Publications

assessment of comparative toxicities of lead and copper using plant assay.	the acute toxicities of lead (pb) and copper (cu) to important crop plants sorghum bicolor, cucumis sativus, triticum aestivum, and zea mays were compared. the ec50 values (the concentration of metals in the soil that reduces the growth of shoots and roots by 50%) were derived using the trimmed spearman-karber method. the ec50s-shoot (root) in mg pb kg-1 dry soil and mg cu kg-1 dry soil were in the range of 519 to >1280 (285-445), and 48-232 (<40-110), respectively. those concentrations are like ...	2006	16153686
structural changes of plant residues during decomposition in a compost environment.	the degradation of plant material during composting was investigated qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (sem) and quantitatively by chemical methods. decomposition of miscanthus (miscanthus oogiformis l.), hemp (cannabis sativa l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) straw was observed by placing litterbags containing these materials in compost piles. hemp and miscanthus straw were more stable than wheat straw, but the two materials differed in the way they were degraded despite similar ...	2006	15990291
the possibility of useful usage of biodegradation products of sunflower plants.	heads of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) were first biodegraded at 55 degrees c by their microflora. biodegradation products of sunflower heads (bpsh) were analyzed. they were found to contain 9.77% dry matter, 3.98% total ash, 3.18% crude protein and 5.75% total organic matter. bod load was determined as 4.80 g/100 g. subsequently, the effects of bpsh at various concentrations (1.0%, 2.5%, 10% and 100%) on the seed germination and some growth parameters of phaseolus vulgaris l., cicer arietinu ...	2006	15922594
cuticular uptake of xenobiotics into living plants. part 2: influence of the xenobiotic dose on the uptake of bentazone, epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin, applied in the presence of various surfactants, into chenopodium album, sinapis alba and triticum aestivum leaves.	this study has determined the uptake of three pesticides, applied as commercial or model formulations in the presence of a wide range of surfactants, into the leaves of three plant species (bentazone into chenopodium album l. and sinapis alba l., epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin into triticum aestivum l.). the results have confirmed previous findings that the initial dose (nmol mm(-2)) of xenobiotic applied to plant foliage is a strong, positive determinant of uptake. this held true for all the ...	2006	16718743
quantification of benzoxazinone derivatives in wheat (triticum aestivum) varieties grown under contrasting conditions in denmark.	three varieties of winter wheat (triticum aestivum) were grown in both conventional and organic farming systems. the contents of the benzoxazinone derivatives 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa), 2-beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa-glc), 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (mboa), 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (hmboa), benzoxazolin-2-one (boa), and 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (hboa) were analyzed at five growth stages (bbch 9-10, 12 ...	2006	16478212
concentration of benzoxazinoids in roots of field-grown wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties.	benzoxazinones are naturally occurring secondary metabolites of some gramineae plants, responsible for their resistance to some pathogenic fungi and for their allelopathic action. six varieties of winter wheat grown in fields under organic or conventional systems and 11 old accessions were tested for two consecutive seasons and three plant development stages for the concentration in their roots of cyclic hydroxamic acids and their degradation products. this is the first report of six benzoxazino ...	2006	16478211
rna interference-based gene silencing as an efficient tool for functional genomics in hexaploid bread wheat.	insertional mutagenesis and gene silencing are efficient tools for the determination of gene function. in contrast to gain- or loss-of-function approaches, rna interference (rnai)-induced gene silencing can possibly silence multigene families and homoeologous genes in polyploids. this is of great importance for functional studies in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum), where most of the genes are present in at least three homoeologous copies and conventional insertional mutagenesis is not effect ...	2006	16861570
enzyme activities and arylsulfatase protein content of dust and the soil source: biochemical fingerprints?	little is known about the potential of enzyme activities, which are sensitive to soil properties and management, for the characterization of dust properties. enzyme activities may be among the dust properties key to identifying the soil source of dust. we generated dust (27 and 7 microm) under controlled laboratory conditions from agricultural soils (0-5 cm) with history of continuous cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) or cotton rotated with peanut (arachis hypogaea l.), sorghum [sorghum bicolor (l. ...	2006	15356225
trends in comparative genetics and their potential impacts on wheat and barley research.	we review some general points about comparative mapping, the evolution of gene families and recent advances in the understanding of angiosperm phylogeny. these are considered in relation to studies of large-genome cereals, particularly barley (hordeum vulgare) and wheat (triticum aestivum), with reference to methods of gene isolation. the relative merits of direct map-based cloning in barley and wheat, utilization of the smaller genome of rice (oryza sativa) and gene homology methods that utiliz ...	2006	11999846
changes in hydrophilic antioxidant activity in avena sativa and triticum aestivum leaves of different age during de-etiolation and high-light treatment.	the steady-state of reactive oxygen species (ros) in plant cells is controlled by ros-producing and scavenging agents. a large cellular pool of antioxidant metabolites is involved in their control. variations in this antioxidant pool may be monitored by measuring changes in hydrophilic antioxidant activity (free radical-quenching activity of water-soluble components) and ascorbic acid levels. the de-etiolation process and induction of light stress in avena sativa and triticum aestivum leaves wer ...	2006	16628378
inter- and intra-guild interactions related to aphids in nettle (urtica dioica l.) strips closed to field crops.	a field experiment designed to assess the biodiversity related to nettle strips closed to crops, and more particularly the aphid and related beneficial populations, was established in experimental farm located in gembloux (belgium). margin strips of nettle (urtica dioica) closed to wheat (triticum aestivum), green pea (pisum sativum) and rape (brassicae napus) fields were investigated. the diversity, abundance of aphids and related predators were analysed according to the plant crop species and ...	2006	17385508
identification of common root-lesion nematode (pratylenchus thornei sher et allen) loci in bread wheat.	plant parasitic nematodes are a major biotic cause of wheat-yield loss in temperate wheat-growing regions. a major strategy to develop resistance to root-lesion nematodes (rlns) in wheat is to assess and then exploit their natural genetic variation. this study examines rln (pratylenchus thornei) resistance in 1 middle eastern landrace (aus4930 7.2) and 1 synthetic hexaploid wheat, croc_1/ae. squarrosa (224)//opata (croc), using f2 and f9 populations generated by crossing aus4930 7.2 and croc wit ...	2006	17213914
