Publications

quantifying the risks of tb infection to cattle posed by badger excreta.	despite strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that the main route of tb transmission from badgers to cattle is via contaminated badger excreta, it is unclear whether the associated risks are high enough to account for the prevalence of the disease in south-west england. to decide whether this was a viable route of transmission, cattle contact with badger excreta was investigated using a deterministic approach to quantify the risks to cattle posed by badger excreta. levels of investigative an ...	1999	10098801
mortality from dementia in occupations at risk of exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy: analysis of death registrations.		1999	10205102
vtec o157 phage type 21/28 infection in north cumbria: update.		1999	10209910
cluster of vcjd cases in kent and its importance.		1999	10218550
cluster of vcjd cases in kent and its importance.		1999	10218551
cluster of vcjd cases in kent and its importance.		1999	10218552
cluster of vcjd cases in kent and its importance.		1999	10218553
herd-specific and age-specific seroprevalence of neospora caninum in 14 british dairy herds.	all the cattle in 14 dairy herds in england were tested for neospora caninum-specific antibodies with a commercial elisa. three of the herds had had sporadic abortions, eight had had endemic abortions and three had had epidemic abortions associated with n caninum before the study. of 4295 cattle tested, 17.1 per cent were seropositive and the herd-specific prevalence ranged from 7.3 per cent to 44.8 per cent. no significant effect of either herd size (p = 0.988), endemic (p = 0.869) or epidemic ...	1999	10371011
prevalence of antibodies to coxiella burnetii (q fever) in bulk tank milk in england and wales.	in the united kingdom, the infection of people with coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of q fever, is of significant public health importance and is associated with contact with dairy cattle. an elisa was developed for the detection of igg antibodies against c burnetii in bulk tank milk, and in a survey of randomly selected samples from dairy herds in england and wales, 21 per cent showed serological evidence of c burnetii infection.	1999	10378278
bovine tuberculosis.		1999	10378292
outbreak of escherichia coli o157 infection associated with a music festival.	seven persons who attended the glastonbury music festival were infected with vero cytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 and an eighth person had serological evidence of infection. cases were reported from different parts of england. patients were interviewed by telephone about clinical symptoms, festival attendance, camping details, food history, water exposure, and contact with mud and animals. the interviews identified no common food source, differing use of water sources and widely disper ...	1999	10385018
microbiological investigation of halal butchery products and butchers' premises.	halal butchers' premises were investigated as they had not been represented in a recent study of butchery products and butchers' premises conducted by the local authorities coordinating body on food and trading standards and the phls. this study examined 183 raw prepared meats and 212 environmental samples from 105 halal butcher premises. only raw meats were prepared on 97 of the premises visited; and the types of meat prepared on the remaining eight premises was not specified. four halal butche ...	1999	10402745
nematode control practices and anthelmintic resistance in dairy calves in the south west of england.	a postal survey of worming practices on west country dairy farms was undertaken and farmers were requested to send faecal samples for nematode egg counts. the majority of the farmers who responded had a nematode control policy which was based on a mixture of anthelmintics and pasture rotation. sixty-five per cent turned out calves on to the same paddock each year and 57 per cent treated their stock with anthelmintics during the second year. ninety farms submitted samples for analysis but only 16 ...	1999	10404603
health risks of genetically modified foods.		1999	10406385
osteochondrosis in bull beef cattle following lack of dietary mineral and vitamin supplementation.		1999	10499859
genetic typing of bovine pestiviruses from england and wales.	using rna purified directly from stored clinical specimens, a collection of 62 pestiviruses were typed by rt-pcr and sequencing within the 5'-untranslated region of the genome. all the specimens had been obtained in 1966/1967 from diary cattle in england and wales. eight further pestiviruses, grown in cell culture, were characterised in the same way. seven of these viruses were representatives of a panel of british isolates, obtained from cattle ten years before. the eighth was the virus used in ...	1999	10535769
prevalence of lice on dairy cattle in england and the bordering counties of wales.	a postal questionnaire was used to collect information on the prevalence of lice on cattle on a random sample of dairy farms in england and the bordering counties of wales. replies were received from 1040 (52.8 per cent) of the 1970 farms which were mailed. fifty per cent of farmers reported having ever seen or suspected lice in their herds and 29 per cent reported possible infestations in the winter of 1996/97. visits were made to 24 farms in the south west of england during february 1998. twel ...	1999	10573191
