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pathobiology of human papillomavirus.human papillomavirus (hpv) has long been recognized as the etiologic agent of skin and genital warts, and only recently has an oncogenic role been attributed to the virus. this article discusses the classification, genetics, and pathogenesis of hpv. hpv detection, epidemiology of hpv and cervical neoplasia, and hpv infections in the genital tract are also reviewed.19958542729
risk of acquiring human papillomavirus from the plume produced by the carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of warts.the documented presence of human papillomavirus dna in the plume after carbon dioxide laser treatment of warts has raised questions about the risk of transmission of human papillomavirus to laser surgeons.19957868712
absence of human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinomas of nongenital skin from immunocompromised renal transplant patients: a comment. 19957880308
inhibition of growth of normal and human papillomavirus-transformed keratinocytes in monolayer and organotypic cultures by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.the growth response of normal and human papillomavirus (hpv)-transformed cervical keratinocytes to interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was investigated in monolayer and organotypic raft cultures. the proliferation rates of monolayer cultures were assessed by [3h]tdr incorporation and fluorimetric dna titration. the growth of keratinocytes in organotypic cultures was estimated by their ability to stratify on collagen rafts and by immunohistochemistry for ki67 antigen expr ...19957887441
human papillomavirus testing by hybrid capture appears to be useful in triaging women with a cytologic diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.our purpose was to determine the clinical value of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid testing with the hybrid capture test, specifically to examine whether human papillomavirus testing could identify which women with papanicolaou smears read as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance were most likely to have histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.19957892889
functional p53 protein in human papillomavirus-positive cancer cells.there is accumulating evidence that the p53 protein contributes to tumor suppression by stimulating the transcription of specific cellular genes, such as the cell cycle control gene waf1/clp1. p53-mediated transcriptional activation is inhibited in cotransfection assays by overexpressed e6 protein from cancer-associated human papillomavirus (hpv) types, pointing at a possible molecular mechanism by which these viruses contribute to malignant cell transformation. here we analysed the transcriptio ...19957898934
differential regulation of human papillomavirus type 6 and 11 early promoters in cultured cells derived from laryngeal papillomas.cells cultured from laryngeal papillomas contain episomal human papillomavirus type 6 or type 11 (hpv-6/11) dna. we developed a sensitive rnase protection assay to simultaneously measure expression from the hpv e6, e7, and e1 promoters (p1, p2 and p3, respectively) in this manipulable culture system and found that p1, p2 and p3 transcript abundances could be independently modulated by culture medium composition and culture substrate. in undifferentiated cells grown in a low-calcium, serum-free m ...19957474101
the viral oncoproteins ad5 e1a, hpv16 e7 and sv40 tag bind a common region of the tbp-associated factor-110.a function shared by the adenovirus e1a, papillomavirus e7 and sv40 tag oncoproteins is their ability to interfere with normal cell growth by interacting with members of the retinoblastoma protein family. in this study, we show that each of these oncoproteins can also bind to the 921 amino acid tbp-associated factor-110 (taf-110). the significance of the binding is underscored by the observation that each oncoprotein binds to the same 77 amino acid carboxyl region of taf-110. in the case of e1a ...19957478615
diminished capacity for p53 in mediating a radiation-induced g1 arrest in established human tumor cell lines.it has been reported that the p53 gene mediates an ionizing radiation-induced g1 arrest in mammalian cells. to further characterize this important phenomenon, a panel of seven human diploid fibroblast cell strains and 14 human tumor cell lines from a variety of sources with both wild-type and mutant p53 status were assayed for their susceptibility to g1 arrest after gamma-ray irradiation by a continuous labeling [3h]thymidine incorporation technique. an irreversible g1-block involving 20-70% of ...19957478618
spectrum of genital human papillomavirus infection in a female adolescent population.human papillomavirus infection is a sexually transmitted disease associated with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma.19957482107
analysis of p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations and human papillomavirus infection in human bladder cancers.to determine whether the dysfunction of p53 caused either by mutation of the p53 gene itself or by binding to e6 protein of oncogenic hpvs is involved in the transitional cell carcinomas (tccs) of the bladder, we analyzed 23 tccs of the bladder. dna was extracted from each paraffin embedded tissue of tccs of bladder and polymerase chain reaction (pcr)/single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis were performed to screen mutations in p53 tumor suppressor gene, then pcr/dot blot hybridi ...19957483675
alterations in physical state and expression of human papillomavirus type 18 dna following crisis and establishment of immortalized ectocervical cells.integration of episomal human papillomavirus (hpv) dna in infected cervical lesions during malignant progression is frequently observed, but the importance of integration is poorly understood. we have studied immortalization by hpv-18 of human cervical cells as an in vitro model system. here, the status and expression of hpv-18 dna in precrisis ectocervical keratinocytes was compared with that in the same cells after crisis and establishment of immortalization. southern blots revealed, and two-d ...19957483827
[dna papillomavirus detection in head and neck benign proliferative lesions].in a retrospective study, human papillomavirus (hpv) (6/11, 16 and 18 types) were tested using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), in stored formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, from 36 head and neck adult papillomata. the results, only 20 percent of positive cases, are non consistent with the role of the hpv infection in the etiology of head and neck papillomata in adult patients. however we detect hpv-18 positivity in papillomata with dysplasia.19957485857