effects of herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on physiological mechanisms in wheat (triticum aestivum).	changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidases (pod) and superoxide dismutases (sod) and in the contents of chlorophyll (chl), malondialdehyde (mda), and soluble proteins (sp) in wheat (triticum aestivum) under the stress of chlorimuron-ethyl in soil were examined. chlorimuron-ethyl induced oxidative stress that was indicated by elevated mda content in leaves and roots after a 1-day exposure. the 300-microg/kg chlorimuron-ethyl treatment caused significant damage to chl acc ...	2006	15925408
short-term bioassay responses to sludge products and leachate.	recycling of sewage sludge is needed in a sustainable society. quality aspects of sludge include hygiene (pathogens), nutrients (n and p), and toxicants (metals and organics). metals are of particular concern because they are not degradable, but their hazards are related to their bioavailability and chemical speciation. in this article, the effect on sludge quality of two treatment methods, incineration and pelletization, has been determined for digested sludge from two treatment plants. the com ...	2006	16865600
is photosynthetic transcriptional regulation in triticum aestivum l. cv. 'tugeladn' a contributing factor for tolerance to diuraphis noxia (homoptera: aphididae)?	diuraphis noxia (russian wheat aphid, rwa) is a major pest on wheat in south africa and most other wheat growing countries. being a probing-sucking insect, rwas insert their stylets into the phloem sieve elements and feed on the phloem sap. this feeding causes necrotic lesions in resistant varieties, or decoloration of leaves and death in susceptible varieties. in an effort to broaden our understanding on the response of the plant to rwa feeding, we synthesized and analyzed expressed sequence ta ...	2006	16328390
development, utilization of introgression lines using a synthetic wheat as donor.	a series of introgression lines (ils) were generated from repeated backcrossing between the exotic hexaploid wheat genotype am3 and the common wheat genotype laizhou953. am3 was synthesized by crossing triticum carthlicum with aegilops tauschii and was used as the donor parent in this study, and laizhou953 was used as the recurrent parent. two hundred and five ssr markers showing polymorphism between the two parents were used to identify the introgressed am3 chromosome segments in 97 bc4f3 ils. ...	2006	16550399
advanced backcross qtl analysis of a hard winter wheat x synthetic wheat population.	advanced backcross quantitative trait locus (ab-qtl) analysis was used to identify qtls for yield and yield components in a backcross population developed from a cross between hard red winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) variety karl 92 and the synthetic wheat line ta 4152-4. phenotypic data were collected for agronomic traits including heading date, plant height, kernels per spike, kernel weight, tiller number, biomass, harvest index, test weight, grain yield, protein content, and kernel hardne ...	2006	16463062
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to phosphorus uptake by wheat grown in a phosphorus-fixing soil even in the absence of positive growth responses.	we used 32p to quantify the contribution of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus (glomus intraradices) to phosphorus (p) uptake by wheat (triticum aestivum), grown in compartmented pots. the soil was from a major cereal-growing area, the eyre peninsula, south australia; it was highly calcareous and p-fixing. fertilizer p was added to soil at 20 mg kg(-1), as solid or liquid. two extraction methods were used to estimate plant-available p. fungal colonization was well established at harvest (36 d ...	2006	17083683
toxic effects and oxidative stress in higher plants exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their n-heterocyclic derivatives.	n-heterocyclic derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (npahs) are widespread concomitantly with their parent analogues and have been detected in air, water, sediments, and soil. although they were shown to be highly toxic to some organisms, our understanding of their occurrence, environmental fate, biological metabolism, and effects is limited. this study evaluated toxic effects of three homocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs-phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorene) and their seven n-heteroc ...	2006	17220094
structural and functional analyses of the wheat genomes based on expressed sequence tags (ests) related to abiotic stresses.	to gain insights into the structure and function of the wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genomes, we identified 278 ests related to abiotic stress (cold, heat, drought, salinity, and aluminum) from 7671 ests previously mapped to wheat chromosomes. of the 278 abiotic stress related ests, 259 (811 loci) were assigned to chromosome deletion bins and analyzed for their distribution pattern among the 7 homoeologous chromosome groups. distribution of abiotic stress related est loci were not uniform throug ...	2006	17218960
analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among several species of gramineae using acgm markers.	to study the transferability of rice (oryza sativa l.) genome data, we used amplified consensus genetic markers to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among several species and genera in gramineae. ten accessions representing five grass genera (oryza, zea, setaria, triticum, and phyllostachys) were used. according to the genetic distances, a cluster tree was constructed. the relationships among the five genera could be simply described as ((oryza + (zea +setaria)) +triticum) +phyllostachys. t ...	2006	17185173
a sodium transporter (hkt7) is a candidate for nax1, a gene for salt tolerance in durum wheat.	durum wheat (triticum turgidum subsp. durum) is more salt sensitive than bread wheat (triticum aestivum). a novel source of na(+) exclusion conferring salt tolerance to durum wheat is present in the durum wheat line 149 derived from triticum monococcum c68-101, and a quantitative trait locus contributing to low na(+) concentration in leaf blades, nax1, mapped to chromosome 2al. in this study, we used the rice (oryza sativa) genome sequence and data from the wheat expressed sequence tag deletion ...	2006	17071645
discovery of cyclotide-like protein sequences in graminaceous crop plants: ancestral precursors of circular proteins?	cyclotides are peptides from plants of the rubiaceae and violaceae families that have the unusual characteristic of a macrocylic backbone. they are further characterized by their incorporation of a cystine knot in which two disulfides, along with the intervening backbone residues, form a ring through which a third disulfide is threaded. the cyclotides have been found in every violaceae species screened to date but are apparently present in only a few rubiaceae species. the selective distribution ...	2006	16935986
characterization of expressed pgip genes in rice and wheat reveals similar extent of sequence variation to dicot pgips and identifies an active pgip lacking an entire lrr repeat.	polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (pgips) are leucine-rich repeat (lrr) proteins involved in plant defence. a number of pgips have been characterized from dicot species, whereas only a few data are available from monocots. database searches and genome-specific cloning strategies allowed the identification of four rice (oryza sativa l.) and two wheat (triticum aestivum l.) pgip genes. the rice pgip genes (ospgip1, ospgip2, ospgip3 and ospgip4) are distributed over a 30 kbp region of the short ...	2006	16906405
