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five commercial dna extraction systems tested and compared on a stool sample collection.in this study, 5 different commercial dna extraction systems were tested on a stool sample collection containing 81 clinical stool specimens that were culture-positive for diarrheagenic escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, salmonella enterica, or clostridium difficile. the purified dnas were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) directed toward the relevant organisms. the results showed that conventional pcr combined with the extraction systems biorobot ez1 (qiagen, hilden, germany), bu ...201121353945
characterization of the quinolone resistance mechanism in foodborne salmonella isolates with high nalidixic acid resistance.sixteen salmonella strains resistant to nalidixic acid isolated from kimbab, the most popular ready-to-eat (rte) food in korea, and chicken meat were selected for this study. the resistant strains were shown to have high minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) against nalidixic acid (512~4096 µg/ml). among them, 4 salmonella enterica serovar haardt isolates showed multi-drug resistance (mdr) patterns with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone (0.5 µg/ml of ciprofloxacin mics). the mechanism ...201121354645
salmonella in chicken meat, eggs and humans; adelaide, south australia, 2008.varieties of salmonella enterica are the second most commonly notified causes of gastroenteritis in australia. outbreaks of salmonella infection are commonly linked to food, particularly foods containing chicken meat and eggs. a number of european countries have introduced interventions based on salmonella surveillance systems in the food industry and these have led to subsequent decreases in notification rates in humans. a descriptive case-series of human salmonella infections notified in metro ...201121429610
treatment with ca(oh)2 for inactivation of salmonella typhimurium and enterococcus faecalis in soil contaminated with infected horse manure.to investigate the inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and the faecal indicator enterococcus faecalis in horse manure:soil mixtures by application of hydrated lime (ca(oh)(2)).201121435122
diversity and antimicrobial activity of pseudovibrio spp. from irish marine sponges.to evaluate the diversity and antimicrobial activity present among pseudovibrio spp. isolated from marine sponges.201121435124
o-antigen structure and gene clusters of escherichia coli o51 and salmonellaenterica o57; another instance of identical o-antigens in the two species.the o-polysaccharides were released by mild acid hydrolysis from the lipopolysaccharides of escherichia coli o51 and salmonella enterica o57 and found to possess the same structure, which was established by sugar analysis and 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy: [formula in text]. the o-antigen gene clusters of e. coli o51 and s. enterica o57 were sequenced and found to contain the same genes with a high-level similarity. all genes expected for the synthesis of the o-antigen were identified based on thei ...201121439556
effect of microbial loading on the efficiency of cold atmospheric gas plasma inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.in recent years the application of cold atmospheric gas plasma (cap) aimed at the removal of microbial contamination from fresh and minimally processed food has received increased attention. for cap to be successfully adopted by the food production industry, factors which affect its potential for microbial inactivation must be evaluated. in this study, we examined the effects of initial microbial concentration, present on filter discs, on the inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimuri ...201121439667
salmonella in raccoons (procyon lotor) in southern ontario, canada.numerous serotypes of salmonella have been detected in a variety of wild animals, including raccoons (procyon lotor). raccoons are common, mid-size omnivores that live in close association with people in urban and rural areas in ontario. although raccoons are known to shed salmonella, little is known about their potential long-term role in maintaining salmonella infections. we sampled feces from raccoons in three areas of ontario: one primarily urban site around niagara, one primarily rural site ...201121441187
synergistic suppression of prostatic cancer cells by coexpression of both murine double minute 2 small interfering rna and wild-type p53 gene in vitro and in vivo.our objective was to evaluate cell growth and death effects by inhibiting murine double minute 2 (mdm2) expression in human prostate cancer cells overexpressing the wild-type (wt) p53 gene. prostate pc-3 tumor cells were transfected with a plasmid containing either mdm2 small interfering (si-mdm2) or the wt p53 gene (pp53) alone, or both (pmp53), using lipofectamine in vitro and attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi vaccine strain ty21a (salmonella typhi ty21a) in vivo. cell growth, apopt ...201121444629
evaluation of a newly developed elisa against widal, tubex-tf and typhidot for typhoid fever surveillance.typhoid fever is endemic in many parts of the world and represents a major cause of acute febrile illness (afi). rapid and accurate laboratory methods for diagnosis of this disease are needed for both patient care and surveillance situations.201121444985
re-emergence of susceptibility to conventionally used drugs among strains of salmonella typhi in central west india.typhoid fever (enteric fever) is a global health problem causing high morbidity and mortality, especially in endemic areas such as india. the problem is exacerbated as the causative agent, salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), rapidly develops resistance to drugs used in treatment. however, non-responsiveness of s. typhi to quinolones has been reported simultaneously with the re-emergence of susceptibility to chloramphenicol. the present study investigates the re-emer ...201121444993
salmonella phage st64b encodes a member of the ssek/nleb effector family.salmonella enterica is a species of bacteria that is a major cause of enteritis across the globe, while certain serovars cause typhoid, a more serious disease associated with a significant mortality rate. type iii secreted effectors are major contributors to the pathogenesis of salmonella infections. genes encoding effectors are acquired via horizontal gene transfer, and a subset are encoded within active phage lysogens. because the acquisition of effectors is in flux, the complement of effector ...201121445262
