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volatile emissions from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mirror bacterial growth and enable distinction of different strains.control of paratuberculosis in livestock is hampered by the low sensitivity of established direct and indirect diagnostic methods. like other bacteria, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) emits volatile organic compounds (vocs). differences of voc patterns in breath and feces of infected and not infected animals were described in first pilot experiments but detailed information on potential marker substances is missing. this study was intended to look for characteristic volatile su ...201324116177
host-mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis interactome reveals a novel iron assimilation mechanism linked to nitric oxide stress during early infection.the initial interaction between host cell and pathogen sets the stage for the ensuing infection and ultimately determine the course of disease. however, there is limited knowledge of the transcripts utilized by host and pathogen and how they may impact one another during this critical step. the purpose of this study was to create a host-mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) interactome for early infection in an epithelium-macrophage co-culture system using rna-seq.201324112552
bayesian estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of individual fecal culture and paralisa to detect mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in young farmed deer.a bayesian latent class model was used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of an immunoglobulin g1 serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (paralisa) and individual fecal culture to detect young deer infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. paired fecal and serum samples were collected, between july 2009 and april 2010, from 20 individual yearling (12-24-month-old) deer in each of 20 south island and 18 north island herds in new zealand and subjected to culture and para ...201324105379
evaluation of pms-pcr technology for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis directly from bovine fecal specimens.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes paratuberculosis, or johne's disease, in animals. diagnosis of map infection is challenging because of the pathogen's fastidious in vitro growth requirements and low-level intermittent shedding in feces during the preclinical phase of the infection. detection of these "low-shedders" is important for effective control of paratuberculosis as these animals serve as sources of infection for susceptible calves. magnetic separation technology, u ...201324100005
mannosylated lipoarabinomannans from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis alters the inflammatory response by bovine macrophages and suppresses killing of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium organisms.analysis of the mechanisms through which pathogenic mycobacteria interfere with macrophage activation and phagosome maturation have shown that engagement of specific membrane receptors with bacterial ligands is the initiating event. mannosylated lipoarabinomannan (man-lam) has been identified as one of the ligands that modulates macrophage function. we evaluated the effects of man-lam derived from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) on bovine macrophages. man-lam induced a rapid an ...201324098744
stability of genotyping target sequences of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis upon cultivation on different media, in vitro- and in vivo passage, and natural infection.mycobacterium (m.) avium subsp. paratuberculosis - the causative agent of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) - affects domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. recently, different typing techniques have been combined to provide sufficient discriminatory power for the differentiation of isolates and for epidemiological studies. in order to challenge the reliability of this approach the stability of different m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genotypes determined after primary isolation was investiga ...201324095568
novel secreted antigens of mycobacterium paratuberculosis as serodiagnostic biomarkers for johne's disease in cattle.johne's disease is a chronic gastroenteritis of cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that afflicts 40% of dairy herds worldwide. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle can remain asymptomatic for years while transmitting the pathogen via fecal contamination and milk. current serodiagnosis with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) fails to detect asymptomatic m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle due to the use of poorly defined antigens and kno ...201324089453
anti mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70 antibodies in the sera of sardinian patients with multiple sclerosis.heat shock protein (hsp) family members are highly conserved in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and are known to be immunodominant antigens in many bacteria. in particular, hsp70 has been linked to multiple sclerosis (ms), even if the available data are contradictory. since different studies conducted on sardinian subjects, have linked mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) presence to ms disease, and in view of the fact that human hsp70 is highly homologue to the majori ...201324075312
high prevalence of paratuberculosis in rabbits is associated with difficulties in controlling the disease in cattle.there is increasing evidence that the european wild rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) is a wildlife reservoir for paratuberculosis and infected populations may contribute to the persistence of infection in livestock. the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that farms with difficulties controlling paratuberculosis in their cattle herds have a higher prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in their rabbit populations. a total of 281 rabbits from 13 beef farm ...201324075203
effect of delayed exposure of cattle to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis on the development of subclinical and clinical johne's disease.to evaluate the effect of delayed exposure of dairy cattle to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) on the incidence of those cows testing positive for map and developing clinical johne's disease (cjd).201324066914
early weight development of goats experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.johne's disease is an infectious chronic inflammatory bowel disease in ruminants. the key factor for the management of this disease is an early positive diagnosis. unfortunately, most diagnostics detect animals with johne's disease in the clinical stage with positive serology and/or positive fecal cultures. however, for effective management of the disease within herds, it is important to detect infected animals as early as possible. this might only be possible with the help of parameters not spe ...201324349564
persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in soil, crops, and ensiled feed following manure spreading on infected dairy farms.the goal of this study was to determine the persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in soil, crops, and ensiled feeds following manure spreading. this bacterium was often found in soil samples, but less frequently in harvested feeds and silage. spreading of manure on fields used for crop harvest is preferred to spreading on grazing pastures.201324179246