organ-specific analysis of the anaerobic primary metabolism in rice and wheat seedlings. i: dark ethanol production is dominated by the shoots.	during anaerobiosis in darkness the main route for atp production in plants is through glycolysis in combination with fermentation. we compared the organ-specific anaerobic fermentation of flooding-tolerant rice (oryza sativa) and sensitive wheat (triticum aestivum) seedlings. a sensitive laser-based photoacoustic trace gas detection system was used to monitor emission of ethanol and acetaldehyde by roots and shoots of intact seedlings. dark-incubated rice seedlings released 3 times more acetald ...	2006	16845530
rna editing site recognition in heterologous plant mitochondria.	rna editing is a process that modifies the information content of mitochondrial messenger rnas in flowering plants changing specific cytosine residues into uridine. to gain insight into editing site recognition, we used electroporation to introduce engineered wheat (triticum aestivum) or potato (solanum tuberosum) mitochondrial cox2 genes, and an atp9-containing chimeric gene, into non-cognate mitochondria, and observed the efficiency of editing in these contexts. both wheat and potato mitochond ...	2006	17033819
durum wheat adulteration detection by nir spectroscopy multivariate calibration.	in the present work, we explored the possibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy in order to quantify the degree of adulteration of durum wheat flour with common bread wheat flour. the multivariate calibration techniques adopted to this aim were pls and a wavelet-based calibration algorithm, recently developed by some of us, called wilma. both techniques provided satisfactory results, the percentage of adulterant present in the samples being quantified with an uncertainty lower than that ass ...	2006	18970492
wheat (triticum aestivum) is susceptible to the parasitic angiosperm striga hermonthica, a major cereal pathogen in africa.	abstract striga hermonthica is a parasitic weed endemic to sub-saharan africa. it most commonly parasitizes sorghum, maize, pearl millet, and upland rice, lowering yields and affecting the welfare of over 100 million people, principally subsistence farmers. cereal crops with complete resistance to this pathogen have not been reported. in southern and eastern africa, where striga spp. are endemic, 5.6 million ha of wheat are cultivated annually. despite this, there are only isolated field reports ...	2005	18943360
identification, chromosome location, and diagnostic markers for a new gene (yrcn19) for resistance to wheat stripe rust.	abstract several wheat lines and cultivars of wheat (triticum aestivum) originating from the southwestern region of china were found to be highly resistant to stripe rust by inoculation with the prevalent races (cyr30, cyr31, and cyr32) and newly emerged races (h46-4, sy11-4 and sy11-14) of the pathogen. an inheritance study of the resistance to stripe rust was carried out by crossing resistant aim6 with susceptible beiz76. results indicated that the resistance to stripe rust was controlled by a ...	2005	18943356
cobalt(ii) coordination compounds of ethyl 4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylate: chemical and biochemical characterization on photosynthesis and seed germination.	in this work we present the synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization of co(2+) coordination compounds with ethyl 4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxylate (emizco). the effects of emizco, the metal salts cocl(2).6h(2)o, cobr(2), co(no(3))(2).6h(2)o and their metal coordination compounds [co(emizco)(2)cl(2)], [co(emizco)(2) br(2)].h(2)o, [co(emizco)(2) (h(2)o)(2)(no(2))(2).2h(2)o were evaluated on photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts. seed germination and seedling growth of the monocotyle ...	2005	18365092
[effects of various steroids of corticotropin (acth) on the processes of germination & growth of seeds of triticum vulgare & phaseolus vulgaris].		2005	13591741
physiological and genetic analyses of aluminium tolerance in rice, focusing on root growth during germination.	aluminium (al) ion limits root growth of plants in acidic soils, and rice exhibits the highest level of al-tolerance among graminous crops. to elucidate al-tolerance mechanisms in rice, response to al was compared between rice (oryza sativa l., cv. nipponbare) and wheat (triticum aestivum l., cv. et8), focusing on seminal root growth at seedling stage and germination stage. at seedling stage, rice and wheat were similarly sensitive to al in both dose- and time-dependent manner during a 24-h al e ...	2005	16095709
large intraspecific haplotype variability at the rph7 locus results from rapid and recent divergence in the barley genome.	to study genome evolution and diversity in barley (hordeum vulgare), we have sequenced and compared more than 300 kb of sequence spanning the rph7 leaf rust disease resistance gene in two barley cultivars. colinearity was restricted to five genic and two intergenic regions representing <35% of the two sequences. in each interval separating the seven conserved regions, the number and type of repetitive elements were completely different between the two homologous sequences, and a single gene was ...	2005	15659632
real-time polymerase chain reaction based assays for quantitative detection of barley, rice, sunflower, and wheat.	quality assurance is a major issue in the food industry. the authenticity of food ingredients and their traceability are required by consumers and authorities. plant species such as barley (hordeum vulgare), rice (oryza sativa), sunflower (helianthus annuus), and wheat (triticum aestivum) are very common among the ingredients of many processed food products; therefore the development of specific assays for their specific detection and quantification are needed. furthermore, the production and tr ...	2005	16131102
chemical alteration of the rhizosphere of the mycorrhizal-colonized wheat root.	plexiglass pot growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the chemical alterations in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal wheat roots after inoculation with glomus intraradices [arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf)]. exchange resins were used as sinks for nutrients to determine whether the inoculated plant can increase the solubility and the uptake of p and micronutrients. treatments included: (1) soil (bulk soil); (2) amf inoculation no p addition (i-p); (3) no inoculation with no p additi ...	2005	15503187
microsatellite dna polymorphism divergence in chinese wheat (triticum aestivum l.) landraces highly resistant to fusarium head blight.	genetic differences between 20 chinese wheat (triticum aestivum l.) landraces highly resistant to fusarium head blight (fhb) and 4 wheat lines highly susceptible to fhb were evaluated by means of microsatellite markers, in order to select suitable parents for gene mapping studies. thirty-nine out of 40 microsatellite markers (97.5%) were polymorphic among the 24 wheat genotypes. a total of 276 alleles were detected at the 40 microsatellite loci. the number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 1 ...	2005	15741658
[ecological toxicity of aluminum-based coagulant on representative corps in neutral environment].	by the terrestrial ecotoxicological methods of seed germination and root elongation, and with aluminum-based coagulant alcl3 which was widely used in wastewater- and water treatment as an example, this work studied the toxicological effects of aluminum-based coagulants on representative crops, including radish raphanus sativus, cabbage brassica chinensis and wheat triticum aestivum, over a range of exposure concentrations under the neutral condition (ph= 7.0), with contrast to an acid condition ...	2005	16471362
resistance to rhopalosiphum padi (homoptera: aphididae) in three triticale accessions.	experiments were conducted to identify and characterize host plant resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid, rhopalosiphum padi (l.), in various wheat and wheat-grass hybrids. initial tests screened for resistance to r. padi among 12 grass accessions (eight wheat [triticum aestivum l.], three triticale [xtriticosecale wittmack], and 1xelytricum [elytrigia elongata [host] nevski x triticum aestivum hybrid]). r. padi had less population growth on triticale accessions '8ta5l' (pi 611760) and 'stniism 3' ...	2005	15889754