a study of bactericidal effect and optimization of pathogenic bacteria using tio2 photocatalyst.the photocatalytic degradation of salmonella choleraesuis subsp. and vibrio parahaemolyticus in water by tio2 catalysts was investigated in a batch reactor. after 30 min of irradiation with uv light in the presence of 1 mg/ml of tio2, death ratio of s. choleraesuis subsp. and v. parahaemolyticus was 60% and 83%, respectively. and complete killing of the cells was achieved after 3 h of illumination in the presence of tio2. we established the response surface methodology to investigate the effect ...201121456234
analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes detected in multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from food animals.multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is the most prevalent penta-resistant serovar isolated from animals by the u.s. national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system. penta-resistant isolates are often resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. to investigate mdr in salmonella typhimurium (including variant 5-), one isolate each from cattle, poultry, and swine with at least the ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomy ...201121457076
sula-induced filamentation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium: effects on spi-1 expression and epithelial infection.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is capable of adopting a filamentous phenotype in response to damage. how this adaptive response affects bacterial virulence is unclear. we have examined the hypothesis that filamentation affects the ability of salmonella to infect host cells.201121457414
[invasive gastroenteritis, anything new?].invasive gastroenteritis is characterized by fever and inflammatory diarrhea and can be caused by nontyphoideal salmonella serotypes and shigella spp.-enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec), among other pathogens. this review describes emerging monophasic variants of salmonella enterica serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- and provides an evolutionary consideration of shigella spp.-eiec as a single pathotype. in 1997, a monophasic variant of s. enterica serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:-, phage-type u302, multidrug res ...201121458713
antimicrobial resistance, virulence-associated genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from piglets with diarrhea in korea.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium was isolated from diarrheic piglets in 2 periods, 2000-2001 (n = 25) and 2005-2006 (n = 17). to compare the characteristics of the isolates collected during the 2 periods, all isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance, the presence of virulence genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns. all 42 isolates were resistant to at least 1 of the 20 antimicrobials tested, and 39 (93%) were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobi ...201121461195
specific detection of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli strains by using elisa with bacteriophages as recognition agents.the use of bacteriophages, instead of antibodies, in the elisa-based detection of bacterial strains was tested. this procedure appeared to be efficient, and specific strains of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli could be detected. the sensitivity of the assay was about 10(5) bacterial cells/well (10(6)/ml), which is comparable with or outperforms other elisa tests detecting intact bacterial cells without an enrichment step. the specificity of the assay depends on the kind of bacteriophage ...201121318732
biological and virulence characteristics of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium following deletion of glucose-inhibited division (gida) gene.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a frequent cause of enteric disease due to the consumption of contaminated food. identification and characterization of bacterial factors involved in salmonella pathogenesis would help develop effective strategies for controlling salmonellosis. to investigate the role of glucose-inhibited division gene (gida) in salmonella virulence, we constructed a salmonella mutant strain in which gida was deleted. deletion of gida rendered salmonella deficient in th ...201121320585
detection of low numbers of healthy and sub-lethally injured salmonella enterica in chocolate.the capacity to detect low levels of healthy and sub-lethally injured salmonella enterica cells in chocolate by two alternative rapid detection methods iq-check(tm)salmonella ii real-time pcr (bio-rad) and vidas® easy slm (biomérieux) was assessed and compared with iso 6579:2005. chocolate, a low moisture food known to support the survival of salmonella, was challenged as food matrix. buffered peptone water (bpw) did not support the recovery of low levels of sub-lethally injured s. enterica inde ...201121320732
the genetics and structure of the o-specific polysaccharide of yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype o:10 and its relationship with escherichia coli o111 and salmonella enterica o35.the o-specific polysaccharide (ops) is a variable constituent of the lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria. the polymorphic nature of opss within a species is usually first defined serologically, and the current serotyping scheme for yersinia pseudotuberculosis consists of 21 o serotypes of which 15 have been characterized genetically and structurally. here, we present the structure and dna sequence of y. pseudotuberculosis o:10 ops. the o unit consists of one residue each of d-galactopyr ...201121321053
impact of salmonella infection on host hormone metabolism revealed by metabolomics.the interplay between pathogens and their hosts has been studied for decades using targeted approaches, such as the analysis of mutants and host immunological responses. although much has been learned from such studies, they focus on individual pathways and fail to reveal the global effects of infection on the host. to alleviate this issue, high-throughput methods, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, have been used to study host-pathogen interactions. recently, metabolomics was established a ...201121321075
