Publications

in vitro evidence of cell-mediated immunity after exposure of mice to both live and inactivated rabies virus.	mice exposed to live or beta-propiolactone-inactivated rabies virus generated a strong, specific cell-mediated cytotoxic response which was generally maximal 6 days after inoculation. release of 51cr was apparently a function of immune thymus-derived lymphocytes (t cells) because it was abrogated by prior incubation of spleen cells with anti-thymus antiserum and complement but was undiminished by passage of spleen cells through nylon-wool columns. cytotoxicity was always maximal for interactions ...	1977	299948
suppression of cell-mediated immunity by street rabies virus.	mice lethally infected with street rabies virus failed to develop cytotoxic t cells specific for rabies virus-infected target cells, whereas high levels of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (cmc) were generated after nonfatal infection with the attenuated high egg passage (hep) or era rabies virus strains. furthermore concurrent infection with street, but not with hep, rabies virus suppresses development of a primary (but not a secondary) cmc response specific for influenza virus. no cross-reactivity i ...	1977	301176
application of the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody (safa) test to the serodiagnosis of rabies.	the adaptation and evaluation of the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody (safa) test for the serologic diagnosis of rabies is described. evaluation of the safa test was based on a comparison between serum titers obtained in the safa test, the mouse serum neutralization (sn) test and in the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifat) test. dog, fox, raccoon and skunk sera were used for the comparison with mouse sn titers. human serum was used for the comparison with the ifat titer. the purity and conce ...	1977	320266
evaluation of tests for rabies antibody and analysis of serum responses after administration of three different types of rabies vaccines.	humoral antibody response to three types of rabies vaccines were assayed by the neutralization (nt), the mixed hemadsorption (mh), and the indirect immunofluorescence (if) tests. the nt and mh tests were used to detect antibodies combining with antigens at the surface of virions and infected cells, whereas the indirect if test measured antibodies mainly to the rabies nucleocapsid antigen. after immunization with a human diploid cell vaccine, antibodies were detected by both the nt and the mh tes ...	1977	323275
comparison of rabies humoral antibody titers in rabbits and humans by indirect radioimmunoassay, rapid-fluorescent-focus-inhibition technique, and indirect fluorescent-antibody assay.	rabies humoral antibodies were induced in eight new zealand rabbits by a single intramuscular injection of inactivated suckling mouse brain rabies vaccine. the primary response to immunization was measured in blood samples taken at selected intervals for 6 months. the anamnestic response was measured in blood samples obtained 2 weeks after the rabbits received a booster immunization. the humoral antibody concentrations were measured by the rapid-fluorescent-focus-inhibition technique (rffit), in ...	1977	323278
antibody response to rabies virus in syrian hamsters.	syrian hamsters were injected with inactivated, attenuated, and virulent rabies virus (rv), and the antibody response was quantified by a neutralization test and the immunoglobulin class of the virus antibody was characterized by indirect fluorescent microscopy. serum antibodies to rv were found to be predominantly of the immunoglobulin g2 (igg2) class, although igg1 anti-rv also were detected in high-titered sera obtained after secondary challenge. brain extracts of hamsters inoculated intracer ...	1977	330398
prophylaxis for exposure to rabies in humans.		1977	334352
[chronic cell culture infection with the rabies virus].	three cell cultures chronically infected with fixed rabies virus, strain mniivp-74, have been obtained: hep-2/2, bhk/13s, and rk-13. in the former two cultures, the infectious virus titers were 2.0 to 5.25 ig ld50/ml. in rk-13 cells, traces of the infectious virus were found. in the chronically infected hep-2/2 culture the maximum amount of the antigen-containing cells determined by the fluorescent antibody procedure was 60% and in bhk/13s 80%. chronically infected cultures had a reduced growth ...	1977	337676
administration of human interferon to rabies virus-infected monkeys after exposure.	the treatment of rabies-infected cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) with human interferon after exposure was studied. the monkeys were infected with rabies street virus by the intramuscular route; larger than or equal to 24 hr after infection, human interferon was administered intramuscularly or by lumbar spinal injection into the cerebrospinal fluid. whereas 90% of the infected untreated monkeys died, 40%-80% of animals treated with interferon survived. no or only low levels of neutralizi ...	1977	404370
rabies virus glycoprotein. ii. biological and serological characterization.	purified rabies virus glycoprotein (g) was shown by complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests to be a second distinct antigen of the virus. it it the only structural protein of the virus that induces the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies and which confers immunity to animals. when the g protein is taken as antigen, the complement fixation test can be used for the assay of virus-neutralizing antibodies. the total protective activity of the virus was recovered in the purified g protei ...	1977	408269