aerobic stability of wheat and orchardgrass round-bale silages during winter.	using recently developed technology, balage is often stored in large (1.2 x 1.2 m) round bales that are wrapped in plastic film with an in-line wrapper. the aerobic stability of this fermented forage is important, particularly during winter months when it is fed to livestock or sold as a cash crop. two types of forage, orchardgrass [dactylis glomerata l.; 54.4% dry matter (dm)] and wheat (triticum aestivum l.; 62.4% dm), were packaged in large round bales and wrapped with an in-line wrapper duri ...	2005	15829675
[allelopathic effects of cultured cucurbita moschata root exudates].	by using the techniques of tissue culture, bio-assay and laboratory analysis, this paper studied the effects of the allelopathic chemicals from pumpkin (cucurbita moschata) roots on the seed germination and seedling growth of pumpkin, wheat (triticum aestivum), and radish (raphanus sativus). the pumpkin root was cultured on a sterile b5 media, and the concentrations of macro- and microelements, organic supplements and hormones in the media were adjusted by using an orthogonal design. after cultu ...	2005	16011180
effect of four cropping systems on variant western corn rootworm (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) adult and egg densities and subsequent larval injury in rotated maize.	the cultural practice of rotating corn, zea mays l., with soybean, glycine max (l.) merrill, to manage larval injury by the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, was used extensively throughout east central illinois and northern indiana until the mid-1990s. the effectiveness of this management tactic diminished due to a shift in the ovipositional behavior of the western corn rootworm. the variant western corn rootworm has since spread as far as northwestern illinois, sou ...	2005	16334328
biofumigant compounds released by field pennycress (thlaspi arvense) seedmeal.	defatted field pennycress (thlaspi arvense l.) seedmeal was found to completely inhibit seedling germination/emergence when added to a sandy loam soil containing wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and arugula [eruca vesicaria (l.) cav. subsp. sativa (mill.) thell.] seeds at levels of 1.0% w/w or higher. covering the pots with petri dishes containing the soil-seedmeal mixture decreased germination of both species at the lowest application rate (0.5% w/w), suggesting that the some of the phytotoxins wer ...	2005	15839488
cereal phosphate transporters associated with the mycorrhizal pathway of phosphate uptake into roots.	a very large number of plant species are capable of forming symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi. the roots of these plants are potentially capable of absorbing p from the soil solution both directly through root epidermis and root hairs, and via the am fungal pathway that delivers p to the root cortex. a large number of phosphate (p) transporters have been identified in plants; tissue expression patterns and kinetic information supports the roles of some of these in the ...	2005	16133217
diversification in substrate usage by glutathione synthetases from soya bean (glycine max), wheat (triticum aestivum) and maize (zea mays).	unlike animals which accumulate glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) alone as their major thiol antioxidant, several crops synthesize alternative forms of glutathione by varying the carboxy residue. the molecular basis of this variation is not well understood, but the substrate specificity of the respective gss (glutathione synthetases) has been implicated. to investigate their substrate tolerance, five gs-like cdnas have been cloned from plants that can accumulate alternative forms ...	2005	16008521
pratylenchus thornei associated with reduced wheat yield in oregon.	pratylenchus thornei reaches high population densities in non-irrigated annual cropping systems in low-rainfall regions of the pacific northwest. two spring wheat varieties with different levels of tolerance and susceptibility to p. thornei were treated or not treated with aldicarb in three experiments. grain yield was inversely correlated (p < 0.05) with pre-plant populations of p. thornei in soil and with p. thornei density in mature roots. as population of p. thornei increased, yield of the m ...	2005	19262842
plant-parasitic nematodes associated with reduced wheat yield in oregon: heterodera avenae.	heterodera avenae is widely distributed in the western united states, where most wheat is grown in non-irrigated winter wheat/summer fallow rotations in low rainfall regions. economic and social pressures have motivated growers to pursue a transition from winter wheat/summer fallow rotation to no-till annual spring cereals. annual cereals are also planted in some irrigated fields. the impact of h. avenae on spring wheat yield in the pacific northwest had been observed but not quantified. spring ...	2005	19262877
impact of cre1, cre8 and cre3 genes on cereal cyst nematode resistance in wheat.	the cereal cyst nematode (ccn; heterodera avenae), a root disease of cereal crops, is a major economic constraint in many wheat (triticum aestivum)-growing areas of the world. the objective of this study was to assess the impact of the cre1, cre8 and cre3 genes on ccn resistance. a population of 92 doubled-haploid (dh) lines derived from a cross between wheat cvs. frame and silverstar as well as 1,851 wheat breeding lines were screened for ccn resistance at the primary industries research victor ...	2005	15655664
structure-activity relationships (sar) studies of benzoxazinones, their degradation products and analogues. phytotoxicity on standard target species (sts).	benzoxazinones 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2h)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (dimboa) and 2,4-dihydroxy-(2h)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (diboa) have been considered key compounds for understanding allelopathic phenomena in gramineae crop plants such as corn (zea mays l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.), and rye (secale cereale l.). the degradation processes in the environment observed for these compounds, in which soil microbes are directly involved, could affect potential allelopathic activity of these pla ...	2005	15686399
graingenes 2.0. an improved resource for the small-grains community.	graingenes (http://wheat.pw.usda.gov) is an international database for genetic and genomic information about triticeae species (wheat [triticum aestivum], barley [hordeum vulgare], rye [secale cereale], and their wild relatives) and oat (avena sativa) and its wild relatives. a major strength of the graingenes project is the interaction of the curators with database users in the research community, placing graingenes as both a data repository and information hub. the primary intensively curated d ...	2005	16219925
competitive interactions among four pest species of earth mites (acari: penthaleidae).	earth mites are major winter pests of a variety of crops and pastures in southern australia. competition between four earth mite species was investigated using field and shadehouse experiments. the influence of different plant hosts on the frequency and intensity of competitive interactions also were examined. this information is important, because control attempts that eradicate one species of mite could be directly followed by an increase in abundance of another earth mite species. there were ...	2005	15889718
