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presence of nitric oxide-sensing systems in the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic estuarine bacterium, but this species causes fatal septicemia in humans. v. vulnificus may encounter many kinds of stresses either in the natural environment or in the human body. one of the striking stresses is the exposure to the reactive oxygen species including nitric oxide (no). the present study revealed that no could participate in the regulation of the v. vulnificus community behavior. when the bacterium was cultivated in the presence of sub-lethal doses ...201526412700
safety and vaccine efficacy of an attenuated vibrio vulnificus strain with deletions in major cytotoxin genes.vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen causing a rapidly progressing fatal septicemia. we have previously reported that a v. vulnificus large toxin rtxa1 causes programmed necrotic cell death through calcium-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. here we developed a live attenuated vaccine strain (cmm781) having deletions in three genes encoding major virulence factors: rtx cytotoxin (rtxa1), hemolysin/cytolysin (vvha) and metalloprotease (vvpe) of a clinical isolate strain cmcp6. the cmm781 strain ...201526381905
clinical and environmental genotypes of vibrio vulnificus display distinct, quorum-sensing-mediated, chitin detachment dynamics.the ability for bacteria to attach to and detach from various substrata is important for colonization, survival and transitioning to new environments. an opportunistic human pathogen, vibrio vulnificus, can cause potentially fatal septicemia after ingestion of undercooked seafood. based on genetic polymorphisms, strains of this species are subtyped into clinical (c) and environmental (e) genotypes. vibrio vulnificus readily associates with chitin, thus we investigated chitin detachment dynamics ...201526377182
sediment and vegetation as reservoirs of vibrio vulnificus in the tampa bay estuary and gulf of mexico.the opportunistic pathogen vibrio vulnificus occurs naturally in estuarine habitats and is readily cultured from water and oysters under warm conditions but infrequently at ambient conditions of <15°c. the presence of v. vulnificus in other habitats, such as sediments and aquatic vegetation, has been explored much less frequently. this study investigated the ecology of v. vulnificus in water by culture and quantitative pcr (qpcr) and in sediment, oysters, and aquatic vegetation by culture. v. vu ...201525636843
ph level as a marker for predicting death among patients with vibrio vulnificus infection, south korea, 2000-2011.vibrio vulnificus infection can progress to necrotizing fasciitis and death. to improve the likelihood of patient survival, an early prognosis of patient outcome is clinically important for emergency/trauma department doctors. to identify an accurate and simple predictor for death among v. vulnificus-infected persons, we reviewed clinical data for 34 patients at a hospital in south korea during 2000-2011; of the patients, 16 (47%) died and 18 (53%) survived. for nonsurvivors, median time from ho ...201525627847
role of hemf and hemn in the heme biosynthesis of vibrio vulnificus under s-adenosylmethionine-limiting conditions.vibrio vulnificus contains two coproporphyrinogen iii oxidases (cpos): o2-dependent hemf and o2-independent hemn. the growth of the hemf mutant hf1 was similar to wild-type cells at ph 7.5 under 2% o2 conditions where hemn was active and had a half-life of 64 min. however, hf1 did not grow when the medium ph decreased to ph 5.0, where oxidative stress affects endogenous s-adenosylmethionine (sam) levels. the growth of hf1 was restored not only by elevating the expression of mnsod but also throug ...201525626927
early steps in the european eel (anguilla anguilla)-vibrio vulnificus interaction in the gills: role of the rtxa13 toxin.vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic gram-negative bacterium that causes a systemic disease in eels called warm-water vibriosis. natural disease occurs via water born infection; bacteria attach to the gills (the main portal of entry) and spread to the internal organs through the bloodstream, provoking host death by haemorrhagic septicaemia. v. vulnificus produces a toxin called rtxa13 that hypothetically interferes with the eel immune system facilitating bacterial invasion and subsequent death by sep ...201525613341
multiplex pcr for detection of virulence markers of vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative pathogen found in coastal and estuarine waters worldwide that can cause life threatening diseases. characterization of the vcg (virulence correlated gene) or 16s rrna alleles is used to distinguish virulent (clinical (c)-type) from presumably avirulent (environmental (e)-type) strains. however, some studies reported a significant number of clinical strains belonging to the e-type. in recent years more potential virulence markers have been identified, that are ...201525604517
draft genome sequences of four closely linked vibrio vulnificus isolates from the biotype 1 environmental genotype.biotype 1 of vibrio vulnificus, which causes severe invasive intestinal and wound infections, is split into two genotypes with all previously sequenced clinical isolates from the c genotypes. we report here the whole-genome sequencing of two clinical isolates and two closely linked oyster isolates from the e genotype for comparative studies.201525593245
hepcidin-induced hypoferremia is a critical host defense mechanism against the siderophilic bacterium vibrio vulnificus.hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disease caused by a deficiency in the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, is associated with lethal infections by siderophilic bacteria. to elucidate the mechanisms of this susceptibility, we infected wild-type and hepcidin-deficient mice with the siderophilic bacterium vibrio vulnificus and found that hepcidin deficiency results in increased bacteremia and decreased survival of infected mice, which can be partially ameliorated by dietary iron depletion ...201525590758
cyclo(phe-pro) produced by the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus inhibits host innate immune responses through the nf-κb pathway.cyclo(phe-pro) (cfp) is a secondary metabolite produced by certain bacteria and fungi. although recent studies highlight the role of cfp in cell-to-cell communication by bacteria, its role in the context of the host immune response is poorly understood. in this study, we investigated the role of cfp produced by the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus in the modulation of innate immune responses toward the pathogen. cfp suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reacti ...201525561711
danger on a half shell: vibrio vulnificus septicemia. 201525555549
correlations between clinical features and mortality in patients with vibrio vulnificus infection.vibrio vulnificus is a common gram-negative bacterium, which might cause morbidity and mortality in patients following consumption of seafood or exposure to seawater in southeast china. we retrospectively analyzed clinical data of patients with laboratory confirmed v. vulnificus infection. twenty one patients were divided into a survival group and a non-surviving (or death) group according to their clinical outcome. clinical data and measurements were statistically analyzed. four patients (19.05 ...201526274504
