Publications

detection and identification of specific bacteria in wound biofilms using peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization (pna fish).	biofilms provide a reservoir of potentially infectious micro-organisms that are resistant to antimicrobial agents, and their importance in the failure of medical devices and chronic inflammatory conditions is increasingly being recognized. particular research interest exists in the association of biofilms with wound infection and non-healing, i.e. chronic wounds. in this study, fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) was used in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm) to dete ...	2009	19477903
lactococcus lactis expressing either staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein a or listeria monocytogenes internalin a can efficiently internalize and deliver dna in human epithelial cells.	lactococci are noninvasive bacteria frequently used as protein delivery vectors and, more recently, as in vitro and in vivo dna delivery vehicles. we previously showed that a functional eukaryotic enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) expression plasmid vector was delivered in epithelial cells by lactococcus lactis producing listeria monocytogenes internalin a (l. lactis inla(+)), but this strategy is limited in vivo to transgenic mice and guinea pigs. in this study, we compare the internali ...	2009	19482952
the heme sensor system of staphylococcus aureus.	the important human pathogen staphylococcus aureus is able to satisfy its nutrient iron requirement by acquiring heme from host hemoglobin in the context of infection. however, heme acquisition exposes s. aureus to heme toxicity. in order to detect the presence of toxic levels of exogenous heme, s. aureus is able to sense heme through the heme sensing system (hssrs) two-component system. upon sensing heme, hssrs directly regulates the expression of the heme-regulated abc transporter hrtab, which ...	2009	19494582
[antimicrobial activities of the culture supernatant of 293 cells transfected with recombinant hbd-2 gene eukyriotic expressive plasmid].	in this study, hbd-2 eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid pcdna 3.1-zeo(+)-hbd-2 was constructed by the molecular cloning technologies, and 293 cells were transfected by liposome. the cell culture supernatant was collected and its antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus atcc25923 and pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc27853 were tested. the antibacterial activity against s. aureus of the culture supernatant of the hbd-2 gene transfected-293 cells was detected, whereas in the same con ...	2009	19499805
tnfr and ltbetar agonists induce follicle-associated epithelium and m cell specific genes in rat and human intestinal epithelial cells.	m cells assist mucosal immune surveillance by transcytosis of particles to underlying lymphoid tissue, but the mechanisms of m cell differentiation are poorly understood. to develop a better defined cell culture model of m cell differentiation, we treated human (caco-2bbe) and rat (iec-6) intestinal epithelial cell lines with lymphotoxin beta receptor (ltbetar) and tnf receptor (tnfr) agonists. treated cells were studied for regulation of genes associated with m cell and follicle-associated epit ...	2009	19501526
high hydrostatic pressure for disinfection of bone grafts and biomaterials: an experimental study.	autoclaving, heat, irradiation or chemical detergents are used to disinfect autografts, allografts and biomaterials for tissue reconstruction. these methods are often associated with deterioration of mechanical, physical, and biological properties of the bone grafts and synthetic implants. high hydrostatic pressure has been proposed as a novel method preserving biomechanical and biological properties of bone, tendon and cartilage. this is the first study to assess the inactivation of clinically ...	2009	19516918
occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in rats living on pig farms.	in the netherlands, mrsa st398 has emerged in hospitals and human carriers have been associated with exposure to pigs and cattle. high prevalences of mrsa st398 in pigs and pig farmers have been determined and the transmission routes of mrsa on pig farms need to be elucidated. in the south of the netherlands, in recent years, the black rat (rattus rattus) has emerged as a prominent rodent on livestock farms. from march till may 2008, a survey on mrsa in rats living on livestock farms in the sout ...	2009	19523703
diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) and identification of tn916- and tn5801-like (tn6014) transposons in staphylococcus aureus from humans and animals.	to analyse the sequence diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) in staphylococcus aureus from humans and animals and to determine mobile elements associated with tet(m) in s. aureus.	2009	19531603
macrophage elastase kills bacteria within murine macrophages.	macrophages are aptly positioned to function as the primary line of defence against invading pathogens in many organs, including the lung and peritoneum. their ability to phagocytose and clear microorganisms has been well documented. macrophages possess several substances with which they can kill bacteria, including reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and antimicrobial proteins. we proposed that macrophage-derived proteinases may contribute to the antimicrobial properties of macrophages. macr ...	2009	19536155
recombinant human growth hormone improves survival and protects against acute lung injury in murine staphylococcus aureus sepsis.	to investigate whether recombinant human growth hormone (rhgh) reduces mortality and protects against staphylococcus aureus sepsis-induced acute lung injury.	2009	19536455
new ways to squash superbugs.		2009	19555023
a case of nasal natural killer/t lymphoma revealed by repeated deep neck abscess.	a diagnosis of natural killer (nk)/t-cell lymphoma was clarified after repeated deep neck abscess in a 63-year-old man. the absolute number of lymphocytes was mildly decreased. lymphopenia induced by latent malignant lymphoma in this case likely caused the immunodeficiency, which induced repeated infection in the head and neck region. we conclude that it is always necessary to consider diseases caused by immunodeficiency conditions, such as malignant lymphoma, into consideration in a case of rep ...	2009	19563940
antibacterial and antifungal properties of human cerumen.	to assess the antibacterial and antifungal properties of human cerumen by studying its effect on the growth of staphylococcus aureus, esherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans.	2009	18694532
role of size scale of zno nanoparticles and microparticles on toxicity toward bacteria and osteoblast cancer cells.	the specific role of size scale, surface capping, and aspect ratio of zinc oxide (zno) particles on toxicity toward prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells was investigated. zno nano and microparticles of controlled size and morphology were synthesized by wet chemical methods. cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells was studied using a human osteoblast cancer cell line and antibacterial activity using gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli) as well as using gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus). ...	2009	18716714