evaluation [corrected] of the "iceberg phenomenon" in johne's disease through mathematical modelling.johne's disease (jd) is a chronic, enteric disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). disease progression follows four distinct stages: silent, subclinical, clinical and advanced. available diagnostic tests have poor sensitivity and cannot detect early stages of the infection; as a result, only animals in the clinical and advanced stages, which represent the tip of the 'iceberg', are identified through testing. the iceberg phenomenon is then applied to prov ...201324167547
relationship between paratuberculosis and the microelements copper, zinc, iron, selenium and molybdenum in beef cattle.to study the deficiency of minerals and its relationship with paratuberculosis, blood, serum, and fecal samples were obtained from 75 adult bovines without clinical symptoms of the disease and from two bovines with clinical symptoms of the disease, from two beef herds with a previous history of paratuberculosis in the province of buenos aires, argentina. serum samples were processed by elisa and feces were cultured in herrolds medium. copper, zinc and iron in serum were quantified by spectrophot ...201324159298
antemortem and postmortem examinations of the cattle calf naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.a male cattle calf was detected as subclinically and naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) by a series of antemortem and postmortem tests. the map infection was identified by strong antibody and cell-mediated immune (cmi) response by a commercial elisa kit and an intradermal johnin test, respectively, in the initial antemortem examination. the antemortem status of the calf was further confirmed by map-specific interferon gamma (ifn-γ) response. for detecti ...201324294493
associations between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies in bulk tank milk, season of sampling and protocols for managing infected cows.the objective of this study was to identify associations between the concentration of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) antibodies in bulk milk and potential risk factors in herd management and herd characteristics, explaining high map antibody titers in milk. an extensive questionnaire was administered to 292 organic and conventional dairy farms from new york, wisconsin and oregon. bulk milk samples were taken from each farm for map enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). a g ...201324283287
paratuberculosis in different breeds of sheep: a retrospective study of cases.spontaneous ovine paratuberculosis in an organized farm was diagnosed based on histopathological lesions, demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in different visceral organs, and detection of antibody levels against mycobacterium paratuberculosis by agar gel immunodiffusion test (agid). out of 190 morbid specimens examined histopathologically, 77% of specimens had pathological lesions, which included predominant epithelioid cell formation, infiltration of lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. in a ...201326785985
ovine paratuberculosis: a confirmed case of johne's disease in libya.paratuberculosis (johne's disease) was suspected in a herd of approximately 300 sheep after weight loss and scouring had increased in adult animals despite repeated treatment with anthelmintics, antibiotics, multivitamins and minerals. the herd is located near tarhouna city. herd history revealed that a total of 60 ewes showed clinical symptoms and deaths during the last two years. the last case that we attended was submitted to the national center of animal health (ncah) for a detailed laborato ...201326623326
intestinal strictures, fibrous adhesions and high local interleukin-10 levels in goats infected naturally with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.this study describes pathological findings and their association with the production of interferon (ifn)-γ and interleukin (il)-10 in goats infected naturally with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). twenty-seven goats were subjected to pathological examination. more than half of the animals had severe, diffuse, transmural granulomatous enteritis, often with abundant acid-fast bacilli (afb), which was most evident in the proximal jejunum. jejunal strictures and fibrous, peritoneal ...201322784780
quantitative real-time pcr and culture examination of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at farm level.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease in ruminants and may contribute to crohn's disease in humans. the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and quantity of map in cattle feces and milk in the iranian context. in addition, we evaluated the effect of cattle age as well as farming system as risk factors contributing to map load. for this, a total sample of 373 consisting of 150 cattle feces (cf), 150 individual cow's milk (icm), as well as 73 bulk-ta ...201322999522
the prevalence of disseminated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in tissues of healthy ewes from a new zealand farm with johne's disease present.to determine the prevalence of disseminated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in healthy ewes in a flock with a history of clinical johne's disease.201322984988
herd-level prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in united states dairy herds in 2007.testing of composite fecal (environmental) samples from high traffic areas in dairy herds has been shown to be a cost-effective and sensitive method for classification of herd status for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). in the national animal health monitoring system's (nahms) dairy 2007 study, the apparent herd-level prevalence of map was 70.4% (369/524 had ≥ 1 culture-positive composite fecal samples out of 6 tested). based on these data, the true herd-level prevalence (hp) o ...201322979969
sample size estimation to substantiate freedom from disease for clustered binary data with a specific risk profile.disease cases are often clustered within herds or generally groups that share common characteristics. sample size formulae must adjust for the within-cluster correlation of the primary sampling units. traditionally, the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (icc), which is an average measure of the data heterogeneity, has been used to modify formulae for individual sample size estimation. however, subgroups of animals sharing common characteristics, may exhibit excessively less or more heterogen ...201322954371
impact of imperfect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis vaccines in dairy herds: a mathematical modeling approach.the objective of this study was to investigate the potential impacts of imperfect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) vaccines on the dynamics of map infection in us dairy herds using a mathematical modeling approach. vaccine-based control programs have been implemented to reduce the prevalence of map infection in some dairy herds; however, map vaccines are imperfect. vaccines can provide partial protection for susceptible calves, reduce the infectiousness of animals shedding map, ...201322921715
assessing the inactivation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during composting of livestock carcasses.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease (jd) in ruminants, with substantial economic impacts on the cattle industry. johne's disease is known for its long latency period, and difficulties in diagnosis are due to insensitivities of current detection methods. eradication is challenging as m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis can survive for extended periods within the environment, resulting in new infections in naïve animals (w. xu et al., j. environ. qual. 38:437-450, 2009) ...201323503307