detection of human papillomavirus dna in nongenital seborrhoeic keratoses.the histological similarities of seborrhoeic keratoses and common warts led to the investigation of the possible occurrence of human papillomavirus dna (hpv-dna) in a large number of nongenital seborrhoeic keratoses using the in situ hybridization technique. all specimens derived from normal skin (n = 173) were negative for the applied hpv-dna probe, whereas the hpv genome was detected in 34 of 173 seborrhoeic keratosis specimens (19.65%). of 34 hpv-positive specimens, 15 contained types 6/11 an ...19957487151
excessive numbers of skin cancers and pre-malignant skin lesions in an australian heart transplant recipient.one and a half years after heart transplantation an australian man developed his first skin cancer. in the period until his death, 7 years after the transplantation, 34 histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinomas developed, 17 intra-epidermal carcinomas, and 9 basal cell carcinomas. most skin cancers were confined to chronically sun exposed sites. exposure to sunlight and human papillomavirus are important factors in the development of skin cancer in renal transplant recipients, and furthe ...19957488467
marker genes for cytotoxic exposure: p53.the growth suppressor p53 plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, dna repair and apoptosis. in wild-type p53 expressing cells, gamma-irradiation induces an increase in the level of p53 protein and these cells exhibit a g1 growth arrest. the p53-induced g1 growth arrest is abrogated in cells expressing mutant p53, or in cells where p53 is inactivated by complex formation with cellular or viral proteins such as mdm2 or the e6 proteins of human papillomavirus (hpv) 16 or hp ...19957488939
building up a computerized follow-up register and information system for cervical cytology.it is well known that cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) and human papilloma virus (hpv) infection are closely related to cervical cancer. the cervical cytology examination (pap-test), followed by a colposcopic examination and a biopsy are the common tools for the early detection and the establishment of diagnosis of the cervical precancerous lesions. the monitoring and surveillance of those precancerous lesions is essential for the prevention of cervical cancer and for effective patient m ...19957490162
management of low-grade cin: follow-up or treatment?to examine whether low-grade cervical dysplasia carries a higher risk of progression when associated with the cancer-related human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31 or 33.19957493708
oncogenicity of human papillomavirus- or adenovirus-transformed cells correlates with resistance to lysis by natural killer cells.the reasons for the dissimilar oncogenicities of human adenoviruses and human papillomaviruses (hpv) in humans are unknown but may relate to differences in the capacities of the e1a and e7 proteins to target cells for rejection by the host natural killer (nk) cell response. as one test of this hypothesis, we compared the abilities of e1a- and e7-expressing human fibroblastic or keratinocyte-derived human cells to be selectively killed by either unstimulated or interferon (ifn)-activated nk cells ...19957494272
preneoplastic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells.recent in-vitro models of mammary epithelial cell (mec) immortalization have provided a practical approach to begin to dissect the molecular mechanisms of breast tumorigenesis. introduction of a single oncogene, the human papilloma virus (hpv)-16 e6, induces efficient and reproducible preneoplastic transformation of normal mecs, by inducing degradation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. the role of p53 has also been demonstrated by analyses of a model of gamma-radiation-induced mec transformat ...19957495987
transforming growth factor-beta 1 (tgf beta 1) enhances apoptosis in human papillomavirus type 16-immortalized human ectocervical epithelial cells.transforming growth factor beta (tgf beta) is a potent inhibitor of epithelial cell growth. in the present study tgf beta 1 modulation of human ectocervical epithelial cell growth and differentiation is evaluated using an hpv16-immortalized human ectocervical cell line, ece16-1. these cells were found to contain a high-affinity receptor for tgf beta 1 (kd = 75 pm). tgf beta (10-500 pg/ml) suppressed ece16-1 growth and [3h]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner. growth inhibition was ...19957529191
association of serum immunoglobulin g antibodies against human papillomavirus type 16 capsids with anal epidermoid carcinoma.anal epidermoid carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor, but its incidence has been increasing rapidly during the past few years. genetic material from the major oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (hpv), types 16 and 18, has regularly been demonstrated in a substantial proportion of anal cancers, suggesting an etiologic role of hpv infection. recently, serum antibodies against hpv type 16 capsids were shown to be a serologic measure of hpv16 infection.19957532227
high incidence of human papillomavirus in 146 cervical carcinomas. a study using three different pairs of consensus primers, and detecting viral genomes with putative deletions.polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primer sets and probe-cocktails were used for human papillomavirus (hpv) detection and typing of 146 fresh frozen biopsies of cervical carcinoma. we obtained a high detection rate (96%) by using three sets of consensus primer pairs directed at the l1 and e1 regions of hpv and by probing with a cocktail of random-labelled consensus and type-specific pcr products derived from hpv plasmids. in addition, we performed type-specific pcr amplification with e6-e7 primers. ...19957577081
p53 mutations in human papillomavirus-associated oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. 19957577493
a transcribed human sequence related to the mouse hc1 and the human papillomavirus type 18 e5 genes is located at chromosome 7p13-14.the papillomavirus e5 genes play an important role in the induction of proliferation of infected cells, and these hpv genomic regions are affected by the events leading to integration of genital hpvs. two hpv18 e5-related, transcribed mouse sequences, hc1 and q300, have recently been described. we searched for human equivalents to these sequences, and isolated a clone with a 9.6 kb insert (633b) from a laryngeal carcinoma dna library, that strongly cross-hybridised with both the hpv18 e5 and hc1 ...19957581372