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus sepsis presenting with septic pulmonary emboli.	septic pulmonary emboli are the result of infections that typically originate from an extrapulmonary source. septic pulmonary embolus is a rare disorder that classically presents with fever, respiratory symptoms, and lung infiltrates.	2009	18722742
brain abscess due to panton-valentine leukocidin-positive staphylococcus aureus.	panton-valentine leukocidin (pvl) is a cytotoxin produced by staphylococcus aureus that exhibits highly specific lytic activity against polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes, and macrophages. a 34-year-old man admitted for right parietal brain abscess and thickened dura mater in close proximity to a lytic bone lesion is presented. the abscess culture yielded methicillin-sensitive s. aureus that produced pvl. the patient did well after surgery and antibiotic treatment. a hematogenous infection, rout ...	2009	18726554
the antimicrobial protein psoriasin (s100a7) is upregulated in atopic dermatitis and after experimental skin barrier disruption.	the innate defense of the skin against microbial threats is influenced by antimicrobial proteins (amp). staphylococcus aureus often colonizes the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (ad). this was explained by diminished expression of amp including cathelicidin/ll-37, human beta-defensins-2 and -3, and dermcidin. the s100-protein psoriasin is an additional keratinocyte-derived amp that preferentially kills e. coli. as e. coli infections are not observed in atopic skin we investigated the fun ...	2009	18754038
differential responses of cells from human skin keratinocyte and bovine mammary epithelium to attack by pore-forming staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin.	human skin keratinocytes hacat attacked by staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin showed a transient drop of cellular atp levels whereas in toxin-perforated bovine mammary epithelial cells (bmec), the atp levels dropped more slowly. morphologically, during the atp level depletion, hacat cell developed a spacious intracellular vacuole together with the transient influx of trypan blue. wst-1 signal, which tested the function of mitochondrial enzyme in viable cells, also decreased concomitantly. on the ...	2009	18757097
in vitro biocompatibility and bacterial adhesion of physico-chemically modified ti6al4v surface by means of uv irradiation.	uv irradiation leads to a "spontaneous" wettability increase of the ti6al4v surface while preserving bulk properties of the alloy that are crucial for its performance as an orthopedic and dental implant. we hypothesized that uv treatment of ti6al4v may impair bacterial adhesion without compromising the good response of human bone-forming cells to this alloy. the in vitro biocompatibility of the ti6al4v surface, before and after uv irradiation, was analyzed by using human cells related to the ost ...	2009	18768375
bovine and human-derived passive immunization could help slow a future avian influenza pandemic.	an epidemic of human transmitted avian influenza could have casualties on a scale seen in the great spanish influenza pandemic of 1918. this paper proposes that should such occur before effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are available, the outbreak could be significantly slowed by consumption of raw milk produced by herds of pathogen-free lactating cows intranasally inoculated with heat-sterilized sputa pooled from avian influenza patients, supplemented by parenteral serum immune globulin fr ...	2009	18824305
synthesis and biological activities of new hydrazide derivatives.	the synthesis of a new series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid arylidene-hydrazides is described. the chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by ir, (1)h-nmr, fab(+)-ms spectral data. their biological activity against various bacteria, fungi species, and mycobacterium tuberculosis was investigated. antibacterial activity was measured against escherichia coli (nrrl b-3704), staphylococcus aureus (nrrl b-767), salmonella typhimurium (nrrl b-4420), proteus vulgaris (nrll b-1 ...	2009	18825530
isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel leguminous defense peptide with antifungal and antiproliferative potency.	leguminous plants have formed a popular subject of research owing to the abundance of proteins and peptides with important biological activities that they produce. the antifungal proteins and peptides have been purified from a number of leguminous species. however, research continues to discover novel antifungal plant-produced peptides and proteins are being needed, specially those novel ones with both antifungal activity and other significant bioactivities. the objective of this study was to is ...	2009	18841359
disinfection of maxillofacial silicone elastomer using a novel antimicrobial agent: recombinant human beta-defensin-3.	maxillofacial silicone elastomer, when used as a prosthesis, is in contact with wound surfaces and mucosa, and tends to be contaminated with microorganisms from a patient's saliva and blood. the aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of human beta-defensin-3 (hbd3) on the reduction of two resistant bacteria species from the surface of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. hbd3 cdna was amplified from total rna, which had been extracted from human gingival epithelium by means of reverse-transc ...	2009	18841402
biofilm production, a marker of pathogenic potential of colonizing and commensal staphylococci.	biofilm is one of the known virulence factors of staphylococci, a human and animal pathogen and commensal. some of the strains become invasive under favorable conditions while others do not cause disease. early detection and management of potentially pathogenic staphylococci is the essential step to prevent device-associated infections. there is also a need to evaluate one simple method for the detection of potential pathogens. hence this study was planned to study the difference in potential of ...	2009	18851996
osteoblasts participate in the innate immunity of the bone by producing human beta defensin-3.	gram-positive bacterial bone infections are an important cause of morbidity particularly in immunocompromised patients. antimicrobial peptides (ap) are effectors of the innate immune system and directly kill microorganisms in the first hours after microbial infection. the aim of the present investigation was to study the expression and regulation of gram-positive specialized human beta-defensin-3 (hbd-3) in bone. samples of healthy and osteomyelitic human bone were assessed for the expression of ...	2009	18925411
inhibition of endothelial interleukin-8 production and neutrophil transmigration by staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysin.	neutrophils play a crucial role in the host response to infection with staphylococcus aureus, which is a major human pathogen capable of causing life-threatening disease. interleukin-8 (il-8) is a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils. we previously reported that s. aureus secretes a factor that suppresses il-8 production by human endothelial cells. here we isolated an inhibitor of il-8 production from the supernatant and identified it as staphylococcal beta-hemolysin. beta-hemolys ...	2009	18936175