expression, purification, crystallization and x-ray crystallographic analysis of the periplasmic binding protein vatd from vibrio vulnificus m2799.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic marine microorganism which causes gastroenteritis and primary septicaemia in humans. an important factor that determines the survival of v. vulnificus in the human body is its ability to acquire iron. vatd is a periplasmic siderophore-binding protein from v. vulnificus m2799. the current study reports the expression, purification and crystallization of vatd. crystals of both apo vatd and a vatd-desferrioxamine b-fe(3+) (vatd-fob) complex were obtained. the cryst ...201526249703
vibrio vulnificus vvpe stimulates il-1β production by the hypomethylation of the il-1β promoter and nf-κb activation via lipid raft-dependent anxa2 recruitment and reactive oxygen species signaling in intestinal epithelial cells.an inflammatory response is a hallmark of necrosis evoked by bacterial pathogens. vibrio vulnificus, vvpe, is an elastase that is responsible for tissue necrosis and inflammation; however, the molecular mechanism by which it regulates host cell death has not been characterized. in the present study, we investigate the cellular mechanism of vvpe with regard to host cell death and the inflammatory response of human intestinal epithelial (int-407) cells. the recombinant protein (r)vvpe (50 pg/ml) c ...201526223656
an enriched european eel transcriptome sheds light upon host-pathogen interactions with vibrio vulnificus.infectious diseases are one of the principal bottlenecks for the european eel recovery. the aim of this study was to develop a new molecular tool to be used in host-pathogen interaction experiments in the eel. to this end, we first stimulated adult eels with different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps), extracted rna from the immune-related tissues and sequenced the transcriptome. we obtained more than 2 x 10(6) reads that were assembled and annotated into 45,067 new descriptions wit ...201526207370
draft genome sequence of environmental bacterium vibrio vulnificus cladea-yb158.we report the genome sequence of the environmental vibrio vulnificus biotype 1_cladea. this draft genome of the cladea-yb158 strain, isolated in israel, represents this newly emerged clonal group that contains both clinical and environmental strains.201526205875
the biology of vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus, carrying a 50% fatality rate, is the most deadly of the foodborne pathogens. it occurs in estuarine and coastal waters and it is found in especially high numbers in oysters and other molluscan shellfish. the biology of v. vulnificus, including its ecology, pathogenesis, and molecular genetics, has been described in numerous reviews. this article provides a brief summary of some of the key aspects of this important human pathogen, including information on biotypes and genotypes ...201526185084
the fish pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 2: epidemiology, phylogeny, and virulence factors involved in warm-water vibriosis.vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is the etiological agent of warm-water vibriosis, a disease that affects eels and other teleosts, especially in fish farms. biotype 2 is polyphyletic and probably emerged from aquatic bacteria by acquisition of a transferable virulence plasmid that encodes resistance to innate immunity of eels and other teleosts. interestingly, biotype 2 comprises a zoonotic clonal complex designated as serovar e that has extended worldwide. one of the most interesting virulence facto ...201526185080
development and characterization of a catalytically inactive cysteine protease domain of rtxa1/martxvv as a potential vaccine for vibrio vulnificus.recent studies have defined several virulence factors as vaccine candidates against vibrio vulnificus. however, most of these factors have the potential to cause pathogenic effects in the vaccinees or induce incomplete protection. to overcome these drawbacks, a catalytically inactive form, cpdvv (c3725s), of the well-conserved cysteine protease domain (cpd) of v. vulnificus multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martxvv /rtxa1) was recombinantly generated and characterized. notably, ac ...201526177798
functional analyses of resurrected and contemporary enzymes illuminate an evolutionary path for the emergence of exolysis in polysaccharide lyase family 2.family 2 polysaccharide lyases (pl2s) preferentially catalyze the β-elimination of homogalacturonan using transition metals as catalytic cofactors. pl2 is divided into two subfamilies that have been generally associated with secretion, mg(2+) dependence, and endolysis (subfamily 1) and with intracellular localization, mn(2+) dependence, and exolysis (subfamily 2). when present within a genome, pl2 genes are typically found as tandem copies, which suggests that they provide complementary activiti ...201526160170
manganese is an additional cation that enhances colonial phase variation of vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus, an inhabitant of marine and estuarine environments around the world, is the leading cause of reported seafood-related deaths in the united states. disease is caused by opaque colony-forming strains that produce capsular polysaccharide, loss of which results in an unencapsulated translucent phenotype with diminished virulence potential. rugose is a third phenotypic variant of v. vulnificus, and produces a separate exopolysaccharide that results in a dry, wrinkled appearance and ...201526147440
evaluation of recombinant leukocidin domain of vvha exotoxin of vibrio vulnificus as an effective toxoid in mouse model.vibrio vulnificus hemolysin a (vvha) is a pore forming toxin and plays an important role in the pathogenesis. the hemolytic and cytotytic property of vvha toxin is associated with n-terminal leukocidin domain which triggers apoptotic signaling cascade in epithelial cells. the present study was undertaken to assess the protective efficacy of recombinant vvha leukocidin domain (rl/vvha) against vvha toxin challenge using in vitro and in vivo assays. the rl/vvha protein was found to be non-toxic wi ...201526141623
molecular and physical factors that influence attachment of vibrio vulnificus to chitin.the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of seafood-related deaths in the united states. strains are genotyped on the basis of alleles that correlate with isolation source, with clinical (c)-genotype strains being more often implicated in disease and environmental (e)-genotype strains being more frequently isolated from oysters and estuarine waters. previously, we have shown that the ecologically distinct c- and e-genotype strains of v. vulnificus display different degrees of ch ...201526116670
vibrio vulnificus vvpe inhibits mucin 2 expression by hypermethylation via lipid raft-mediated ros signaling in intestinal epithelial cells.mucin is an important physical barrier against enteric pathogens. vvpe is an elastase encoded by gram-negative bacterium vibrio vulnificus; however, the functional role of vvpe in intestinal mucin (muc) production is yet to be elucidated. the recombinant protein (r) vvpe significantly reduced the level of muc2 in human mucus-secreting ht29-mtx cells. the repression of muc2 induced by rvvpe was highly susceptible to the knockdown of intelectin-1b (itln) and sequestration of cholesterol by methyl- ...201526086960
site-specific processing of ras and rap1 switch i by a martx toxin effector domain.ras (rat sarcoma) protein is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation. mutations in the ras gene are known to occur in human cancers and have been shown to contribute to carcinogenesis. in this study, we show that the multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxin-effector domain duf5(vv) from vibrio vulnificus to be a site-specific endopeptidase that cleaves within the switch 1 region of ras and rap1. duf5(vv) processing of ras, which occurs both biochemically and in ...201526051945