detection of human papillomavirus types 16, 18 dna related sequences in bronchogenic carcinoma by polymerase chain reaction.in studying the relationship between human papillomavirus (hpv) and bronchogenic carcinoma, "high-risk" hpv 16, 18 dna sequences were detected in samples from 50 lung cancer patients, 18 patients with benign pulmonary diseases and 4 fetal lung tissues by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dot-blot hybridization with biotin-labelled probes. the results showed that hpv 16, 18 dna related sequences were found in 32% of lung cancer specimens, with 10 cases of hpv 16, 5 cases of hpv 18 and 1 case of ...19957587494
cdkn2 in hpv-positive and hpv-negative cervical-carcinoma cell lines.human cervical cancers frequently contain retinoblastoma protein (rb) that is inactivated by binding with human papilloma virus (hpv) e7 protein or through mutation. the cdkn2 gene encodes p16ink4 which inhibits cdk4-cyclin d phosphorylation of rb, preventing the g1-s transition. to determine whether abnormalities of cdkn2 occur in cervical-cancer cells, ii cervical cell lines, including 8 hpv-positive cell lines, 2 hpv-negative cell lines containing mutant rb, and one tumorigenic cell line deri ...19957591209
are human papillomavirus infections not necessary or sufficient causal factors for invasive cancer of the cervix? 19957591223
anguinomycins c and d, new antitumor antibiotics with selective cytotoxicity against transformed cells.the retinoblastoma protein (prb) is inactivated during the development of a wide variety of human cancers. in the course of our screening for antitumor antibiotics by using prb-inactivated cells, an actinomycete strain was found to produce two active substances, which were elucidated to be new members of the leptomycin-anguinomycin family by nmr spectral analysis and were designated anguinomycins c and d. the anguinomycins induced growth arrest against normal cells and induced cell death against ...19957592062
deletion in human chromosome region 12q13-15 by integration of human papillomavirus dna in a cervical carcinoma cell line.in human cervical carcinomas papillomavirus dna is frequently integrated in the cell genome. we have cloned the integration site of human papillomavirus-18 dna in human chromosome region 12q13-15 present in the sw756 cervical carcinoma cell line. viral dna is broken from nucleotides 2643 to 3418 in the e1 and e2 open reading frames, resulting in a deletion of 775 bases of viral dna. cloning and sequence analysis of the rearranged and germline alleles shows that there is no homology between the t ...19957592643
evaluation of seroreactivity to human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particles in an incident case-control study of cervical neoplasia.an elisa to detect serum igg antibody response to human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 virus-like particles (vlps) was evaluated in a case-control study of cervical neoplasia, nested within a prospective cohort study. subjects included 688 controls with continued normal cytology and 152 cases with confirmed incident squamous intraepithelial lesions who were tested for dna for a broad spectrum of hpv types at cohort and follow-up of controls, 16.6% were seropositive compared with 30.8% and 52.4% of ...19957594698
divergent human papillomavirus type 16 variants are serologically cross-reactive.it is not known whether dna sequence variants of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) are distinct serotypes. to examine this question, the reactivities of women's sera from zaire (n = 97) and denmark (n = 123) were compared in igg-specific elisas based on virus-like particles (vlps) composed of the l1 major capsid protein derived from an hpv-16 variant common in central africa (z-1194) or one common in northern europe (114k). these l1s differ in seven amino acids. there was a strong correlatio ...19957594721
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is not associated with elevated serum neopterin levels.neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activation, was elevated in patients who had cervical cancer in previous studies. to examine neopterin in the presence of precursors to cervical cancer (i.e., cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) we measured serum levels in 185 colposcopy patients in jamaica, a country with high cervical cancer incidence, and in 72 age-matched jamaican women selected from a large population-based sample. we also measured serum levels of beta-2-microglobulin, another commonly ...19957606206
expression of human papillomavirus type 16 e6-e7 open reading frame varies quantitatively in biopsy tissue from different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.the proteins encoded by the human papillomavirus type 16 e6-e7 open reading frame are essential for transformation of the host cell. two mrna species, e6*i and e6*ii, generated by alternative splicing of a polycistronic pre-mrna, encode truncated e6 proteins and the e7 protein. our investigation assessed whether or not the level of expression of e6*i and e6*ii varies quantitatively in relation to the grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin). we used a quantitative reverse transcription ...19957615724
detection of antibodies against human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 virions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant hpv 16 l1 capsids produced by recombinant baculovirus.the l1 major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) was expressed in sf-21 insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus. virus-like particles obtained were purified and used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of anti-hpv-16 antibodies in sera from 76 women with evidence of genital hpv infection and 79 controls. hpv-16-infected individuals developed antibodies directed at hpv-16 virions since reactivity against recombinant hpv-16l1 capsids was observed i ...19957615761
p53 in human papillomavirus associated anogenital cancers. 19957615867
skin-associated lymphoid tissue in human immunodeficiency virus-1, human papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus infections.the skin-associated lymphoid tissue is composed of keratinocytes, langerhans cells, skin trophic t cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells of the skin. the epidermis, which is involved in many viral infections, contains all of the components needed for an effective immune response: antigen-presenting langerhans cells, t cells, and cytokines from leukocytes and keratinocytes. there have been some recent advances in the study of the cutaneous immunology involved in infections with the human immunod ...19957616007