rapid identification of salmonella enterica serovars, typhimurium, choleraesuis, infantis, hadar, enteritidis, dublin and gallinarum, by multiplex pcr.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica poses a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2500 serovars having been reported to date. salmonella serovars are identified by slide and tube agglutination tests using o and h antigen-specific anti-sera, although this procedure is both labor intensive and time consuming. establishment of a method for rapid screening of the major salmonella serovars is therefore required. we have established multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) assays f ...201121329737
salmonella typhi sense host neuroendocrine stress hormones and release the toxin haemolysin e.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) causes typhoid fever. we show that exposure of s. typhi to neuroendocrine stress hormones results in haemolysis, which is associated with the release of haemolysin e in membrane vesicles. this effect is attributed to increased expression of the small rna mica and rna chaperone hfq, with concomitant downregulation of outer membrane protein a. deletion of mica or the two-component signal-transduction system, cpxar, abolishes the phenotype. the hormone r ...201121331094
evaluation of commonly-used farm disinfectants in wet and dry models of salmonella farm contamination.two experimental models of salmonella contamination were used in an attempt to mimic the conditions of disinfectant use on farms. a wet model, for conditions such as boot dips, used disinfectant application to a slurry of poultry faeces inoculated with salmonella enteritidis or salmonella typhimurium. a dry model, for disinfectant application to surfaces and equipment with adherent or residual organic material, used salmonella-inoculated poultry faeces that were air-dried onto wooden dowels, imm ...201121331946
growth of salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus in no-knead bread dough during prolonged yeast fermentation.a convenient bread making method involving prolonged fermentation of no-knead (nonkneaded) dough has become popular in recent years. in the present study, the microbial safety of no-knead dough made with a 375:325:5:1 weight ratio of flour, water, salt, and bread yeast was investigated. three brands of dehydrated yeast were used for this study. the growth of inoculated salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus in no-knead dough during fermentation was significant (p<0.05), regardless of yeas ...201121333150
[left-sided endocarditis due to gram-negative bacilli: epidemiology and clinical characteristics].the aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and outcome of patients with left-side endocarditis caused by gram-negative bacteria.201121334783
effectiveness of chitosan against mature biofilms formed by food related bacteria.chitosan has proven antimicrobial properties against planktonic cell growth. little is known, however, about its effects on already established biofilms. oriented for application in food industry disinfection, the effectiveness of both medium molecular weight (mmw) chitosan and its enzymatically hydrolyzed product was tested against mature biofilms of four pathogenic strains, listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus and salmonella enterica, and a food spoilage species, pseu ...201121340015
t cell augments the antitumor activity of tumor-targeting salmonella.systemic administration of salmonella to tumor-bearing mice leads to preferential accumulation within tumor sites and retardation of tumor growth. however, the detailed mechanism of salmonella-induced antitumor immune response via host t cell remains uncertain. herein, we used wild-type, cd4(+) t-cell-deficient, and cd8(+) t-cell-deficient mice to study the role of t cell in the antitumor immune responses induced by salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis (salmonella choleraesuis). when systemi ...201121360146
pathogen detection using a liquid array technology.low concentrations of microbial pathogens in pure and mixed samples were detected using a bead-based, liquid array technology. a 20-bp sequence in the 23s rrna gene, rrl, was amplified in four microorganisms: bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus. pcr products were positively identified with the luminex(®) 100™ system. the system could detect very low amounts of dna and the instrument response was proportional to the input concentration. the lower limit ...201121361936
new flagellin gene for salmonella enterica serovar typhi from the east indonesian archipelago.phase variation is a property unique of some salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains from indonesia. salmonella typhi isolates from indonesia have been described that in addition to the phase 1 hd flagellin gene contain a second flagellin gene named z66. s. typhi isolates from indonesia with a mutant hd gene named hj have also been described. here, we have identified another flagellin gene of s. typhi, named ind, showing a closest homology with the flagellin gene of serratia marcescens. the in ...201121363982
discovery of salmonella virulence factors translocated via outer membrane vesicles to murine macrophages.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, an intracellular pathogen and leading cause of food-borne illness, encodes a plethora of virulence effectors. salmonella virulence factors are translocated into host cells and manipulate host cellular activities, providing a more hospitable environment for bacterial proliferation. in this study, we report a new set of virulence factors that is translocated into the host cytoplasm via bacterial outer membrane vesicles (omv). pagk (or pagk1), pagj, and stm2 ...201121464085
comparison of tdca expression between escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.both escherichia coli (e. coli) and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) have a tdc operon that encodes enzymes involved in a metabolic pathway for the degradation of l-serine and l-threonine. however, s. typhimurium does not have the tdcr gene, which is a positive regulator in e. coli. in the present study, transcriptional analysis revealed that tdca expression in e. coli is higher under anaerobic than aerobic growth conditions, but the opposite is true in s. typhimurium. in ...201121464594