[effects of cultured astragalus adsurgens root on other plants growth].	by using orthogonal design, this paper investigated the growth of cultured prairie milk vetch (astragalus adsurgens) root on the b5 medium with different contents of sucrose, macro-and microelements and organic supplements, and adopting the method of filter paper-culture in petri-dish, studied the effects of a. adsurgens culture filtrate on the seedling growth of radish (raphanus sativus) and wheat (triticum aestivum). the results showed that the effect of a. adsurgens culture filtrate on r. sat ...	2005	16011183
endocytosis and vesicle trafficking during tip growth of root hairs.	the directional elongation of root hairs, "tip growth", depends on the coordinated and highly regulated trafficking of vesicles which fill the tip cytoplasm and are active in secretion of cell wall material. so far, little is known about the dynamics of endocytosis in living root hairs. we analyzed the motile behaviour of vesicles in the apical region of living root hairs of arabidopsis thaliana and of triticum aestivum by live cell microscopy. for direct observation of endocytosis and of the fa ...	2005	16231100
plant-based microarray data at the european bioinformatics institute. introducing atmiamexpress, a submission tool for arabidopsis gene expression data to arrayexpress.	arrayexpress is a public microarray repository founded on the minimum information about a microarray experiment (miame) principles that stores miame-compliant gene expression data. plant-based data sets represent approximately one-quarter of the experiments in arrayexpress. the majority are based on arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana); however, there are other data sets based on triticum aestivum, hordeum vulgare, and populus subsp. atmiamexpress is an open-source web-based software application f ...	2005	16219923
wheat cultivar-specific proteins in grain revealed by 2-de and their application to cultivar identification of flour.	wheat flour proteins were studied to identify the cultivar-specific proteins and use them to identify cultivars in flours. proteins extracted from flours of japanese wheat (cultivars hokushin, horoshirikomugi, kitanokaori and kachikei 33) and canadian wheat (canada western red spring wheat no. 1; 1cw) were analyzed by 2-de with ief gels over three ph ranges: ph 4-7, ph 5-8, and ph 6-11. this system enabled detection of more than 1600 protein spots. we recognized that among 50 protein spots showi ...	2005	16152659
regulation of vrn-1 vernalization genes in normal and transgenic polyploid wheat.	vernalization, the requirement of a long exposure to low temperatures to accelerate flowering, is an essential adaptation of plants to cold winters. the vernalization gene vrn-1 plays an important role in this process in diploid (triticum monococcum) and polyploid wheat (triticum aestivum). we have recently shown that the diploid wheat vrn-a(m)1 gene was similar to the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana l. heynh.) apetala1 meristem identity gene. we also showed that dominant vrn-a(m)1 alleles wer ...	2005	16055679
systematic spatial analysis of gene expression during wheat caryopsis development.	the cereal caryopsis is a complex tissue in which maternal and endosperm tissues follow distinct but coordinated developmental programs. because of the hexaploid genome in wheat (triticum aestivum), the identification of genes involved in key developmental processes by genetic approaches has been difficult. to bypass this limitation, we surveyed 888 genes that are expressed during caryopsis development using a novel high-throughput mrna in situ hybridization method. this survey revealed novel di ...	2005	16006577
comparative studies on codon usage pattern of chloroplasts and their host nuclear genes in four plant species.	a detailed comparison was made of codon usage of chloroplast genes with their host (nuclear) genes in the four angiosperm species oryza sativa, zea mays, triticum aestivum and arabidopsis thaliana. the average gc content of the entire genes, and at the three codon positions individually, was higher in nuclear than in chloroplast genes, suggesting different genomic organization and mutation pressures in nuclear and chloroplast genes. the results of nc-plots and neutrality plots suggested that nuc ...	2005	15876584
degradation studies on benzoxazinoids. soil degradation dynamics of (2r)-2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-(2h)- 1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (diboa-glc) and its degradation products, phytotoxic allelochemicals from gramineae.	wheat (triticum aestivum l.) has been found to possess allelopathic potential and studies have been conduced to apply wheat allelopathy for biological weed control. 2,4-dihydroxy-(2h)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (diboa) is a common product found in wheat, corn, and rye exudates and it can be released to the environment by that way. in this report, the stability of diboa is studied in two soils from crop lands of wheat cv. astron and cv. ritmo. these varieties were selected by their concentrations o ...	2005	15686401
imidazolinone-tolerant crops: history, current status and future.	imidazolinone herbicides, which include imazapyr, imazapic, imazethapyr, imazamox, imazamethabenz and imazaquin, control weeds by inhibiting the enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase (ahas), also called acetolactate synthase (als). ahas is a critical enzyme for the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids in plants. several variant ahas genes conferring imidazolinone tolerance were discovered in plants through mutagenesis and selection, and were used to create imidazolinone-tolerant maize (zea mays ...	2005	15627242
uptake of sodium in quince, sugar beet, and wheat protoplasts determined by the fluorescent sodium-binding dye benzofuran isophthalate.	the uptake of sodium into protoplasts of quince (cydonia oblonga mill, clone ba29), sugar beet (beta vulgaris l. cv. monohill), and wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. kadett) was determined by use of the acetoxy methyl ester of the fluorescent sodium-binding benzofuran isopthalate (sbfi-am). in the presence of 1 mm cacl2, little sodium was taken up in the cytosol of quince mesophyll cells compared to cytosols of sugar beet and wheat. upon addition of 40 mm nacl, approximately the same amount of sod ...	2005	15900884
interactions among three species of cereal aphids simultaneously infesting wheat.	interactions among greenbug, schizaphis graminum (rondani), russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), and bird cherry-oat aphid rhopalosiphum padi (l.) were examined on wheat plants (triticum aestivum l., cultivar tam 107). nymphs were released on the plants as conspecific and heterospecific pairs of either first or fourth instars and evaluated for survival, developmental time, fecundity, intra-plant movement, and affinity to plant tissues. survival from first instar to onset of reproduc ...	2005	16341245
comparison of dn4- and dn7-carrying spring wheat genotypes artificially infested with russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae) biotype 1.	genetic resistance is a useful control strategy for managing russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko), in wheat, triticum aestivum l. in 2003, a russian wheat aphid population (denoted as biotype 2) identified in colorado was virulent to genotypes carrying the dn4 russian wheat aphid resistance gene, necessitating the rapid identification and deployment of new sources of resistance. although the dn7 gene had shown excellent resistance to russian wheat aphid biotypes 1 and 2 in evaluation ...	2005	16334342
hfr-2, a wheat cytolytic toxin-like gene, is up-regulated by virulent hessian fly larval feedingdouble dagger.	summary both yield and grain-quality are dramatically decreased when susceptible wheat (triticum aestivum) plants are infested by hessian fly (mayetiola destructor) larvae. examination of the changes in wheat gene expression during infestation by virulent hessian fly larvae has identified the up-regulation of a gene, hessian fly responsive-2 (hfr-2), which contains regions similar to genes encoding seed-specific agglutinin proteins from amaranthus. hfr-2, however, did not accumulate in developin ...	2005	20565667