successful prophylaxis against rabies in mice and rhesus monkeys: the interferon system and vaccine.	addition of interferon to ineffective rabies virus vaccines by the local injection of either exogenous interferon or a potent interferon inducer (a complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid containing poly-l-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose) into the footpads of mice previously challenged with rabies virus dramatically reduced the mortality rate. a significant reduction in mortality rate was also noted when the interferon system was administered to rhesus monkeys, but only when treatme ...	1977	408427
[antigenic activity of a concentrated and purified cultured antirabies vaccine from the vnukovo-32-107 strain].	humoral response (virus-neutralizing antibody production) to immunization with inactivated 30-fold concentrated and purified tissue culture rabies vaccine was studied in monkeys and human volunteers. two doses of the preparation spaced 20 days apart and given intramuscularly or intradermally to monkeys induced in them much more intensive antibody production (4--213-fold by titer) than 6 daily injections of unconcentrated vaccine. in 10 human volunteers immunized with 1.5 ml doses of the concentr ...	1977	412324
enhanced cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes against rabies-infected cells by rabies-specific antibodies.	human anti-rabies immune sera enhanced the in vitro cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes against rabies virus-infected green-monkey kidney cells. the immune sera were collected from patients immunized with rabies vaccine produced either in human diploid cells or in nervous tissue. significant cytotoxicity was observed even with high serum dilutions, indicating that the k-cell assay might be a sensitive tool for detection of anti-rabies antibodies.	1977	413187
[evaluation of cellular immunity after rabies vaccination in man].	the peripheral lymphocytes of vaccinated men were stimulated by homologous antigen or its subunits (nucleocapsid and glycoprotein) or by some parent viruses (mokola and lagos). all subjects produced a high level of antibody. a difference was noted between the two types of immunity. a lack of cell-mediated immunity could explain the very few failures in pasteur antirabies treatment.	1977	413656
airborne rabies encephalitis: demonstration of rabies virus in the human central nervous system.	a veterinarian contracted rabies in the course of laboratory work with homogenates of rabid goat brain. epidemiologic study determined a respiratory mode of transmission. after a fulminant encephalitic illness, formed rabies virions were identified in the synaptic zones of the olfactory glomeruli. identification, isolation, experimental disease production, and tissue cytopathic effects of virus recovered from the brain fulfilled koch's postulates in this unusual instance of virus disease of the ...	1977	556820
lipids of rabies virus and bhk-21 cell membranes.	the lipid composition of highly purified flury strain of rabies virus (hep) propagated in bhk-21 cells in a chemically defined medium was observed to be 6.7% neutral lipids, 15.8% phospholipids, and 1.5% glycolipids. in the virion, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin were the most abundant phospholipids, accounting for 90% of the total, and the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was 0.48. uninfected bhk-21 cell membranes were obtained by nitrogen cavitation t ...	1977	557573
rabies virus protein synthesis in infected bhk-21 cells.	rabies virus specific polypeptide synthesis was examined under hypertonic conditions, which selectively inhibit cellular protein synthesis. the rabies virus proteins (l, g, n, m1, m2) were synthesized throughout the course of infection, with little change in their relative rates of synthesis. the rates of synthesis of the g and m1 polypeptides were more sensitive to increasing osmolarity than those of the l, n, and m2 polypeptides. extrapolation to isotonicity of the results obtained under hyper ...	1977	558341
virion rna polymerases of two salmonid rhabdoviruses.	rna-dependent rna polymerases were found to be associated with two salmonid rhabdoviruses: infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) virus and the virus of hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs). the protein composition of these rhabdoviruses closely resembles that of rabies virus rather than that of vesicular stomatitis virus (mcallister and wagner, 1975). the optimal temperature for in vitro transcription was found to be approximately 18 degrees c for ihn virus and approximately 15 degrees for vhs,, close ...	1977	559780
interaction of non-specific inhibitor and rabies virus haemagglutinim.	in order to elucidate the properties of an inhibitor of rabies virus haemagglutinin in normal animal sera, experiments were made with the hep flury strain and calf serum which contains the inhibitor. the results of physico-chemical treatment, gel-filtration and density analysis suggested lipoprotein involvement. when inhibitor and haemagglutinin were mixed, the separate activities could be recovered from the mixture by centrifuging on a sucrose density gradient. by contrast, neither haemagglutin ...	1977	560427
a comparison of the pasteur and pitman-moore strains of rabies virus for the production of rabies vaccine in human diploid cells.		1977	561073
[zonal centrifuge purification of human rabies vaccine obtained on bovine foetal kidney cells (author's transl)].	a human rabies vaccine is prepared on bovine foetal kidney cells in absence of serum. this vaccine is concentrated and purified by zonal centrifugation. an immunogenic vaccine is obtained from the purified viral particles. preliminary results are reported.	1977	563208
naturally occurring rabies virus and neutralizing antibody in two species of insectivorous bats of new york state.	seven colonies of eptesicus fuscus , the big brown bat, and five colonies of myotis lucifugus , the little brown bat, in new york state were sampled for rabies virus and virus-neutralizing antibody. eight of 278 e. fuscus were found to have virus, while 18 of 187 had antibody titers of ≥1:8. one of 333 m. lucifugus yielded virus, while three of 127 had antibody. these data demonstrate the presence of rabies virus as well as immunity to rabies in some insectivorous bats of new york state. evaluat ...	1977	24228955