monoclonal antibodies to lipopolysaccharide antigens of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium is one of the major causative agents of human gastroenteritis. here we raised a panel of 45 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against ser. typhimurium dt104 by immunizing mice with formalin-killed bacteria and demonstrated that all the mabs recognized the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) antigen. these mabs were specific for group o:4 salmonella with very little or no cross-reactivity with other closely related bacteria and were able to bind ...201121466285
actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins.various bacterial protein toxins and effectors target the actin cytoskeleton. at least three groups of toxins/effectors can be identified, which directly modify actin molecules. one group of toxins/effectors causes adp-ribosylation of actin at arginine-177, thereby inhibiting actin polymerization. members of this group are numerous binary actin-adp-ribosylating exotoxins (e.g. clostridium botulinum c2 toxin) as well as several bacterial adp-ribosyltransferases (e.g. salmonella enterica spvb) whi ...201121466657
invasive bacterial and fungal infections among hospitalized hiv-infected and hiv-uninfected children and infants in northern tanzania.objective  to describe the contribution of paediatric hiv and of hiv co-infections to admissions to a hospital in moshi, tanzania, using contemporary laboratory methods. methods  during 1 year, we enrolled consecutively admitted patients aged ≥2 months and <13 years with current or recent fever. all patients underwent standardized clinical history taking, a physical examination and hiv antibody testing; standard aerobic blood cultures and malaria film were also done, and hospital outcome was rec ...201121470347
revival of an old problem: an increase in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage type 8 infections in 2010 in england and northern ireland linked to duck eggs.summarysalmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage type (dt) 8 is uncommon in humans in the uk. in july 2010, the health protection agency reported an excess isolation rate of pan-susceptible s. typhimurium dt8 in england and northern ireland. by the end of october, this amounted to 81 laboratory-confirmed human cases for all regions of england and northern ireland in 2010, an increase of 26% and 41% on 2009 and 2008, respectively. descriptive epidemiological investigation found a s ...201121470442
protective immunity conferred by a dna adenine methylase deficient salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine when delivered in-water to sheep challenged with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.stimulation of acquired immunity to salmonella in livestock is not feasible in neonates (which can be infected within 24h of birth) and is challenging in feedlots, which typically source animals from diverse locations and vendors. induction of innate immune mechanisms through mass vaccination of animals upon arrival to feedlots is an alternative approach. transport, environmental conditions, changes in social grouping, and further handling during feedlot assembly are significant stressors. these ...201121473951
spread of salmonella enterica in the body during systemic infection: unravelling host and pathogen determinants.salmonella enterica causes a range of life-threatening diseases in humans and animals worldwide. current treatments for s. enterica infections are not sufficiently effective, and there is a need to develop new vaccines and therapeutics. an understanding of how s. enterica spreads in tissues has very important implications for targeting bacteria with vaccine-induced immune responses and antimicrobial drugs. development of new control strategies would benefit from a more sophisticated evaluation o ...201121477411
efficacy of uv light treatment for the microbiological decontamination of chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces.uv light was investigated for the decontamination of raw chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces. the uv susceptibilities of a number of campylobacter isolates (seven campylobacter jejuni isolates and three campylobacter coli isolates), escherichia coli atcc 25922, and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis atcc 10376 in liquid media were also investigated. from an initial level of 7 log cfu/ml, no viable campylobacter cells were detected following exposure to the most intense uv do ...201121477470
quantifying the performance of pediococcus sp. (nrrl b-2354: enterococcus faecium) as a nonpathogenic surrogate for salmonella enteritidis pt30 during moist-air convection heating of almonds.pediococcus sp. nrrl b-2354 was investigated as a potential nonpathogenic surrogate for salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage type 30 (se pt30) on the surface of almonds subjected to moist-air heating. both microorganisms were subjected to various time, temperature, and humidity regimens on almonds processed in a computer-controlled, laboratory-scale, moist-air convection oven. overall, the mean log reductions for pediococcus sp. were 0.6 log and 1.4 log lower than those for se pt30 (p < ...201121477474
characterization of nalidixic acid-resistant and fluoroquinolone-reduced susceptible salmonella typhimurium in swine.from 2001 to 2008, a total of 27 isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were obtained from 930 swine. all 27 isolates were resistant to streptomycin and tetracycline. seventeen isolates were multidrug resistant to more than three antimicrobial agents. seven of these multidrug-resistant isolates were pentaresistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. among 27 isolates, 14 isolates (51.8 %) were nalidixic acid resistant (mic, ≥128 μg/ml) and ...201121477475
studies on the effects of phosphine on salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in culture medium and in black pepper (piper nigrum).the effect of phosphine on salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis inoculated in culture medium and in black pepper grains (piper nigrum), as well as on the reduction of the microbial load of the dried and moisturized product, was verified. the postfumigation effect was verified in inoculated samples with 0.92 and 0.97 water activity (a(w)) exposed to 6 g/m(3) phosphine for 72 h, dried to 0.67 a(w), and stored for 24, 48, and 72 h. no decreases were observed in salmonella enteritidis population ...201121477485
