disease is associated with wetlands in certain tropical countries, and evidence for a role of insects in transmission of this pathogen is growing. comparative genomic analysis has revealed that m. ulcerans arose from mycobacterium marinum, a ubiquitous fast-growing aquatic species, by horizontal transfer o ...200919079352
something fishy. fish tank granuloma. 200919915232
mycobacterium marinum hand infection in a "sushi chef".we present the case of a sushi chef with pain and swelling of his index finger and wrist for a year, unresponsive to antibiotics.200919915656
[a case of acute and necrotizing cutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient treated with infliximab for crohn's disease].the increasing use of anti-tnfalpha exposes patients to emerging risks, particularly that of infection. we report a case of severe cutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient treated with infliximab and we discuss therapeutic options.200919917434
current treatment of atypical mycobacteriosis.atypical mycobacteria are a heterogeneous group of organisms that are of increasing importance because of the growing number of infections they cause. this rising rate of infection is due mainly to the increase in the number of susceptible (and especially immunosuppressed) patients.200919929702
mycolactone gene expression is controlled by strong siga-like promoters with utility in studies of mycobacterium ulcerans and buruli ulcer.mycolactone a/b is a lipophilic macrocyclic polyketide that is the primary virulence factor produced by mycobacterium ulcerans, a human pathogen and the causative agent of buruli ulcer. in m. ulcerans strain agy99 the mycolactone polyketide synthase (pks) locus spans a 120 kb region of a 174 kb megaplasmid. here we have identified promoter regions of this pks locus using gfp reporter assays, in silico analysis, primer extension, and site-directed mutagenesis. transcription of the large pks genes ...200919936295
disseminated mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with diabetic nephropathy. 200919108924
microbiology. tb bacteria may reign over cells intended to bridle them. 200919131601
the role of the granuloma in expansion and dissemination of early tuberculous infection.granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells, form in response to persistent stimuli and are hallmarks of tuberculosis. tuberculous granulomas have long been considered host-protective structures formed to contain infection. however, work in zebrafish infected with mycobacterium marinum suggests that granulomas contribute to early bacterial growth. here we use quantitative intravital microscopy to reveal distinct steps of granuloma formation and assess their consequence for infection. intrac ...200919135887
polar localization of virulence-related esx-1 secretion in mycobacteria.the esx-1 (type vii) secretion system is critical for virulence of both mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium marinum, and is highly conserved between the two species. despite its importance, there has been no direct visualization of esx-1 secretion until now. in m. marinum, we show that secretion of mh3864, a novel esx-1 substrate that remains partially cell wall-associated after translocation, occurred in polar regions, indicating that esx-1 secretion takes place in these regions. analy ...200919180234
widespread mycobacterium marinum infection. 200919197553
leg ulcer caused by mycobacterium ulcerans ssp. shinshuense infection.an 81-year-old man presented with a skin ulcer on the left forearm caused by infection with mycobacterium ulcerans ssp. shinshuense. the patient first noticed the subcutaneous nodule with an undermined ulcer and areola on the left forearm without any episode of trauma.200920415674
environmental amoebae and mycobacterial pathogenesis.environmental amoebae have been shown to be a host to pathogenic mycobacteria. mycobacterium avium, mycobacterium marinum, and mycobacterium peregrinum can all grow inside acanthamoeba and other environmental amoebae. once ingested by acanthamoeba, m. avium upregulates a number of genes, many of them similar to genes upregulated upon phagocytosis of m. avium by macrophages. mycobacteria ingested by amoebae grow intracellularly, acquiring an invasive phenotype, evident when the bacterium escapes ...200920560060
mycobacterium marinum infections of the hand: a report of three cases.we report three cases of mycobacterium marinum infection, characterized by the long duration before a proper diagnosis was made. mycobacterium marinum is a so-called atypical non-tuberculous mycobacterium, found in salt and fresh water, occasionally infecting humans. most of the infections involve the fingers and hand, after exposure to contaminated water. it is commonly called fish tank infection. the clinical pictures can be very different: from a small cutaneous lesion to deep-seated infectio ...200819241942
a pregnant woman with fish tank granuloma. 200819085552
mycobacterium marinum infection.a 64-year-old man presented for evaluation of tender pustules that developed on his right hand and subsequently spread up his arms in a sporotrichoid manner. owing to the prominent history of recent trauma followed by fish tank exposure, the patient was started on doxycycline for coverage of mycobacterium marinum. subsequent tissue culture grew m. marinum and confirmed the clinical diagnosis. m. marinum is an atypical mycobacteria that is ubiquitously found in aquatic environments. owing to its ...200819061606
evidence for pore formation in host cell membranes by esx-1-secreted esat-6 and its role in mycobacterium marinum escape from the vacuole.the esx-1 secretion system plays a critical role in the virulence of m. tuberculosis and m. marinum, but the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms are not clearly defined. virulent m. marinum is able to escape from the mycobacterium-containing vacuole (mcv) into the host cell cytosol, polymerize actin, and spread from cell to cell. in this study, we have examined nine m. marinum esx-1 mutants and the wild type by using fluorescence and electron microscopy detecting mcv membranes and actin po ...200818852239
the esx-5 secretion system of mycobacterium marinum modulates the macrophage response.the esx-5 secretion system of pathogenic mycobacteria is responsible for the secretion of various ppe and pe-pgrs proteins. to better understand the role of esx-5 effector proteins in virulence, we analyzed the interactions of mycobacterium marinum esx-5 mutant with human macrophages (mphi). both wild-type bacteria and the esx-5 mutant were internalized and the esx-5 mutation did not affect the escape of mycobacteria from phagolysosomes into the cytosol, as was shown by electron microscopy. howe ...200818981138
trafficking of superinfecting mycobacterium organisms into established granulomas occurs in mammals and is independent of the erp and esx-1 mycobacterial virulence loci.although tuberculous granulomas, which are composed of infected macrophages and other immune cells, have long been considered impermeable structures, recent studies have shown that superinfecting mycobacterium marinum traffic rapidly to established fish and frog granulomas by host-mediated and mycobacterium-directed mechanisms. the present study shows that superinfecting mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin similarly home to established granulomas in mice. f ...200818983252
functional role of the pe domain and immunogenicity of the mycobacterium tuberculosis triacylglycerol hydrolase lipy.pe and ppe proteins appear to be important for virulence and immunopathogenicity in mycobacteria, yet the functions of the pe/ppe domains remain an enigma. to decipher the role of these domains, we have characterized the triacylglycerol (tag) hydrolase lipy from mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the only known pe protein expressing an enzymatic activity. the overproduction of lipy in mycobacteria resulted in a significant reduction in the pool of tags, consistent with the lipase activity of t ...200817938218
a rapid approach to lipid profiling of mycobacteria using 2d hsqc nmr maps.mycobacteria, including mycobacterium tuberculosis, are characterized by a unique cell wall rich in complex lipids, glycolipids, polyketides, and terpenoids. many of these metabolites have been shown to play important roles in mycobacterial virulence and their inherent resistance to many antibiotics. here, we report the development of a new simple method for global analysis of these metabolites using two-dimensional (1)h-(13)c heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance. th ...200817982136
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