factors involved in the generation and replication of rhabdovirus defective t particles.	previous indications that cloned b virions might be genetically predisposed to generate a particular defective t particle are shown to be inaccurate. t particle generation was found to be a much more random process than was previously believed. we show that the previously observed generation of particular sizes of t particles by b virion pools is due to the random generation of t particles during preparation of first-passage pools of cloned b virions, and these breed true during the additional p ...	1976	176445
thermal inactivation of rabies and other rhabdoviruses: stabilization by the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at physiological temperatures.	thermal inactivation of rabies and several other rhabdoviruses was studied using virus suspended in several different diluents. rabies serogroup viruses were more stable than kern canyon or vesicular stomatitis viruses. limited studies of two fish rhabdoviruses requiring low temperatures (less than 33 c) for replication indicated that they were not markedly more thermolabile than rabies virus. bovine serum protein components in complex cell culture media stabilized virus at 56 c, but at temperat ...	1976	181323
interaction of mouse peritoneal macrophages with fixed rabies virus in vivo and in vitro.	the resistance of mice to intraperitoneal and intramuscular infection with fixed rabies virus increases with age. treatment of mature animals with either silica, indian ink or antimacrophage serum, which are cytotoxic for macrophages, reduced their resistance to intraperitoneal, but not to intramuscular or intracerebral infection. transfer of peritoneal macrophages from adults to syngeneic suckling mice delayed but did not prevent mortality from intraperitoneal infection: transfer of peritoneal ...	1976	181533
replication of type 2 herpes simplex virus in human endocervical tissue in organ culture.	the replication of type 2 herpes simplex virus in human endocervical tissue in organ culture was investigated. the temporal profile of virus replication was related to the initial virus inoculum; high input inocula induced a rapid increase in virus titre while lower multiplicities induced a more slow-rising increase in virus titre. our evidence suggested that explants were capable of initiating and supporting virus replication for at least 2 weeks following establishment of the culture. virus yi ...	1976	183806
enhanced growth and plaquing of rabies virus in static chick embryo cell culture.	the 7-day egg passage line of hep flury strain of rabies virus was inoculated to primary chick embyro (ce) cells prepared in different ways to compared efficiencies of viral growth and plaquing. special care to minimize cellular damage due to trypsin at the step of monodispersion and sowing a comparatively large number of cells for monolayer preparation were required for rabies plaquing, whereas such cares were not necessary for plaquing of vesicular stomatitis virus. plaque number and size were ...	1976	185442
long-term persistent vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus infection of cells in vitro.	bhk 21 carrier cells persistently infected with vsv indiana for over 2 years have been shedding generally very low levels of mature infectious virus or mature t particles (averaging less than one-hundredth p.f.u./cell/day) yet most cells are producing virus antigens and are resistant to homologous superinfection. however, large amounts of biologically active t particle rnp can be recovered from cytoplasmic extracts of these carrier cells even at times when they are shedding no detectable infecti ...	1976	186559
rna synthesis in bhk 21 cells persistently infected with vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus.	virus-induced rna synthesis was studied in bhk 21 cells persistently infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus by labelling rna synthesized in the presence of antinomycin d. during persistent infection the species of messenger rna synthesized were similar in size and relative proportions to those seen during acute infection, but there were some minor differences. full-sized b virion rna was generally not detected during persistent infection, and new species (probably di vir ...	1976	186560
absence of neuraminidase from influenza c virus.	influenza c viruses did not possess neuraminidase activity when examined using either fetuin or sialyllactose as substrate. purified preparations of influenza c virus inhibited hemagglutination by nws hemagglutinin. the hemagglutination inhibiting activity was abolished by treatment of influenza c virus with neuraminidase. these findings indicated the absence of neuraminidase activity on influenza c virus particles.	1976	56930
use of the hemadsorption phenomenon for determining virus and neutralizing antibody titers of rabies.	chicken embryo cells infected with the hep flury strain of rabies virus adapted to tissue culture produced a hemadsorption (had) phenomenon by using goose erthyrocytes. the optimal conditions for had included the incubation of cell cultures at 37c for 3 days after virus inoculation, the use of a 0.4% suspension of goose erythrocytes in phosphate buffer adjusted at ph 6.2, and adsorption of erythrocytes at 4c. this phenomenon was inhibited with anti-rabies serum. virus titer obtained with the had ...	1976	57927
letter: intensive care in rabies therapy.		1976	59276
