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hepatitis e: an emerging global disease - from discovery towards control and cure.hepatitis e is a systemic disease affecting the liver predominantly and caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). hev has marked genetic heterogeneity and is known to infect several animal species including pigs, boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit, camel, chicken, rats, ferret, bats and cutthroat trout. hev is the sole member of the family hepeviridae and has been divided into 2 genera: orthohepevirus (mammalian and avian hev) and piscihepevirus (trout hev). human hevs included within the ...201626344932
hepatitis e: an emerging global disease - from discovery towards control and cure.hepatitis e is a systemic disease affecting the liver predominantly and caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). hev has marked genetic heterogeneity and is known to infect several animal species including pigs, boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit, camel, chicken, rats, ferret, bats and cutthroat trout. hev is the sole member of the family hepeviridae and has been divided into 2 genera: orthohepevirus (mammalian and avian hev) and piscihepevirus (trout hev). human hevs included within the ...201626344932
hepatitis e seroprevalence in inflammatory bowel disease.several cases of chronic infection by hepatitis e virus (hev) in immunocompromised patients have been described recently. patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) are frequently immunocompromised because of the disease itself or due to therapy. our aims were to determine hev seroprevalence in patients with ibd and to detect possible chronic forms.201626257097
the high prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection in wild boars in ibaraki prefecture, japan.hepatitis e virus (hev) is known as a causative agent of zoonosis and food poisoning. pigs and some species of wild animals, including wild boar, are known to be a reservoir of hev. in this study, we investigated the situation regarding hev infection in wild boars in ibaraki prefecture, japan. serum, liver and feces samples from 68 animals were collected, and the presence or absence of hev genomic rna and hev antibodies were analyzed. the viral genome was detected in samples from 7 (10.3%) anima ...201626234737
high prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibodies among blood donors in southern brazil.brazil has been classified as moderately endemic for hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. however, data on the seroprevalence of hev in this region are limited. this study evaluated the prevalence of past or present hev infection among blood donors in the metropolitan area of itajai valley, southern brazil, a region of predominant german heritage, where cultural habits result in a high consumption of pork. serum samples from 300 blood donors were tested in december 2014 using serological and molec ...201626211918
treatment of autochthonous acute hepatitis e with short-term ribavirin: a multicenter retrospective study.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotypes 3 and 4 cause sporadic cases of infection in developed countries. being elderly and having an underlying liver disease are the main risk factors for death in this population. chronic infection has been described in immunocompromised patients. ribavirin is now the antiviral treatment of choice in solid-organ-transplant recipients with chronic hev infection. we hypothesized that early short-term treatment of acute hev infection may be useful for patients with risk ...201626179015
the association of cytokines and micronutrients with hepatitis e virus infection during pregnancy and the postpartum period in rural bangladesh.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is severe during pregnancy, with a pregnant case fatality rate around 30%. in bangladesh, plasma samples from 1,100 women during the first trimester (tm) and third tm of pregnancy and 3 months postpartum (pp) were tested for anti-hev igg. during this time, 40 women developed antibody responses to hev. these seroconverters are classified as the cases (incidence = 46 infections per 1,000 person-years). all except one seroconversion occurred between the third tm an ...201626621563
role of asparagine at position 562 in dimerization and immunogenicity of the hepatitis e virus capsid protein.the hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid protein, porf2, contains 2 potential n-glycosylation sites, n137 and n310, located in the s domain, and one site, n562, in the p domain. the last domain located at positions 454-606 aa forms a protruding spike from the shell, with n562 being located in the apical center of the spike, which is also a cell-attachment region and neutralizing antigenic site. here, we expressed in pichia pastoris a recombinant polypeptide p179 comprising the region of 439-617 aa of ...201626584510
incidence and duration of hepatitis e virus infection in dutch blood donors.the incidence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in the netherlands is high. blood donors are not routinely screened for hev infection, but since january 2013, donations used for the production of solvent/detergent (s/d)-treated plasma have been screened for hev rna.201626559806
hepatitis e virus orf1 encoded non structural protein-host protein interaction network.hepatitis e virus orf1 encoded non-structural polyprotein (nsp) consist of multiple domains, namely: methyltransferase, y-domain, protease, x-domain, helicase and rna dependent rna polymerase. we have attempted to identify human liver cell proteins that are interacting with hev orf1 encoded functional domains by using y2h screening. a total of 155 protein-protein interactions between hev-orf1 and human proteins were identified. comparative analysis of the hev-orf1-human interaction network with ...201626689634