transcriptional repression of smooth-muscle alpha-actin gene associated with human papillomavirus type 16 e7 expression.to explore the role of the e7 viral oncogene from human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv 16) in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization, we investigated alterations in particular cytoskeletal components in rat embryonal fibroblasts and three transformants of rat embryonal fibroblast cells produced by transfections with hpv16 e7 alone (tf1), hpv16 e7 plus adenovirus type 5 e1b (tf3), and hpv16 e7 plus activated ha-ras (tf4). marked reductions in smooth-muscle (sm) alpha-actin content and disrupted ...19957619218
t-helper epitopes of the e7 transforming protein of cervical cancer associated human papillomavirus type 18 (hpv18).the presence of t-helper epitopes within the e7 transforming protein of human papillomavirus type 18 (hpv18) was sought using a series of overlapping synthetic 15-20 mer peptides spanning the entire 105 amino acid sequence of this protein. two h-2k restricted t-helper epitopes were defined, comprising 44vnhqhlparra55 and 81ddlrafqqlf90 as the minimal t proliferative epitopes. peptides containing these epitopes were able to provide cognate help to b epitopes from hpv18e7 protein for production of ...19957542826
detection of antibodies to l1, l2, and e4 proteins of human papillomavirus types 6, 11, and 16 by elisa using synthetic peptides.antibodies against eight synthetic peptides spanning different epitopes located on l1, l2, and e4 proteins of human papillomavirus (hpv) types 16, 6, and 11 were examined in sera from 73 women infected by hpv and from 139 healthy controls. only three of these peptides were reactive. two located on proteins l2 and e4 of hpv 16 seem type specific since antibodies to these peptides were detected, respectively, in 21% and 15% of the hpv 16 infected patients and in 2.5% and none of women infected by ...19957545211
the chronically symptomatic vulva: aetiology and management.to determine the causes and management of chronic vulval symptoms and to compare the findings in patients first presenting to a gynaecologist with those in patients first presenting to a dermatologist.19957547732
search for evidence of three viral agents in radicular (periapical) cysts with immunohistochemistry.sections from 20 paraffin-embedded radicular cysts and positive-control subjects were subjected to immunostaining procedures after treatment of the sections with polyclonal antibodies was performed to search for evidence of human papilloma virus and herpes viruses 1 and 2 in the lining epithelium. all 20 specimens examined were negative for the presence of all three viruses.19957552869
[cytologic-colposcopic-histopathologic correlations in preinvasive cervical lesions and cervical human papillomavirus infections].cervico-uterine cancer is the most frequent gynecological neoplasia in mexico and cervico-vaginal cytology is the most practical and dependable resource in lesions detection. during the last years precursory lesions detection (nic and hpv infection) has increased. so, every patient presenting with an abnormal cytology should be included in an evaluation program, that includes a colposcopic study with biopsy of suspicious lesions, in order to know cellular abnormality degree, as these studies com ...19957557531
cervical dysplasia in hiv-seropositive women: role of human papillomavirus infection and immune status.in the present study we investigated the cytologic and colposcopic characteristics of a cohort of hiv-infected women, with the aim to determine a relationship between immunologic status and frequency and/or severity of cervical abnormalities.19957557645
detection of human papillomavirus dna in cervical lavage specimens by a nonisotopic consensus pcr assay.a gene amplification method that combines pcr with an enzyme immunoassay (pcr-eia) for quantitation of amplified dna was developed for the detection of human papillomavirus (hpv). samples were amplified with consensus primers my09 and my11. amplified dna products were reacted in solution with type-specific nested rna probes labelled with digoxigenin-11-utp. hybrids were captured on a microtiter plate coated with an antidigoxigenin antibody. bound dna-rna hybrids were quantitated by the addition ...19957559932
human papillomavirus (hpv) type distribution and serological response to hpv type 6 virus-like particles in patients with genital warts.thirty-nine patients with condylomas (12 women and 27 men) attending a dermatology clinic were tested for genital human papillomavirus (hpv) dna and for seroprevalence to hpv type 6 (hpv6) l1 virus-like particles. the l1 consensus pcr system (with primers my09 and my11) was used to determine the presence and types of hpv in sample specimens. all 37 (100%) patients with sufficient dna specimens were positive for hpv dna, and 35 (94%) had hpv6 dna detected at the wart site. three patients (8%) had ...19957559948
physical state of human papillomavirus using non-isotopic in situ hybridisation. 19957560216
sequelae of premature sexual life.premature sexual activity among adolescents leads to such complications as unwanted pregnancy, abortion, and sexually transmitted diseases (stds). the increasing adolescent sexual intercourse worldwide will likely result in increasing rates of adolescent pregnancy, although a recent study has shown that these rates will vary from country to country. rates of pregnancy for girls younger than 14 are very low worldwide, and the cesarean rate is also lower than that found among older women. the m ...19957562803
xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells are resistant to immortalization.xeroderma pigmentosum (xp) is a human repair-deficient disorder that is caused by mutations in any of eight genes (a-g, v). the genes for complementation groups a-g have been cloned fully or in part, but the gene for the xp variant (xpv) has yet to be cloned. the lack of progress with xpv is in large part due to the rarity of stably transformed cell lines. we have attempted to immortalize fibroblasts from several xpv patients to obtain cell lines with which to characterize this disease and clone ...19957565859