specificity of the agar gel microimmunodiffusion test in rabies diagnostics.	the agar-gel microimmunodiffusion test (midt) with commercially available antirabies sera from different sources was applied to evaluation of rabies infection at about 500 brains from suspected animals. the high nonspecificity of the test and false positive results with nonvirulent materials were stated when compared with the histopathological, biological and fa tests. for evaluation of the nonspecificity and its cause, different antirabies sera and brain antigens from noninfected and rabid anim ...	1976	59529
laboratory investigations on "postvaccinall rabies" caused by live sheep-brain vaccine.	the viral ethiology of postvaccinal complications among 30 dogs vaccinated by live antirabies vaccine (umeno-doi type, sheep brain vaccine) was fully confirmed. three lots of virulent vaccine were inoculated subcutaneously into groups of "wistar" rats according to the different schemes. between the 1st and 12th day after the end of the vaccination there were no isolations of fixed virus in direct and blind i.c. passages of suspensions made from the thalamus area on succkling mice and rats. also ...	1976	59530
[comparative study "in vitro" between rabies and rabies related viruses by the sensitized lymphocytes technique].	rabbit lymphocytes obtained from animals previously exposed to rabies virus undergo a specific lymphoblastic transformation when incubated in vitro in the presence of either the complete virus or a nucleocapsid fraction. this type of in vitro transformation was observed by the pasteur, lagos, mokola, obodhiang viruses as well as the virus hep in cells originally exposed only to the virus hep. in additions to the morphological changes of lymphoblastic transformation, 3h-thymidine incorporation wa ...	1976	60074
detection of antigenic differences among street and fixed rabies virus strains by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test.	using the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test, two street rabies virus strains (mangosta and apipe) revealed antigens not detected in the standard challenge virus (cvs). no antigenic differences, however, were found between cvs and another fixed rabies virus strain (strain 91) by this method. the results of serum neutralization tests revealed similar antigenic relationships among the rabies virus strains studied. these findings are discussed in terms of their significance to antigenic variations i ...	1976	65070
rabies glycoprotein purification by isoelectric focusing (author's transl).	a glycoprotein was extracted with triton x100 from rabies virus grown in primary foetal bovine kidney cells. this glycoprotein was further purified by iso electro focusing and showed a major peak at ph 7,0 and a smaller peak at ph 4,6. purified fractions were migrated on polyacrylamide gels and assayed for immunogenicity.	1976	14578
pathophysiologic studies in human rabies.	six patients with proved rabies were studied with a combination of clinical, physiologic and pathologic technics. three were given a type of intensive care but died with evidence of respiratory failure. although circulatory failure did not develop in any of the six patients, three had supraventricular arrhythmias: interstitial myocarditis was found in one of these and rabies virus was isolated from the myocardium of another. inspiratory muscle spasm was the dominant clinical feature in all cases ...	1976	766622
preparation of rabies fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled immune globulin from mouse hyperimmune ascitic fluids.	immunization conditions for the production of mouse immune ascitic fluids to be used for the preparation of rabies fluorescent antibody (fa) conjugate are presented. the use of optimal concentrations of ammonium sulfate for precipitation of gamma globulin resulted in a fraction consisting of 75% gamma globulin and 25% alpha-beta globulins with no detectable albumin. dialysis labeling of the globulin fration with fluorescein isothiocyanate produced a specific rabies fa conjugate with negligible n ...	1976	780373
[mixed method of simultaneous detection in histochemistry and immunofluorescence].		1976	788326
rabies virus and the problems of rabies vaccination in man.	the structure of rabies virus and the importance of its glycoprotein in immunization are discussed. the improvement in vaccines for use in man, culminating in the production of the human diploid vaccine is described. nevertheless problems remain, particularly with regard to post-exposure therapy. possible disadvantages in the use of subunit vaccines are mentioned and attention is drawn to the discovery of the rabies-related viruses.	1976	790671
the mouse inoculation test in rabies diagnosis: early diagnosis in mice during the incubation period.	brain tissue from 64 rabies suspect specimens were inoculated intracerebrally into twenty 9-12 gm adult swiss white mice. two mice from each specimen were killed on specific days postinoculation and examined for the presence of rabies virus by the fluorescent antibody staining technique. in this way a positive diagnosis was made in the majority of cases between postinoculation days 4 and 12 when the incubation period of these same specimens ranged between eight and 20 days.	1976	793696
structure and molecular biology of rabies virus.		1976	797532
zonal-centrifuged human diploid cell rabies vaccine.	in order to reduce the risk of allergic reactions, a purified human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine was developed. pitman-moore strain of rabies was propagated in wi-38 or mrc-5 cells. both cell strains were found to be equally suitable for pro agation of rabies virus. the virus was purified and concentrated by continuous-flow sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. virus peak fractions were diluted with a stabilized and then inactivated with bpl and freeze-dried. according to the stan ...	1976	801472