phenotypic and molecular characterization of staphylococcus aureus strains of veterinary, dairy and human origin.	austrian veterinary (n=91), dairy (n=86), and human strains (n=48) of staphylococcus aureus were tested for various phenotypic properties including clumping factor, egg-yolk reaction, production of thermonuclease and susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. in addition the expression of enterotoxins (a-e), and the presence of enterotoxin genes sea to sej and tst was determined. significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were found with 84.6% of veterinary, 57.0% of dairy, and 20.8% of huma ...	2009	18945375
lipoteichoic acid from staphylococcus aureus increases matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in raw 264.7 macrophages: modulation by a2a and a2b adenosine receptors.	peptidoglycan (peg) and lipoteichoic acid (lta) are the main constituents of gram-positive bacteria cell wall and are described to modulate immune functions. increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) were described in endotoxemia, suggesting that they participate to tecidual damage, multiple organs failure and vascular disfunction. staphylococcus aureus peg is described to increase mmps 2 and 9 levels in plasma from rat and mmp 9 secretion by human neutrophils, however, the effect of ...	2009	18950865
sarz promotes the expression of virulence factors and represses biofilm formation by modulating sara and agr in staphylococcus aureus.	staphylococcus aureus is a remarkably adaptable organism capable of multiple modes of growth in the human host, as a part of the normal flora, as a pathogen, or as a biofilm. many of the regulatory pathways governing these modes of growth are centered on the activities of two regulatory molecules, the dna binding protein sara and the regulatory rnaiii effector molecule of the agr system. here, we describe the modulation of these regulators and their downstream target genes by sarz, a member of t ...	2009	18955469
genetic diversity and ecological success of staphylococcus aureus strains colonizing humans.	the genetic determinants and phenotypic traits which make a staphylococcus aureus strain a successful colonizer are largely unknown. the genetic diversity and population structure of 133 s. aureus isolates from healthy, generally risk-free adult carriers were investigated using four different typing methods: multilocus sequence typing (mlst), amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (aflp), double-locus sequence typing (dlst), and spa typing were compared. carriage isolates displayed grea ...	2009	18978084
how to handle a ca-mrsa outbreak.	community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (ca-mrsa) continues to make headlines because of large outbreaks in daycare centers and among members of athletic teams. ca-mrsa infections in children commonly lead to hospitalization. life-threatening infections, such as necrotizing pneumonitis and brain abscess, can occur. the organism has crossed into hospitals and is now a common cause of hospital-acquired sepsis. multidrug-resistant strains of mrsa are emerging in asia, with th ...	2009	18984367
cloning and expression of a new recombinant thrombolytic and anthithrombotic agent - a staphylokinase variant.	to develop a more potent antithrombin agent with thrombolytic and antiplatelet properties, a new staphylokinase (sak) variant was constructed. the kringle 2 domain (k2) of tissue type-plasminogen activator (t-pa) containing a fibrin-specific binding site (i), the rgd sequence (arg-gly-asp) for the prevention of platelet aggregation (ii) and the antithrombotic agent - hirulog (iii) was assembled to the c-terminal part of recombinant staphylokinase (r-sak). cdna for the hybrid protein sak-rgd-k2-h ...	2009	19018330
rhbmp-2 modulation of gene expression in infected segmental bone defects.	the osteoinductive capability of bmps appears diminished in the setting of acute infection. we applied rhbmp-2 to a segmental defect in a rat femur and measured the expression of key bone formation genes in the presence of acute infection. types i and ii collagen, osteocalcin, and bmp type ii receptor mrna expression were characterized in 72 sprague-dawley rats, which received either bovine collagen carrier with 200 mug rhbmp-2 plus staphylococcus aureus, carrier with bacteria only, carrier with ...	2009	19018606
divercin v41 from gene characterization to food applications: 1998-2008, a decade of solved and unsolved questions.	the emergence of an increasing number of antibiotic resistant human clinical bacteria has been a great cause of concern for the last decades. as an example, staphylococcus aureus isolates in the hospital environment are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics including vancomycin which is considered as a last line of defence in treatment of staphylococcus aureus-resistant methicillin. on the other hand, food safety is threatened by development of pathogenic bacteria including listeria mo ...	2009	19018960
spontaneous arthritis in mrl/lpr mice is aggravated by staphylococcus aureus and ameliorated by nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections.	rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects human beings worldwide. infections have been associated to autoimmune diseases because their ability to induce a dominant cytokine response. joint inflammation has been related to th1 response because they induce high expression of proinflammatory cytokines tnf-alpha, il-1, ifn-gamma. mrl/lpr mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune disease affecting joints, kidneys, etc. we compared incidence and severity of arthritis, antibody response ...	2009	18608175
[necrotizing folliculitis in behçet's disease].	we report a 24-year-old man with a known behcet's disease who was lost to follow-up for a year. the patient was admitted for the association of scrotal ulceration and inguinal folliculitis, suggesting a behcet's disease flare-up. necrotizing course of the folliculitis led to the diagnosis of skin infection caused by a community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strain, carrying panton-valentine leukocidin genes. bacteriological analysis should be mandatory in the absence of sp ...	2009	18635291
rhabdomyolysis secondary to interaction between atorvastatin and fusidic acid.	a 48-year-old ill-looking man presented with nausea and vomiting. he had been on fusidic acid 500 mg three times a day and linezolid 600 mg twice a day for 2 weeks for right knee methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection post right knee arthroscopy performed a month previously. he had been on atorvastatin 40 mg daily and aspirin 75 mg once a day for a year. his investigations showed elevated creatine phosphokinase (cpk) (759 iu/litre) and transaminases (aspartate transaminase (ast) 5 ...	2009	21918658
phosphoinositide 3-kinase/akt and nuclear factor-kappab are involved in staphylococcus aureus-induced apoptosis in u937 cells.	to explore the mechanisms involved in staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) invading human monocytic u937 cells.	2009	20120770