kissing loop interaction in adenine riboswitch: insights from umbrella sampling simulations.riboswitches are cis-acting regulatory rna elements prevalently located in the leader sequences of bacterial mrna. an adenine sensing riboswitch cis-regulates adeninosine deaminase gene (add) in vibrio vulnificus. the structural mechanism regulating its conformational changes upon ligand binding mostly remains to be elucidated. in this open framework it has been suggested that the ligand stabilizes the interaction of the distal "kissing loop" complex. using accurate full-atom molecular dynamics ...201526051557
analysis of vibrio vulnificus infection risk when consuming depurated raw oysters.a beta poisson dose-response model for vibrio vulnificus food poisoning cases leading to septicemia was used to evaluate the effect of depuration at 15 °c on the estimated health risk associated with raw oyster consumption. statistical variability sources included v. vulnificus level at harvest, time and temperature during harvest and transportation to processing plants, decimal reductions (sv) observed during experimental circulation depuration treatments, refrigerated storage time before consu ...201526038900
model for end-stage liver disease (meld) score as a predictor and monitor of mortality in patients with vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections.vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (vnsstis) usually predispose patients with or without preexisting liver disease to septic shock, and then evolve to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (mods), thus resulting in high mortality in humans. however, clinicians do not have a valid prediction model to provide a reliable estimate of case-fatality rate when caring for these acutely and/or critically ill patients.201525923115
vibrio vulnificus rtxa1 modulated calcium flux contributes reduced internalization in phagocytes.vibrio vulnificusis an opportunistic pathogen that causes primary septicemia and wound infection with high mortality rate. this pathogen produces an rtx toxin (rtxa1) which can cause host cell rounding, cell death and interference with internalization by host phagocytes. however, the mechanism of rtxa1-induced phagocyte paralysis is not clear.201525916802
stationary-phase induction of vvps expression by three transcription factors: repression by leuo and activation by smcr and crp.an exoprotease of vibrio vulnificus, vvps, exhibits an autolytic function during the stationary phase. to understand how vvps expression is controlled, the regulators involved in vvps transcription and their regulatory mechanisms were investigated. leuo was isolated in a ligand-fishing experiment, and experiments using a leuo-deletion mutant revealed that leuo represses vvps transcription. leuo bound the extended region including leuo-binding site (lbs)-i and lbs-ii. further screening of additio ...201525869813
host-pathogen interactions in vibrio vulnificus: responses of monocytes and vascular endothelial cells to live bacteria.to demonstrate that vibrio vulnificus, a sepsis-related aquatic pathogen, can provoke a strong pro-inflammatory reaction in blood-associated target cells.201525865188
identification of novel inflammatory cytokines and contribution of keratinocyte-derived chemokine to inflammation in response to vibrio vulnificus infection in mice.currently, only tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) and interleukin family cytokines have been found to be elicited in vibrio vulnificus (v. vulnificus)-infected animal models and humans. however, multiple other cytokines are also involved in the immune and inflammatory responses to foreign microorganism infection. antibody array technology, unlike traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), is able to detect multiple cytokines at one time. therefore, in this study, we examined the pr ...201525862020
molecular analysis of promoter and intergenic region attenuator of the vibrio vulnificus prx1ahpf operon.prx1, an ahpf-dependent 2-cys peroxiredoxin (prx), was previously identified in vibrio vulnificus, a facultative aerobic pathogen. in the present study, transcription of the v. vulnificus prx1ahpf genes, which are adjacently located on the chromosome, was evaluated by analyzing the promoter and intergenic region of the two genes. northern blot analyses revealed that transcription of prx1ahpf results in two transcripts, the prx1 and prx1ahpf transcripts. primer extension analysis and a point muta ...201525824432
vibrio vulnificus detected in the spleen leads to fatal outcome in a mouse oral infection model.vibrio vulnificus causes rapid disseminating septicemia by oral infection in infected individuals who have an underlying disease, especially chronic liver diseases. although the elucidation of specific risk factors for v. vulnificus infection in patients with liver diseases is of urgent importance, no appropriate experimental animal model that mimics the liver diseases in this bacterial infection has been available so far. to discover these risk factors, we generated a liver disordered mouse by ...201525790509
signature-tagged mutagenesis of vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is the causative agent of primary septicemia, wound infection and gastroenteritis in immunocompromised people. in this study, signature-tagged mutagenesis (stm) was applied to identify the virulence genes of v. vulnificus. using stm, 6,480 mutants in total were constructed and divided into 81 sets (input pools); each mutant in a set was assigned a different tag. each input pool was intraperitoneally injected into iron-overloaded mice, and in vivo surviving mutants were collecte ...201525755021
evaluation of the bruker biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system for identification of blood isolates of vibrio species.among 56 blood isolates of vibrio species identified by sequencing analysis of 16s rrna and rpob genes, the bruker biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) system correctly identified all isolates of vibrio vulnificus (n = 20), v. parahaemolyticus (n = 2), and v. fluvialis (n = 1) but none of the isolates of serogroup non-o1/o139 (non-serogroup o1, non-o139) v. cholerae (n = 33) to the species level. all of these serogroup non-o1/o139 v ...201525740773
vibrio vulnificus vvha induces nf-κb-dependent mitochondrial cell death via lipid raft-mediated ros production in intestinal epithelial cells.the gram-negative bacterium vibrio vulnificus produces hemolysin (vvha), which induces cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. however, our understanding of the cytotoxic mechanism and the modes of action of vvha are still fragmentary and incomplete. the recombinant protein (r) vvha (50 pg/ml) significantly induces necrotic cell death and apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial (int-407) cells. the apoptotic cell death induced by rvvha is highly susceptible to the sequestration of cholesterol by methy ...201525695598
genetic characterization of vibrio vulnificus strains isolated from oyster samples in mexico.vibrio vulnificus strains were isolated from oysters that were collected at the main seafood market in mexico city. strains were characterized with regard to vvha, vcg genotype, pfge, multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and rtxa1. analyses included a comparison with rtxa1 reference sequences. environmental (vcge) and clinical (vcgc) genotypes were isolated at nearly equal percentages. pfge had high heterogeneity, but the strains clustered by vcge or vcgc genotype. select housekeeping genes for ml ...201525651067