study of multidrug-resistant salmonella typhimurium dt104 on dairy farms.		1999	10573198
depressed state of the livestock sector reflected in submissions to the vla.		1999	10574270
the norway rat as a reservoir host of cryptosporidium parvum.	the potential of norway rats (rattus norvegicus) to spread the parasite cryptosporidium parvum was investigated by examining parasite prevalence in relation to the structure and movements of three permanent rat populations living on farmland in warwickshire (uk) from october 1994 to march 1997. one population lived among a group of farm buildings housing cattle, while the other two had no contact with livestock, one living around a pond and its outflowing stream and the other on a rubbish tip. o ...	1999	10574524
summer mastitis in england and wales: 1992 to 1997.		1999	10576287
significance of neospora caninum in british dairy cattle determined by estimation of seroprevalence in normally calving cattle and aborting cattle.	a case control study was conducted to evaluate the significance of neospora caninum infections in cattle in england and wales. the prevalence of n. caninum in normally calving cattle (the control group; n = 418) and aborting cattle (n = 633) was estimated using a commercial antibody-detection elisa. prevalence estimates for bovine virus diarrhoea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and leptospira hardjo were also obtained by serology. the prevalence of n. caninum was significantly hig ...	1999	10576570
examination of adenovirus-types in intestinal vascular endothelial inclusions in fatal cases of enteric disease in cattle, by in situ hybridisation.	there have been occasional reports in the literature of a severe naturally occurring enteric disease of cattle in which adenoviral inclusions were found in intestinal vascular endothelium. bovine adenovirus type 10 (bav-10) was identified by in situ hybridisation (ish) in the inclusions of all 13 such cattle detected in northern ireland [smyth, j.a., benkö, m., moffett, d.a., harrach, b., 1996. j. clin. microbiol. 34, 1270-1274]. the present paper describes ish examination of the vascular endoth ...	1999	10591492
evidence of influenza a virus infection in dairy cows with sporadic milk drop syndrome.		1999	10609575
date-based export scheme.		1998	9491533
risk factors for and prevention of sporadic infections with vero cytotoxin (shiga toxin) producing escherichia coli o157.	recent outbreaks of vero cytotoxin (shiga toxin) producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) infection have stimulated debate on food safety. however, 90% of cases in england and wales are sporadic. we report a case-control study of sporadic vtec o157 infection.	1998	9546508
ivermectin-resistant cooperia species from calves on a farm in somerset.		1998	9549873
prevalence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus and other viruses in bulk tank milk in england and wales.	bulk tank milk samples from 1070 dairy herds in england and wales were tested by elisa for antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv). a subset of 341 herds was tested by elisa for antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and bovine coronavirus (bcv). none of the herds had less than 40 dairy cows and none had been vaccinated against bvdv. the prevalence of bvdv antibody-positive herds in the national population was estimated at 95 per cent and ...	1998	9586130
studies of the presence of verocytotoxic escherichia coli o157 in bovine faeces submitted for diagnostic purposes in england and wales and on beef carcases in abattoirs in the united kingdom.	a survey of beef carcases in abattoirs in the uk was carried out in order to estimate the prevalence of contamination with verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) serogroup o157. contamination with verocytotoxin-producing e. coli (vtec) o157 was confirmed in 0.47% of the 4067 (95% confidence limits 0.22-1.00%) of neck muscle samples. a significant tendency for carcases present in the same abattoir on the same day to have similar results was found, thus suggesting cross contamination. vte ...	1998	9593489
detectable levels of serum aflatoxin b1-albumin adducts in the united kingdom population: implications for aflatoxin-b1 exposure in the united kingdom.	this study aimed to estimate aflatoxin b1 (afb1) exposure in the united kingdom population by measuring levels of serum afb1-albumin (alb), using immunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with fluorescence detection. a self-questionnaire on dietary habits from 104 volunteers (47 men and 57 women) in york was completed, and blood samples were collected. serum alb was extracted, and afb1-lysine (lys), the digest product of afb1-alb, was isolated and measured. a sensitive elisa ...	1998	9610795
mastitis incidence in straw yards and cubicles.		1998	9618878
postinfarction ventricular septal rupture: the wessex experience.	surgical repair of a postinfarct ventricular septal defect (vsd) remains a difficult surgical challenge associated with a significant operative mortality. between 1972 and 1995, 179 patients with a postinfarct vsd have undergone operation in this institution. there were 118 males and 61 females, with a mean age of 66 years (range 43 to 80). operative mortality was 26.7%. surgery was deferred until 1 month after the septal rupture in 29 patients, with these labeled as having a chronic vsd. the re ...	1998	9620458