single-nucleotide polymorphism in the sccmec-orfx junction distinguishes between livestock-associated mrsa cc398 and human epidemic mrsa strains.	a number of real-time pcr assays for direct detection of methicillinresistant (mrsa) in clinical specimens are targeting staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (sccmec) right extremity sequences and the s. aureus chromosomal orfx gene sequences located to the right of the sccmec integration site. when testing 184 mrsa strains of human and animal origin from geographically distinct locations, we identified several characteristic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) within the sccmec-orfx juncti ...	2009	20003904
lodopyridone, a structurally unprecedented alkaloid from a marine actinomycete.	chemical examination of the secondary metabolites of a marine saccharomonospora sp., isolated from marine sediments collected at the mouth of the la jolla submarine canyon, yielded the unprecedented alkaloid lodopyridone (1). the low proton-to-carbon ratio of 1 precluded structure elucidation by nmr spectroscopic methods, thus the structure was defined by x-ray crystallography. lodopyridone is cytotoxic to hct-116 human colon cancer cells with ic(50) = 3.6 microm.	2009	19883103
recent human-to-poultry host jump, adaptation, and pandemic spread of staphylococcus aureus.	the impact of globalization on the emergence and spread of pathogens is an important veterinary and public health issue. staphylococcus aureus is a notorious human pathogen associated with serious nosocomial and community-acquired infections. in addition, s. aureus is a major cause of animal diseases including skeletal infections of poultry, which are a large economic burden on the global broiler chicken industry. here, we provide evidence that the majority of s. aureus isolates from broiler chi ...	2009	19884497
the vitamin b1 metabolism of staphylococcus aureus is controlled at enzymatic and transcriptional levels.	vitamin b1 is in its active form thiamine pyrophosphate (tpp), an essential cofactor for several key enzymes in the carbohydrate metabolism. mammals must salvage this crucial nutrient from their diet in order to complement the deficiency of de novo synthesis. in the human pathogenic bacterium staphylococcus aureus, two operons were identified which are involved in vitamin b1 metabolism. the first operon encodes for the thiaminase type ii (tena), 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine kinase ...	2009	19888457
production of bioactive human alpha-defensin 5 in pichia pastoris.	human alpha-defensin 5 (hd5), a small cationic peptide, is expressed in paneth cell granules of small intestinal crypts. hd5 exhibits high antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic agents, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. in this study, the constitutive expression of hd5 antimicrobial peptide was achieved using the methylotrophic yeast, pichia pastoris (p. pastoris). hd5 cdna was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using human lung cell cdna as template. the 9 ...	2009	19940385
world vaccine congress lyon - terrapinn's 11th annual congress.	the 11th annual world vaccine congress, held in lyon, included topics covering new therapeutic developments in the field of vaccines. this conference report highlights selected presentations on the role of big pharma in vaccine development, the future direction of vaccine r&d, influenza preparedness in europe, and vaccines for staphylococcus aureus, cmv and cancer. investigational drugs discussed include an h5n1 influenza vaccine program from baxter international inc/dynport vaccine co llc, fp-0 ...	2009	19943212
meticillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus costochondritis in a healthy man.	a 54-year-old previously healthy white man presented to hospital with fever, right parasternal pain and swelling over the right second and third costochondral joints. the symptoms had developed 1 week earlier.	2009	19946297
coagulase positive staphylococcal colonization of humans and their household pets.	staphylococcus aureus colonization was identified in 67/242 (28%) humans, 19/132 (14%) dogs, and 7/161 (4.3%) cats in households in ontario, with methicillin-resistant s. aureus present in 8 (3.3%) humans, 2 (1.5%) dogs, and 0 cats. staphylococcus pseudintermedius was isolated from 8 (4.1%) humans, 61 (46%) dogs, and 11 (6.8%) cats, with methicillin-resistant s. pseudintermedius detected in 1 (0.4%) human, 6 (4.5%) dogs, and 2 (1.2%) cats. staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans was isola ...	2009	19949556
[the effect of recombinant panton-valentine leukocidin on the production of cytokines by human alveolar macrophages].	to investigate the effect of recombinant panton-valentine leukocidin (rpvl) on the regulation of human alveolar macrophage cd14 and il-10 and tnf-alpha.	2009	19954003
phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of four species of cola schott & endl. (sterculiaceae).	the in-vitro antimicrobial evaluation of ethanol extracts of four species of cola schott & endl. was done using human isolated strains of staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus albus, bacillus subtilis, klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida albicans, aspergillus niger as test organisms. the assays were carried out by agar well diffusion, erythromycin and ketoconazole served as the control drugs. the leaf ethanol extracts of the plants were found to be more effective against the te ...	2009	20606771
an investigation of the quality of meat sold in lesotho.	since the closure of the lesotho abattoir in 2003, only imported meat can be legally sold. however, it was estimated in 2007 that 80% of the meat sold at butcheries comes from informal slaughter. the aim of this study was to investigate the situation. the number and location of informal butcheries in lesotho (n = 143) were recorded and mapped using geographical information systems. observations (photographs) of informal slaughter indicated a lack of hygiene, unskilled slaughtermen and illegal di ...	2009	20458865
staphylococcus aureus as an infectious agent: overview of biochemistry and molecular genetics of its pathogenicity.	although it is estimated that 20-30% of the general human population are carriers of staphylococcus aureus, this bacterium is one of the most important etiological agents responsible for healthcare-associated infections. the appearance of methicillin resistant s. aureus (mrsa) strains has created serious therapeutical problems. detailed understanding of the mechanisms of s. aureus infections seems necessary to develop new effective therapies against this pathogen. in this article, we present an ...	2009	20011685
streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is correlated with the severity of h1n1 pandemic influenza.	initial reports in may 2009 of the novel influenza strain h1n1pdm estimated a case fatality rate (cfr) of 0.6%, similar to that of seasonal influenza. in july 2009, however, argentina reported 3056 cases with 137 deaths, representing a cfr of 4.5%. potential explanations for increased cfr included virus reassortment or genetic drift, or infection of a more vulnerable population. virus genomic sequencing of 26 argentinian samples representing both severe and mild disease indicated no evidence of ...	2009	20046873
precursor processing of human defensin-5 is essential to the multiple functions in vitro and in vivo.	human defensin-5 (hd-5) is one of the major antimicrobial peptides secreted by paneth cells in the human small intestine. hd-5 is produced and stored as a propeptide in paneth cell granules, secreted in response to stimulation by cholinergic reagents or bacterial antigens. the activation process by trypsin occurs in the intestinal lumen to produce mature hd-5. this study evaluated the difference between prohd-5 and mature hd-5 in bactericidal activity and induction of chemokine secretion in vitr ...	2009	20375624