thymus dependence of rabies vaccine.	immune responses to rabies vaccine were compared with those to known thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens, in nude mice and their normal litter mates. no antibody response to, or protection against, challenge was observed in nude mice inoculated with either 1 or 2 doses of rabies vaccine. a single dose of the same vaccine induced a substantial antibody response and protected normal mice. these data indicate that the antigens in rabies vaccine that induce neutralizing antibody and pro ...	1976	1087335
clinical use of human globulin immune to rabies virus.	studies of human globulin immune to rabies virus before licensure showed that it suppressed active antibody responses when individuals received 16 doses of duck embryo vaccine but not when they received 23 doses of duck embryo vaccine. prospective surveillance of use of human globulin immune to rabies virus since licensure in 1974 has revealed that 40% of persons who receive 14-16 doses of duck embryo vaccine have low or undetectable antibody responses 30-90 days after initiation of the series. ...	1976	932504
immunization schedules for the new human diploid cell vaccine against rabies.	clinical and antibody responses of human volunteers to four different serial production lots of human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) each with a different antigenic value are described. three to four doses of hdcv administered over a period of 14 days produced high levels of virus neutralizing antibodies with an average titer up to 20 times higher than the titer elicited by four doses of duck embryo vaccine. antibodies were still present one year after completion of vaccination. only minimal differ ...	1976	942811
human rabies encephalomyelitis.	seven weeks after he was bitten on the lip by a puppy in the gambia a patient showed symptons of rabies. passive and active immunisation was begun three days after the onset of symptons. the evidence indicated that death was a direct consequence of the central nervous system disease rather than any associated complication. our inability to alter the course of the illness appreciably emphasises the importance of immediate postexposure immunisation in rabies and draws attention to the present lack ...	1976	944605
a case of rabies in man: some problems in diagnosis and management.	a patient who returned from india with a gastrointestinal disturbance subsequently developed the clinical features of rabies. the diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of rabies virus from saliva and the demonstration of rising titres of rabies antibody. he was treated in an intensive care unit, ventilated mechanically, and given rabies antiserum, but cerebral activity ceased and he died after 22 days. his course was marked by numerous bouts of cardiac arrhythmia including complete heart block. t ...	1976	944606
problems associated with rabies preexposure prophylaxis.	with the rabies vaccine presently available for preexposure prophylaxis, 20% of all individuals do not have seroconversion following routine immunizations, and 5% are allergic to this vaccine. two experimental rabies vaccines of cell culture origin offering greater purity and potency were evaluated by means of a double-blind experiment. thirty-one volunteers who did not have seroconversion or who were allergic to duck embryo rabies vaccine received rabies vaccine produced in either human diploid ...	1976	946209
[bone marrow cells of mice immunized with different rabies vaccines].	cytogenetic studies of bone marrow cells of mice after inoculated differently with viral vaccines (fixed rabies virus, antirabic vaccine with the remainder virulence and fully inactivated with ultraviolet light antirabic vaccine) showed that all the vaccines, except the fully inactivated one, caused temporary damages of chromosomes interfering with the process of the first mitotic divisions after the beginning of immunization. the live fixed rabies virus caused a secondary, more significant incr ...	1976	951742
natural resistance of an african rodent praomys (mastomys) natalensis to rabies infection.	praomys (mastomys) natalensis, the multimammate mouse, proved resistant to the intracerebral and peripheral infection with rabies virus of serotype 1, which is found world-wide. it is, however, fully susceptible to the other serotypes of this virus group, which to-date have only been found on the african continent. resistance develops between the third and twenty-first day after birth. in the brain of the resistant animal the inoculated virus multiplies to a low degree and the animal does not de ...	1976	952444
the oral rabies immunization of foxes and dogs with sausage baits.	foxes wer immunized orally with an attenuated rabies vaccine, era, grown on bhk cells. the liquid vaccine was placed in plastic straws, which in turn were incorporated into smoked sausage baits, acceptable to and readily ingested by the animals. when the baits were bitten and the meat swallowed, an oral immunizing dose of vaccine resulted in circulating antibody titers in foxes (and dogs); the animals with antibody resisted a "street" rabies virus challenge that killed unvaccinated controls. the ...	1976	955279
[experimental concentration and purification of cultural antirabies vaccine].	a study of 6 series of concentrated and purified -- by ultracentrifugation -- dry cultural rabies vaccine inactivated with ultra-voilet rays demonstrated that in case of a 31--316 increase of concentration immunogenicity of the preparation rose 3--13-fold. purification of the vaccine took place with its concentration. additional purification of the concentrated vaccine on aluminium oxide led to a partial loss of the viral protein and to reduction of immunogenicity.	1976	961258
oral rabies vaccine: evaluation of its infectivity in three species of rodents.	the safety of oral rabies vaccine was evaluated in 3 species of rodents, animals which might inadvertently consume field-distributed vaccine baits intended for foxes. the potentials for infection from bait ingestion and transmission through cannibalism were evaluated. results indicate that ingestion of the vaccine baits used in these experiments will result in infection and disease of some rodents. of 64 rodents which ate baits, 19 (30%) died of clinical rabies; the diagnosis was confirmed in 11 ...	1976	961696