nematicides increase grain yields in spring wheat cultivars and suppress plant-parasitic and bacterial-feeding nematodes.	grain yields of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l. cvs. ac barrie, ac walton, ac wilmot, belvedere, glenlea) in field plots over a 3-year period were increased (p < 0.001) by an average of 0.56 (25.1%) and 1.17 (52.5%) tonnes/ha in comparison to untreated check plots when aldicarb at 2.24 kg or fosthiazate at 13.5 a.i./ha, respectively, were broadcast and incorporated into the soil to suppress nematodes. the planned f test using orthogonal coefficients indicated that the mean response of grain y ...	2005	19262893
forensic pathology of canadian bread wheat: the case of tan spot.	abstract pyrenophora tritici-repentis causes necrosis and chlorosis in its wheat host. susceptibility to races 2 (necrosis) and 5 (chlorosis) of the pathogen is known to be mediated by ptr toxa and ptr toxb, respectively. sensitivity to each toxin is controlled by a single dominant and independently inherited gene. we used sensitivity to ptr toxa and ptr toxb as two genetic markers to investigate the origin and the state of tan spot susceptibility in canadian western red spring (cwrs) wheat over ...	2005	18943983
resistance of wheat line kavkaz-k4500 l.6.a.4 to septoria tritici blotch controlled by isolate-specific resistance genes.	abstract the international maize and wheat improvement center (cimmyt), mexico, germplasm-derived wheat (triticum aestivum) kavkaz-k4500 l.6.a.4 (kk) is one of the major sources of resistance to septoria tritici blotch (stb). kk is resistant to stb in field conditions in the uk even though a large majority of mycosphaerella graminicola isolates are virulent to it. the genetics of the resistance of kk to four isolates of m. graminicola were investigated. kk has at least five isolate-specific resi ...	2005	18943783
complementation of sugary-1 phenotype in rice endosperm with the wheat isoamylase1 gene supports a direct role for isoamylase1 in amylopectin biosynthesis.	to examine the role of isoamylase1 (isa1) in amylopectin biosynthesis in plants, a genomic dna fragment from aegilops tauschii was introduced into the isa1-deficient rice (oryza sativa) sugary-1 mutant line em914, in which endosperm starch is completely replaced by phytoglycogen. a. tauschii is the d genome donor of wheat (triticum aestivum), and the introduced fragment effectively included the gene for isa1 for wheat (taisa1) that was encoded on the d genome. in taisa1-expressing rice endosperm ...	2005	15618430
association mapping of kernel size and milling quality in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars.	association mapping is a method for detection of gene effects based on linkage disequilibrium (ld) that complements qtl analysis in the development of tools for molecular plant breeding. in this study, association mapping was performed on a selected sample of 95 cultivars of soft winter wheat. population structure was estimated on the basis of 36 unlinked simple-sequence repeat (ssr) markers. the extent of ld was estimated on chromosomes 2d and part of 5a, relative to the ld observed among unlin ...	2005	16079235
metabolic response to treatment with cold, paraquat, or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole in leaves of winter wheat.	we treated leaves of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) with cold, paraquat, or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and compared the responses. we assayed the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase, dehydroascorbate reductase and ascorbate free radical reductase and levels of hydrogen peroxide, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, reduced and oxidized glutathione. with any of the three treatments, contents of cellular peroxides and hexose phosphates were ...	2005	1369090
molecular basis of evolutionary events that shaped the hardness locus in diploid and polyploid wheat species (triticum and aegilops).	the hardness (ha) locus controls grain hardness in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum) and its relatives (triticum and aegilops species) and represents a classical example of a trait whose variation arose from gene loss after polyploidization. in this study, we investigated the molecular basis of the evolutionary events observed at this locus by comparing corresponding sequences of diploid, tertraploid, and hexaploid wheat species (triticum and aegilops). genomic rearrangements, such as transpos ...	2005	15749759
impact of land use practices on faunal abundance, nutrient dynamics and biochemical properties of desert pedoecosystem.	increased dependence of resource-poor rural communities on soils of low inherent fertility are the major problem of desert agroecosystem. agrisilviculture practices may help to conserve the soil biota for maintaining essential soil properties and processes in harsh climate. therefore, the impacts of different land use systems on faunal density, nutrient dynamics and biochemical properties of soil were studied in agrisilviculture system of indian desert. the selected fields had trees (zizyphus ma ...	2005	16335596
effect of plant a-amylase inhibitors on sunn pest, eurygaster integriceps puton (hemiptera: scutelleridae), alpha-amylase activity.	plant-insect interaction is a dynamic system, subjected to continual variation and change. in order to reduce insect attack, plants developed different defence mechanisms including chemical and physical barriers such as the induction of defensive proteins, volatiles that attract predators of the insect herbivores and secondary metabolites. proteinaceous inhibitors of alpha-amylase and proteases are widely distributed in cereals, legumes and some other plants. because of the possible importance o ...	2005	16628930
aggregation and mortality of agriotes obscurus (coleoptera: elateridae) at insecticide-treated trap crops of wheat.	agriotes obscurus (l.) wireworms assembled in increasing numbers at rows of treated (agrox dl plus seed treatment) and untreated wheat, triticum aestivum l., planted at increasing densities (0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 seeds/cm). in treated wheat plots at all planting densities, no wireworm damage to seedlings was apparent, and total wireworms taken in core samples in wheat rows increased according to the asymptotic equation y = b0(1 -e(-blx)), where b0 is the asymptote, b1 is the slope of the initi ...	2005	16539125
influence of aphid species and barley yellow dwarf virus on soft red winter wheat yield.	yield loss in soft red winter wheat, triticum aestivum l., caused by aphid-transmitted barley yellow dwarf virus (family luteoviridae, genus luteovirus, bydv) was measured over a 2-yr period in central missouri. rhopalosiphum padi (l.) was the most common and economically important species, accounting for > 90% of the total aphids. schizaphis graminum (rondani), rhopalosiphum maidis (fitch), and sitobion avenae (f.) made up the remainder of the aphids. aphid numbers peaked at wheat stem elongati ...	2005	16539127
insect infestations, incidence of viral plant diseases, and yield of winter wheat in relation to planting date in the northern great plains.	planting date effects on arthropod infestation and viral plant disease are undocumented for winter wheat, triticum aestivum l., in south dakota and the northern great plains. winter wheat was planted over three dates (early, middle, and late; generally from late august to late september) to determine the effect on abundance of insect pests, incidence of plant damage, incidence of viral plant disease, and grain yield. the study was conducted simultaneously at two sites in south dakota over three ...	2005	16539128