selection of the alternative exon 1 from the cd5 gene down-regulates membrane level of the protein in b lymphocytes.	the human cd5 gene has two alternative exons 1: exon 1a (e1a) which encodes the full-length (fl) cd5 protein and exon 1b (e1b) which encodes a truncated (tr) isoform. the fl variant of cd5 protein is translocated to the plasma membrane, while its tr variant is retained in the cytoplasm. because there is an inverse relationship between the levels of fl-cd5 and tr-cd5 in b cells, we have addressed the issue of how the selection of exon 1 is determined. in leukemic b cells, dna methyltransferase (d ...	2008	18641338
the genes for panton valentine leukocidin (pvl) are conserved in diverse lines of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus.	methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated in the community (ca-mrsa) have been reported to carry the loci for panton valentine leukocidin (pvl) in high frequency. ca-mrsa in orebro county, sweden, constitutes at least 50% of mrsa and the pvl locus is detected in as many as 66% of these ca-mrsa isolates. the aim of this study was to characterize pvl-positive methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus by molecular methods, to determine the nucleotide sequenc ...	2008	18656408
studies on the antifungal properties of n-thiolated beta-lactams.	n-thiolated beta-lactams had previously been shown to have antibacterial activity against a narrow selection of pathogenic bacteria including staphylococcus aureus and bacillus anthracis, as well as apoptotic-inducing activity in a variety of human cancer cell lines. we now have found that these lactams also possess antifungal activity against candida and other fungi by exerting powerful cytostatic effects that disrupt the structural integrity of cytoplasmic membranes. the mode of action and str ...	2008	18672374
polyester vascular prostheses coated with a cyclodextrin polymer and activated with antibiotics: cytotoxicity and microbiological evaluation.	polyester (pet) vascular grafts are used to replace or bypass damaged arteries. to minimize the risk of infection during and after surgical interventions, a pet vascular prosthesis (polythese) was functionalized with cyclodextrin polymers (polycds) in order to obtain the controlled release of antibiotics (abs: ciprofloxacin, vancomcyin and rifampicin). an epithelial cell line (l132) was used to determine the viability of the antibiotics, and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hpmec ...	2008	18676187
effects of a low concentration hypochlorous acid nasal irrigation solution on bacteria, fungi, and virus.	saline irrigation would be more effective for chronic sinusitis patients if it had bactericidal effects. low concentrations of hypochlorous acid may be used as a nasal irrigation solution. first, we developed a 0.85% nacl solution by adding nacl to tap water (ph 7.0 and 8.4) and measuring the concentration of free chlorine and hypochlorous acid after giving the solution a short electrical impulse of 20 seconds. then we investigated whether the derived hypochlorous acid had a toxic effect on huma ...	2008	18677274
atypical presentation of osteomyelitis, discitis, epidural, and iliopsoas abscess in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (dish) syndrome.	spine infections are infrequent but important sources of back pain, posing significant risk of neurological sequelae. risk factors include diabetes, recent trauma or instrumentation, and infection. pathogens include staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococcus. a 67-yr-old man presented with lower back and hip pain of 2-mo duration without fever. initial treatment and work-up revealed diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. the patient did not improve with conservative care, and neur ...	2008	18688200
effect of topical netilmicin on the reduction of bacterial flora on the human conjunctiva.	to investigate the effects of topical netilmicin on human conjunctival bacterial flora.	2008	18609467
ceragenins: cholic acid-based mimics of antimicrobial peptides.	the prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria drives the quest for new antimicrobials, including those that are not expected to readily engender resistance. one option is to mimic nature's most ubiquitous means of controlling bacterial growth, antimicrobial peptides, which have evolved over eons. in general, bacteria remain susceptible to these peptides. human antimicrobial peptides play a central role in innate immunity, and deficiencies in these peptides have been tied to increased rates of infect ...	2008	18616297
the response of hek293 cells transfected with bovine tlr2 to established pathogen-associated molecular patterns and to bacteria causing mastitis in cattle.	toll-like receptors (tlrs) are key sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). their role in immunity is difficult to examine in species of veterinary interest, due to restricted access to the knockout technology and tlr-specific antibodies. an alternative approach is to generate cell lines transfected with various tlrs and to examine the recognition of pamps or relevant bacteria. in this report, we examined whether recognition of various pamps and mastitis-causing bacteria is ach ...	2008	18621422
dysregulation of the host mevalonate pathway during early bacterial infection activates human tcr gamma delta cells.	primates, but not rodents, have t cell receptor vgamma9-vdelta2 t cells bridging innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity. this t cell population is activated by prenyl pyrophosphates isolated from microbial or eukaryotic cells. although the microbial metabolites are more active than the cellular ones, their involvement in tcr gammadelta activation during infection has not been studied. here, we show that, during the initial phases of infections with escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus, ...	2008	18624305
acoustic pressure wound therapy in the treatment of a vasculopathy-associated digital ulcer: a case study.	digital vasculopathy and subsequent digital ulceration are common and painful complications of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. although the use of hydrocolloid occlusive dressings has been found to reduce pain, frequently required surgical or chemical debridement can be intensely painful in such ulcers. acoustic pressure wound therapy is a noncontact, low-frequency ultrasound therapy used for painless debridement in a variety of acute and chronic wounds. it was administered to treat an int ...	2008	18480507
aquarium sign in sepsis.	a 91-year-old man appeared in our lab with fever for a transthoracic echocardiography assessment. highly unusual echo images were found, with a size and movement resembling 'bubbles in an aquarium' in every cardiac chamber, both left and right. the patient died 8 days later, due to a methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus sepsis. these are highly unusual images that should not be confused with microbubbles from contrast agents or radiofrequency ablation, and were previously reported once in ...	2008	18490332