circulating mycobacterium bovis peptides and host response proteins as biomarkers for unambiguous detection of subclinical infection.bovine tuberculosis remains one of the most damaging diseases to agriculture, and there is also a concern for human spillover. a critical need exists for rapid, thorough, and inexpensive diagnostic methods capable of detecting and differentiating mycobacterium bovis infection from other pathogenic and environmental mycobacteria at multiple surveillance levels. in a previous study, seth et al. (plos one 4:e5478, 2009, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005478) identified 32 host peptides that specifically ...201324478485
toll like receptor 9 (tlr9) polymorphism g520r in sheep is associated with seropositivity for small ruminant lentivirus.infectious diseases of sheep are of major economic importance causing direct and indirect losses. among the major sheep infectious agents are small ruminant lentivirus, chlamydophila abortus and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections, mainly due to their worldwide distribution and economic impact that they cause. based on the differential susceptibility to infectious diseases between and within breeds and on the recent findings regarding the putative involvement of tlr9 in diseas ...201323691111
bovine response to lipoarabinomannan vaccination and challenge with mycobacterium paratuberculosis.this study aimed to evaluate the immune response in bovines following immunization with a mycobaterial lipoarabinomannan extract (lame) and the effect of map challenge. lame vaccine induced specific antibody levels that diminished after the challenge and affected map excretion at least for 100 days thereafter.201324294248
epidemiological survey for toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia psittaci var. ovis, mycobacterium paratuberculosis, coxiella burnetii, brucella spp., leptospirosis and orf virus among sheep from northern districts of japan.a serological survey was carried out in the northern prefectures of hokkaido, iwate and aomori in japan, for the presence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii, chlamydiapsittaci var. ovis, mycobacterium paratuberculosis, coxiella burnetii, brucella spp., leptospirosis and orf virus (orfv). out of 267 samples tested, highest overall prevalence (28.78%) was found for t. gondii. the 12.59% of tested sheep were positive for c. psittaci var. ovis. a total of 8.67% were found to be seropositive for ...201323318575
a transversal study on antibodies against selected pathogens in dromedary camels in the canary islands, spain.the canary islands contain the most important dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) population in the european union and are the main export point of dromedaries to continental europe and latin america. we investigated the presence of antibodies against relevant disease agents in 100 canarian camel sera. selected blood samples of the same animals were also tested by pcr. sera were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus (btv; 0%), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv; 0%), camelpox virus (c ...201323992795
growth of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, escherichia coli, and salmonella enteritidis during preparation and storage of yogurt.the purpose of this study was to determine the viability of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), escherichia coli (e. coli), and salmonella enteritidis (s. enteritidis) during preparation and refrigerated storage of yogurt. three yogurts were prepared using pasteurized commercial milk. each yogurt was artificially contaminated with (1) map, (2) e. coli + s. enteritidis, and (3) map + e. coli + s. enteritidis. samples were taken during and after the fermentation process until day 20 ...201324455399
sensitivity of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium to low ph, high organic acids and ensiling.to evaluate the persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (myco. paratuberculosis), salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (salm.typhimurium) and a commensal escherichia coli (e. coli) isolate under the low ph and high organic acid (oa) conditions of ensiling of forages.201323647636
enumeration of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by quantitative real-time pcr, culture on solid media and optical densitometry.different approaches are used for determining the number of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) cells in a suspension. the majority of them are based upon culture (determination of cfu) or visual/instrumental direct counting of map cells. in this study, we have compared the culture method with a previously published f57 based quantitative real-time pcr (f57qpcr) method, to determine their relative abilities to count the number of three different map isolates in suspensions with the ...201222357065
quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains representing distinct genotypes and isolated from domestic and wildlife animal species by use of an automatic liquid culture system.quantification of 11 clinical strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from domestic (cattle, sheep, and goat) and wildlife (fallow deer, deer, wild boar, and bison) animal species in an automatic liquid culture system (bactec mgit 960) was accomplished. the strains were previously isolated and typed using is1311 pcr followed by restriction endonuclease analysis (pcr-rea) into type c, s, or b. a strain-specific quantification curve was generated for each m. avium subsp. pa ...201222649014
in silico identification of epitopes in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins that were upregulated under stress conditions.johne's disease in ruminants is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. diagnosis of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection is difficult, especially in the early stages. to date, ideal antigen candidates are not available for efficient immunization or immunodiagnosis. this study reports the in silico selection and subsequent analysis of epitopes of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins that were found to be upregulated under stress conditions as a means to identify immunog ...201222496492
infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis results in rapid interleukin-1β release and macrophage transepithelial migration.pathogen processing by the intestinal epithelium involves a dynamic innate immune response initiated by pathogen-epithelial cell cross talk. interactions between epithelium and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis have not been intensively studied, and it is currently unknown how the bacterium-epithelial cell cross talk contributes to the course of infection. we hypothesized that m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis harnesses host responses to recruit macrophages to the site of infection to e ...201222778093
quantification of bacterial indicators and zoonotic pathogens in dairy wastewater ponds.zoonotic pathogens in land-applied dairy wastewaters are a potential health risk. the occurrence and abundance of 10 pathogens and 3 fecal indicators were determined by quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) in samples from 30 dairy wastewaters from southern idaho. samples tested positive for campylobacter jejuni, stx(1)- and eaea-positive escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and salmonella enterica, with mean recoveries of genomic dna corresponding t ...201222983964