immediate reduction of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium viability via membrane destabilization following exposure to multiple-hurdle treatments with heated, acidified organic acid salt solutions.the antimicrobial activity of organic acids in combination with nonchemical treatments was evaluated for inactivation of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium within 1 min. it was observed that the effectiveness of the multiple-hurdle treatments was temperature (p ≤ 0.05) and ph (p ≤ 0.05) dependent and corresponded to the degree of organic acid lipophilicity (sodium acetate being least effective and sodium propionate being the most effective). this led to the hypothesis that the loss in viab ...201121478311
stochasticity of bacterial attachment and its predictability by the extended derjaguin-landau-verwey-overbeek theory.bacterial attachment onto materials has been suggested to be stochastic by some authors but nonstochastic and based on surface properties by others. we investigated this by attaching pairwise combinations of two salmonella enterica serovar sofia (s. sofia) strains (with different physicochemical and attachment properties) with one strain each of s. enterica serovar typhimurium, s. enterica serovar infantis, or s. enterica serovar virchow (all with similar physicochemical and attachment abilities ...201121478319
genome sequences of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, choleraesuis, dublin, and gallinarum strains of well- defined virulence in food-producing animals.salmonella enterica is an animal and zoonotic pathogen of worldwide importance and may be classified into serovars differing in virulence and host range. we sequenced and annotated the genomes of serovar typhimurium, choleraesuis, dublin, and gallinarum strains of defined virulence in each of three food-producing animal hosts. this provides valuable measures of intraserovar diversity and opportunities to formally link genotypes to phenotypes in target animals.201121478351
discriminating multi-species populations in biofilms with peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (pna fish).our current understanding of biofilms indicates that these structures are typically composed of many different microbial species. however, the lack of reliable techniques for the discrimination of each population has meant that studies focusing on multi-species biofilms are scarce and typically generate qualitative rather than quantitative data.201121479268
surface display of salmonella epitopes in escherichia coli and staphylococcus carnosus.abstract:201121481238
culling decisions of dairy farmers during a 3-year salmonella control study.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica-serotypes lead to periodically increased morbidity and mortality in cattle herds. the bacteria can also lead to serious infections in humans. consequently, denmark has started a surveillance and control programme in 2002. the programme focuses on salmonella dublin which is the most prevalent and most persistent serotype in the danish cattle population. a field study in 10 dairy herds with persistent salmonella infections was carried out over three years to gai ...201121481960
russian tortoises (agrionemys horsfieldi) as a potential reservoir for salmonella spp.a total of 80 russian tortoises brought in poland were examined for presence of salmonella. salmonella was detected in 15 out of all the animals tested (18.75%). of the total of 56 strains, 30 (53.57%) belonged to salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (i) and 26 to salmonella enterica subsp. salamae (ii). the predominant serotype within subspecies i was s. newport, which is one of the most serotypes causing salmonellosis in humans and warm-blooded animals. in vitro determination of the susceptibil ...201121486674
molecular characterization of a functional type vi secretion system in salmonella enterica serovar typhi.the type vi secretion system (t6ss) of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is associated with salmonella pathogenicity island 6 (spi-6). though the t6ss gene cluster is intact in s. typhi, the protein complex is believed to be non-functional due to the presence of a pseudogene form of scii (vipb homolog), a key component. we detected the scik-his(6) in the supernatant of the wild type strain of s. typhi containing the plasmid over-expressing scik (hcp homolog) with a his(6) epitope at t ...201121487806
global monitoring of salmonella serovar distribution from the world health organization global foodborne infections network country data bank: results of quality assured laboratories from 2001 to 2007.abstract salmonella enterica is commonly acquired from contaminated food and is an important cause of illness worldwide. interventions are needed to control salmonella; subtyping salmonella by serotyping is useful for targeting such interventions. we, therefore, analyzed the global distribution of the 15 most frequently identified serovars of salmonella isolated from humans from 2001 to 2007 in laboratories from 37 countries that participated in world health organization global foodborne infecti ...201121492021
laboratory-based surveillance of nontyphoidal salmonella infections in china.abstract foodborne infections are an important public health problem in china. in 2008, we conducted surveillance for laboratory-confirmed nontyphoidal salmonella to monitor trends for this infection in china and to build capacity for rapid detection and response to foodborne outbreaks. salmonella isolates from patients with diarrhea were sent from hospitals to local public health laboratories for confirmation, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. a total of 126 hospitals in 44 ...201121492026
differences in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain invasiveness is associated with heterogeneity in spi-1 gene expression.most studies on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection focus on strains sl1344 or 12023 (atcc 14028). we have compared the abilities of these strains to induce membrane ruffles and invade epithelial cells. s. typhimurium strain 12023 is less invasive and induces smaller membrane ruffles on mdck cells compared with sl1344. since the spi-1 effector sope is present in sl1344 and absent from 12023, and sl1344 sope mutants have reduced invasiveness, we investigated whether 12023 is less in ...201121493681