postmenopausal squamous atypia: a spectrum including "pseudo-koilocytosis".in addition to typical atrophy, the postmenopausal cervix may exhibit a spectrum of epithelial and cellular alterations, including prominent perinuclear halos, nuclear hyperchromasia, variation in nuclear size, and multinucleation. it has not been determined whether such changes, termed postmenopausal squamous atypia (psa), represent age-related epithelial disturbances or human papillomavirus (hpv)-related low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (condyloma). we surveyed 30 cervical biopsies f ...19957567940
human papillomavirus type 11 transcripts are present at low abundance in latently infected respiratory tissues.respiratory tract tissues containing latent human papillomavirus (hpv) 11 were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the presence of viral-specific rna from the early region of the genome and compared to a similar analysis of laryngeal papillomas. latently infected tissue contained low-abundance transcripts that could code for e1 and e2 proteins, but lacked evidence of spliced transcripts for the e6 and e7 proteins. both latently infected tissue and papilloma tissue con ...19957571398
high grade anal dysplasia in visually normal mucosa in homosexual men: seven cases.anal cancer and anal human papillomavirus (hpv) infection are increased in homosexual men.19957572893
antibodies to human papillomavirus type 16 e7 related to clinicopathological data in patients with cervical carcinoma.to investigate the correlation between antibodies to the transforming protein e7 of human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 and clinicopathological indices in women with cervical squamous carcinoma.19957629285
comparative analysis of human papillomavirus detection by pcr and non-isotopic in situ hybridisation.aims--to assess the relative diagnostic performance of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and non-isotopic in situ hybridisation (nish) and to correlate these data with cytopathological assessment. methods--paired analysis of human papillomavirus (hpv) detection was performed by pcr and nish on exfoliated cervical cells from 122 women attending a routine gynaecological examination. pcr amplification followed by generic and hpv type specific hybridisation was compared with nish on a parallel cer ...19957629286
differential effects by mad and max on transformation by cellular and viral oncoproteins.c-myc is an essential component of the regulatory mechanisms controlling cell growth. max is the obligatory partner of c-myc for all its biological functions analysed to date. recently two max interacting proteins, mad and mxi1, have been identified. it has been suggested that these two proteins modulate c-myc function, in the simplest model by competing with c-myc for the interaction with max. we have analysed different aspects of mad function in comparison to max. native mad/max heterodimers b ...19957630643
polymerase chain reaction. a sensitive indicator of the prevalence of human papillomavirus dna in a population with sexually transmitted disease.a total of 311 cervical samples from first attenders at a sexually transmitted disease clinic assayed for human papillomavirus (hpv) dna with viratype (vt) were analyzed with the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for hpv using hpv l1 consensus primers and typed using l1 type-specific probes for 6/11, 16, 18 and 33. the prevalence of hpv by pcr was almost double that by vt (23.5% as compared to 12.6%, respectively). the increase was due largely to hpv types other than 6/11, 16, 18 and 33 (61.8%), w ...19957631538
cytologic observations preceding high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.there is some evidence that a significant proportion (12%) of women, prospectively followed after negative cervical cytologic findings, develop tissue-proven high grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (hsil) within a short period (up to 24 months). the present study was undertaken to address the validity of this statement since such a high prevalence of spontaneous hsil, if true, may challenge the value of an annual cervicovaginal cytologic smear examination. cytologic smears collected from 8 ...19957631539
expression of the major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 16 in escherichia coli.major capsid proteins (mcps) of various papillomaviruses have recently been expressed in heterologous cells as soluble and functional polypeptides. the host cells for producing these proteins have so far been of eukaryotic origin; however, e. coli has potential utility a host, with advantages over eukaryotic cells such as relatively simple culture requirements and greater ease of mutation of expressed sequences. we studied the expression by e. coli of the mcp of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv ...19957635928
hpv prevalence in cytomorphologically normal cervical scrapes of pregnant women as determined by pcr: the age-related pattern.diverging data exist on human papillomavirus (hpv) prevalence in cytomorphologically normal scrapes during pregnancy. the prevalence of hpv was therefore investigated by polymerase chain reaction method (pcr) in cytomorphologically normal scrapes of 709 pregnant women and 3,948 non-pregnant women visiting the same hospital during the same time period. the prevalence of all types of hpv among pregnant women was 9.6% (68/709) and the high risk hpv types of 16 and 18 were found in 3.1% (22/709). in ...19957636509
mutational analysis of adeno-associated virus rep protein-mediated inhibition of heterologous and homologous promoters.the four rep proteins encoded by adeno-associated virus type 2 (aav-2) inhibit transcription of their own promoters and of several heterologous promoters. to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of rep-mediated transcription repression, we studied the effects of the four rep proteins on the accumulation of mrna transcribed from the human papillomavirus type 18 upstream regulatory region hpv18 urr, the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat, and the aav-2 p5 and p19 promoters by t ...19957636994
efficient expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 l1 protein in epithelial cells by using rev and the rev-responsive element of human immunodeficiency virus or the cis-acting transactivation element of simian retrovirus type 1.production of the human papillomavirus (hpv) late gene products l1 and l2 is limited to terminally differentiated keratinocytes. here, we demonstrate that mrna encoding the hpv-16 l1 capsid protein contains cis-acting rna elements that inhibit expression at the posttranscriptional level. while cytoplasmic l1 mrna is detectable in transfected hela cells, l1 protein is not produced. we have identified at least one major inhibitory element that is located within the l1 open reading frame, whereas a ...19957637007