vvpm induces human cell death via multifarious modes including necroptosis and autophagy.vvpm, one of the extracellular metalloproteases produced by vibrio vulnificus, induces apoptotic cell death via a pathway consisting of erk activation, cytochrome c release, and activation of caspases-9 and -3. vvpm-treated cells also showed necrotic cell death as stained by propidium iodide (pi). the percentage of pi-stained cells was decreased by pretreatment with necrostatin-1, indicating that vvpm-mediated cell death occurs through necroptosis. the appearance of autophagic vesicles and lipid ...201525649984
tetanus toxin fragment c fused to flagellin makes a potent mucosal vaccine.recombinant subunit vaccines provide safe and targeted protection against microbial infections. however, the protective efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines tends to be less potent than the whole cell vaccines, especially when they are administered through mucosal routes. we have reported that a bacterial flagellin has strong mucosal adjuvant activity to induce protective immune responses. in this study, we tested whether flab could be used as a fusion partner of subunit vaccine for tetanus.201525649002
role of the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns) in the regulation of virulence factor expression and stress response in vibrio vulnificus.temperature is one of the important parameters regulating the expression of virulence factors in bacteria. the global regulator, a histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns), is known to play a crucial role in this regulation. in the present study, we first clarified the role of h-ns in the temperature-dependent regulation of virulence factor production in vibrio vulnificus, including that of the cytolytic toxin (v. vulnificus hemolysin: vvh) and the proteolytic enzyme (v. vulnificus prote ...201526699858
virulence profiles of vibrio vulnificus in german coastal waters, a comparison of north sea and baltic sea isolates.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic bacterium of coastal environments known for sporadically causing severe foodborne or wound infections. global warming is expected to lead to a rising occurrence of v. vulnificus and an increasing incidence of human infections in northern europe. so far, infections in germany were exclusively documented for the baltic sea coast, while no cases from the north sea region have been reported. regional variations in the prevalence of infections may be influenced by di ...201526694432
septic arthritis and subsequent fatal septic shock caused by vibrio vulnificus infection.vibrio vulnificus is a rare but potential fatal bacterium that can cause severe infections. wound infections, primary sepsis and gastroenteritis are the most common clinical features. septic arthritis caused by v. vulnificus is an atypical presentation that has been reported in only two case reports; however, it has not been previously noted in denmark. the authors report a case of septic arthritis caused by v. vulnificus in an immunocompromised patient. the disease progressed to severe sepsis a ...201526604231
transgenic expression of omega-3 pufa synthesis genes improves zebrafish survival during vibrio vulnificus infection.highly desaturated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (epa) and docosahexaenoic acid (dha), are synthesized by desaturases and elongase. they exert hepatoprotective effects to prevent alcoholic fatty liver syndrome or cholestatic liver injury. however, it is unclear how n-3 pufas improve immune function in liver. vibrio vulnificus, a gram-negative bacterial pathogen, causes high mortality of aquaculture fishes upon infection. humans can become infected with v. ...201526572495
comparative genomic analysis of clinical and environmental vibrio vulnificus isolates revealed biotype 3 evolutionary relationships.in 1996 a common-source outbreak of severe soft tissue and bloodstream infections erupted among israeli fish farmers and fish consumers due to changes in fish marketing policies. the causative pathogen was a new strain of vibrio vulnificus, named biotype 3, which displayed a unique biochemical and genotypic profile. initial observations suggested that the pathogen erupted as a result of genetic recombination between two distinct populations. we applied a whole genome shotgun sequencing approach ...201425642229
genome-wide snp-genotyping array to study the evolution of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 3.vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic bacterium and an important human pathogen. strains of v. vulnificus are classified into three different biotypes. the newly emerged biotype 3 has been found to be clonal and restricted to israel. in the family vibrionaceae, horizontal gene transfer is the main mechanism responsible for the emergence of new pathogen groups. to better understand the evolution of the bacterium, and in particular to trace the evolution of biotype 3, we performed genome-wide snp genoty ...201425526263
transcriptome sequencing reveals the virulence and environmental genetic programs of vibrio vulnificus exposed to host and estuarine conditions.vibrio vulnificus is a natural inhabitant of estuarine waters worldwide and is of medical relevance due to its ability to cause grievous wound infections and/or fatal septicemia. genetic polymorphisms within the virulence-correlated gene (vcg) serve as a primary feature to distinguish clinical (c-) genotypes from environmental (e-) genotypes. c-genotypes demonstrate superior survival in human serum relative to e-genotypes, and genome comparisons have allowed for the identification of several put ...201425489854
serum survival of vibrio vulnificus: role of genotype, capsule, complement, clinical origin, and in situ incubation.virulence of the human pathogen, v. vulnificus, is associated with encapsulation, serum complement resistance, and genotype. the c-genotype of this bacterium is correlated (>90%) with virulence and with isolation source (clinical settings). e-genotype strains are highly correlated with environmental isolation (93%) but appear less virulent. in this study, we characterized the importance of genotype, encapsulation, serum complement, and in situ exposure to estuarine water on the survival of the t ...201425436506
impact of analytic provenance in genome analysis.many computational methods are available for assembly and annotation of newly sequenced microbial genomes. however, when new genomes are reported in the literature, there is frequently very little critical analysis of choices made during the sequence assembly and gene annotation stages. these choices have a direct impact on the biologically relevant products of a genomic analysis--for instance identification of common and differentiating regions among genomes in a comparison, or identification o ...201425435180
draft genome sequence of fish pathogenic vibrio vulnificus biotype 2.vibrio vulnificus is a marine pathogen capable of causing severe soft tissue infections and septicemia in humans. v. vulnificus biotype 2 is the etiological agent of fish vibriosis. we describe here the first draft genome sequence of v. vulnificus biotype 2, strain es-7601, isolated from an infected eel in japan.201425428972
detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae with respect to seasonal fluctuations in temperature and plankton abundance.over a 1-year period, bi-monthly estuarine surface water and plankton samples (63-200 and > 200 μm fractions) were assayed by polymerase chain reaction for the prevalence of total vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. cholerae and select genes associated with clinical strains found in each species. neither temperature nor plankton abundance was a significant correlate of total v. parahaemolyticus; however, the prevalence of genes commonly associated with clinical strains (trh, tdh, orf8) ...201424024909