hepatitis e virus genotype 3 infection in a tertiary referral center in the netherlands: clinical relevance and impact on patient morbidity.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 infections can have important clinical consequences.201626687439
hepatitis e virus-induced cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis in a nonimmunocompromised person.hepatitis e virus (hev)-related kidney disease and symptomatic cryoglobulinemia have been observed in solid-organ transplant recipients. however, hev rna in the cryoprecipitate has not yet been assessed. we report what to our knowledge is the first documented case of autochthonous hev-induced cryoglobulinemic crescentic and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in an immunocompetent man with no notable medical history. he presented with edema, hypertension, increased serum creatinine level, a ...201626682764
diagnostic performance of five assays for anti-hepatitis e virus igg and igm in a large cohort study.determination of anti-hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) antibodies is still enigmatic. there is no gold standard, and results obtained with different assays often diverge. herein, five assays were compared for detection of anti-hev igm and igg. serum samples from 500 swedish blood donors and 316 patients, of whom 136 had suspected hev infection, were analyzed. concordant results for igm and igg with all assays were obtained only for 71% and 70% of patients with suspected hepatitis e, respectively. th ...201626659210
acute and chronic hepatitis e virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected u.s. women.exposure to hepatitis e virus (hev) is common in the united states, but there are few data on prevalence of hev/human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) coinfection in u.s.201626646162
stem cell-derived hepatocytes: a novel model for hepatitis e virus replication.yearly, approximately 20million people become infected with the hepatitis e virus (hev) resulting in over 3million cases of acute hepatitis. although hev-mediated hepatitis is usually self-limiting, severe cases of fulminant hepatitis as well as chronic infections have been reported, resulting annually in an estimated 60,000 deaths. we studied whether pluripotent stem cell (psc)-derived hepatocytes, mesodermal and/or neuroprogenitor cells support hev replication.201626626494
coastal clustering of hev; cornwall, uk.autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a porcine zoonosis and increasingly recognized in developed countries. in most cases the route of infection is uncertain. a previous study showed that hev was associated geographically with pig farms and coastal areas.201626709884
acute hepatitis e virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men and women in nepal: not quite a rare entity. 201626845252
virology, serology, and demography of hepatitis e viremic blood donors in south east england.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 (g3) in england comprises two principal phylogenetic groups (group 1 and group 2) and can be transmitted by transfusion. unselected screening identified 79 viremic donors; 76 participated in a follow-up study.201626841005
hepatitis e in transplantation.hepatitis e virus (hev) has a worldwide distribution and is known to cause acute and fulminant hepatitis. however, over the last few years, it has been shown to also cause chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunosuppressed patients, especially solid-organ-transplant patients. in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, hev is also associated with extra-hepatic manifestations, such as neurological symptoms and kidney injury. unfortunately, a diagnostic assay for hev infection is still not ...201626838163
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in autoimmune hepatitis patients in the netherlands.in recent years chronic courses of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection have been described in immunosuppressed individuals. this may implicate a potential role for hev in the development of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (aih). here we investigated the prevalence of hev-antibodies in aih patients in an endemic central european country.201627014749
hepatitis e virus infection among solid organ transplant recipients at a north american transplant center.background.  autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has been reported in over 200 solid organ transplant (sot) recipients since 2006, yet little is known about the burden of hev among sot recipients in north america. we performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with hev infection among sot recipients at our institution. methods.  children and adults (n = 311) who received allografts between 1988 and 2012 at the johns hopki ...201627014710
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus in iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.background hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of common causes of viral hepatitis worldwide with higher prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions. although epidemics of hev have been reported from iran, there are variable reports of this infection out of epidemics from different parts of iran. this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hev in iran. methods in this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched pubmed, scopus, science direct, google scholar, scientific information data ...201627698968
distinct entry mechanisms for nonenveloped and quasi-enveloped hepatitis e viruses.the hepatitis e virus (hev) sheds into feces as nonenveloped virions but circulates in the blood in a membrane-associated, quasi-enveloped form (ehev). since the ehev virions lack viral proteins on the surface, we investigated the entry mechanism for ehev. we found that compared to nonenveloped hev virions, ehev attachment to the cell was much less efficient, requiring a longer inoculation time to reach its maximal infectivity. a survey of cellular internalization pathways identified clathrin-me ...201626865708