ultra-fast and sensitive detection of non-typhoidal salmonella using microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence ("mamef").certain serovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica cause invasive disease (e.g., enteric fever, bacteremia, septicemia, meningitis, etc.) in humans and constitute a global public health problem. a rapid, sensitive diagnostic test is needed to allow prompt initiation of therapy in individual patients and for measuring disease burden at the population level. an innovative and promising new rapid diagnostic technique is microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence (mamef). we have adapted ...201121494634
thermal resistance of salmonella enterica serovar anatum on cabbage surfaces during drying: effects of drying methods and conditions.the effects of selected drying methods, i.e., hot air drying, vacuum drying and low-pressure superheated steam drying (lpssd), on the heat resistance of salmonella attached on vegetable surface, which are data that have never been reported elsewhere, were investigated at drying temperatures of 50-70°c; vacuum drying and lpssd were carried out at an absolute pressure of 10kpa. the selected salmonella serovar, i.e., s. anatum, was used as a test organism. cabbage was used as a vegetable model to r ...201121496933
killing of candida albicans filaments by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is mediated by sopb effectors, parts of a type iii secretion system.although bacterial-fungal interactions shape microbial virulence during polymicrobial infections, only a limited number of studies have evaluated this interaction on a genetic level. we report here that one interaction is mediated by sopb, an effector of a type iii secretion system (ttss) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. in these studies, we screened 10 ttss effector-related mutants and determined their role in the killing of c. albicans filaments in vitro during coinfection in plankt ...201121498643
antibacterial activity in spices and local medicinal plants against clinical isolates of karachi, pakistan.context: development of resistance in human pathogens against conventional antibiotic necessitates searching indigenous medicinal plants having antibacterial property. twenty-seven medicinal plants used actively in folklore, ayurvedic and traditional system of medicine were selected for the evaluation of their antimicrobial activity for this study. eleven plants chosen from these 27 are used as spices in local cuisine. objective: evaluation of the effectiveness of some medicinal plant extracts a ...201121501041
foreign travel and decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in salmonella enterica infections.to determine antimicrobial drug resistance patterns, we characterized nontyphoidal salmonella enterica strains isolated in liverpool, uk, january 2003 through december 2009. decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was found in 103 (20.9%) of 492 isolates. the lower susceptibility was associated with ciprofloxacin treatment failures and with particular serovars and phage types often acquired during foreign travel.201121192872
antimicrobial resistance among invasive nontyphoidal salmonella enterica isolates in the united states: national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system, 1996 to 2007.nontyphoidal salmonellae (nts) are important causes of community-acquired bloodstream infection. we describe patterns of antimicrobial resistance among invasive nts in the united states. we compared bloodstream nts isolates with those from stool submitted to the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms) from 1996 to 2007. we describe antimicrobial resistance among invasive strains by serogroup and serotype. of the 19,302 nts isolates, 17,804 (92.2%) were from stool or blood. of ...201121199924
structural and genetic relationships of two pairs of closely related o-antigens of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica: e. coli o11/s. enterica o16 and e. coli o21/s. enterica o38.the o-antigen is a part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and is essential for the full function of the microorganisms. salmonella enterica and escherichia coli are taxonomically closely related species. in this study, the o-antigen structures of s. enterica o16 and o38 and e. coli o11 were determined. salmonella enterica o38 and e. coli o21 were found to have identical o-antigen structures, whereas s. enterica o16 and e. coli o11 had clo ...201121205000
inactivation of salmonella in liquid egg albumen by antimicrobial bottle coatings infused with allyl isothiocyanate, nisin and zinc oxide nanoparticles.to develop an antimicrobial bottle coating effective at inhibiting the growth of salmonella in liquid egg albumen (egg white) and reduce the risk of human salmonellosis.201121205106
phenotypic and molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serovar sofia, an avirulent species in australian poultry.salmonella enterica serovar sofia (s. sofia) is often isolated from chickens in australia. however, despite its high frequency of isolation from chicken and chicken meat products, s. sofia is rarely associated with animal or human salmonellosis, presumably because this serovar is avirulent in nature. the objective of this work was to investigate the phenotypic and molecular properties of s. sofia in order to assess its pathogenic potential. our in vivo studies support the observation that this s ...201121212118
nucleoid-associated protein hu controls three regulons that coordinate virulence, response to stress and general physiology in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the role of the hu nucleoid-associated proteins in gene regulation was examined in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the dimeric hu protein consists of different combinations of its α and β subunits. transcriptomic analysis was performed with cultures growing at 37&emsp14;°c at 1, 4 and 6&emsp14;h after inoculation with mutants that lack combinations of hu α and hu β. distinct but overlapping patterns of gene expression were detected at each time point for each of the three mutants, revea ...201121212121
effect of desiccation on tolerance of salmonella enterica to multiple stresses.reducing the available water in food is a long-established method for controlling bacterial growth in the food industry. nevertheless, food-borne outbreaks of salmonellosis due to consumption of dry foods have been continuously reported. previous studies showed that dried salmonella cells acquire high tolerance to heat and ethanol. in order to examine if dehydration also induces tolerance to other stressors, dried salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium cells were exposed to multiple stresses, ...201121216905