construction of a hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.) bacterial artificial chromosome library for cloning genes for stripe rust resistance.	a hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.) bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library was constructed for cloning yr5 and other genes conferring resistance to stripe rust (puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici). intact nuclei from a yr5 near-isogenic line were used to isolate high molecular weight dna, which was partially cleaved with hindiii and cloned into pecbac1 and pindigobac-5 vectors. the wheat bac library consisted of 422,400 clones arrayed in 1100 micro-titer plates (each plate with 384 ...	2005	16391672
identification of proteins induced or upregulated by fusarium head blight infection in the spikes of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum).	fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is a destructive disease of wheat and barley. it causes economic losses due to reduction in both yield and quality. although fhb resistance has been well documented and resistant cultivars have been developed to reduce incidence and severity of fhb, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in plant resistance against the infection and spread of f. graminearum. in the current study, 2-dimensional displays of pr ...	2005	16391683
development and validation of molecular markers linked to an aegilops umbellulata-derived leaf-rust-resistance gene, lr9, for marker-assisted selection in bread wheat.	an aegilops umbellulata-derived leaf-rust-resistance gene, lr9, was tagged with 3 random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers, which mapped within 1.8 cm of gene lr9 located on chromosome 6bl of wheat. the markers were identified in an f2 population segregating for leaf-rust resistance, which was generated from a cross between 2 near-isogenic lines that differed in the alien gene lr9 in a widely adopted agronomic background of cultivar 'hd 2329'. disease phenotyping was done in controlled en ...	2005	16391688
a comparative risk assessment of genetically engineered, mutagenic, and conventional wheat production systems.	wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties produced using modern biotechnologies, such as genetic engineering and mutagenic techniques, have lagged behind other crop species, but are now being developed and, in the case of mutagenic wheat, commercially grown around the world. because these wheat varieties have emerged recently, there is a unique opportunity to assess comparatively the potential environmental risks (human health, ecological, and livestock risks) associated with genetically engineered ...	2005	16315092
identification, expression, and evolutionary analyses of plant lipocalins.	lipocalins are a group of proteins that have been characterized in bacteria, invertebrate, and vertebrate animals. however, very little is known about plant lipocalins. we have previously reported the cloning of the first true plant lipocalins. here we report the identification and characterization of plant lipocalins and lipocalin-like proteins using an integrated approach of data mining, expression studies, cellular localization, and phylogenetic analyses. plant lipocalins can be classified in ...	2005	16306142
municipal sludge-induced phytotoxicity.	municipal sludge (ms), containing various types of environmental pollutants, can exert phytotoxic effects in plants. seed germination, chlorophyll content, plant weight, root and shoot growth, and metal levels, were measured as endpoints to assess the phytotoxic effects of leachates of ms from lucknow city in three plants, triticum aestivum, brassica campestris and phaseolus aureus. among the five metals analysed, lead was found to be present at the highest concentration, and chromium at the low ...	2005	16268761
fusarium graminearum tri14 is required for high virulence and don production on wheat but not for don synthesis in vitro.	fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum, is a major concern worldwide. fhb grain is reduced in yield, may fail to germinate, and is often contaminated with deoxynivalenol, a trichothecene mycotoxin linked to a variety of animal diseases and feed refusals. annual losses in the tens of millions of dollars due to fhb underscore the need to develop improved methods of disease control and prevention. previous research has identified deoxyn ...	2005	16277434
large-scale identification of expressed sequence tags involved in rice and rice blast fungus interaction.	to better understand the molecular basis of the defense response against the rice blast fungus (magnaporthe grisea), a large-scale expressed sequence tag (est) sequencing approach was used to identify genes involved in the early infection stages in rice (oryza sativa). six cdna libraries were constructed using infected leaf tissues harvested from 6 conditions: resistant, partially resistant, and susceptible reactions at both 6 and 24 h after inoculation. two additional libraries were constructed ...	2005	15888683
a regional-scale study on the crop uptake of cadmium from sandy soils: measurement and modeling.	plant uptake is one of the major pathways by which cadmium (cd) in soils enters the human food chain. this study was conducted to investigate the uptake of cd by crops from soils within the wastewater irrigation area (wia) of braunschweig (germany) and to develop a simple process-oriented model that is suited to predict cd uptake at the regional scale. the sandy soils within the wia (4300 ha) have received considerable loads of heavy metals by irrigation using municipal wastewater for up to 40 y ...	2005	15888888
wheat pasture bloat dynamics, in vitro ruminal gas production, and potential bloat mitigation with condensed tannins.	the aim of this study was to determine the effect of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) forage growth stage, forage allowance, time of day, and commercial condensed tannins (ct) on steer bloat dynamics and in vitro ruminal gas production. twenty-six crossbreed steers (angus x hereford x salers; average initial bw = 194 +/- 26 kg) were used. wheat forage allowances were either 18 kg (high forage allowance) and 6 kg (low forage allowance) of dm/(100 kg bw.d). in each bloat observation period, fre ...	2005	15890809
identification of quantitative trait loci for race-nonspecific resistance to tan spot in wheat.	tan spot, caused by pyrenophora tritici-repentis (ptr), is an economically important foliar disease in the major wheat growing areas throughout the world. multiple races of the pathogen have been characterized based on their ability to cause necrosis and/or chlorosis on differential wheat lines. in this research, we evaluated a population of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the common wheat varieties grandin and br34 for reaction to tan spot caused by ptr races 1-3 and 5. co ...	2005	15895202
inheritance of field resistance to stagonospora nodorum leaf and glume blotch and correlations with other morphological traits in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	breeding for wheat varieties resistant to stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb) is the most sustainable strategy for controlling the disease. in order to map quantitative trait loci (qtls) for snb resistance we analysed 204 recombinant inbred lines of the cross between the winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) variety forno and the winter spelt (triticum spelta l.) variety oberkulmer. we determined the level of resistance of adult plants to leaf blotch (snl) and glume blotch (sng) as well as morpholog ...	2005	15895203