investigation of suspected viral hepatitis outbreaks in north west india.hepatitis e (hev) infection is diagnosed on the basis of serum anti-hev igm detection. in outbreaks, early diagnostic method is important for prompt control measures. this study compared 3 diagnostic methods in 60 serum samples collected in suspected hev outbreaks. the suitability of saliva samples for antibody detection was also evaluated in 21 paired serum saliva samples. the anti-hev igm, hev-ag, and hev-rna were detected in serum samples of 52 (86.66%), 16 (26.66%), and 18 (30%) patients, re ...201626853491
cross-genotype-specific t-cell responses in acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection.hepatitis e is an inflammatory liver disease caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). in tropical regions, hev is highly endemic and predominantly mediated by hev genotypes 1 and 2 with >3 million symptomatic cases per year and around 70 000 deaths. in europe and america, the zoonotic hev genotypes 3 and 4 have been reported with continues increasing new infections per year. so far, little is known about t-cell responses during acute hev genotype 3 infection. therefore, we did a com ...201626852892
immunogenicity difference between two hepatitis e vaccines derived from genotype 1 and 4.we investigated the immunogenicity difference between hepatitis e vaccine p239 derived from hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 1 and vaccine p179 derived from hev genotype 4; and the presence of genotype-specific neutralizing epitopes. hev orf2 recombinant proteins (p166w01, p166mex, p166us and p166chn) derived from the four hev genotypes were used to detect anti-hev iggs in sera of mice and humans vaccinated with p179 or p239 and in sera of rhesus monkey challenged with hev genotype 1 or 4 strain ...201626850829
the hepatitis e virus: a likely cause of extrahepatic diseases! 201627005693
extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus can cause acute, fulminant and chronic hepatitis and has been associated with a range of extrahepatic manifestations. guillain-barré syndrome, neuralgic amyotrophy and encephalitis are the main neurological manifestations associated with acute and chronic hepatitis e virus infection. renal injuries have been also reported, including membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with or without cryoglobulinemia and membranous glomerulonephritis. acute pancreatitis, haematological dis ...201627005692
characterization and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies raised against rat hepatitis e virus capsid protein: an evaluation of their neutralizing activity in a cell culture system.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis. rat hev is a recently discovered virus related to, but distinct from, human hev. since laboratory rats can be reproducibly infected with rat hev and a cell culture system has been established for rat hev, this virus may be used as a surrogate virus for human hev, enabling studies on virus replication and mechanism of infection. however, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against rat hev capsid (orf2) protein are not available. in this ...201626992654
microbiological characterization of a newly established pig breed, aachen minipigs.to alleviate the shortage of human donor organs or tissues for the treatment of organ and tissue failure including diabetes, pigs are considered suitable donor animals. as organs from conventional pigs are usually too large, those from minipigs may be better suited. we recently characterized the göttingen minipigs, a breed well characterized concerning the presence of zoonotic microorganisms and found hepatitis e virus (hev) and porcine cytomegalovirus (pcmv) in some animals. here, we characteri ...201626991265
new insights into the natural history of hepatitis e virus infection through a longitudinal study of multitransfused immunocompetent patients in france.little is known about the natural history of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in immunocompetent individuals. the prevalence, the course of infection and the occurrence of transmission by transfusion were investigated in multitransfused immunocompetent patients/blood donor pairs included in a longitudinal sample repository collection and followed up between 1988 and 2010. ninety-eight subjects aged 6-89 years and suffering from acquired haemoglobinopathies were tested for hev markers (igm, igg ...201626990022
hepatitis e virus prevalence among blood donors, ouagadougou, burkina faso. 201626982195
update on hepatitis e virology: implications for clinical practice.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a positive-strand rna virus transmitted by the fecal-oral route. the 7.2kb genome encodes three open reading frames (orf) which are translated into (i) the orf1 polyprotein, representing the viral replicase, (ii) the orf2 protein, corresponding to the viral capsid, and (iii) the orf3 protein, a small protein involved in particle secretion. although hev is a non-enveloped virus in bile and feces, it circulates in the bloodstream wrapped in cellular membranes. hev genoty ...201626966047
[hepatitis e virus (hev) infection analysis of patients with maintenance haemodialysis]. 201626957250
characterization of seven outbreaks of hemorrhagic hepatopathy syndrome in commercial pullets following the administration of a salmonella enteritidis bacterin in california.between april 2013 and april 2015, seven flocks belonging to three different major commercial egg producers incalifornia experienced a mild increase in mortality 2 to 3 wk after administration of salmonella enteritidis bacterins. strains of chickens involved were h&n (flock a1, a2, b2, c1, c2, and c3) and lohmann white (flock b1). vaccination was administered individually through injection either in the breast muscles or subcutis in the legs between 11 and 18 wk of age in all flocks. clinical si ...201626953941