high-salt preadaptation of vibrio parahaemolyticus enhances survival in response to lethal environmental stresses.adaptation to changing environmental conditions is an important strategy for survival of foodborne bacterial pathogens. vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative seafoodborne enteric pathogen found in the marine environment both free living and associated with oysters. this pathogen is a moderate halophile, with optimal growth at 3% nacl. among the several stresses imposed upon enteric bacteria, acid stress is perhaps one of the most important. v. parahaemolyticus has a lysine decarboxylase sys ...201424490918
vibrio vulnificus phage pv94 is closely related to temperate phages of v. cholerae and other vibrio species.vibrio vulnificus is an important pathogen which can cause serious infections in humans. yet, there is limited knowledge on its virulence factors and the question whether temperate phages might be involved in pathogenicity, as is the case with v. cholerae. thus far, only two phages (ssp002 and vvaw1) infecting v. vulnificus have been genetically characterized. these phages were isolated from the environment and are not related to vibrio cholerae phages. the lack of information on temperate v. vu ...201424732980
sequence and expression divergence of an ancient duplication of the chaperonin groesel operon in vibrio species.heat-shock proteins are molecular chaperones essential for protein folding, degradation and trafficking. the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus encodes a copy of the groesel operon in both chromosomes and these genes share <80 % similarity with each other. comparative genomic analysis was used to determine whether this duplication is prevalent among vibrionaceae specifically or gammaproteobacteria in general. among the vibrionaceae complete genome sequences in the database (31 species), seven vibr ...201424913685
occurrence of the three major vibrio species pathogenic for human in seafood products consumed in france using real-time pcr.vibrio spp. have emerged as a serious threat to human health worldwide. vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus are of particular concern as they have been linked to gastrointestinal infections and septicemia associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. we developed hydrolysis probe-based real-time pcr systems with an internal amplification control for the detection of these species. we applied these systems to a total of 167 fresh or frozen crustacean, f ...201425128747
pathogenic vibrios in environmental, seafood and clinical sources in germany.bacteria of the family vibrionaceae naturally occur in marine and estuarine environments. only few species of vibrionaceae are associated with human cases of gastroenteritis, ear and wound infections, caused by ingestion of seafood or contact with vibrio containing water. increasing consumption of seafood (fish, fishery products and shellfish) poses a possible source of vibrio infections in germany. additionally, there is a growing concern that abundances of pathogenic vibrios may increase in ge ...201425129553
glycan specificity of the vibrio vulnificus hemolysin lectin outlines evolutionary history of membrane targeting by a toxin family.pore-forming toxins (pfts) are a class of pathogen-secreted molecules that oligomerize to form transmembrane channels in cellular membranes. determining the mechanism for how pfts bind membranes is important in understanding their role in disease and for developing possible ways to block their action. vibrio vulnificus, an aquatic pathogen responsible for severe food poisoning and septicemia in humans, secretes a pft called v. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh), which contains a single c-terminal target ...201424862282
identification of capsule, biofilm, lateral flagellum, and type iv pili in vibrio mimicus strains.vibrio mimicus is a bacterium that causes gastroenteritis; it is closely related to vibrio cholerae, and can cause acute diarrhea like cholera- or dysentery-type diarrhea. it is distributed worldwide. factors associated with virulence (such as hemolysins, enterotoxins, proteases, phospholipases, aerobactin, and hemagglutinin) have been identified; however, its pathogenicity mechanism is still unknown. in pathogenic vibrio species such as v. cholerae, vibrio. parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificu ...201425246027
[vibrio spp. infections of clinical significance and implication for public health].vibrio spp. infections still are a public health concern. vibrio spp. can be found in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments, and can be able to cause diseases in fish, shellfish, mammals, as well as in humans. since '80 to date, the number of species within the genus increased from 21 to more than 100. the most important is vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the cholera, responsible of seven pandemics; serotypes o1 and o139 can produce cholera toxin, while serotypes non-o1/non-o1 ...201422670341
occurrence of vibrio vulnificus and toxigenic vibrio parahaemolyticus on sea catfishes from galveston bay, texas.dorsal and pectoral fin spines from two species of sea catfishes (bagre marinus and ariopsis felis) landed at 54 sites in galveston bay, texas, and its sub-bays from june to october 2005 were screened with traditional cultivation-based assays and quantitative pcr assays for vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus. v. vulnificus was present on 51.2% of fish (n = 247), with an average of 403 ± 337 sd cells g(-1). v. parahaemolyticus was present on 94.2% (n = 247); 12.8% tested positive for t ...201425285498
occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrio in oysters (crassostrea gigas) and waters from bivalve mollusk cultivations in the south bay of santa catarina.this research aimed to identify and quantify potentially pathogenic vibrio from different cultivations of bivalve shellfish in the state of santa catarina, brazil, and water regions in the south bay, as well as correlate the incidence of these microorganisms with the physicochemical parameters of marine waters.201425075484
prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus in blue crabs (callinectes sapidus), seawater and sediments of the maryland coastal bays.to determine the prevalence of total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus (vp) and v. vulnificus (vv) in blue crabs, water and sediment from the maryland coastal bays (mcbs), usa.201425066367
the effect of storage time on vibrio spp. and fecal indicator bacteria in an isco autosampler.monitoring concentrations of bacterial pathogens and indicators of fecal contamination in coastal and estuarine ecosystems is critical to reduce adverse effects to public health. during storm events, particularly hurricanes, floods, nor'easters, and tropical cyclones, sampling of coastal and estuarine waters is not generally possible due to safety concerns. it is particularly important to monitor waters during these periods as it is at precisely these times that pathogenic bacteria such as vibri ...201425008356
occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in retail raw oysters from the eastern coast of thailand.occurrence, population density and virulence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in 240 retail raw oysters collected monthly between march 2010 and february 2011 from ang sila coast, chon buri province, thailand were determined using most probable number (mpn) multiplex pcr. multiplex pcr detected v. parahaemolyticus in 219 raw oyster samples, of which 29 samples contained the virulence tdh. mpn values for v. parahaemolyticus and pathogenic strains in most samples ranged from 10 to 10(2 ...201424974651
impact of hurricane irene on vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations in surface water, sediment, and cultured oysters in the chesapeake bay, md, usa.to determine if a storm event (i.e., high winds, large volumes of precipitation) could alter concentrations of vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus in aquacultured oysters (crassostrea virginica) and associated surface water and sediment, this study followed a sampling timeline before and after hurricane irene impacted the chesapeake bay estuary in late august 2011. aquacultured oysters were sampled from two levels in the water column: surface (0.3 m) and near-bottom (just above the sedimen ...201424847319
antimicrobial susceptibility of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus recovered from recreational and commercial areas of chesapeake bay and maryland coastal bays.vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus in the estuarine-marine environment are of human health significance and may be increasing in pathogenicity and abundance. vibrio illness originating from dermal contact with vibrio laden waters or through ingestion of seafood originating from such waters can cause deleterious health effects, particularly if the strains involved are resistant to clinically important antibiotics. the purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility among ...201424586914
occurrence and distribution of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus--potential roles for fish, oyster, sediment and water.vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus are gram-negative marine bacteria naturally found in estuaries such as the gulf of mexico and can be pathogenic to humans. we quantified both of these organisms in fish, oyster, sediment, and water using culture-independent (quantitative pcr; qpcr) and culture-dependent (direct plating-colony hybridization; dp-ch) techniques during the transition period between winter and spring. we correlated these levels to environmental conditions and to abundance ...201424571291
vibrio vulnificus bacteriophage ssp002 as a possible biocontrol agent.a novel vibrio vulnificus-infecting bacteriophage, ssp002, belonging to the siphoviridae family, was isolated from the coastal area of the yellow sea of south korea. host range analysis revealed that the growth inhibition of phage ssp002 is relatively specific to v. vulnificus strains from both clinical and environmental samples. in addition, a one-step growth curve analysis and a bacteriophage stability test revealed a latent period of 65 min, a burst size of 23 ± 2 pfu, as well as broad temper ...201424212569
occurrence of virulence genes among vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from treated wastewaters.pathogenic vibrio species are an important cause of foodborne illnesses. the aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrio species in the final effluents of a wastewater treatment plant and the risk that they may pose to public health. during the 1-year monitoring, a total of 43 vibrio strains were isolated: 23 vibrio alginolyticus, 1 vibrio cholerae, 4 vibrio vulnificus, and 15 vibrio parahaemolyticus. the pcr investigation of v. parahaemolyticus and v. chole ...201425023745
multiplex pcr assays for the detection of vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae with an internal amplification control.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay that can simultaneously detect 4 major vibrio spp., vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae, in the presence of an internal amplification control (iac) was developed. species-specific pcr primers were designed based on the gyrb gene for v. alginolyticus, the collagenase gene for v. parahaemolyticus, the vvha gene for v. vulnificus, and the ompw gene for v. cholerae. additionally, an iac primer pair wa ...201424731836
abundance of vibrio cholerae, v. vulnificus, and v. parahaemolyticus in oysters (crassostrea virginica) and clams (mercenaria mercenaria) from long island sound.vibriosis is a leading cause of seafood-associated morbidity and mortality in the united states. typically associated with consumption of raw or undercooked oysters, vibriosis associated with clam consumption is increasingly being reported. however, little is known about the prevalence of vibrio spp. in clams. the objective of this study was to compare the levels of vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters and clams harvested concurrently from long island sound ...201425281373
backbone and side-chain assignments of an effector membrane localization domain from vibrio vulnificus martx toxin.(1)h, (13)c, and (15)n chemical shift assignments are presented for the isolated four-helical bundle membrane localization domain from the domain of unknown function 5 (duf5) effector (mld(vvduf5)) of the martx toxin from vibrio vulnificus in its solution state. we have assigned 97% of all backbone and side-chain carbon atoms, including 96% of all backbone residues. secondary chemical shift analysis using talos+ demonstrates four helices that align with those predicted by structure homology mode ...201423765285
development and evaluation of a real-time fluorogenic loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay integrated on a microfluidic disc chip (on-chip lamp) for rapid and simultaneous detection of ten pathogenic bacteria in aquatic animals.rapid, low-cost, and user-friendly strategies are urgently needed for early disease diagnosis and timely treatment, particularly for on-site screening of pathogens in aquaculture. in this study, we successfully developed a real-time fluorogenic loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay integrated on a microfluidic disc chip (on-chip lamp), which was capable of simultaneously detecting 10 pathogenic bacteria in aquatic animals, i.e., nocardia seriolae, pseudomonas putida, streptococcus iniae, ...201424954661
disease-outcome trees, eq-5d scores, and estimated annual losses of quality-adjusted life years (qalys) for 14 foodborne pathogens in the united states.measures of disease burden such as quality-adjusted life years (qalys) are increasingly important to risk-based food safety policy. they provide a means of comparing relative risk from diverse health outcomes. we present detailed disease-outcome trees and eq-5d scoring for 14 major foodborne pathogens representing over 95% of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths due to specified agents in the united states (campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, cryptosporidium parvum, cyclosp ...201424588853
species differences in alternative substrate utilization by the antibacterial target undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase.undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (upps) is a critical enzyme required for the biosynthesis of polysaccharides essential for bacterial survival. in this report, we have tested the substrate selectivity of upps derived from the mammalian symbiont bacteroides fragilis, the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus, and the typically benign but opportunistic pathogen escherichia coli. an anthranilamide-containing substrate, 2-amideanilinogeranyl diphosphate (2aa-gpp), was an effective substrate for only t ...201425020247