a study comparing letz and co2 laser treatment for cervical intra epithelial neoplasia with and without associated human papilloma virus.to evaluate the recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) following treatment with co2 laser ablation and loop excision of the transformation zone (letz) and its correlation with the presence of hpv.19957641744
the hpv16 e5 protein: expression, detection, and stable complex formation with transmembrane proteins in cos cells.the human papillomavirus-16 (hpv16) e5 gene is able to induce stable growth transformation and transient mitogenic stimulation in a variety of cultured cell systems. to characterize the biochemical properties of the hydrophobic hpv16 e5 transforming protein, we have constructed vectors expressing the wild-type hpv16 e5 gene and have generated antipeptide antisera. the 10-kda e5 protein was readily detectable in transfected cos monkey cells by using these antisera either for immunoprecipitation o ...19957645215
human papillomavirus vulvitis: a new disease or an unfortunate mistake? 19957647068
regulation of the cell cycle by viral oncoproteins.human papillomavirus (hpvs) adenovirus and simian virus 40 (sv40) are small dna viruses which can show oncogenic activity. although not otherwise related, all three have adopted very similar strategies to deregulate cell growth; each virus encoding oncoproteins which interact with the same cellular targets. of particular interest are the interactions with the cell encoded prb and p53 proteins, products of tumour suppressor genes. somatic mutation results in the loss of the prb and p53 function i ...19957647307
a recurrent human papillomavirus integration site at chromosome region 12q14-q15 in sw756 and sk-v cell lines derived from genital tumors.the sw756 cell line, derived from an invasive cancer of the uterine cervix, harbours integrated human papillomavirus (hpv) 18 dna sequences which have been located in chromosome band 12q13. by in situ hybridization experiments with tritiated and digoxigenin-labelled hpv18 probes on r-banded chromosomes, we now localize the integrated viral sequences in 12q14-q15. interestingly, we have previously localized integrated hpv16 sequences in the same chromosomal region in sk-v cells, derived from a pr ...19957648359
genital human papillomavirus infection: common but not trivial.one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases is genital human papillomavirus (hpv) infection. because of its potentially serious consequences for women, hpv infection is receiving a significant amount of attention from researchers and clinicians. we summarize the research and clinical literature on hpv infection. the nature of the virus, the prevalence of hpv infection, and modes of transmission are discussed. both the physiological and psychological consequences of the infection are ...19957649892
human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening. 19957651020
conditional immortalization of primary cells by human papillomavirus type 18 e6 and ej-ras defines an e6 activity in g0/g1 phase which can be substituted for mutations in p53.the human papillomavirus (hpv) type 18 e6 gene cooperates with activated ha-ras to immortalize primary mouse cells in culture. using a plasmid where hpv18 e6 expression is regulated by the glucocorticoid inducible mmtv ltr, we have generated immortalized cell lines in which the continued expression of e6 was necessary for maintenance of the transformed phenotype. in the absence of exogenously added hormone these cells were found to arrest in g0/g1. furthermore, we demonstrate that the effects of ...19957651728
seric and local antibodies against a synthetic peptide of hpv16.an elisa method was used to detect igg and iga directed against a synthetic peptide derived from the e2 orf of the human papillomavirus (hpv) 16 in sera and in cervico-vaginal secretions from 20 women without evidence of hpv infection and from 41 women with histological diagnosis of hpv infection. the proportion of iga positive sera (63.4% in the case-group vs. 20.0% in the control-group) and secretions (48.8% in the case-group vs. 15.0% in the control-group) was significantly higher in women wi ...19957657014
transmission of cervical human papillomavirus infection by sexual activity: differences between low and high oncogenic risk types.not all studies have proven that cervical human papillomavirus (hpv) infection is a sexually acquired condition. determinants of hpv infection were analyzed in a survey of 718 asymptomatic women in northeastern brazil. hpv dna was detected and typed by polymerase chain reaction. hpv types were classified into low- and high-risk groups on the basis of their association with cervical carcinomas. overall hpv prevalence (18.3%) was moderately associated with age at first intercourse (p = .111, trend ...19957658069
human papillomavirus testing in cervical screening. 19957658887
analysis and clinical implications of k-ras gene mutations and infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in primary adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.experimental models indicate that activated ras genes and hpv oncogenic sequences may cooperate in inducing a completely transformed phenotype in epithelial cells. we searched for k-ras gene mutations and hpv type-16 and -18 sequences in 67 primary adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix by analyzing dnas from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. target sequences were amplified by pcr and analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and sequencing for the detection of k- ...19957665253
titration of hpv-11 infectivity and antibody neutralization can be measured in vitro.human papillomavirus type 11 (hpv-11), produced from the athymic mouse xenograft system, was shown to infect cultured neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes and the hacat keratinocyte cell line in vitro. infection was documented by the appearance of hpv-11-specific spliced mrna, detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. purified hpv-11 virions at concentrations of approximately 10(7) particles/ml could successfully evoke infection in this system. infection was completely abroga ...19957665926
sequential activation of cyclin e and cyclin a gene expression by human papillomavirus type 16 e7 through sequences necessary for transformation.to investigate e7-dependent biochemical changes which are involved in cellular transformation, we analyzed the influence of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) e7 on the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins. expression of e7 in established rodent fibroblasts (nih 3t3), which was shown to be sufficient for transformation of these cells, leads to constitutive expression of the cyclin e and cyclin a genes in the absence of external growth factors. surprisingly, expression of the cyclin d1 ...19957666540