maternal transmission of bse: interpretation of the data on the offspring of bse-affected pedigree suckler cows.		1998	9634708
peer-reviewed articles and public health: the mad cow affair in italian newspapers.	it has been suggested that early announcements of research works to be published in peer-reviewed journals may diminish newsworthiness of scientific articles, but this issue has not been widely studied.	1998	9676687
movement of badgers (meles meles) in a high-density population: individual, population and disease effects.	the movement of 1763 badgers trapped between 36 social groups in woodchester park, gloucestershire, over 18 years was analysed to determine the frequency and duration of moves, the factors associated with a predisposition to move and the spatial pattern of movements. of those badgers whose capture history could be categorized, nearly half had moved. of these, 73.1% were classified as 'occasional movers', 22.1% as 'permanent movers' and 4.8% as 'frequent movers'. most adult badgers that moved mad ...	1998	9718736
protracted outbreak of salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type 170 food poisoning related to tripe, 'pig bag', and chitterlings.	an outbreak of food poisoning around south yorkshire due to salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type 170 related to eating tripe, 'pig bag', and chitterlings was associated with a common supplier. possible links with other suppliers were considered. twenty-two cases occurred between 11 april 1995 and 7 may 1995. the situation was complicated by the complex distribution network of suppliers and by possible cross contamination in the retail outlets. this complexity created difficulties in the ...	1998	9718834
isolation of campylobacter jejuni from groundwater.	a pollution event which occurred at a spring in the arnside area of cumbria provided an opportunity to investigate whether campylobacter jejuni could be detected in groundwater. hydrological evidence suggested that the source of contamination was a dairy farm situated within the hydrological catchment of the polluted spring. the microbiological quality of the polluted spring was monitored during intervals over the following 12 months and compared with others in the area. campylobacter jejuni was ...	1998	9721669
long-term viral serology of semi-free-living and captive ungulates.	between 1973 and 1994, blood samples were collected at whipsnade wild animal park (uk) from three ungulate species kept in enclosures, including 28 european bison (bison bonasus), 37 scimitar-horned oryx (oryx dammah), and 49 père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus), and also from 144 semi-free-living chinese water deer (hydropotes inermis). these samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against three bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-like strains, three alpha-herpesvirus strains, enz ...	1998	9732031
cattle tb crisis? human implications.		1998	9734978
food fears.		1998	9749011
[200-year anniversary of an epoch-making dissertation on cow-pox. a unique copy with a dedication in gothenburg].		1998	9766148
prevalence, incidence and geographical distribution of johne's disease in cattle in england and the welsh borders.	the prevalence, incidence and geographical distribution of clinical johne's disease in dairy cattle in england and the border regions of wales were determined by a postal survey of 3772 dairy farmers. the study area was divided into three regions; south, central and north. the response rate was 78.3 per cent. the proportion of farms that reported 'ever' having the disease was 17.4 per cent. for the 10 years between 1985 and 1994 it was 4.9 per cent, and only 1.5 and 1.3 per cent in 1993 and 1994 ...	1998	9787418
health surveillance of cattle in the vicinity of a chemical industrial complex.	following allegations of environmental contamination, a scheme for the surveillance of animal health on dairy farms in the vicinity of a large complex of chemical industries in the region of cork harbour was initiated in 1991. multidisciplinary investigations were undertaken as a result of unusual incidents of animal ill-health or decreased productivity, and an explosion and fire at one of the industrial plants. there was no evidence that exposure to environmental pollutants caused variations in ...	1998	9795400
combined outbreak of the genital and conjunctival forms of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection in a uk dairy herd.		1998	9854320
the epidemiology of salmonella typhimurium in cattle: plasmid profile analysis of definitive phage type (dt) 204c.	during the period 1979-1991, salmonella typhimurium dt 204c was the cause of a major epidemic of salmonellosis in calves in the uk. plasmid profile analysis of dt 204c isolates from england and wales commenced in 1986 and isolates from all subsequent incidents were examined by this technique. forty-three different plasmid profile types (ppts) were detected, of which the commonest, designated type e, constituted 44.6-80.2% of the annual incidents during the study period. some ppts, e.g., f and p, ...	1998	9879966