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis lipophilic antigen causes crohn's disease-type necrotizing colitis in mice.background: a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (tnbs)-induced murine colitis model was developed to investigate the pathogenesis and to evaluate a method of treating human crohn's disease. this experimental model rapidly induces colitis similar to human crohn's disease lesion in a reproducible manner. however, natural exposure of the human digestive tract to tnbs is unrealistic. a novel animal model based on realistic data is eagerly anticipated in future research on pathogenesis of cd. metho ...201223519342
risk factors for herds to test positive for mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis-antibodies with a commercial milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in ontario and western canada.the objectives of this study were to identify risk factors associated with i) a mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map)-antibody milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (map milk elisa)-positive herd status, and ii) the within-herd map milk elisa-positive prevalence in canadian dairy herds. this prospective cohort study was conducted between 2005 and 2009 on 226 herds in ontario and western canada, which participated in a voluntary risk assessment (ra)-based johne's disease control prog ...201223450860
mycoprotease-db: useful resource for mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacterial proteases.mycoprotease-db is an online ms sql and cgi-perl driven relational database that domiciles protease information of mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), whose complete genome sequence is available. our effort is to provide comprehensive information on proteases of 5 strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis (h(37)rv, h(37)ra, cdc1551, f11 and kzn 1435), 3 strains of mycobacterium bovis (af2122/97, bcg pasteur 1173p2 and bcg tokyo 172) and 4 strains of ntm (m ...201223275726
rapid and sensitive method to identify mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cow's milk by dna methylase genotyping.paratuberculosis is an infectious, chronic, and incurable disease that affects ruminants, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. this bacterium is shed primarily through feces of infected cows but can be also excreted in colostrum and milk and might survive pasteurization. since an association of genomic sequences of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in patients with crohn's disease has been described; it is of interest to rapidly detect m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk fo ...201223275511
prevalence and spectrum of johne's disease lesions in cattle slaughtered at two abattoirs in kampala, uganda.this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and characteristics of johne's disease (jd) lesions in ugandan cattle slaughtered at two of the main abattoirs in kampala. ileocaecal junction and the associated lymph nodes of 1,022 cattle were examined for gross and microscopic lesions, followed by ziehl neelsen staining of the tissues bearing lesions. confirmation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection was done in some of the tissues using culture and is900 pcr. the lesion ...201223274696
sardinian type 1 diabetes patients, transthyretin and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. 201223270597
antibodies recognizing specific mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis's map3738c protein in type 1 diabetes mellitus children are associated with serum th1 (cxcl10) chemokine.recently mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) was associated to type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm). in this study we investigated for map presence in children affected by t1dm compared to healthy children. a pool of 212 sera from t1dm children at onset was compared to sera from 57 healthy children for humoral immune response towards the map specific protein map3738c by elisa. serum concentrations of cxcl10 (pro-th1) and ccl2 (pro-th2) chemokines were also measured in both sera pool. re ...201223265968
survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in synthetic human gastric juice and acidified porcine bile.the bactericidal activities of synthetic gastric juice and acidified porcine bile on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were assessed using propidium monoazide (pma)-mediated quantitative reverse transcription-pcr, which allowed rapid relative quantitative analysis of viable m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells.201223263951
Effects of infectious young stock on results of certification, surveillance and control programmes for paratuberculosis in dairy herds.In many epidemiological models for paratuberculosis, it is assumed that infected young stock (<2 years of age) do not shed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) before adulthood. If this assumption were true, the effective separation of young stock from adult cattle (=2 years) would largely prevent postnatal infections, provided that uninfected adult cattle are highly resistant to infection. However, this assumption is in contrast with observed faecal shedding of MAP in young stock. ...201221856097
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at a regional scale in germany.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causal agent of johne's disease in dairy cattle. genotyping of map is useful to gain a better understanding of the origin of infection, to evaluate regional control programs, to improve diagnostics, and to develop vaccines. in this study 91 map isolates mainly from symptomatic dairy cattle in rhineland-palatinate (rp, germany), its neighbor federal states, and luxembourg were genotyped using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-vari ...201222217908
risk factors associated with transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to calves within dairy herd: a systematic review.paratuberculosis has a worldwide distribution and many countries have implemented control programs to prevent transmission among and within herds. for these programs to be efficient, knowledge of the risk factors involved in transmission is essential.201222211394
high resolution melting pcr to differentiate mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis"cattle type" and "sheep type".in this study, we describe a novel hrm-pcr assay that clearly differentiates the two main types of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (cattle and sheep) based on the polymorphic variation of a previously described tandem repeat. this modern genotyping technique has several advantages over alternative methods, including cost, ease of use and rapidity.201222033498
culture and molecular method for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and dairy products.a combined molecular and cultural method for the detection of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was developed and tested with artificially contaminated milk and dairy products. results indicate that the method can be used for a reliable detection as a basis for first risk assessments.201222057864