rabies vaccines for animals and man.		1976	969208
plaque assay of rabies virus on porcine kidney cell monolayers.	the era strain of rabies virus was adapted to growth on monolayers of a porcine kidney cell line (pk-2a). a reproducible plaque assay system was subsequently developed, which appears to be satisfactory for conducting plaque neutralization tests.	1976	972180
demonstration of non-infectious hemagglutinating particles of rabies virus and isolation of the hemagglutinin by disruption of the virion with nonidet p-40.	non-infectious hemagglutinating particles of rabies virus accumulated in the fluid phase of chick embryo cell cultures at 6 days post-infection, though they were undetectable at 4 days. they were characterized as looped filaments resembling viral envelope as revealed by electron microscopy. another form of hemagglutinin (hanin) was obtained by solubilization of partially purified virions with nonidet p-40 (np-40) followed by successive high speed and cscl density gradient centrifugations. the de ...	1976	973800
vaccination against rabies.		1976	982513
[electron miscroscopic studies of rabies virus].		1976	988253
large-scale purification of animal viruses in the rk-model zonal ultracentrifuge. i. rabies virus.		1976	993213
[immunogenicity and protective activity of glycoprotein extracted from rabies virus: results from comparison of preparations obtained by different methods of purification (author's transl)].	a rabies vaccine was prepared from virus grown on primary cultured bovine foetal kidney cells. after beta-propiolactone inactivation of the virus, the vaccine was partially purified by zinc acetate precipitation, g-75 sephadex chromatography, and ultracentrifugation prior to a non ionic detergent solubilisation. a glycoprotein fraction with protective capacity was extracted by triton x100 from the spikes of the inactivated rabies virus. an electrophoretically homogenous glycoprotein was found to ...	1976	999129
[stability of fixed virus in rabies vaccines].		1976	1004066
[effect of viral vaccines on animal bone marrow cell chromosomes].	a comparative study on the effect of a number of viral vaccines (live and inactivated vaccinia, poliovirus type ii, measles, rabies vaccines) on chromosomes of mouse bone marrow cells was carried out. most vaccines were found to impair the process of first divisions of these cells after vaccination. live vaccinia vaccine and live fixed rabies virus cause an increase in the rate of structural chromosome aberrations at later intervals, 30-90 days after immunization. the main type of chromosome dis ...	1976	1007225
[experimental study of rabies virus (vnukovo-32 strain) persistence in white mice].	the duration of detection of the specific antigen in the cells of the central nervous system (cns) of mice extraneurally infected with 450, 560 and 4380 ld50 of rabies virus, the vnukovo-32 strain was studied. the antigen in the cns cells was detected by the fluorescent antibody technique from the 11th until the 52nd day postinoculation, at 16-34 days being found in 50 to 100% of the experimental animals. in parallel, virus-neutralizing antibody was determined in the blood serum of the infected ...	1976	1007228
[abortive and asymptomatic forms of rabies infection].		1976	1007719
[purification and concentration of the rabies virus on an aluminum phosphate gel].		1976	1014346
a study on cell mediated immunity to rabies virus: lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro.		1976	1017854
human rabies. ii. serological studies and intra-vitam virus isolation.		1976	1019535
[potency studies of sample rabies vaccine, inactivated by beta-propiolactone].		1976	1023462
freeze-drying of a purified human diploid cell rabies vaccine.	a rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell strains was purified by continuous-flow sucrose density gradient centrifugation. the peak fractions containing 35-40% sucrose were diluted with a stabilizer consisting of degraded gelatine in a tris-edta-buffer, and then inactivated with beta-propiolactone and freeze-dried to a residual moisture of approximately 2.5%. this vaccine was stable as proved by accelerated stability tests.	1976	1030426
[intensity of virus multiplication in abortive rabies].	experiments in random-bred and balb/c white mice inoculated intraperitoneally with street virus, in syrian hamsters inoculated intramuscularly with fixed viruses as well as experiments reproducing abortive rabies in 99-100% in random-bred white mice inoculated intramuscularly with fixed virus (era strain) showed that in the abortive infection the intensity of virus multiplication in the brain is lower than that in fatal infection, the differences being statistically significant. it was found out ...	1976	1030903
production and control of rabies vaccines made on diploid cells.	introductory remarks on the advantages of antirabies vaccines obtained from human diploid cell cultures in comparison with brain tissue vaccine and duck embryo vaccine. the characteristics of these new types of vaccine are: (i) high antigenicity, (ii) rapid development of antibodies, (iii) absence of adverse reactions even when the booster inoculation was given two years later. the disadvantage is the high cost of production to obtain a highly purified product.	1976	1031688
post-exposure use of human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine.	880 individuals, 120 of which were exposed to rabid animals, were immunized pre- or post-exposure with 2 different bpl-inactivated and concentrated rabies vaccines prepared in hdc strains wi-38 and mrc-5. the vaccines were well tolerated and no major side effects were observed after primary immunization with 3-10 doses or 1 booster vaccination. the dynamics of neutralizing, antibody formation and persistence of antibodies in 4 different groups of vaccinees are described. the groups were vaccinat ...	1976	1031689