declining risk from beef on the bone.		1998	9881439
incidence of clinical mastitis in dairy herds in england.	the annual incidence of clinical mastitis was measured in 144 holstein/friesian dairy herds in england (average size 132 cows) during 1994, 1995 and 1996 by means of carefully defined mastitis indices. the mean annual incidence of the disease over the three-year period was 43.4 quarter-cases per 100 cows, and the disease affected 25.9 per cent of the cows in the herds, with 1.6 quarter-cases per affected cow. in terms of cow-cases, the mean incidence was 39.9 cases per 100 cows in the herd and h ...	1998	9885128
the cattle plague of 1865 and the reception of "the germ theory" in mid-victorian britain.		1997	9071847
mad cows and englishmen: the aftermath of a bse scare.	the consumption of prime beef cuts is down, animals have been slaughtered by the thousand and 3 farmers have committed suicide as the mad-cow issue continues to cause concern in the united kingdom. in this report from london, caroline richmond also notes that the royal colleges have published a report stating that chronic fatigue syndrome is a real illness and patients need help.	1997	9099178
a longitudinal study of environmental mycobacteria on a farm in south-west england.	soil, stream beds and cattle drinking troughs were sampled every 3 months over 3 years. more than 750 putative mycobacteria were isolated and grouped into more than 50 biotypes pending full identification. samples from woodland and farmed land yielded fewer isolates per site compared with other terrains (p < 0.05). some seasonal effects were noted but the greatest difference was between years 1 and 3. this appeared not to be due to differences in temperature, rainfall or experimental procedure, ...	1997	9113878
culling in 50 dairy herds in england.	a survey of 50 friesian/holstein dairy herds (average size 178 cows) in england investigated the rate of culling and the reasons for disposal and death over three years from 1990 to 1992. the average total annual culling rate was 23.8 per cent (22.0 per cent sold and 1.8 per cent died). of the disposals, 54 per cent were culled by the end of their fourth lactation. poor fertility was the most important reason for culling (36.5 per cent of disposals), followed by management policy (11.5 per cent) ...	1997	9123795
the kinetics of serum antibody responses to natural infections with mycobacterium bovis in one badger social group.	bovine tuberculosis remains a significant problem in some parts of great britain and ireland largely because of a reservoir of infection in badgers. little is currently known about the immunopathology of mycobacterium bovis infection in the badger. badgers, from 31 social groups, in a study area of the cotswold escarpment, have been trapped and sampled from 1981 to 1995. serum antibody responses directed against the 25 kda antigen (mpb83) of m. bovis have been studied in detail in a selected soc ...	1997	9129594
tb in cattle and badgers.		1997	9133730
tb in cattle and badgers.		1997	9133731
the roast beef of old england.	the author examines the origins of the "mad cow" crisis in britain, identifying the responsibility of the conservative government with its policy of deregulation, and details government attempts to "cover up" the problem and to prevent discussion of the question of responsibility by conducting a campaign of anti-europeanism. the possible public health consequences are considered.	1997	9142601
bse, public anxiety and private neurosis.	following the recent focus of media attention on bse, and the putative link between the cattle disease and cases of variant cjd in humans in the uk, we report two cases of "bse phobia." the relationship between popular conceptions of science and psychopathology is discussed.	1997	9194022
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis/infectious pustular balanoposthitis in cattle.		1997	9194305
observations on the mite fauna associated with adult stomoxys calcitrans in the u.k.	adult females of the blood-sucking muscid stomoxys calcitrans sampled between june and september 1993 from a cattle farm (n = 839) and from a pig farm (n = 542) in north-west england were examined for mites. twelve species of mites from ten families and three orders were identified as follows. in the prostigmata, eryenetes sp., family ereynetidae and pediculaster mesembrinae, family pygmephoridae. in the astigmata, procalvolia zacheri family saproglyphidae, acarus farris, family acaridae, bonomo ...	1997	9226646
the costs of production diseases in dairy herds in england.		1997	9265849
the costs of production diseases in dairy herds in england.	economic losses due to common health problems in dairy cattle were investigated in 90 friesian/holstein herds (average size 152 cows), which calved in england during the 1992/1993 season with an average annual yield of about 6000 l per cow. by using only the direct costs of common production diseases and other health problems (mastitis, lameness, vulval discharge, treatments for oestrus-not-observed, retained foetal membranes, milk fever, twinning, calf mortality and aid at calving), the cost of ...	1997	9265852
sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease in the united kingdom: analysis of epidemiological surveillance data for 1970-96.	to identify changes in the occurrence of creutzfeldt-jakob disease that might be related to the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	1997	9277601
a cohort study to examine maternally-associated risk factors for bovine spongiform encephalopathy.	this long-term cohort study, initiated in july 1989, was designed to examine maternally-associated risk factors for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), forming part of the epidemiological research programme to assess the risks of non-feedborne transmission of bse. in this study, the incidence of bse in offspring of cows which developed clinical signs of bse is compared with that in offspring, born in the same calving season and herd, of cows which had reached at least six years of age and ha ...	1997	9308147
preventive role in cattle production.		1997	9308152
serological prevalence of hypoderma species in cattle in great britain (1995/96) and the relative value of serological surveillance over clinical observation.	sera from 100,400 cattle on 2850 farms in england, scotland and wales were tested for the presence of antibodies to hypoderma species between the end of november 1995 and the end of february 1996. twelve animals were resampled because the initial results were equivocal but only one of them was confirmed as seropositive. this animal was a bull imported from belgium which had been treated with an approved warble fly treatment within 24 hours of arrival at its destination in great britain. no serop ...	1997	9316238
bse and british cattle exports.		1997	9316246
bse and british cattle exports.		1997	9316247
bse and british cattle exports.		1997	9330479
preventive role in cattle production.		1997	9330480
investigation by long pcr of the genetic elements mediating vana glycopeptide resistance in enterococci from uncooked meat in south manchester.		1997	9331682
bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in lactating cows.		1997	9342090
an outbreak of infection due to verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 in four families: the influence of laboratory methods on the outcome of the investigation.	three members of family a, who had diarrhoea on 20 october, lived on a small arable farm which had 10 cattle. manure from the animals was used to fertilize the ground for growing potatoes which were then offered for retail sale, unwashed, directly from the farm. the mother from family b bought potatoes, which were covered with manure, from family a in early november and over the subsequent 10 days she became ill with diarrhoea and her daughter and son both became ill with bloody diarrhoea. the m ...	1997	9363008
a 1-year study of escherichia coli o157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry.	samples of rectal faeces were collected immediately after slaughter from 400 cattle each month for a 1-year period and from 1000 each of sheep, pigs and poultry over the same period. samples were examined for escherichia coli o157 by enrichment culture in buffered peptone water with vancomycin, cefixime and cefsulodin followed by immunomagnetic separation and culture of magnetic particles onto cefixime tellurite sorbitol macconkey agar. e. coli o157 was isolated from 752 (15.7%) of 4800 cattle, ...	1997	9363024
[luigi sacco and the history of smallpox in italy].		1997	9411378
relationships between the presence of johne's disease and farm and management factors in dairy cattle in england.	the data collected by a postal questionnaire sent to 3772 randomly selected dairy farmers in england and the border regions in wales were used to estimate the relationships between the presence of clinical johne's disease and farm and management factors associated with that disease. two binary outcomes (case reported in 1993, case reported in 1994) and 27 predictor variables were considered. only two variables were consistently and significantly associated with clinical disease in multivariable ...	1997	9443332
fertility control as a means of controlling bovine tuberculosis in badger (meles meles) populations in south-west england: predictions from a spatial stochastic simulation model.	a spatial stochastic simulation model was used to assess the potential of fertility control, based on a yet-to-be-developed oral bait-delivered contraceptive directed at females, for the control of bovine tuberculosis in badger populations in south-west england. the contraceptive had a lifelong effect so that females rendered sterile in any particular year remained so for the rest of their lives. the efficacy of fertility control alone repeated annually for varying periods of time was compared w ...	1997	9447730
a community outbreak of vero cytotoxin producing escherichia coli o157 infection linked to a small farm dairy.	a community outbreak of infection with vero cytotoxin producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec 0157) occurred in a small area of north west england in 1996. an outbreak control team was established to investigate the outbreak and implement control measures. nine people developed symptomatic infections with vtec o157, and a further three were found to be excreting the bacteria. all were infected with the same genotype of vtec o157. three children under 5 years of age and one adult were admitted to h ...	1997	9447786