Spatial differences in occurrence of paratuberculosis in Danish dairy herds and in control programme participation.Paratuberculosis is a chronic infection of economic importance to the cattle industry and a voluntary control programme is offered to Danish dairy farmers. Our objective was to evaluate spatial differences in both control programme participation and paratuberculosis prevalence in Denmark. The study included 4414 dairy herds: 1249 were participating in the control programme, and 1503 were tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Spatial differences were evaluate ...201221974816
are mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and epstein-barr virus triggers of multiple sclerosis in sardinia?sardinia acts as an ideal setting for multiple sclerosis (ms) studies because its prevalence of ms is one of the highest worldwide. several pathogens have been investigated amongst 119 sardinian ms patients and 117 healthy controls to determine whether they might have a role in triggering ms in genetically predisposed individuals. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and epstein barr virus dna were detected in 27.5% and 17.3%, respectively, of the ms patients. moreover an extremely ...201222261119
sale of raw milk in northern italy: food safety implications and comparison of different analytical methodologies for detection of foodborne pathogens.the safety of raw milk sold in northern italy was investigated in relation to hygiene quality parameters and presence of salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, thermotolerant campylobacter, and verocytotoxin producing escherichia coli o157:h7. the performance of different analytical methods used-official culture method (iso), modified bacteriological analytical manual cultural method (mbam), and polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-was evaluated. the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuber ...201222360646
systems biology analysis of gene expression during in vivo mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis enteric colonization reveals role for immune tolerance.survival and persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in the intestinal mucosa is associated with host immune tolerance. however, the initial events during map interaction with its host that lead to pathogen survival, granulomatous inflammation, and clinical disease progression are poorly defined. we hypothesize that immune tolerance is initiated upon initial contact of map with the intestinal peyer's patch. to test our hypothesis, ligated ileal loops in neonatal calves w ...201222912686
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis cultured from the feces of a southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) with diarrhea and weight loss.abstract: mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) was cultured from the feces of a wild-caught, female, adult southern black rhinoceros. the animal, which presented with a 4-mo history of diarrhea and weight loss, was prescribed a course of antimycobacterial drugs. the clinical signs resolved, and the feces were repeatedly culture negative thereafter. although the rhinocerotidae are likely to be resistant to johne's disease, this case raises the possibility that they can become transiently in ...201222779247
culture- and quantitative is900 real-time pcr-based analysis of the persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a controlled dairy cow farm environment.the aim of this study was to monitor the persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in environmental samples taken from a holstein farm with a long history of clinical paratuberculosis. a herd of 606 head was eradicated, and mechanical cleaning and disinfection with chloramine b with ammonium (4%) was carried out on the farm; in the surrounding areas (on the field and field midden) lime was applied. environmental samples were collected before and over a period of 24 months after ...201222773642
transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: dose-response and age-based susceptibility in a sheep model.factors which influence the transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) between susceptible hosts are poorly defined, despite this organism causing economically significant disease in ruminants worldwide. a randomised longitudinal field trial was conducted using natural pasture-based exposure of 840 merino sheep in a factorial design to test infection and disease outcomes in relation to age at first exposure and the level of exposure to map. pasture contamination was initia ...201222762894
first isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from commercial pasteurized milk in argentina.mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis was isolated from two out of seventy samples (2.86 %) of pasteurized and ultra-pasteurized milk. the isolates were positives to is900 pcr and showed a c17 rflp pattern, the most prevalent in argentina. the present study is the first report of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis culture from pasteurized milk in argentina.201224031925
lactase persistence, nod2 status and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection associations to inflammatory bowel disease.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), which includes both crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc), is caused by a complex interplay involving genetic predisposition, environmental factors and an infectious agent. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is a promising pathogen candidate since it produces a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease in ruminants that resembles cd in humans. map is a ubiquitous microorganism, although its presence in the food chain, especially in milk f ...201222742424
evaluation of immunogenicity of purified cell wall-associated 34 kda antigen of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.the 34 kda cell wall protein of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) has been suggested as a major species-specific immunodominant antigen in johne's disease. however to date, there has not been a purified 34 kda protein isolated from bacterial lysates used in immunogenicity analysis. therefore we attempted to assess the immunogenicity properties of the purified cell wall 34 kda protein for the first time, and compare the results with previous studies. we used an elisa test for eval ...201222741579
longitudinal pathogenesis study of young red deer (cervus elaphus) after experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map).paratuberculosis progresses more quickly in young red deer than in sheep or cattle. this study describes the clinical, immunological and pathological changes over a 50-week period in fourteen 4-month-old red deer that received heavy oral challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). at 4 and 12 weeks post challenge they were anaesthetized and a section of jejunal lymph node was surgically removed for culture, histopathology, and genetic studies. all 14 deer became infected, n ...201222720193
bead-based microfluidic immunoassay for diagnosis of johne's disease.microfluidics technology offers a platform for development of point-of-care diagnostic devices for various infectious diseases. in this study, we examined whether serodiagnosis of johne's disease (jd) can be conducted in a bead-based microfluidic assay system. magnetic micro-beads were coated with antigens of the causative agent of jd, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. the antigen-coated beads were incubated with serum samples of jd-positive or negative serum samples and then with a f ...201222705087