bacterial virulence analysis using brine shrimp as an infection model in relation to the importance of quorum sensing and proteases.brine shrimp are aquatic crustaceans belonging to a genus of artemia. this organism is widely used for testing the toxicity of chemicals. in this study, brine shrimp were evaluated as an infection model organism to study bacterial virulence. artemia nauplii were infected with various pathogenic bacteria, such as vibrio vulnificus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, burkholderia vietnamiensis, staphylococcus aureus, and escherichia coli, and the susceptibility to these bacteria was investigated by counting ...201425420421
dietary supplementation of bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide enhance the growth, non-specific immunity of juvenile ovate pompano, trachinotus ovatus and its disease resistance against vibrio vulnificus.a feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary administration of probiotic bacillus subtilis and prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (fos) on growth performance, immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile ovate pompano, trachinotus ovatus. one thousand six hundred and twenty individuals (initial body weight: 10.32 ± 0.46 g, mean ± s.e) were fed nine practical diets according to a 3 × 3 factorial design: the basal diet as the control diet supplemented with three levels o ...201424614017
efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water for reducing pathogenic bacteria contaminating shrimp.pathogenic contamination is a food safety concern. this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (new) in killing pathogens, namely, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, salmonella enteritidis, and escherichia coli in shrimp. pure cultures of each pathogen were submerged separately in new containing five different chlorine concentrations: 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 ppm. for each concentration, three submersion times were tested: 1, 3, and 5 min. the popul ...201425474069
characterization of the vibrio vulnificus 1-cys peroxiredoxin prx3 and regulation of its expression by the fe-s cluster regulator iscr in response to oxidative stress and iron starvation.peroxiredoxins (prxs) are ubiquitous antioxidant enzymes that reduce toxic peroxides. a new vibrio vulnificus prx, named prx3, was identified and characterized in this study. biochemical and mutational analyses revealed that prx3 reduces h2o2, utilizing glutaredoxin 3 (grx3) and glutathione (gsh) as reductants, and requires only n-terminal peroxidatic cysteine for its catalysis. these results, combined with the monomeric size of prx3 observed under non-reducing conditions, suggested that prx3 is ...201425398878
distinct characteristics of oxyr2, a new oxyr-type regulator, ensuring expression of peroxiredoxin 2 detoxifying low levels of hydrogen peroxide in vibrio vulnificus.two peroxiredoxins, prx1 and prx2, were previously identified in vibrio vulnificus. besides oxyr1, a homologue of escherichia coli oxyr (ecoxyr), oxyr2 that shares low homology with ecoxyr was first identified in v. vulnificus. oxyr2 activated prx2 during aerobic growth, while oxyr1 activated prx1 only when exposed to exogenous h2o2. oxyr2 was oxidized to form a reversible c206 to c215 disulphide bond by sensing low levels of h2o2, which were insufficient to oxidize oxyr1, and only the oxidized ...201425041181
vibrio vulnificus mo6-24/o lipopolysaccharide stimulates superoxide anion, thromboxane b₂, matrix metalloproteinase-9, cytokine and chemokine release by rat brain microglia in vitro.although human exposure to gram-negative vibrio vulnificus (v. vulnificus) lipopolysaccharide (lps) has been reported to result in septic shock, its impact on the central nervous system's innate immunity remains undetermined. the purpose of this study was to determine whether v. vulnificus mo6-24/o lps might activate rat microglia in vitro and stimulate the release of superoxide anion (o₂⁻), a reactive oxygen species known to cause oxidative stress and neuronal injury in vivo. brain microglia we ...201424675728
functional analysis of tolc homologs in vibrio vulnificus.gram-negative bacteria use tripartite pumps to transport antibacterial drugs and other toxic compounds across the inner and outer membranes, which are separated by the periplasmic space. the tolc protein is an outer membrane factor that participates in the formation of tripartite efflux pumps. the genome of vibrio vulnificus encodes two e. coli tolc homologs, tolcv1 and tolcv2. here, we show that both tolcv1 and tolcv2 are involved in the efflux of antimicrobial agents. deletion of tolcv1 result ...201424515351
interaction between the α-barrel tip of vibrio vulnificus tolc homologs and acra implies the adapter bridging model.the acrab-tolc multidrug efflux pump confers resistance to escherichia coli against many antibiotics and toxic compounds. the tolc protein is an outer membrane factor that participates in the formation of type i secretion systems. the genome of vibrio vulnificus encodes two proteins homologous to the e. coli tolc, designated tolcv1 and tolcv2. here, we show that both tolcv1 and tolcv2 partially complement the e. coli tolc function and physically interact with the membrane fusion protein acra, a ...201424500479
pvv3, a new shuttle vector for gene expression in vibrio vulnificus.an efficient electroporation procedure for vibrio vulnificus was designed using the new cloning vector pvv3 (3,107 bp). transformation efficiencies up to 2 × 10(6) transformants per μg dna were achieved. the vector stably replicated in both v. vulnificus and escherichia coli and was also successfully introduced into vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae. to demonstrate the suitability of the vector for molecular cloning, the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene and the vvhba hemolysin oper ...201424362421
peroxidase and photoprotective activities of magnesium protoporphyrin ix.magnesium-protoporphyrin ix (mg-ppn), which is formed through chelation of protoporphyrin ix (ppn) with mg ion by mg chelatase, is the first intermediate for the (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. interestingly, mg-ppn provides peroxidase activity (approximately 4 × 10(-2) units/micrometer) detoxifying h2o2 in the presence of electron donor(s). the peroxidase activity was not detected unless ppn was chelated with mg ion. mg-ppn was found freely diffusible through the membrane of escheri ...201424317481
functional conservation of rnase iii-like enzymes: studies on a vibrio vulnificus ortholog of escherichia coli rnase iii.bacterial ribonuclease iii (rnase iii) belongs to the rnase iii enzyme family, which plays a pivotal role in controlling mrna stability and rna processing in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. in the vibrio vulnificus genome, one open reading frame encodes a protein homologous to e. coli rnase iii, designated vv-rnase iii, which has 77.9 % amino acid identity to e. coli rnase iii. here, we report that vv-rnase iii has the same cleavage specificity as e. coli rnase iii in vivo and in vitro. express ...201424241331
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of wines and winery byproducts in relation to their flavonoid content.grapes produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading phytopathogens. these metabolites include numerous phenolic compounds that are also active against human pathogens. grapes are used to produce a variety of wines, grape juices, and raisins. grape pomace, seeds, and skins, the remains of the grapes that are a byproduct of winemaking, also contain numerous bioactive compounds that differ from those found in grapes and wines. this overview surveys an ...201424945318