conventional and innate lymphocytes response at the acute phase of hev infection in transplanted patients.the hepatitis e virus (hev) causes usually benign and spontaneously resolving acute hepatitis in immunocompetent individuals. in immunocompromised patients with a solid-organ transplant (sot), chronic infections occur in about 2/3 of cases. we aimed to evaluate the immune cells implicated at the acute phase of hev infection.201626947133
hepatitis e virus infection as a direct cause of neuralgic amyotrophy.we describe a patient who developed neuralgic amyotrophy (na) related to hepatitis e virus (hev) infection.201626939568
new immunoassays for total, iga and igm antibodies against hepatitis e virus: prevalence in italian blood donors and patients with chronic liver or kidney diseases.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a zoonotic agent that causes acute hepatitis in humans with sporadic infections and outbreaks in developing countries worldwide. the global spread of hev remains underestimated because of subclinical infections and lack of sensitive diagnostic assays.201626936342
evaluation of rapid tests for diagnosis of acute hepatitis e.hepatitis e virus diagnosis still presents difficulties due to discordant results among diagnostic tests.201626930580
transmission of hepatitis e virus by plasma exchange: a case report. 201626926359
serologic evidence for hepatitis e virus infection among patients with undifferentiated acute febrile illness in kibera, kenya.hepatitis e (hev) is an emerging cause of viral hepatitis mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route. residents of the kibera slum of nairobi, kenya are at risk for fecal-orally transmitted infections.201626925954
first update of the international xenotransplantation association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes--chapter 5: recipient monitoring and response plan for preventing disease transmission.xenotransplantation of porcine cells, tissues, and organs may be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms to the human recipient. a previous, 2009, version of this consensus statement focused on strategies to prevent transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (pervs). this version addresses potential transmission of all porcine microorganisms including monitoring of the recipient and provides suggested approaches to the monitoring and prevention of disease transmission. pr ...201626918415
hepatitis e virus is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis in lothian, scotland.acute viral hepatitis affects all ages worldwide. hepatitis e virus (hev) is increasingly recognized as a major cause of acute hepatitis in europe. because knowledge of its characteristics is limited, we conducted a retrospective study to outline demographic and clinical features of acute hev in comparison to hepatitis a, b and c in lothian over 28 months (january 2012 to april 2014). a total of 3204 blood samples from patients with suspected acute hepatitis were screened for hepatitis a, b and ...201626904201
a preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis of hepatitis e vaccination among pregnant women in epidemic regions.objective to estimate the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis e vaccination among pregnant women in epidemic regions. methods a decision tree model was constructed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 3 hepatitis e virus vaccination strategies from societal perspectives. the model parameters were estimated on the basis of published studies and experts' experience. sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the uncertainties of the model. results vaccination was more economically effective on the bas ...201626900799
hepatitis e virus: an ancient hidden enemy in latin america.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a common cause of acute clinical hepatitis worldwide. hev is an rna-containing virus and the only member of the genus hepevirus in the family hepeviridae. human hev is classified into four genotypes widely distributed across the world. the virus is mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and water-borne epidemics have become characteristic of hepatitis e in developing countries, including those in latin america. the zoonotic potential of hev is broadly r ...201626900289
a mouse model for hepatitis e virus infection. 201626892936
extra-hepatic replication and infection of hepatitis e virus in neuronal-derived cells.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of hepatitis e in humans and a member of the genus orthohepevirus in the family hepeviridae. infection usually leads to acute hepatitis that can become fulminant, particularly among pregnant women and in patients with preexisting liver disease, or may evolve to a chronic state, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. hev has been shown to produce a range of extra-hepatic manifestations including aplastic anaemia, acute thyroiditis, glomeruloneph ...201626891712
risk factors and sources of foodborne hepatitis e virus infection in the united states.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important human pathogen with pigs and other species serving as natural animal reservoirs. ample evidence documents sporadic cases of hepatitis e acquired via consumption of undercooked meat. chronic hepatitis e cases in immunosuppressed individuals are mostly caused by zoonotic hev of swine origin. we report here the identification of genotype 3 hev from non-liver commercial pork from local grocery stores in southwest virginia, and association of hev seropositivity ...201626889628
hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 infection of human liver chimeric mice as a model for chronic hev infection.genotype 3 (gt3) hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are emerging in western countries. immunosuppressed patients are at risk of chronic hev infection and progressive liver damage, but no adequate model system currently mimics this disease course. here we explore the possibilities of in vivo hev studies in a human liver chimeric mouse model (upa(+/+)nod-scid-il2rγ(-/-)) next to the a549 cell culture system, using hev rna-positive edta-plasma, feces, or liver biopsy specimens from 8 immunocompromi ...201626889028