clinical responses to t(n)bp-disrupted hdcs (wi-38) rabies vaccine.	study of 10 batches of an antirabies vaccine made from purified, concentrated subunits (pitman-moore strain adapted to wistar hdcs). one single dose of vaccine is insufficient; three or more doses induce high antibody levels. among more than 2000 vaccines secondary reactions were rare and generally mild and transient. all the individuals vaccinated post-exposure remained without rabic symptoms. the vaccine was also particularly efficacious for booster doses.	1976	1031690
the development of rabbit diploid cell lines.	the authors describe briefly studies on the development of diploid cell lines from fetal tissues (origin: four inbred rabbits). some lines have been maintained in continuous serial culture for over three years. the lung 16 may represent a qualifying rabbit diploid cell line when used between cell passages 48 and 100; during this period it has shown a minimum deviation from the normal diploid rabbit karyotype; it supports the growth of rubella virus, is non-tumorigenic and might be useful as a su ...	1976	1036403
[the lesser known but much feared virus of hydrophobia or rabies].		1976	1050306
role of interferon in prophylaxis of rabies after exposure.	rhesus monkeys were completely protected from rabies by a single dose of experimental, highly concentrated, rabies virus vaccine prepared from virus propagated in cultures of human diploid cells and administered several hours after infection with street rabies virus. protection seemed to be related to the high antigenicity of the vaccine and to its ability to induce interferon in vaccinated animals. only partial protection was afforded by one or three inoculations of less concentrated vaccines t ...	1976	819599
alteration of the in vitro host range of rabies virus after serial chick embryo cell passage using alkaline maintenance medium.	hep flury strain of rabies virus maintained by 7-day chicken egg passage (parent line) and the same strain serially passaged in primary chick embryo (ce) cells using alkaline maintenance medium (am line) were inoculated to cells of various species. growth was negative in primary mouse embryo, l and hela cells, and positive in primary hamster kidney and bhk21 cells with both lines. an all-or-none difference between the two lines was observed in primary monkey kidney and vero cells. the parent lin ...	1976	824485
neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody responses in pre- and post-exposure vaccinees to a rabies vaccine produced in human diploid cells.		1976	825515
[demonstration of sialic acid in the rabies virus. consequences of its removal on infectious and hemagglutinating properties].		1976	827343
effects of cytosine arabinoside, adenine arabinoside, and 6-azauridine on rabies virus in vitro and in vivo.	the antiviral agents cytosine arabinoside, adenine arabinoside, and 6-azauridine were shown to inhibit the replication of rabies virus in vitro but not the replication of sindbis virus. these same drugs were not effective in reducing the mortality rate in mice challenged with street rabies virus.	1976	1245759
ethylenimine-inactivated rabies vaccine of tissue culture origin.	the replication of seven rabies virus strains (cvs, hep, pv, era, wirab, cpz and bolivar) in bhk cells and the inactivation dynamics of these strains by beta-propiolactone, acetylethylenimine, and ethylenimine were studied to find the most immunogenic strain and the most economic and stable inactivating agent for the production of an inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine for animal use. the seven strains reached the peak of virus production 3 to 5 days after inoculation of the cell culture; ...	1976	1254701
prophylactic immunization of humans against rabies by intradermal inoculation of human diploid cell culture vaccine.	the antirabies human diploid cell vaccine produced by 1'institute merieux, lyon, france, was administered intradermally to 35 high-risk volunteers using 0.2-ml amounts and various immunization schedules. three groups never before vaccinated against rabies developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, the titer of which was dose dependent. a single injection stimulated the formation of antibodies. four inoculations induced the highest antibody levels and the longest persistence of antibody. the admini ...	1976	1254722
rabies immunization of red foxes (vulpes fulva) with vaccine in sausage baits.	foxes were orally vaccinated against rabies with two modified live vaccine viruses, era/bhk-21 and pri strain, in sausage baits. the baits proved acceptable to caged foxes and effectively delivered immunizing doses of vaccine. antibody profiles on the vaccinated foxes and intramuscular challenge with "street" rabies virus showed the era/bhk-21 vaccine to be more effective than the pri vaccine. the addition of a stabilizer helped maintain virus titers when the baits were subjected to high (35 c) ...	1976	1258865
[comparative studies on pathomorphological changes in brains of various laboratory animals inoculated with fixed and attenuated strains of rabies virus].		1976	1264357
temperature-sensitive mutants of rabies virus in mice: a mutant (ts2) revertant mixture selectively pathogenic by the peripheral route of inoculation.	analysis of the pathogenic potential in mice of a variety of rabies and rabies serogroup viruses revealed that an apparently revertant population of virus derived from cvs mutant ts 2 had a unique capacity to selectively induce paralytic disease when given by a peripheral [intraplantar (i.pl.)] route of inoculation. little paralytic disease was induced by high concentrations of virus administered by the intracerebral (i.c.) route, whereas paralytic disease and death were characteristically induc ...	1976	1270147