cytotoxicity of the vibrio vulnificus martx toxin effector duf5 is linked to the c2a subdomain.the multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxins are bacterial protein toxins that serve as delivery platforms for cytotoxic effector domains. the domain of unknown function in position 5 (duf5) effector domain is present in at least six different species' martx toxins and as a hypothetical protein in photorhabdus spp. its presence increases the potency of the vibrio vulnificus martx toxin in mouse virulence studies, indicating duf5 directly contributes to pathogenesis. in this ...201424935440
thermodynamic properties of the effector domains of martx toxins suggest their unfolding for translocation across the host membrane.martx (multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin) family toxins are produced by vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, aeromonas hydrophila and other gram-negative bacteria. effector domains of martx toxins cross the cytoplasmic membrane of a host cell through a putative pore formed by the toxin's glycine-rich repeats. the structure of the pore is unknown and the translocation mechanism of the effector domains is poorly understood. we examined the thermodynamic stability of the effector domai ...201424724536
liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde enhances zebrafish (danio rerio) immunity and survival when challenged with vibrio vulnificus and streptococcus agalactiae.cinnamaldehyde, which is extracted from cinnamon, is a natural compound with activity against bacteria and a modulatory immune function. however, the antibacterial activity and immunostimulation of cinnamaldehyde in fish has not been well investigated due to the compound's poor water solubility. thus, liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (lec) was used to evaluate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on in vitro antibacterial activity against aquatic pathogens and in vivo immunity and protection parame ...201424632045
skin and soft tissue infections following marine injuries and exposures in travelers.bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (sstis) in travelers often follow insect bites and can present a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from impetigo to necrotizing cellulitis. significant sstis can also follow marine injuries and exposures in travelers, and the etiologies are often marine bacteria.201424628985
activities of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunits c1 and c2 of vibrio parahaemolyticus against different peroxides.alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit c gene (ahpc) functions were characterized in vibrio parahaemolyticus, a commonly occurring marine food-borne enteropathogenic bacterium. two ahpc genes, ahpc1 (vpa1683) and ahpc2 (vp0580), encoded putative two-cysteine peroxiredoxins, which are highly similar to the homologous proteins of vibrio vulnificus. the responses of deletion mutants of ahpc genes to various peroxides were compared with and without gene complementation and at different incubation tem ...201425239899
cloning, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of an intact dna methyltransferase of a type i restriction-modification enzyme from vibrio vulnificus.independently of the restriction (hsdr) subunit, the specificity (hsds) and methylation (hsdm) subunits interact with each other, and function as a methyltransferase in type i restriction-modification systems. a single gene that combines the hsds and hsdm subunits in vibrio vulnificus yj016 was expressed and purified. a crystal suitable for x-ray diffraction was obtained from 25%(w/v) polyethylene glycol monomethylether 5000, 0.1 m hepes ph 8.0, 0.2 m ammonium sulfate at 291 k by hanging-drop va ...201424699746
crystal structure of the full-length atpase gspe from the vibrio vulnificus type ii secretion system in complex with the cytoplasmic domain of gspl.the type ii secretion system (t2ss) is present in many gram-negative bacteria and is responsible for secreting a large number of folded proteins, including major virulence factors, across the outer membrane. the t2ss consists of 11-15 different proteins most of which are present in multiple copies in the assembled secretion machinery. the atpase gspe, essential for the functioning of the t2ss, contains three domains (n1e, n2e and cte) of which the n1e domain is associated with the cytoplasmic do ...201425092625
iscr is a global regulator essential for pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus and induced by host cells.a mutant that exhibited less cytotoxic activity toward int-407 human intestinal epithelial cells than the wild type was screened from a random transposon mutant library of vibrio vulnificus, and an open reading frame encoding an fe-s cluster regulator, iscr, was identified using a transposon-tagging method. a mutational analysis demonstrated that iscr contributes to mouse mortality as well as cytotoxicity toward the int-407 cells, indicating that iscr is essential for the pathogenesis of v. vuln ...201424478072
host-nonspecific iron acquisition systems and virulence in the zoonotic serovar of vibrio vulnificus.the zoonotic serovar of vibrio vulnificus (known as biotype 2 serovar e) is the etiological agent of human and fish vibriosis. the aim of the present work was to discover the role of the vulnibactin- and hemin-dependent iron acquisition systems in the pathogenicity of this zoonotic serovar under the hypothesis that both are host-nonspecific virulence factors. to this end, we selected three genes for three outer membrane receptors (vuua, a receptor for ferric vulnibactin, and hupa and hutr, two h ...201424478087
monoclonal antibodies against vibrio vulnificus rtxa1 elicit protective immunity through distinct mechanisms.vibrio vulnificus causes rapidly progressing septicemia with an extremely high mortality rate (≥50%), even with aggressive antibiotic treatment. the bacteria secrete multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxins, which are involved in the pathogenesis of gram-negative vibrio species. recently, we reported that immunization with the c-terminal region of v. vulnificus rtxa1/martxvv, rtxa1-c, elicits a protective immune response against v. vulnificus through a poorly defined mechan ...201425156730
vibrio vulnificus biotype 3 multifunctional autoprocessing rtx toxin is an adenylate cyclase toxin essential for virulence in mice.vibrio vulnificus is an environmental organism that causes both food-borne and wound infections with high morbidity and mortality in humans. the annual incidence and global distribution of infections associated with this pathogen are increasing with climate change. in the late 1990s, an outbreak of tilapia-associated wound infections in israel was linked to a previously unrecognized variant of v. vulnificus designated biotype 3. the sudden emergence and clonality of the outbreak suggest that thi ...201424614656
molecular characterization of vulnibactin biosynthesis in vibrio vulnificus indicates the existence of an alternative siderophore.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic estuarine bacterium that causes fatal septicemia and necrotizing wound infections in humans. virulent v. vulnificus isolates produce a catechol siderophore called vulnibactin, made up of one residue of 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2, 3-dhba) and two residues of salicylic acid (sa). vulnibactin biosynthetic genes (vv2_0828 to vv2_0844) are clustered at one locus of chromosome 2, expression of which is significantly up-regulated in vivo. in the present study, we de ...201424478763
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