histogenesis of papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses.to determine by review of their histogenesis whether papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses are three distinct entities or, as has been favored in the literature, three variations of a single entity.19957668940
prevalence and histologic significance of cervical human papillomavirus dna detected in women at low and high risk for cervical neoplasia.to determine and compare the prevalence and histologic significance of human papillomavirus (hpv) nucleic acids in cervical specimens from women at low (routine hysterectomy) and high (suspicion of cervical neoplasia) risk for cervical neoplasia.19957675368
differential sensitivities of e6 type-specific and l1 consensus primers in the detection of human papillomavirus in anal carcinoma.anogenital malignancy has been increasing in incidence in recent decades. there is strong evidence in the literature suggesting that human papillomavirus (hpv) plays a role in the genesis of anogenital neoplasia. in addition, identification of oncogenic hpv types in anogenital carcinomas may have prognostic significance. the method used to detect hpv infection, however, affects the frequency with which viral dna is identified. we examined tissues from 56 patients with anal squamous cell carcinom ...19957675769
characterization of human aortic smooth muscle cells expressing hpv16 e6 and e7 open reading frames.a comparative study of human papillomavirus type 16 e6e7-transfected and normal human aortic smooth muscle cells by morphological, electron microscopic, immunofluorescent, and biochemical analyses demonstrated that the e6e7-expressing cells retained much of the phenotype of normal aortic smooth muscle cells, including expression of smooth muscle markers and appropriate growth responses to pdgf and heparin. these cells differed from normal vascular smooth muscle cells in that they had slightly al ...19957677186
a cohort study comparing the detection of hpv dna from women who stop and continue to smoke.the objective of this study was to compare the detection of human papillomavirus (hpv) dna in women who stopped smoking, and those who continued to smoke. women entering a smoking cessation programme had tampon specimens collected and analyzed for hpv dna using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) (l1 consensus primers). women with hpv dna in their initial specimens had follow-up specimens collected 1 year later. the stored initial specimens were reanalyzed in the same experiment with the follow-up s ...19957677684
high long-term cure rate justifies routine treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade i.the long-term clearance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) grade 1 after one treatment was studied retrospectively in 105 patients. treatment was by co2 laser vaporization (74 patients), cone biopsy (8), loop electroexcision (leep) (7), electrodiathermy (1) and hysterectomy (2); 79 of the 92 treated patients (85.9%) had normal cervical cytology and colposcopy on a mean follow-up period of 36.7 months (95% confidence interval between 33.1-40.4 months). life table analysis showed that the ...19957677687
sperm as a noninvasive gene delivery system for preimplantation embryos.to determine if sperm could be manipulated to be a noninvasive transport carrier for the delivery of gene fragments to the blastocyst.19957720929
human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women.to compare the prevalence of human papillomavirus (hpv) infections in women who are seropositive and seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and to determine if associations between hpv and cervical disease are altered in hiv-seropositive women.19957724095
prognostic significance of human papillomavirus dna in vulvar carcinoma.to determine the histopathologic, epidemiologic, and prognostic significance of human papillomavirus (hpv) dna in primary invasive vulvar cancer.19957724101
reconstitution of p53-ubiquitinylation reactions from purified components: the role of human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme ubc4 and e6-associated protein (e6ap).the e6 protein of the high-risk human papillomaviruses inactivates the tumor suppressor protein p53 by stimulating its ubiquitinylation and subsequent degradation. ubiquitinylation is a multistep process involving a ubiquitin-activating enzyme, one of many distinct ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and in certain cases, a ubiquitin ligase. in human papillomavirus-infected cells, e6 and the e6-associated protein are thought to act as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitinylation of p53. here we ...19957724550
an evaluation of human papillomavirus testing for intermediate- and high-risk types as triage before colposcopy.our purpose was to evaluate the role of testing for intermediate- and high-risk human papillomavirus by use of a hybrid capture technique for predicting which patients with abnormal papanicolaou smears are most likely to have squamous intraepithelial lesions or cancer.19957726250
human papillomavirus and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. 19957729660
human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade ii-iii: a population-based case-control study.the association between certain human papillomaviruses (hpv) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) is well documented, but there is uncertainty about the strength of association and the role of co-factors is unclear. this population-based case-control study in norwegian women 20-44 years of age included 103 cases with histologically confirmed cin ii-iii and 234 age-matched and randomly selected controls. cytological specimens from the cervix were analyzed using the polymerase chain reacti ...19957729940
oral and laryngeal papilloma: a pediatric manifestation of sexually transmitted disease?laryngeal and oral papilloma in pediatric patients are generally considered transmitted by maternal fetal transmission. in adults and immunocompromised patients, it is well documented that human papilloma virus (hpv) of the oropharynx is sexually transmitted. the possibility of sexual transmission of oral and laryngeal papilloma in children by oral genital contact is discussed.19957729997