hepatitis e virus genotype 3 in colombia: survey in patients with clinical diagnosis of viral hepatitis.hepatitis e virus is a major cause of outbreaks as well as sporadic hepatitis cases worldwide. the epidemiology of this enterically transmitted infection differs between developing and developed countries. the aims of this study were to describe hev infection in colombian patients and to characterize the genotype.201626886728
characterization of hepatitis e virus infection in tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis).hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of hepatitis in developing countries and poses a threat to public health worldwide. tree shrew (tupaia belangeri chinensis) is a useful animal model in studies on hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis b and c viruses. however, the use of this animal model for hev research is yet to be developed.201626880187
prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies in mexican pigs.the hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of hepatitis e, an enterically transmitted disease. hev infections in pigs and humans have been reported worldwide, but data from mexico are scarce. in the present study, the prevalence of anti-hev igg antibodies was investigated in a quite large number of swine from mexico by means of an elisa based on a recombinant open reading frame 2 protein of hev genotype 3. serum samples from 683 healthy pigs (1-48 months old), collected during 2010-2013 ...201626880004
serological survey of hepatitis e virus infection in farmed and pet rabbits in italy.the recent identification in rabbits of hepatitis e viruses (hev) related to viruses infecting humans raises the question of the role of this species as possible hev reservoir. a serological survey on rabbit hev infection was conducted in italy during 2013-2014, including both farmed and pet rabbits. we found an anti-hev antibody seroprevalence of 3.40 % in 206 farmed rabbits (collected on 7 farms) and 6.56 % in 122 pets. rna was extracted from igg-positive sera and analyzed by hev-specific real ...201626873813
concomitant outbreaks of yellow fever and hepatitis e virus in darfur states, sudan, 2012.yellow fever (yf) is a vector-borne disease transmitted to humans by infected aedes mosquitoes, while hepatitis e virus (hev) is a waterborne disease that is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. both diseases have very close clinical presentation, namely fever, jaundice, malaise, and dark urine; they differ in severity and outcome.201626829534
hepatitis e virus infection among blood donors in the south caribbean: is screening warranted? 201626819367
no evidence of genotype-3 hepatitis e virus-induced myocarditis. 201626815640
hepatitis e virus infection in the liver transplant recipients: clinical presentation and management.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging pathogen and an increasingly recognized cause of graft hepatitis, especially in the post-orthotopic liver transplantation immunocompromised population. the exact incidence and prevalence of hev infection in this population remains unclear but is certainly greater than historical estimates. identifying acute hev infection in this population is imperative for choosing the right course of management as it is very difficult to distinguish histologically from ac ...201626807207
human liver chimeric mice as a new model of chronic hepatitis e virus infection and preclinical drug evaluation.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of acute hepatitis as well as chronic infection in immunocompromised individuals; however, in vivo infection models are limited. the aim of this study was to establish a small animal model to improve our understanding of hev replication mechanisms and permit the development of effective therapeutics.201626805671
ferret hepatitis e virus infection induces acute hepatitis and persistent infection in ferrets.ferret hepatitis e virus (hev), a novel hepatitis e virus, has been identified in ferrets. however, the pathogenicity of ferret hev remains unclear. in the present study, we compared the hev rna-positivity rates and alanine aminotransferase (alt) levels of 63 ferrets between before and after import from the us to japan. we found that the ferret hev-rna positivity rates were increased from 12.7% (8/63) to 60.3% (38/63), and alt elevation was observed in 65.8% (25/38) of the ferret hev rna-positiv ...201626790932
chemically activatable viral capsid functionalized for cancer targeting.to design a theranostic capsule using the virus-like nanoparticle of the hepatitis e virus modified to display breast cancer cell targeting functional group (lxy30).201626786134
full coding hepatitis e virus genotype 3 genome amplification method.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 produces zoonotic infection associated with the consumption of infected animals. hev infections can become chronic in immunocompromised (ic) patients. the viral genome has three well defined open reading frames (orf1, orf2 and orf3) within which various domains and functions have been described. this paper (i) describes a new method of complete sequencing of the hev coding region through overlapping pcr systems, (ii) establishes a consensus sequence and polymor ...201626784284
a trivalent vaccine candidate against hepatitis e virus, norovirus, and astrovirus.hepatitis e virus (hev), norovirus (nov), and astrovirus (astv) are enterically-transmitted viral pathogens causing epidemic or endemic hepatitis (hev) and gastroenteritis (nov and astv) respectively in humans, leading to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. while a recombinant subunit vaccine against hevs is available in china, there is no commercial vaccine or antiviral against nov or astv. we report here our development of a trivalent vaccine against the three viral pathogens throug ...201626778421