efficacy of an anaerobic swab transport system to maintain aerobic and anaerobic microorganism viability after storage at -80 degrees c.an amies agar gel swab transport system was evaluated for its ability to maintain bacterial viability and relative quantity after freezing at -80°c. nine american type culture collection (atcc) bacterial strains were used: 3 anaerobic strains (propionibacterium acnes, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and clostridium sporogenes) and 6 facultative or strict aerobic bacterial strains (stenotrophomonas maltophilia, escherichia coli ([atcc 25922 and atcc 11775], salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sero ...201121217035
analysis of mechanisms involved in reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in salmonella enterica serotypes typhi and paratyphi a isolates from travellers to southeast asia.owing to multidrug resistance, quinolones and third-generation cephalosporins are currently used as key antibiotics to combat salmonella organisms. therapy failure due to reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility has been reported in endemic areas, but also in imported disease. different bacterial resistance mechanisms may result in reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility. in this study, the presence and expression of different resistance mechanisms resulting in reduced minimum inhibitory concentrations ...201121227657
characterization of salmonella enterica isolates from turkeys in commercial processing plants for resistance to antibiotics, disinfectants, and a growth promoter.salmonella enterica isolates from turkeys in two commercial processing plants (1 and 2) were characterized for susceptibility to antibiotics, disinfectants, and the organoarsenical growth promoter, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylarsonic acid (3-nhpaa, roxarsone), and it's metabolites, naaso(2) (as(iii)) and na(2)haso(4) • 7h(2)o (as(v)). the 130 salmonella serovars tested demonstrated a low incidence of resistance to the antibiotics gentamicin (gen), kanamycin (kan), sulfamethoxazole (smx), streptomycin ...201121235389
prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing salmonella enterica isolates in saragossa, spain (2001-2008).we analyzed the prevalence of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (escs) among clinical strains of salmonella enterica collected by the laboratory of clinical microbiology in the university clinical hospital lozano blesa in the region of aragón (spain), for which very few epidemiological information exists. a total of 2,092 strains of s. enterica were identified in stool samples from patients with gastroenteritis. five isolates showed an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) phenoty ...201121235396
oral treatment with saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ufmg 905 modulates immune responses and interferes with signal pathways involved in the activation of inflammation in a murine model of typhoid fever.salmonella spp. are gram-negative, facultative, intracellular pathogens that cause several diarrheal diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. previous results from our laboratory showed that saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ufmg 905 isolated from 'cachaça' production presented probiotic properties due to its ability to protect against experimental infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. in this study, the effects of oral treatment with s. cerevisiae 90 ...201121236729
diversity of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the united states.the prevalence and diversity of multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the united states were examined. hides and carcasses of cattle were sampled at processing plants (n = 6) located in four geographically distant regions from july 2005 to april 2006. the mean prevalences of salmonella on hides, preevisceration carcasses (immediately after hide removal), and postintervention carcasses (in the chiller and after the full complement of interventi ...201121239549
molecular epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from cattle in hokkaido, japan: evidence of clonal replacement and characterization of the disseminated clone.the molecular epidemiology of 545 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates collected between 1977 and 2009 from cattle in hokkaido, japan, was investigated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). nine main clusters were identified from 116 pfge patterns. cluster i comprised 248 isolates, 243 of which possessed a sequence specific to definitive phage type 104 (dt104) or u302. the cluster i isolates were dominant in 1993 to 2003, but their numbers declined beginning in 2004. beginni ...201121239560
bistability in myo-inositol utilization by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the capability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain 14028 (s. typhimurium 14028) to utilize myo-inositol (mi) is determined by the genomic island gei4417/4436 carrying the iol genes that encode enzymes, transporters, and a repressor responsible for the mi catabolic pathway. in contrast to all bacteria investigated thus far, s. typhimurium 14028 growing on mi as the sole carbon source is characterized by a remarkable long lag phase of 40 to 60 h. we report here that on solid medium w ...201121239589
structural-dynamical investigation of the znua histidine-rich loop: involvement in zinc management and transport.comparative homology modelling techniques have been used to model the protein znua from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium using the 3d structure of the homologous protein from escherichia coli. these two-domain proteins bind one zn(2+) atom, with high affinity, in the inter-domain cleft and possess a histidine-rich loop in the n-terminal domain. alternative structures of the znua histidine-rich loop, never resolved by the x-ray diffraction method, have been modelled. a model of the apo for ...201121240623
a community effort towards a knowledge-base and mathematical model of the human pathogen salmonella typhimurium lt2.metabolic reconstructions (mrs) are common denominators in systems biology and represent biochemical, genetic, and genomic (bigg) knowledge-bases for target organisms by capturing currently available information in a consistent, structured manner. salmonella enterica subspecies i serovar typhimurium is a human pathogen, causes various diseases and its increasing antibiotic resistance poses a public health problem.201121244678