the human papillomavirus (hpv)-6 and hpv-16 e5 proteins co-operate with hpv-16 e7 in the transformation of primary rodent cells.e5 is the smallest transforming protein encoded by the human papillomaviruses (hpvs). it has been shown to promote anchorage-independent growth in established nih 3t3 cells, an activity that is enhanced in the presence of epidermal growth factor (egf). it is thought that this activity of e5 is brought about by an increase in the half-life of stimulated egf receptors, possibly through the perturbation of receptor processing. recent studies have also shown that e5 can co-operate with hpv-16 e7 to ...19957730808
serum antibody against unfused recombinant e7 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical cancer patients.sera were examined for the presence of antibody against e7 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) by western blot analysis using the bacterially derived unfused protein. the occurrence rates of anti-e7 antibody against hpv-16 were 14.1% (10/71) in cervical cancer patients, 0% (0/48) in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia patients, and 0% (0/41) in female non-malignant patients. three patients (one with endometrial cancer, one with breast cancer, and one male patient with colon polyp) ou ...19957737906
pathology and management of vulval pain and pruritus.vulval pain and pruritus are symptoms associated with benign or malignant diseases. the paucity of information regarding aetiological factors confounds a logical approach to successful therapeutic and preventative strategies. research continues to address the possible relationship between human papillomavirus and benign, premalignant and malignant vulval conditions. although present in many conditions, oncogenesis caused by human papillomavirus has yet to be proven as a cause of vulvar premalign ...19957742509
binding and internalization of human papillomavirus type 33 virus-like particles by eukaryotic cells.infection of cells by human papillomaviruses (hpvs) associated with malignant genital lesions has not been studied because of the lack of an in vitro system and the unavailability of virions. we have now used virus-like particles (vlps) of hpv type 33 to analyze the initial events in the interaction of the hpv capsid with cell lines. binding of vlps to hela cells was observed in biochemical assays and by immunofluorescence. vlp binding was inhibited by antisera raised against vlps but not by mon ...19957745672
human papillomavirus type 31b late gene expression is regulated through protein kinase c-mediated changes in rna processing.expression of the human papillomavirus (hpv) capsid genes, l1 and l2, as well as amplification of viral dna and virion assembly occur in the terminally differentiated layers of infected stratified squamous epithelium in vivo. these processes can be duplicated in the laboratory through the use of organotypic or raft cultures. when cin612 cells, which contain episomal copies of the high-risk hpv type 31b, are allowed to differentiate in raft cultures, the expression of transcripts encoding the ear ...19957745684
oligomerisation of full length p53 contributes to the interaction with mdm2 but not hpv e6.the tumour suppressor protein p53 normally functions as a tetramer in a defined conformational state. mutations within p53 which contribute to cancer development frequently induce a conformational shift in the protein which correlates with loss of wild type growth suppressor functions. both the cell encoded mdm2 protein and the human papillomavirus oncoprotein e6 can regulate p53 function and we have examined the interaction of these proteins with p53. the e6/p53 association is sensitive to conf ...19957753547
differentiated carcinomas develop as a consequence of the thyroid specific expression of a thyroglobulin-human papillomavirus type 16 e7 transgene.the oncogenic properties of the high risk human papillomaviruses (hpv) e7 protein are attributed to its interaction with the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product rb1 and other related proteins. we report here the generation of a transgenic model expressing the e7 oncogene of hpv16 in thyroid follicular cells, under control of the bovine thyroglobulin gene promoter. transgenics develop differentiated and functionally regulated thyroid goitres, due to thyroid cell proliferation and accumulat ...19957753555
simultaneous detection by consensus multiplex pcr of high- and low-risk and other types of human papilloma virus in clinical samples.a consensus multiplex pcr (cm-pcr) technique was developed to detect high-risk (hpv 16/18), low-risk (hpv 6/11), and over 40 other types of human papillomavirus (hpv), separately but simultaneously, by mixing three pairs of consensus primers in the same pcr mixture, for gene amplification. simultaneous detection of three groups of hpv dna provides valuable information for clinical practice and this procedure is simple and convenient for routine laboratory examinations. we detected hpv dna sequen ...19957622102
can a test for e6/e7 transcripts of human papillomavirus type 16 serve as a diagnostic tool for the detection of micrometastasis in cervical cancer?tissue from 11 cases of cervical cancer positive for human papillomavirus (hpv) type 16 dna and 69 pelvic lymph nodes from the same patients were examined for hpv 16 dna and mrna from the e6/e7 genes. five of the tumors were squamous, 3 adeno- and 3 adenosquamous carcinoma. from the primary tumors and the extirpated lymph nodes dna and rna or mrna was subjected to pcr and rt-pcr. three transcription profiles (only e6*i, e6*i and e6*ii or full-length e6-e7 plus both of the spliced transcripts) we ...19957622311
interaction of papillomavirus e6 oncoproteins with a putative calcium-binding protein.human papillomaviruses (hpvs) are associated with the majority of cervical cancers and encode a transforming protein, e6, that interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53. because e6 has p53-independent transforming activity, the yeast two-hybrid system was used to search for other e6-binding proteins. one such protein, e6bp, interacted with cancer-associated hpv e6 and with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) e6. the transforming activity of bpv-1 e6 mutants correlated with their e6bp-bind ...19957624774
prevalence of human papillomavirus among std clinic attenders in jamaica: association of younger age and increased sexual activity.human papillomavirus is the major etiologic agent of cervical cancer. although the incidence of cancer of the cervix is high in jamaica, the prevalence of human papillomavirus among jamaican women has not been defined.19957624812
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