seroepidemiology of hepatitis e in selected population groups in croatia: a prospective pilot study.hepatitis e has become an emerging infection in many european countries. we analysed the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in selected population groups in croatia. overall hev igg seropositivity was 5.6%, while 1.9% participants showed igm antibodies suggestive of recent infection. no igm-positive sample was positive for hev rna. hev igg antibodies were most prevalent in alcohol abusers (8.9%) and war veterans (8.6%), compared with 6.1% among injecting drug users and 2.7% in healt ...201626776465
prophylaxis against hepatitis e: at risk populations and human vaccines.hepatitis e is an emerging global disease caused by hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. while in developing countries the infection was primarily due to poor sanitary conditions through intake of contaminated water or undercooked meats of infected animals, increasing cases of chronic hepatitis e resulting in rapidly progressive liver cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease have been reported in organ transplant patients or in immune compromised patients in developed countries. fortunately, hepatiti ...201626775537
a public health initiative on hepatitis e virus epidemiology, safety and control in portugal--study protocol.the discovery of autochthonous hepatitis e in industrialized countries has changed the understanding of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in these regions, now known to be mainly due to zoonotic transmission of genotype 3. the foodborne route of transmission via consumption of contaminated meat from hev infected pigs is well documented as well as the direct occupational exposure to animal reservoirs. accumulating evidence also points to an emerging potential threat to blood safety after the iden ...201626774897
orf3 of hepatitis e virus inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors in lps-stimulated human pma-thp1 cells by inhibiting nf-κb pathway.hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the primary causative agents of acute hepatitis. it is noteworthy that hev can develop chronic infection and even lead to liver cirrhosis; however, the mechanism has not been revealed. in this study, the elisa assay was used to detect protein levels, and we found that hev open reading frame 3 (orf3) protein inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [tnf-α], interleukin [il]-1β, il-6, il-8, il-12p40, and il-18) and chemota ...201626771290
production of infectious ferret hepatitis e virus in a human hepatocarcinoma cell line plc/prf/5.a strain of ferret hepatitis e virus (hev), sf4370, isolated from an imported ferret was used to inoculate a human hepatocarcinoma cell line, plc/prf/5. the virus genome and capsid protein were detected in the cell culture supernatant. immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that the capsid protein was located in the cytoplasm. the virus particles were purified from the culture supernatant by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. the capsid protein with molecular mass of ∼72 kda was detected in ...201626763355
prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus antibodies and first detection of hepatitis e virus in wild boar in slovenia.hepatitis e is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by hepatitis e virus (hev). in this study, we investigated hev presence in a wild boar (sus scrofa) population of slovenia. a total of 288 wild boar serum samples were collected throughout the country, and hev infection was investigated by serology, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and by hev rna detection using a real-time pcr assay. antibodies against hev were detected in 30.2% (87/288) of animals tested, whereas hev rna was det ...201626757050
hepatitis e virus outbreak in postearthquake nepal: is a vaccine really needed? 201626756604
hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in free-ranging deer in canada.hepatitis e virus infection (hev) is an important public health concern not only in traditional endemic areas, but also in some industrialized countries where both domesticated and wild animals have been recognized as potential zoonotic reservoirs implicated in hev transmission. while the prevalence of infection in the deer population in europe and asia has been thoroughly investigated, it remains largely undetermined in north america. we assessed the presence of hev in three different species o ...201626752436
simulation of viral hepatitis e in marmosets.we developed a model of hepatitis e virus infection in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and determined optimal route of infection, duration, clinical and virological characteristics of infection in laboratory animals. using this model, we demonstrated that replication of hepatitis e virus primarily occurs in the liver, while virus replication presumed to take place in the intestine was not confirmed in this experiment.201626750931
proposed reference sequences for hepatitis e virus subtypes.the nomenclature of hepatitis e virus (hev) subtypes is inconsistent and makes comparison of different studies problematic. we have provided a table of proposed complete genome reference sequences for each subtype. the criteria for subtype assignment vary between different genotypes and methodologies, and so a conservative pragmatic approach has been favoured. updates to this table will be posted on the international committee on taxonomy of viruses website (http://talk.ictvonline.org/r.ashx?c). ...201626743685
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus infection among dogs in several developed cities in the guangdong province of china.hepatitis e virus (hev), as a zoonotic disease virus, was seldom studied in dogs especially in stray dogs. as previously reported, dog might be an accidental host of hev for human beings and some risk factors might play an important role in hev transmission. thus, we designed this study to evaluate the seroprevalence of hev infection among dogs in several cities in guangdong province of china. this surveillance may help us understand risk factors including location, gender, live type, and diet h ...201626743155