a potent, non-toxic insulin-releasing peptide isolated from an extract of the skin of the asian frog, hylarana guntheri (anura:ranidae).	peptides in extract of the skin of the asian frog hylarana guntheri boulenger,1882 were purified by reversed-phase hplc and individual components analysed for their ability to release insulin from the rat brin-bd11 clonal beta cell line. the most potent peptide identified in the extract belonged to the brevinin-2 family (brevinin-2gub; gviidtlkgaaktvaaellrkahckltnsc). other peptides with weaker insulin-releasing activity belonged to the brevinin-1 (2 peptides), brevinin-2 (2 peptides) and tempor ...	2008	18501981
restoration of susceptibility of intracellular methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus to beta-lactams: comparison of strains, cells, and antibiotics.	staphylococcus aureus invades eukaryotic cells. when methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) atcc 33591 is phagocytized by human thp-1 macrophages, complete restoration of susceptibility to cloxacillin and meropenem is shown and the strain becomes indistinguishable from mssa atcc 25923 due to the acid ph prevailing in phagolysosomes (s. lemaire et al., antimicrob. agents chemother. 51:1627-1632, 2007). we examined whether this observation can be extended to (i) strains of current clinical and epi ...	2008	18519727
defective killing of staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis is associated with reduced mobilization of human beta-defensin-3.	individuals with atopic dermatitis (ad) have frequent colonization and infection with staphylococcus aureus. rapid elimination of s. aureus depends on constitutive synthesis and mobilization of human beta-defensin-3 (hbd-3).	2008	18538383
fighting antibiotic resistance in sweden--past, present and future.	sweden has been in the favorable situation of having limited antibiotic resistance and low antibiotic consumption. when pneumococci with reduced susceptibility to penicillin and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus emerged during the 1990s, professionals and relevant authorities called for extensive action plans to avoid the critical threshold levels of resistance experienced in other countries. the purpose of this paper is to examine swedish experiences in light of new and future challen ...	2008	18545950
structural basis for the regulation mechanism of the tyrosine kinase capb from staphylococcus aureus.	bacteria were thought to be devoid of tyrosine-phosphorylating enzymes. however, several tyrosine kinases without similarity to their eukaryotic counterparts have recently been identified in bacteria. they are involved in many physiological processes, but their accurate functions remain poorly understood due to slow progress in their structural characterization. they have been best characterized as copolymerases involved in the synthesis and export of extracellular polysaccharides. these compoun ...	2008	18547145
structure-function analysis of the c3 binding region of staphylococcus aureus immune subversion protein sbi.	among the recently discovered staphylococcus aureus immune evasion proteins, sbi is unique in its ability to interact with components of both the adaptive and innate immune systems of the host. sbi domains i and ii (sbi-i and sbi-ii) bind igg. sbi domain iv (residues 198-266) binds the central complement protein c3. when linked to sbi-iii, sbi-iv induces a futile consumption of complement via alternative pathway activation, whereas isolated sbi-iv specifically inhibits the alternative pathway wi ...	2008	18550524
production of bioactive human beta-defensin 5 and 6 in escherichia coli by soluble fusion expression.	this work reports the first successful recombinant expression and purification of human beta-defensin 5 (hbd5) and human beta-defensin 6 (hbd6) in escherichia coli. hbd5 and hbd6 are cationic antimicrobial peptides with three conserved cysteine disulfide bonds. two codon-optimized sequences coding the hbd5 gene (shbd5) and hbd6 gene (shbd6), respectively, were synthesized, and each gene fused with thioredoxin a (trxa) to construct the expression vectors. the plasmids were transformed into e. col ...	2008	18595735
inhibitory effects of lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (lta) on staphylococcus aureus lta-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.	staphylococcus aureus is a common etiologic agent for gram-positive sepsis, and its lipoteichoic acid (lta) may be important in causing gram-positive bacterial septic shock. here, we demonstrate that highly purified lta (plta) isolated from lactobacillus plantarum inhibited aureus lta (alta)-induced tnf-alpha production in thp- cells. whereas plta scarcely induced tnf-alpha production, alta induced excessive tnf-alpha production. interestingly, alta-induced tnf-alpha production was inhibited by ...	2008	18600067
[methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus-induced pyomyositis that emerged during recovery from drug-induced pancytopenia].	pyomyositis is a purulent infection of skeletal muscle characterized by fever, localized muscle pain and stiffness, swelling and tenderness. hematological disorder is one of the predisposing conditions for the development of pyomyositis. a 54-year-old man developed methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus pyomyositis during drug-induced pancytopenia. debridement of the infection foci combined with antimicrobial agents proved effective even in the advanced stage of the disease. in patients wit ...	2008	18277598
validation of virulence and epidemiology dna microarray for identification and characterization of staphylococcus aureus isolates.	the human pathogen staphylococcus aureus is isolated and characterized using traditional culture and sensitivity methodologies that are slow and offer limited information on the organism. in contrast, dna microarray technology can provide detailed, clinically relevant information on the isolate by detecting the presence or absence of a large number of virulence-associated genes simultaneously in a single assay. we have developed and validated a novel, cost-effective multiwell microarray for the ...	2008	18287310
viper metalloproteinase (agkistrodon halys pallas) with antimicrobial activity against multi-drug resistant human pathogens.	metalloproteinases are abundant enzymes in crotalidae and viperidae snake venoms. snake venom metalloproteinases (svmps) comprise a family of zinc-dependent enzymes, which display many different biological activities. a 23.1 kda protein was isolated from agkistrodon halys (pallas, chinese viper) snake venom. the toxin is a single chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of 23146.61 and an n-terminal sequence (miqvllvticlavfpyqgssiiles) relatively similar to that of other metalloprotein-like pro ...	2008	18297685
adamantinoma associated with botryomycosis: the first report of this rare association after trauma.	a 27-year-old man presented with swelling and inflammation of his right tibia, which had been present for nearly 3 years. it apparently was associated with an injury that was sustained to the right leg when it was struck against a tree stump, which had led to immediate swelling. there were no other symptoms and no history of fever or weight loss. the right tibia was swollen to twice the size of the left and the skin was indurated with numerous crusted lesions and some sinus-like areas, but no ul ...	2008	18312455