genealogical use of chloroplast dna variation for intraspecific studies of aegilops tauschii coss.	intraspecific patterns of chloroplast dna variation was studied in aegilops tauschii coss., the d-genome progenitor of bread wheat. nucleotide sequences of ten chloroplast microsatellite loci were analyzed for 63 accessions that cover the central part of the species distribution. as is often the case with nuclear microsatellites, those of chloroplasts of ae. tauschii bear complex mutations. several types of mutations other than change in the microsatellite repeat number were found, including bas ...	2005	15895204
mechanistic analysis of wheat chlorophyllase.	chlorophyllase catalyzes the initial step in the degradation of chlorophyll and plays a key role in leaf senescence and fruit ripening. here, we report the cloning of chlorophyllase from triticum aestivum (wheat) and provide a detailed mechanistic analysis of the enzyme. purification of recombinant chlorophyllase from an escherichia coli expression system indicates that the enzyme functions as a dimeric protein. wheat chlorophyllase hydrolyzed the phytol moiety from chlorophyll (k(cat) = 566 min ...	2005	15913540
a wheat xylanase inhibitor gene, xip-i, but not taxi-i, is significantly induced by biotic and abiotic signals that trigger plant defense.	xip-i and taxi-i are wheat (triticum aestivum l) grain proteins that inhibit microbial xylanases used in food processing. although their biochemical properties and structural features were established recently, very little is known about their expression and their family members in wheat plants. to clarify the role of these xylanase inhibitor proteins in plant defense, we examined the expression of the xip-type genes in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic signals. although xip-i was not ...	2005	15914935
assessing the impact of ambient ozone on growth and productivity of two cultivars of wheat in india using three rates of application of ethylenediurea (edu).	three rates of ethylenediurea were used to assess the impact of ambient ozone on growth and productivity of wheat (triticum aestivum l) cultivars "malviya 533" (m 533) and "malviya 234" (m 234) at a suburban site near varanasi, india, beginning in december. wheat plants were treated with edu at 0, 150, 300 and 450 ppm as soil drenches at 10-day intervals. edu treatment affected plant growth, with effects varying with cultivar, age, and edu concentration. seed yield was improved for m 533 at 150 ...	2005	15922496
molecular mapping of fusarium head blight resistance in the winter wheat population dream/lynx.	fusarium head blight (fhb), mainly caused by fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum, can significantly reduce the grain quality of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) due to mycotoxin contamination. the objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (qtls) for fhb resistance in a winter wheat population developed by crossing the resistant german cultivar dream with the susceptible british cultivar lynx. a total of 145 recombinant inbred lines (rils) were evaluated following spray inocula ...	2005	15947905
intragenic diversity and functional conservation of the three homoeologous loci of the kn1-type homeobox gene wknox1 in common wheat.	common wheat represents a typical allohexaploid species and provides a good experimental system for studying genomic alterations associated with allopolyploidization. we studied three homoeologous loci of wheat wknox1 gene, which is highly homologous to the knotted1 (kn1)-like homeobox (knox) genes functioning at shoot apical meristems (sam). wknox1 transcripts were detected in sam, and its overexpression caused abnormal leaf morphology with occasional ectopic leaves in transgenic tobacco plants ...	2005	15952073
characterization of wheat gliadin proteins by combined two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry.	a proteomics-based approach was used for characterizing wheat gliadins from an italian common wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivar. a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) map of roughly 40 spots was obtained by submitting the 70% alcohol-soluble crude protein extract to isoelectric focusing on immobilized ph gradient strips across two ph gradient ranges, i.e., 3-10 or ph 6-11, and to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis in the second dimension. the chymotryptic digest of eac ...	2005	15952231
effects of food deprivation and particle size of ground wheat on digestibility of food components in broilers fed on a pelleted diet.	the first aim of the experiment was to study the effect of wheat (triticum aestivum) particle size on the digestibility of starch in a pelleted diet given to broilers. the second aim was to study the consequences of food deprivation before the excreta collection period (from 21 to 24 d). wheat from a strong hardness cultivar was incorporated at 546.1 g/kg in diets. the other main ingredients were soybean meal (353.5 g/kg) and rapeseed oil (55.0 g/kg). diets were given as pellets. the experimenta ...	2005	15957444
retention and phytoavailability of radioniobium in soils.	radioniobium is present in long-lived nuclear waste as a result of the activation of zirconium pellets associated with the nuclear fuel. the behaviour of niobium (nb) in the environment and especially its fate in the soil-plant system has not been thoroughly investigated so far. in safety assessment of french long-lived nuclear waste disposal, data concerning the mobility and the bioavailability of nb in soils are needed as well as general trends of its fate in the specific environment around th ...	2005	15511567
scanning electron microscopy of fusarium damaged kernels of spring wheat.	kernels of five wheat cultivars (triticum aestivum) of different bread-making quality were examined. grown under field conditions, heads of wheat were inoculated in the flowering stage with an aqueous suspension of fusarium culmorum conidia. wheat heads were collected from the control and inoculated plots at full maturity. control (non-inoculated) kernels without any symptoms of disease and fusarium damaged kernels (fdk) were examined under scanning electron microscopy (sem). examination of the ...	2005	15681039
long oligonucleotide microarrays in wheat: evaluation of hybridization signal amplification and an oligonucleotide-design computer script.	a computer script was written in the perl language to design equal-length long oligonucleotides from dna sequences. the script allows the user to specify g + c content, melting temperature, self-complementarity, the maximum number of contiguous duplicate bases, whether to start with the first start codon and whether to report reverse complements. microarrays were fabricated with 95 oligonucleotides (60 mers) representing 41 genes. the microarray was interrogated with cdna from roots and shoots o ...	2005	15682265
rna silencing of waxy gene results in low levels of amylose in the seeds of transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	in this study, the level of amylose was reduced in wheat seeds by rnai strategy. because the synthesis of amylose is catalyzed by the granule-bound starch synthase i (gbssi or waxy protein), the waxy gene of wheat was isolated from wheat seeds by using rt-pcr. southern analysis confirmed that there were three waxy genes in wheat genome. northern hybridization showed that waxy mrna accumulated in seeds following pollination. by rnai strategy,the 683 bp sense and antisense fragments in reverse ori ...	2005	16231740
selenium in australia: selenium status and biofortification of wheat for better health.	selenium (se) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals, but is deficient in at least a billion people worldwide. wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is a major dietary source of se. the largest survey to date of se status of australians found a mean plasma se concentration of 103 microg/l in 288 adelaide residents, just above the nutritional adequacy level. in the total sample analysed (six surveys from 1977 to 2002; n = 834), plasma se was higher in males and increased with age. this study ...	2005	16240676