effect of short- and long-term antibiotic exposure on the viability of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as measured by propidium monoazide f57 real time quantitative pcr and culture.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants, has a lipid-rich cell wall which facilitates its survival and persistence in the environment. this property of the organism is exploited when it is cultured as decontaminating agents and antibiotics are used to suppress the growth of contaminating microflora, but such treatments can also negatively affect the isolation of map itself. the objective of this study was to assess the effect of the ...201222704136
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis inhibits gamma interferon-induced signaling in bovine monocytes: insights into the cellular mechanisms of johne's disease.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of johne's disease in cattle and may have implications for human health. establishment of chronic infection by m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis depends on its subversion of host immune responses. this includes blocking the ability of infected macrophages to be activated by gamma interferon (ifn-γ) for clearance of this intracellular pathogen. to define the mechanism by which m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis subverts this critical ...201222689821
phenotypic and transcriptomic response of auxotrophic mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis leud mutant under environmental stress.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of severe gastroenteritis in cattle. to gain a better understanding of map virulence, we investigated the role of leud gene in map metabolism and stress response. for this, we have constructed an auxotrophic strain of map by deleting the leud gene using allelic exchange. the wildtype and mutant strains were then compared for metabolic phenotypic changes using biolog phenotype microarrays. the responses of both strains to ph ...201222675497
effect of days in milk and milk yield on testing positive in milk antibody elisa to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cattle.milk samples are becoming more used as a diagnostic specimen for assessment of occurrence of antibodies to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). this study assessed the effect of days in milk (dim) and milk yield on testing positive in a commercial map specific milk antibody elisa among 222,774 danish holstein cows. results showed that odds of testing positive on 1-2 dim were 9-27 times higher than the rest of lactation, where the chance of testing positive varied less. the reason i ...201222658836
gene expression profiling of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in simulated multi-stress conditions and within thp-1 cells reveals a new kind of interactive intramacrophage behaviour.recent studies have identified in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), already known as a pathogen in ruminants, a potential zoonotic agent of some autoimmune diseases in humans. therefore, considering the possible risk for public health, it is necessary a thorough understanding of map's gene expression during infection of human host as well as the identification of its immunogenic and/or virulence factors for the development of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic tools.201222646160
proteomic analysis of plasma from holstein cows testing positive for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map).johne's disease (jd) is a widespread and economically important chronic inflammatory disease of the small intestine of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). although there are several techniques available for diagnosis of jd, their sensitivity is questionable. new proteome profiling methods, such as serum/plasma protein fingerprinting by 2-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2d-dige), may therefore be useful for identifying novel protein biom ...201222633222
map1272c encodes an nlpc/p60 protein, an antigen detected in cattle with johne's disease.the protein encoded by map1272c has been shown to be an antigen of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that contains an nlpc/p60 superfamily domain found in lipoproteins or integral membrane proteins. proteins containing this domain have diverse enzymatic functions that include peptidases, amidases, and acetyltransferases. the nlpc protein was examined in comparison to over 100 recombinant proteins and showed the strongest antigenicity when analyzed with sera from cattle with johne's dis ...201222593240
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during fermentation of soured milk products detected by culture and quantitative real time pcr methods.mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map), etiological agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants, is able to survive extreme conditions like very low ph (stomach), high temperature (pasteurization) or low temperature (refrigerated storage). cheese, infant powder milk, cream and other milk and dairy products might thus be considered as possible sources of map for humans. the aim of this study was to investigate the survival of two map field isolates during fermentation of three different types of s ...201222591549
correlation of antigen-specific ifn-γ responses of fresh blood samples from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infected heifers with responses of day-old samples co-cultured with il-12 or anti-il-10 antibodies.paratuberculosis is a chronic infection of the intestine of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). early stage map infection can be detected by measuring cell-mediated immune responses using the interferon gamma (ifn-γ) assay. whole blood samples are cultured overnight with specific map antigens followed by quantification of ifn-γ by elisa. it is recommended that the time interval from sampling to culture does not exceed eight hours but addition of the co-stimulat ...201222551981
evaluation of combined high-efficiency dna extraction and real-time pcr for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in subclinically infected dairy cattle: comparison with faecal culture, milk real-time pcr and milk elisa.johne's disease is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and it is one of the most important diseases in cattle worldwide. several laboratory tests for map detection are available; however, these are limited by inadequate sensitivity and specificity when used in subclinically infected populations. to identify map shedders in subclinically infected cattle, we used a new, high-yield method for dna-extraction from map in faeces combined with quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) f ...201222551054
single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine cd209 candidate gene for susceptibility to infection by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. 201222497575
molecular pathogenesis of bovine paratuberculosis and human inflammatory bowel diseases.paratuberculosis (ptb), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic enteritis that affects many ruminants and other wild animals worldwide. ptb is a great concern in animal health and in etiology of human crohn's disease (cd). in the present study, we detected map-specific insertion sequence is900 of dna in tissue sections surgically removed from lesions of patients with cd (29 samples), ulcerative colitis (uc) (17 samples), and non-inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) ...201222486997