insecticidal properties and microbial contaminants in a spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (baculoviridae) formulation stored at different temperatures.	the spodoptera exigua (hübner) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (semnpv) is currently being tested as a biological insecticide for use in greenhouse crops in southern spain. we performed a study in which semipurified semnpv occlusion bodies (obs) were formulated in phosphate-buffered saline, ph 6.5, with 5% (vol:vol) glycerol and 0.15% (wt:vol) sorbic acid, and they were stored at -20, 4, or 25 degrees c during 18 mo. initial aerobic counts (+/-se) averaged 1.4 (+/-0.17) x 10(7) colony-forming unit ...	2008	18330114
activities of daptomycin and comparative antimicrobials, singly and in combination, against extracellular and intracellular staphylococcus aureus and its stable small-colony variant in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in broth.	we investigated the antistaphylococcal activities of daptomycin, gentamicin, and rifampin against two staphylococcus aureus strains and their stable small-colony variants, singly and in combination, in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in broth. intracellularly, the three-drug combination and two-drug combinations with rifampin were most effective. extracellularly, daptomycin, daptomycin plus gentamicin, gentamicin plus rifampin, and the three-drug combination had similar activities.	2008	18332172
the antibacterial and antifungal properties of trappin-2 (pre-elafin) do not depend on its protease inhibitory function.	trappin-2 (also known as pre-elafin) is an endogenous inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases and is involved in the control of excess proteolysis, especially in inflammatory events, along with the structurally related secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor. secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor has been shown to have antibacterial and antifungal properties, whereas recent data indicate that trappin-2 has antimicrobial activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus. in t ...	2008	18341586
the mu opioid receptor mediates morphine-induced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 inhibition in toll-like receptor 2-stimulated monocytes.	morphine possesses immunomodulatory effects but its intrinsic mechanisms, especially in the toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) signaling pathway, are only partially understood. in this study, we evaluated the effects of morphine on tumor necrosis factor (tnf), interleukin-6 (il-6), and interleukin-10 (il-10) production in tlr2-stimulated human monocytes and identified the involvement of the different opioid receptors, and of the lymphocyte-to-monocyte contact.	2008	18349186
predictors of mucoid pseudomonas colonization in cystic fibrosis patients.	chronic mucoid pseudomonas aeruginosa within the airway in cystic fibrosis (cf) patients can determine prognosis. understanding the risk factors of mucoid p. aeruginosa acquisition may change how we deliver care. this study aims to evaluate whether presence of risk factors reported to predict disease severity including gender, cftr genotype, bacterial organisms in airway cultures, and serum levels of vitamins a and e, albumin, c-reactive protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and immunoglobulins increase ...	2008	18361452
inhibition of corneal inflammation by liposomal delivery of short-chain, c-6 ceramide.	ceramide is recognized as an antiproliferative and proapoptotic sphingolipid metabolite; however, the role of ceramide in inflammation is not well understood. to determine the role of c6-ceramide in regulating inflammatory responses, human corneal epithelial cells were treated with c6-ceramide in 80 nm diameter nanoliposome bilayer formulation (lip-c6) prior to stimulation with uv-killed staphylococcus aureus. lip-c6 (5 mum) inhibited the phosphorylation of proinflammatory and proapoptotic map k ...	2008	18372342
chemical, biological and microbiological evaluation of cyclodextrin finished polyamide inguinal meshes.	this study describes the use of cyclodextrins (cds) as a finishing agent of polyamide (pa) fibers used in order to obtain inguinal meshes with improved antibiotic delivery properties. the finishing process involved polymerization between citric acid and cds, which yielded a cross-linked polymer that physically adhered to the surface of pa fibers. this permanent functionalization was characterized by evaluating the damping property with a polar liquid (glycerol) via the drop contact angle method ...	2008	18378201
micro-organism-triggered release of silver nanoparticles from biodegradable oxide carriers allows preparation of self-sterilizing polymer surfaces.	the antimicrobial activity of silver has attracted significant research interest and contributes to an exponentially growing use of this noble metal in commodity products. in this investigation, we describe a general approach to increase the antimicrobial activity of a silver-containing surface by two to three orders of magnitude. the use of 1-2-nm silver particles decorating the surface of 20-50-nm carrier particles consisting of a phosphate-based, biodegradable ceramic allows the triggered rel ...	2008	18416429
detection and quantification of human and bovine noroviruses by a taqman rt-pcr assay with a control for inhibition.	noroviruses are single-stranded rna viruses belonging to the family caliciviridae. they are a major cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis in humans and calves. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) has become the "gold standard" for detection of noroviruses in faecal and environmental samples. however, false negative results due to co-concentration of rt-pcr inhibitors are a continuous concern. a taqman real-time rt-pcr assay making use of a foreign internal rna contr ...	2008	18424068
detection of inhibition of antimicrobial activity by mycobacterial lysates in human monocytes infected with legionella pneumophila.	antimicrobial activity in human monocytes infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis has been difficult to demonstrate in vitro, and the molecular mechanisms allowing the bacteria to survive intracellularly are unknown. as a means to test the influence of bacterial products in the microbicidal activity of monocytes we have developed an infection model with legionella pneumophila, which is killed by interferon gamma activated cells. we demonstrate that this model is useful because m. tuberculosis l ...	2008	18436233
methods to identify and characterize inhibitors of bacterial rna polymerase.	rna polymerase is essential to the viability of bacteria in all phases of growth and development and is a proven chemotherapeutic target as the cellular target of the rifamycin class of antibiotics. however, despite the characterization of multiple different classes of natural products that selectively target bacterial rna polymerase, and the identification of a limited number of synthetic compound inhibitors, only agents of the rifamycin class have been developed and approved for human clinical ...	2008	18437304