development and evaluation of a rt-lamp assay for rapid detection of hepatitis e virus from shellfish.hepatitis e virus (hev) has becoming a well known zoonotic enteric pathogen and circulated widely inter human-animal-water-food. generally, detection of the virus has relied on conventional reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) and taqman/sybr quantitative real-time rt-pcr (rt-qpcr), but these tools are usually disadvantages in time-consuming and expensive instruments required. in the present study, we report here on the development of a one-step single-tube reverse transcription-loop-mediated isot ...201626741532
hepatic failure after pig heart transplantation into a baboon: no involvement of porcine hepatitis e virus.after transplantation of pig hearts into baboons, a particularly high increase of liver parameters was observed in 1 animal. to evaluate whether porcine hepatitis e virus (hev) was involved in the pathological changes, the donor pig and the recipient baboon were screened for the presence of hev.201626739324
when should ribavirin be started to treat hepatitis e virus infection in transplant patients? 201626729540
hepatitis e, the neglected one.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a worldwide disease. it is the first cause of acute viral hepatitis in the world with an estimated 20 million cases every year and 56 000 deaths. in developing countries, hepatitis e is a waterborne infection. in these countries, hev genotypes 1 and 2 cause large outbreaks and affect young subjects with a significant mortality rate in pregnant women and patients with cirrhosis. in the developed countries, hev genotypes 3 and 4 are responsible for autochthonou ...201626725910
antigen detection and apoptosis in mongolian gerbil's kidney experimentally intraperitoneally infected by swine hepatitis e virus.we examined the effect of hepatitis e virus (hev) on the renal tissue pathogenesis, morphological damages and related molecular mechanisms following swine hev suspension intraperitoneally inoculation in mongolian gerbils. the microscopic and ultramicroscopic analyses of kidney tissue structure were carried out at different points after inoculation of hev. the immunohistochemistry, real-time pcr and western blot were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms associated with hev presence in th ...201626724751
hepatitis e virus and neurological injury.hepatitis e is hyperendemic in many developing countries in asia and africa, and is caused by hepatitis e virus (hev) genotypes 1 and 2, which are spread via the faecal-oral route by contaminated water. recent data show that hev infection is also endemic in developed countries. in such geographical settings, hepatitis e is caused by hev genotypes 3 and 4, and is mainly a porcine zoonosis. in a minority of cases, hev causes acute and chronic hepatitis, but infection is commonly asymptomatic or un ...201626711839
endoplasmic reticulum stress induced synthesis of a novel viral factor mediates efficient replication of genotype-1 hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes acute hepatitis in many parts of the world including asia, africa and latin america. though self-limiting in normal individuals, it results in ~30% mortality in infected pregnant women. it has also been reported to cause acute and chronic hepatitis in organ transplant patients. of the seven viral genotypes, genotype-1 virus infects humans and is a major public health concern in south asian countries. sporadic cases of genotype-3 and 4 infection in human and animals ...201627035822
isolation of hepatitis e virus from breast milk during acute infection. 201627025819
a novel blocking elisa for detection of antibodies against hepatitis e virus in domestic pigs.hepatitis e virus (hev) infects both humans and animals, with an overall human mortality rate generally less than 1%, but as high as 20% among pregnant women. hev strains fall into 4 major genotypes. zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 associate with sporadic human and animal hev cases in many industrialized countries. to date, collective evidence implicates pigs as the main hev reservoir, justifying the importance of monitoring hev infection rates in pig herds to prevent human illness. due to the lack o ...201627023902
hepatitis e virus: current epidemiology and vaccine.hepatitis e virus infections have been continuously reported in indian subcontinent, africa, southeast and central asia, posing great health threats to the public, especially to pregnant women. hecolin® is the only licensed hev vaccine developed by xiamen innovax biotech co., ltd. extensive characterizations on antigenicity, physicochemical properties, efficacy in clinical trials, and manufacturing capability have made hecolin® a promising vaccine for hev control. however, there are many obstacl ...201627184971
blood-borne hepatitis e virus transmission: a relevant risk for immunosuppressed patients. 201627178472
hepatitis e virus mutations associated with ribavirin treatment failure result in altered viral fitness and ribavirin sensitivity.ribavirin monotherapy is the preferred treatment for chronic hepatitis e, although occasional treatment failure occurs. we present a patient with chronic hepatitis e experiencing ribavirin treatment failure with a completely resistant phenotype. we aimed to identify viral mutations associated with treatment failure and explore the underlying mechanisms.201627174035
apolipoprotein e polymorphisms and their protective effect on hepatitis e virus replication. 201627541341
treatment of hev infection in patients with a solid-organ transplant and chronic hepatitis.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection can cause hepatic and extra-hepatic manifestations. treatment of hev infection has been thoroughly studied in solid-organ-transplant patients who have developed a chronic hev infection. in this review, we report on our current knowledge regarding treatment of hev infection.201627537905