molecular variation, evolution and geographical distribution of louping ill virus.	following the demonstration that the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) subgroup viruses are distributed as a cline across the northern hemisphere (zanotto et al., 1995), we have analyzed the dispersal pattern of louping ill (li) virus, the most westerly located member in the cline. a total number of 21 li or li-related virus e gene sequences have been used for a detailed molecular analysis of the evolution, phylogeny and geographical distribution of li virus in the british isles and ireland. the res ...	1997	9607079
effects of farm management practices on cattle grazing behaviour and the potential for transmission of bovine tuberculosis from badgers to cattle.	despite the large body of circumstantial evidence to suggest a link, the means by which bovine tuberculosis is passed from badgers to cattle remains unclear; pasture contamination with the urine, faeces and/or sputum of infectious badgers is believed to be the main route of transmission. therefore the behaviour of grazing cattle was studied to determine whether they avoided investigating and/or grazing pasture contaminated with badger excreta, and whether different farm management practices enha ...	1997	12463400
creutzfeldt-jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. risk to human population is remote.		1996	8616366
a survey of pcb congeners in u.k. cows' milk.	samples of unpasteurised bulked milk, taken directly from ten herds of dairy cattle on rural and urban farms in the north west of england on five separate sampling occasions, were analysed for a range of pcb congeners. sigma pcb concentrations (sum of 37 congeners) ranged from 3.4-16.4 ng/g milk fat with a mean sigma pcb concentration of 8.4 ng/g milk fat. the dominating congeners were 118, 153, 138 and 180, which contributed 15%, 20%, 17% and 9% of the sigma pcb load respectively. the chlorine ...	1996	8653383
an abattoir-based study of the prevalence of subclinical johne's disease in adult cattle in south west england.	the prevalance of subclinical johne's disease was estimated in adult cattle slaughtered at three major abattoirs in south west england. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on is900 was used to detect mycobacterium paratuberculosis in intestinal lymph nodes of 1553 cattle. culture was also carried out on all pcr positive and inconclusive samples. the prevalence of subclinical disease in adult cattle was 3.5% (95% confidence intervals (ci) 2.6-4.7) by pcr and 2.6% (ci 1.8-3.6) by culture. the ...	1996	8666083
influence and power of the media.	people tend to get most of their information beyond work and family horizons from the press, radio, and television. so, do they really believe media stories that suggest, for example, there is no link between hiv and aids? this is unlikely, but there is a curious paradox--namely, that the same time, people to varying degrees are open minded about such stories as unidentified flying objects, astrology, reincarnation, and alien abduction. yet, people are discerning and seem able to spot the danger ...	1996	8684108
[bovine spongiform encephalitis (bse)].		1996	8693477
the modest giant of medicine.		1996	8716463
[id-dlo designs preclinical test for scrapie. the netherlands and england together fighting bse].		1996	8765805
general outbreaks of vero cytotoxin producing escherichia coli o157 in england and wales from 1992 to 1994.	we have reviewed all general outbreaks of infection due to vero cytotoxin producing escherichia coli (vtec) o157 reported in england and wales from 1992 to 1994. one hundred and seventy-three people were affected in 18 outbreaks, compared with 76 people in seven outbreaks in the preceding three years (1989 to 1991). outbreaks occurred throughout england and wales. thirty-eight per cent of cases were admitted to hospital, 21% developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and 3% died. vtec o157 infection ...	1996	8777442
incidence and prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle.	a survey was made of 37 dairy farms in wirral, mid-cheshire, mid-somerset and dyfed, wales, to assess the incidence and prevalence of lameness in the cows between may 1989 and september 1991. the incidence was obtained from records made whenever a cow was examined for lameness or received preventive foot-trimming. the mean annual incidence was 54.6 new cases per 100 cows with a range from 10.7 to 170.1 and the mean values during summer and winter were 22.9 and 31.7, respectively. the prevalence ...	1996	8795183
is900 pcr to detect mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail supplies of whole pasteurized cows' milk in england and wales.	is900 pcr for mycobacterium paratuberculosis was applied to cream, whey, and pellet fractions of centrifuged whole cows' milk. the test and simultaneous control reactions gave correct results for spiked milk and for native milk samples obtained directly from m. paratuberculosis-free, subclinically infected, and clinically infected cows. the test was then applied to units of whole pasteurized cows' milk widely obtained from retail outlets throughout central and southern england from september 199 ...	1996	8795236