triclosan-lysozyme complex as novel antimicrobial macromolecule: a new potential of lysozyme as phenolic drug-targeting molecule.	a novel anti-infection strategy to alleviate antibiotic-resistance problem and non-specific toxicity associated with chemotherapy is explored in this study. it is based on utilizing a bacteriolytic enzyme (lysozyme) as a carrier to allow specific targeting of a potential phenolic antimicrobial drug (triclosan) to microbial cells. lysozyme (lz) was complexed, via electrostatic and hydrophobic condensation at alkaline ph, to various degrees with triclosan (tcs), a negatively charged phenolic antim ...	2008	18439671
adjunctive use of rifampin for the treatment of staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review of the literature.	staphylococcus aureus causes severe life-threatening infections and has become increasingly common, particularly methicillin-resistant strains. rifampin is often used as adjunctive therapy to treat s aureus infections, but there have been no systematic investigations examining the usefulness of such an approach.	2008	18443255
acupuncture induced necrotizing aortitis with infected pseudoaneurysm formation.	necrotizing aortitis is a rare and life-threatening complication of local or generalized bacterial infections and most commonly affects the abdominal aorta. we described a case of a 79-year-old man with an acupuncture-induced bacterial aortitis associated with pseudoaneurysm formation causing near rupture. the patient underwent emergent explolapartomy, resection of the infected aorta, wide debridement of surrounding infected tissues, and extra-anatomic axillary to bifemoral graft bypass. the mic ...	2008	18452271
evaluation of the clinical application of cystatin c, a new marker of the glomerular filtration rate, for the initial dose-setting of arbekacin.	recent studies have shown that serum cystatin c is a better marker for measuring the glomerular filtration rate (gfr) than the conventional method, using serum creatinine concentration. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical application of serum cystatin c as a marker of gfr to determine the initial dosage of arbekacin, an antibiotic primarily excreted via the kidneys. in this study, the predictability of serum arbekacin peak and trough concentrations were assessed using estimated ...	2008	18452409
infective endocarditis caused by staphylococcus aureus in a patient with atopic dermatitis: a case report.	atopic dermatitis (ad) is a common condition in the united kingdom with the prevalence varying from 21% in infants aged 0-6 months to 6.4% at the age of 16 years. patients with ad experience high rates of colonization of their skin surfaces by staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus). in severe ad there is a potential risk of staphylococcal bacteremia and invasive infection such as acute endocarditis.	2008	18454875
cellular trafficking of lipoteichoic acid and toll-like receptor 2 in relation to signaling: role of cd14 and cd36.	lipoteichoic acid (lta) is a central inducer of inflammatory responses caused by gram-positive bacteria, such as staphylococcus aureus, via activation of tlr2. localization of tlr2 in relation to its coreceptors may be important for function. this study explores the signaling, uptake, and trafficking pattern of lta in relation to expression of tlr2 and its coreceptors cd36 and cd14 in human monocytes. we found tlr2 expressed in early endosomes, late endosomes/lysosomes, and in rab-11-positive co ...	2008	18458151
pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection.	staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen capable of causing a wide range of human diseases. however, the role of different virulence factors in the development of staphylococcal infections remains incompletely understood. some clonal types are well equipped to cause disease across the globe, whereas others are facile at causing disease among community members. in this review, general aspects of staphylococcal pathogenesis are addressed, with emphasis on methicillin-resistant strains. althou ...	2008	18462090
the human fibrinolytic system is a target for the staphylococcal metalloprotease aureolysin.	the major opportunistic pathogen staphylococcus aureus utilizes the human fibrinolytic system for invasion and spread via plasmin(ogen) binding and non-proteolytic activation. because s. aureus secretes several proteases recently proposed as virulence factors, we explored whether these enzymes could add to the activation of the host's fibrinolytic system. exposure of human pro-urokinase [pro-upa (where upa is urokinase-type plasminogen activator)] to conditioned growth media from staphylococcal ...	2008	17973626
importance of the environment in meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus acquisition: the case for hospital cleaning.	in the uk, we continue to debate the importance of hospital cleaning in relation to increasing numbers of patients acquiring meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). however, there is little direct evidence for the effectiveness of cleaning because it has never been afforded scientific status. hospital hygiene is usually assessed visually, but this does not necessarily correlate with microbiological risk. a more robust case for hospital cleaning can be presented by considering the evid ...	2008	17974481
characterization of mucosal biofilms on human adenoid tissues.	to demonstrate the presence of mucosal biofilm in adenoid tissue using double staining for visualization of both the bacterial matrix and the bacterial cells. to identify bacterial species present on the surface of the studied adenoids.	2008	17975509
antibiotic resistance genes and identification of staphylococci collected from the production chain of swine meat commodities.	staphylococci harbouring antibiotic resistance (ar) genes may represent a hazard for human health and, as other resistant food-related bacteria, they contribute to the spread of ar. in this study, we isolated resistant staphylococci from an entire swine production chain and investigated the occurrence of 11 genes [aac(6')ie-aph(2'')ia, blaz, meca, vana, vanb, erma, ermb, ermc, tet(m), tet(o) and tet(k)] encoding resistance to some antibiotics largely used in clinical practice. the 66 resistant s ...	2008	17993395
interleukin-15 increases vaccine efficacy through a mechanism linked to dendritic cell maturation and enhanced antibody titers.	interleukin-15 (il-15) is generally considered to sustain t-cell memory and to be a growth factor for natural killer cells. previous data from our laboratory demonstrated that il-15 is also an important factor for developing human dendritic cells. for this study, we investigated the effects of il-15 on antibody responses in mice to a recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb) vaccine (stebvax) in a preclinical model of toxic shock syndrome induced by seb. we observed that mouse spleen cells ...	2008	18045883
autoregulation mechanism of human neutrophil apoptosis during bacterial infection.	neutrophils (pmn), potent phagocytes, are the first line of the host immune defence against microorganisms, especially bacteria. their half-life is very short and they are eliminated through apoptosis. delayed neutrophil apoptosis is a characteristic feature of human osteomyelitis arising from gram-negative or gram-positive bacterial infection. the aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of apoptosis during infection of the human neutrophils by staphylococcus aureus or escherichia co ...	2008	18022234