quantification of hepatitis e virus in naturally-contaminated pig liver products.hepatitis e virus (hev), the cause of self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans, is widespread and endemic in many parts of the world. the foodborne transmission of hev has become of concern due to the identification of undercooked pork products as a risk factor for infection. foodborne enteric viruses are conventionally processed by quantitative rt-pcr (rt-qpcr), which gives sensitive and quantitative detection results. recently, digital pcr (dpcr) has been described as a novel approach to genome ...201627536278
the bama miniature swine is susceptible to experimental hev infection.the hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the main causes of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide. although the mortality rates associated with hev are generally low, they can be up to 28% in hev-infected pregnant women, and the elderly are more susceptible. the reasons for this selective severity are unclear, partially because there is no suitable, easy-to-use model in which to study hev infection. non-human primates and standard swine have been identified as being sensitive to infection wit ...201627534702
hepatitis e virus mutations: functional and clinical relevance.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis and affects more than 20 million individuals, with three million symptomatic cases and 56,000 recognized hev-related deaths worldwide. hev is endemic in developing countries and is gaining importance in developed countries, due to increased number of autochthone cases. although hev replication is controlled by the host immune system, viral factors (especially specific viral genotypes and mutants) can modulate hev replication, ...201627528267
a case report about the most common yet most forgotten hepatitis e.background hepatitis e virus (hev) is the most common cause of enterically acquired acute viral hepatitis worldwide with major prevalence in the developing countries. an increasing number of sporadic cases of acute hev infection have also been found in developed countries, but there is still no role for hev testing in cases of seronegative acute hepatitis in such nonendemic regions. case report a 59-year-old male residing in the united states for seven months with a history of malaria treated on ...201627527551
hepatitis e pathogenesis.although most hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are asymptomatic, some can be severe, causing fulminant hepatitis and extra-hepatic manifestations, including neurological and kidney injuries. chronic hev infections may also occur in immunocompromised patients. this review describes how our understanding of the pathogenesis of hev infection has progressed in recent years.201627527210
hepatitis e virus infection in the irish blood donor population.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3 (g3) infection is a zoonosis that may be transmitted during the acute phase by transfusion. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of hev and seroprevalence among irish blood donors.201627522065
chronic hepatitis e - an emerging disease in an immunocompromised host.chronic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is increasingly being reported in immunosuppressed individuals with hiv, patients with haematological malignancy and transplant recipients. the diagnosis of cirrhosis and liver failure post chronic hev is controversial due to lack of standard diagnostic criteria. the treatment benefits of ribavirin in chronic hev of genotype 1 are not well reported. we report a case of chronic hev infection of genotype 1 leading to chronic liver disease in a child cured ...201627516529
serological evidence of infection with rodent-borne hepatitis e virus hev-c1 or antigenically related virus in humans.zoonotic potential of a rat-derived hepatitis e virus (hev), designated as hev-c1, remains unknown. to evaluate the risk for hev-c1 infection in humans, paired sera of 208 hospitalized febrile patients collected from 2001 to 2003 in hanoi, vietnam, were examined for igg antibodies to hev-c1 and genotype 1 hev (hev-1), which is common in humans. igg antibodies to virus-like particles (vlps) of hev-c1 and/or hev-1 were detected from 99 of the 208 convalescent sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent as ...201627499185
[acute hepatitis due to hepatitis e virus after raw meat consumption]. 201627496809
hepatitis e virus in acute liver failure: an unusual suspect? 201627496198
high prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus antibodies among blood donors in central italy, february to march 2014.prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies is highly variable in developed countries, which seems partly due to differences in assay sensitivity. using validated sensitive assays, we tested 313 blood donors attending a hospital transfusion unit in central italy in january and february 2014 for anti-hev igg and igm and hev rna. data on hev exposure were collected from all donors. overall anti-hev igg prevalence was 49% (153/313). eating raw dried pig-liver sausage was the only independ ...201627494608
expanding host range and cross-species infection of hepatitis e virus. 201627490119
hepatitis e virus orf1 encoded macro domain protein interacts with light chain subunit of human ferritin and inhibits its secretion.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major causative agent of acute hepatitis in developing countries. its genome has three open reading frames (orfs)-called as orf1, orf2, and orf3. orf1 encodes nonstructural polyprotein having multiple domains, namely: methyltransferase, y domain, protease, macro domain, helicase, and rna-dependent rna polymerase. in the present study, we show that hev-macro domain specifically interacts with light chain subunit of human ferritin (ftl). in cultured hepatoma cells, h ...201627170377
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