epidemiology of lameness in dairy cattle: description and analysis of foot lesions.	information from 37 dairy farms, in four regions of england and wales provided data on 8991 lesions and the preventive trimming of 4837 cows' feet. of the total of 13,828 forms returned, veterinary surgeons treated 32 per cent and farmers or stockmen 46 per cent. of the 8645 lesions associated with episodes of lameness, lesions in the hindlimbs accounted for 92 per cent, of which 65 per cent were in the outer claw, 20 per cent in the skin and 14 per cent in the inner claw. sole ulcers (40 per ce ...	1996	8799985
epidemiological features of coxiella burnetii infection in england and wales: 1984 to 1994.	q fever is an important zoonosis caused by the rickettsial organism coxiella burnetii, which can result in life threatening illness, especially in those with an underlying cardiac defect. c. burnetii infections in england and wales reported to the phls communicable disease surveillance centre between 1984 and 1994 were reviewed. a total of 1117 cases were reported, a third of which came from the south western region. the annual totals fell over this period. the mean age of cases was 45 years, an ...	1996	8810119
origin of bse.		1996	8825331
epidemiology of lameness in dairy cattle: the influence of cubicles and indoor and outdoor walking surfaces.	a survey of cubicles and indoor and outdoor walking surfaces on 37 farms served by four veterinary practices in somerset, cheshire, wirral and west. wales was carried out in 1989 to 1991. a study of the space requirements of friesian/holstein cows at pasture showed that they required approximately 240 cm x 120 cm lying space and a further 60 cm lunging space for rising. by these standards, 87 per cent of the cubicles were too short and 50 per cent were too wide or too narrow. over 1500 observati ...	1996	8863400
increasing mortality from creutzfeldt-jakob disease in england and wales since 1979: ascertainment bias from increase in post-mortems?	creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) is a rare and fatal dementing illness. a direct link has been proposed between cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and a newly-identified variant of cjd. one possible explanation for the emergence of this new variant, together with a general increase in death due to classical cjd, would be ascertainment bias, due to an increase in the frequency of post-mortems in death attributed to dementia. this article uses national mortality records to ...	1996	8895949
an outbreak of salmonella typhimurium dt104 food poisoning associated with eating beef.	an outbreak of salmonella typhimurium dt104 infection in shropshire in may 1995 was identified when four isolates were noted to be from members or supporters of a local football team that had held several social functions in the same week. the subsequent investigation identified 16 people with gastrointestinal symptoms and 12 with microbiologically confirmed infection. the outbreak was complex, associated with several social functions on different days, but infection was associated with eating b ...	1996	8917992
incidence of production diseases and other health problems in a group of dairy herds in england.	the incidence of major production diseases and other health problems was investigated in 90 friesian/holstein dairy herds in england (average size 152 cows) for cows calving during 12 months in 1992-1993. the mean incidence of mastitis was 33.2 cases per 100 cows, and it affected 20.6 per cent of the herd with 1.6 cases for each affected cow. on average, 17.4 per cent of the cows suffered from lameness, with 1.4 cases per affected cow and a total of 24.0 cases per 100 cows. cows treated for oest ...	1996	8950818
[bse symposium 19th world buiatrics congress edinburgh. england on bse regulations].		1996	8966707
relevance of abattoir hygiene assessment to microbial contamination of british beef carcases.	eleven beef abattoirs were visited, each on five separate occasions. on each occasion, an audit was carried out according to the official hygiene assessment system (has) and 10 carcases were sampled at four different sites to assess total viable counts and counts of presumptive coliform bacteria. the has scores ranged from 11 to 84 (maximum 100), and the logarithmic mean total viable counts for all sampling sites on each batch of carcases varied between 1.98 and 4.14 colony forming units/cm2. th ...	1996	8981733
[edward jenner, his prayer was granted after 175 years. he was not perplexed by cow-pox...].		1996	9011731
the occurrence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle in and around an area subject to extensive badger (meles meles) control.	the occurrence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle herds during the period 1966-92 in two geographically related areas in south-west england is compared. in one area comprising 104 km2 all badgers were systematically destroyed from 1975-81, after which recolonization was allowed; in the other, comprising 116 km2, small scale, statutory badger removal operations were undertaken from 1975 onwards where specific herds were detected with m. bovis infection. in the area with total clearance, n ...	1995	7867737
the risk of acquiring q fever on farms: a seroepidemiological study.	to determine the occupational risk of q fever.	1995	7489053