epidemiological situation and control strategies for paratuberculosis in japan.paratuberculosis (ptb), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic and progressive granulomatous enteritis that affects many livestock and wild animals worldwide. the clinical disease is called johne's disease (jd). in japan, all dairy cattle (harf million head) are examined for ptb every five years. about 1000 the officially examined cattle are diagnosed annually as positive for ptb, but most of these exhibit only minor or no clinical signs and typical lesions in ...201222458197
production and proteomic characterisation of purified protein derivative from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.effective diagnosis of johne's disease (jd), particularly at the stage of early subclinical infection, remains one of the greatest challenges for the control of jd worldwide. the ifn-γ test of cell mediated immunity is currently one of the most suitable diagnostics for subclinical infections, however a major limitation of this test is the lack of a standardised purified protein derivative (ppd) antigen (also referred to as johnin ppd or ppdj). while attempting to replace ppdj with more specific ...201222443541
genetic evaluation of is900 partial sequence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis brazilian isolates from bovine milk.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis. insertion sequence is900 is used for the identification of map. the objective of this study was to verify the genetic conservation of is900 sequences in raw milk samples. to evaluate genetic conservation, 206 quarter milk samples and 16 bulk-tank milk samples were collected. dna extraction and is900 pcr were performed in all samples. six samples amplified the expected fragment. to confirm the identity o ...201222422516
development of dna-designed avian igy antibodies for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and anti-hsp70 antibodies in the serum of normal cattle.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (maphsp70) is an immunodominant antigen, which can be used as a subunit vaccine against bovine paratuberculosis. in the present study, we evaluated the immunogenic activities of maphsp70 expressed by dna vaccine in chicken and the use of prepared specific avian igy antibodies for western blotting and elisa methods. the gene encoding map hsp70 was subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector, pcdna3.1, and the recombinant plasmi ...201222415790
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and crohn's disease: an association requiring more research. 201222405182
[paratuberculosis in a miniature donkey (equus asinus f. asinus)].paratuberculosis is mainly an infectious disease of ruminants with worldwide distribution. infection occurs in early stages of life. other animal species beyond ruminants are rarely affected, however, experimental and natural infections are possible. a case of paratuberculosis in a miniature donkey (equus asinus f. asinus) with typical clinical and pathomorphological changes is reported here. lesions were mainly observed in the intestine. causative for the profuse diarrhoea with emaciation was m ...201222372323
the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fibronectin attachment protein, a toll-like receptor 4 agonist, enhances dendritic cell-based cancer vaccine potency.in this study, we showed the direct interaction between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fibronectin attachment protein (fap) and toll-like receptor4 (tlr4) via co-localization and binding by using confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation assays. fap triggered the expression of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in a tlr4-dependent manner. in addition, fap-induced cytokine expression in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmdcs) was modulated in part by glycogen synthase kinas ...201222322306
effect of genetic variation in the mhc class ii drb region on resistance and susceptibility to johne's disease in endangered indian jamunapari goats.the pathogenesis of johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is complex and has not been completely understood yet. in the present study, we analysed the polymorphism in the exon-2 of the caprine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii drb region and its association with resistance or susceptibility to jd. a total of 203 jamunapari goats, which is an indian endangered breed highly susceptible to jd, kept at a single farm were studied. on the basi ...201222321606
a commentary on current perspectives on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, johne's disease and crohn's disease: a review by over et al. (2011). 201222313120
genotypes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from south american countries determined by two methods based on genomic repetitive sequences.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causal agent of johne's disease or paratuberculosis of ruminants and has been associated with crohn's disease in humans. in this study, the genotypes of map obtained so far in south american countries using a combination of the subtyping methods mycobacterial interspersed repeats units-variable number of tandem repeats (miru-vntr) and multilocus short sequence repeats (mlssr) were analyzed. through this analysis, seven different miru-vntr ...201222297421
identification and characterization of a spore-like morphotype in chronically starved mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cultures.mycobacteria are able to enter into a state of non-replication or dormancy, which may result in their chronic persistence in soil, aquatic environments, and permissive hosts. stresses such as nutrient deprivation and hypoxia provide environmental cues to enter a persistent state; however, a clear definition of the mechanism that mycobacteria employ to achieve this remains elusive. while the concept of sporulation in mycobacteria is not novel, it continues to spark controversy and challenges our ...201222292005
induction of matrix metalloproteinases and tlr2 and 6 in murine colon after oral exposure to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is suspected to be a causative agent in crohn's disease. recent evidence suggests that map can induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps), which are the main proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal ulcerations in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). within the present study, we analysed whether oral map exposure can induce colonic mmp expression in vivo. in map exposed mice map and spheroplasts were visualized in intramucosal leu ...201222289202
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in italy: commensal or emerging human pathogen?specific bacterial infections or alterations of the gut microbiota likely trigger immuno-pathological phenomena associated with crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a candidate etiological agent of crohn's disease. definitive causal connection between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and crohn's disease has not been demonstrated.201222285147
expression of genes associated with the antigen presentation and processing pathway are consistently regulated in early mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.the primary objective of this study was to evaluate early gene expression profiles associated with paratuberculosis in cattle exposed to known infectious doses of mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis (map). a johne's disease experimental infection field trial was conducted on a mixed population of holstein and holstein red cattle. blood samples from four map exposed and four unexposed cattle, selected based on ifnγ expressions were taken at 9, 13 and 21 weeks and rna processed to aff ...201222239946
crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a quarter century later. causation or simple association?it has been more than 25 years since mycobacterium paratuberculosis was first proposed as an etiologic agent in crohn's disease based on the isolation of this organism from several patients. since that time, a great deal of information has been accumulated that clearly establishes an association between m. paratuberculosis and crohn's disease. however, data are conflicting and difficult to interpret and the field has become divided into committed advocates and confirmed skeptics. this review is ...201222242906
estimated prevalence of caprine paratuberculosis in boer goat herds in missouri, usa.the objective of this study was to estimate true animal-level and herd-level prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) antibodies in missouri boer goat herds. sera harvested from blood samples collected from goats ≥24 months of age in 25 missouri boer goat herds were tested for presence of map antibodies using a commercial elisa kit. herds were declared positive for map if one or more goats in the herd tested positive for map antibodies. true animal, within-herd, and betwee ...201223251834
depletion of cd4 t lymphocytes at the time of infection with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis does not accelerate disease progression.a calf model was used to determine if the depletion of cd4 t cells prior to inoculation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) would delay development of an immune response to map and accelerate disease progression. ileal cannulas were surgically implanted in 5 bull calves at 2 months of age. two calves were depleted of cd4 t cells by intravenous injection of anti-bovine cd4 antibody administered 24h prior to inoculation with map. the two cd4-depleted calves and one non-depleted ca ...201222898538
uptake and persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in human monocytes.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a bacterium sometimes found in human blood and tissue samples that may have a role in the etiology of crohn's disease in humans. to date, however, there have been few studies examining the interactions of these bacteria with human cells. using the thp-1 human monocytic cell line, this study shows that the uptake and trafficking of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in human cells are cholesterol dependent and that these bacteria localize to cholestero ...201222890992
immune responses associated with progression and control of infection in calves experimentally challenged with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.this study examined the immune responses related to the infection, progression and control of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in calves. twenty calves were challenged orally with map and 11 non-challenged calves served as controls. approximately half the calves from each group were sacrificed at either 7 or 15 months post-challenge (pc). the majority of the challenged calves (19/20) shed map in feces 2-4 months pc, but thereafter fecal shedding reduced markedly. the s ...201222871577
in silico screened mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) recombinant proteins upregulated under stress conditions are immunogenic in sheep.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease (jd) in ruminants. map is known to enter a dormant phase outside the host, typically on soil. in vitro experiments have reported regulation of certain map genes when exposed to stressors similar to what is thought to produce dormancy. it is believed that in vivo regulation of dormancy genes and associated proteins by map may play a role in evading the host defence mechanisms and induce the host immune res ...201222868202
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in an italian cohort of type 1 diabetes pediatric patients.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of johne's disease in ruminants. recent studies have linked map to type 1 diabetes (t1d) in the sardinian population. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of map infection in a t1d cohort from continental italy compared with healthy control subjects. 247 t1d subjects and 110 healthy controls were tested for the presence of map. map dna was detected using is900-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr). t ...201222844325
cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies to identify mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis super-shedder cows in a large dairy herd using antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and bacterial culture.diagnostic strategies to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) super-shedder cows in dairy herds have been minimally studied. the objective of the current study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of strategies for identification of map super-shedders on a california dairy herd of 3,577 cows housed in free-stall pens. eleven strategies that included serum or milk enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) or culture of ...201222807510
search for mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis.the aim of this study was to evaluate a wide panel of antigens of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) to select candidates for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis (ptb). a total of 54 recombinant proteins were spotted onto nitrocellulose membranes and exposed to sera from animals with ptb (n = 25), healthy animals (n = 10), and animals experimentally infected with m. bovis (n = 8). this initial screening allowed us to select seven antigens: map 2513, map 1693, map 2020, map 0038, map ...201222792514
seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds in zuławy, poland.conducting serological analyses for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infections is one of the initial step towards evaluating the existing epizootic threat. the reported study was undertaken in order to investigate the seroprevalence of map in the area of zuławy wiślane, characterized by land conditions favourable for the survival of this mycobacterium in the environment.the experimental material was collected from 3961 animals over two years of age bred in 187 herds of dairy ca ...201223045801
detection of antibody responses against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis stress-associated proteins within 30 weeks after infection in cattle.in this study, humoral immune responses in cattle against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) stress-associated recombinant proteins were assessed longitudinally by elisa during the first 30 weeks after map infection. a total of 11 map genes previously identified by proteomic analysis were selected for cloning and expression. these included possible general stress-associated proteins of map and proteins expressed in vivo in map-infected sheep at an early stage of infection. an incr ...201223021354
mycobacterium paratuberculosis cobt activates dendritic cells via engagement of toll-like receptor 4 resulting in th1 cell expansion.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne disease in animals and map involvement in human crohn disease has been recently emphasized. evidence from m. tuberculosis studies suggests mycobacterial proteins activate dendritic cells (dcs) via toll-like receptor (tlr) 4, eventually determining the fate of immune responses. here, we investigated whether map cobt contributes to the development of t cell immunity through the activation of dcs. map cobt recognizes ...201223019321
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