[the influence of rabies immunization of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in the brains of animals].	subcutaneous injection to albino rats (100-120 g) of lived fixed rabies virus was accompanied by a brief marked decrease in the content of gamma-aminobutryic acid in the animals' brain. there was also an increase in the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid alpha-ketoglutaric acid transaminase in the brain tissue of animals vaccinated with live fixed rabies virus.	1976	1276413
rabies antibodies in sera of wild birds.	three hundred forty-three birds representing six orders and 22 species were examined serologically for antibodies against rabies. low passive hemagglutination titers were observed in 23 samples. fifteen of 65 (23.1%) predatory birds and 8 of 278 (2.9%) non-predatory birds were positive. rabies antibody positive sera from non-predatory species were from species commonly thought to be scavengers suggesting the importance of the oral route for the presentation of rabies virus to birds.	1976	16498885
experimental rabies in a great horned owl.	a great horned owl (bubo virginianus) was fed the carcass of an experimentally infected rabid skunk. the bird developed antibody titer to rabies, detected by passive haemagglutination, 27 days after oral inoculation by ingestion. the owl suppressed the infection until corticosteroid administration, after which a maximum antibody titer was attained. evidence of active rabies viral infection was seen by fluorescent antibody staining of oral swabs, corneal impression smears and histologic tissue sm ...	1976	16498892
arbovirus infection of vertebrate and insect cell cultures, with special emphasis on mokola, obodhiang, and kotonkan viruses of the rabies serogroup.	multiplication of rabies serogroup viruses, obodhiang and kotonkan (two presumptive arboviruses), was induced in vertebrate cell cultures with singh's a. albopictus cell cultures used as "helper cells" in cocultivation experiments. plaque formation without prior in vitro adaptation was induced in vero cell cultures with eight rabies serogroup viruses: in all five instances by cocultivation of either infected bhk-21 or a. albopictus cells with vero cells under agar overlay and in three of eight i ...	1975	1072596
[demonstration of rabies in a bat in berlin].		1975	1091260
treatment of persons exposed to rabies.	several clinical and epidemiologic criteria have been formulated by the center for disease control in advising physicians on the treatment of persons exposed to possibly rabit animals. when deciding whether or not to institute rabies prophylaxis, the physician must consider (1) the type of exposure, (2) the animal species involved in the exposure and the regional epidemiology of rabies, (3) the circumstances surrounding the exposure, and (4) the treatment alternatives and complications.	1975	1091748
rabies neutralizing antibody determination in tissue culture by direct fluorescent antibody technique.		1975	1092690
pathogenesis of rabies in immunodeficient mice.	the hep and ts2 strains of rabies virus inoculated intracerebrally into adult mice normally cause clinically inapparent infection. in the experiments described, this is converted into a lethal infection by immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide, which also prevented induction of immunity with vaccine. lethal infection of hep-inoculated mice was also observed in mice treated with antihymocytic serum, and in athymic (balb/c-nu) nude mice.	1975	1092760
studies on the oral infectivity of rabies virus in carnivora.	mature and immature red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were fed varying numbers of white mice infected with street isolates and a fixed strain of rabies virus. rabies deaths and the development of serum neutralizing antibody to rabies virus occurred in both species. the epizootiological implications of these findings are discussed.	1975	1097742
vaccination of foxes against rabies using ingested baits.	a method for immunizing foxes against rabies was evaluated. fifteen of 36 red foxes (vulpes fulva) fed baits impregnated with modified live virus rabies vaccine developed serum rabies neutralizing antibody. the vaccine-bait proved unstable when held at 4 c or 25 c for 96 hours prior to feeding. for safety testing the vaccine virus was administered to opossums (didelphis virginiana), cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus), hamsters (mesocricetus auratus), and chickens (gallus domesticus) in either liqui ...	1975	1097743
sensitivity of bhk-21 cells supplemented with diethylaminoethyl-dextran for detection of street rabies virus in saliva samples.	a tissue culture system for detecting rabies virus from saliva samples of suspected animals was developed and compared to suckling mouse inoculation. swab samples were obtained from the mouth of the animal heads received for rabies diagnosis; these swabs were submerged in maintenance medium. the maintenance medium was inoculated intracerebrally into suckling mice and onto bhk-21 cells with diethylaminoethyl (deae)-dextran (bhk/deae) and without (bhk). rabies immunofluorescence was performed on t ...	1975	1100655
measurement of rabies antibody: comparison of the mouse neutralization test (mnt) with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit).		1975	1102548
[comparative studies on the significance of the "cornea test" in the diagnosis of rabies].	foxes that were positive by the fluorescent antibody test on brain were also positive by the corneal test. the corneal test gave a false-negative results only when the specimen was in a macerated state. out of 133 foxes in which rabies virus was demonstrated in the optic nerve by animal inoculation, only one was negative to the corneal test - this may have been a case of centripetal spread of the infection which was examined at a stage when virus was present in the optic nerve but not in the cor ...	1975	1103770