temporal fluctuation of multidrug resistant salmonella typhi haplotypes in the mekong river delta region of vietnam.typhoid fever remains a public health problem in vietnam, with a significant burden in the mekong river delta region. typhoid fever is caused by the bacterial pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), which is frequently multidrug resistant with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone-based drugs, the first choice for the treatment of typhoid fever. we used a goldengate (illumina) assay to type 1,500 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and analyse the genetic variation of s. ty ...201121245916
a rapid and sensitive method to identify and differentiate salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and salmonella enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- by combining traditional serotyping and multiplex polymerase chain reaction.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- is an emerging serovar considered as a monophasic variant of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. the antigenic and genetic similarity between salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- and salmonella typhimurium suggests that they may behave in a similar way and represent a comparable threat to public health. as serotyping alone does not necessarily provide for identification of salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- and its differentiation from salmonella typhi ...201121247297
new insights into the mode of action of the actin adp-ribosylating virulence factors salmonella enterica spvb and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin.the c2 toxin from clostridium botulinum represents the prototype of the family of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins. these toxins covalently transfer adp-ribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad(+)) onto arginine-177 of actin in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells resulting in depolymerization of actin filaments and cell rounding. the c2 toxin consists of two non-linked proteins, the enzyme component c2i and the binding and translocation component c2ii, which delivers c2i into host cell ...201121247657
evaluation of the immunogenicity and biological activity of the citrobacter freundii vi-crm197 conjugate as a vaccine for salmonella enterica serovar typhi.typhoid fever remains a major health problem in developing countries. young children are at high risk, and a vaccine effective for this age group is urgently needed. purified capsular polysaccharide from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (vi) is licensed as a vaccine, providing 50 to 70% protection in individuals older than 5 years. however, this vaccine is ineffective in infants. vi conjugated to a carrier protein (i.e., an exoprotein a mutant from pseudomonas aeruginosa [repa]) is highly immun ...201121248155
effect of stomaching on numbers of bacteria recovered from chicken skin.stomaching of skin samples releases only slightly more bacteria than a single rinse. successive rinses, however, continue to remove almost as many bacteria as the first rinse. one hypothesis to explain this observation is that relatively violent treatment of skin generates smaller pieces of skin, thus increasing the net surface area and effectively sequestering bacteria in a water film on the skin pieces so that numbers of bacteria suspended in the rinsate do not increase. an experiment was cond ...201121248349
cyclic diguanylate signaling proteins control intracellular growth of legionella pneumophila.proteins that metabolize or bind the nucleotide second messenger cyclic diguanylate regulate a wide variety of important processes in bacteria. these processes include motility, biofilm formation, cell division, differentiation, and virulence. the role of cyclic diguanylate signaling in the lifestyle of legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, has not previously been examined. the l. pneumophila genome encodes 22 predicted proteins containing domains related to cycli ...201121249170
neonatal lipopolysaccharide exposure impairs sexual development and reproductive success in the wistar rat.we investigated, in rats, whether neonatal exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) impairs sexual development, sexual decline, and reproductive behaviour in later life. rats were administered either lps (salmonella enterica, serotype enteritidis, 0.05 mg/kg, ip) or saline (equivolume) on days 3 and 5 postpartum. the immediate and long-term effect of treatment on hpa and hpg hormones, testicular morphology, and mating behaviour was assessed. neonatal lps exposure induced a significant incr ...201121251974
tola mediates the differential detergent resistance pattern between the salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars typhi and typhimurium.the tol-pal genes are essential for maintaining the outer membrane integrity and detergent resistance in various gram-negative bacteria, including salmonella. the role of tola has been well established for the bile resistance of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium. we compared the bile resistance pattern between the s. enterica serovars typhi and typhimurium and observed that typhi is more resistant to bile-mediated damage. a closer look revealed a significant difference in t ...201121252278
transfer and internalisation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in cabbage cultivated on contaminated manure-amended soil under tropical field conditions in sub-saharan africa.surface contamination and internalisation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium in cabbage leaf tissues at harvest (120 days post-transplantation) following amendment of contaminated bovine manure to soil at different times during crop cultivation were investigated under tropical field conditions in the central agro-ecological zone of uganda. fresh bovine manure inoculated with rifampicin-resistant derivatives of non-virulent strains of e. coli o157:h7 and s. typhimurium was inc ...201121269720
salmonella enterica serotype gambia with ctx-m-3 and arma resistance markers: nosocomial infections with a fatal outcome.we report two cases of bacteremia caused by the salmonella enterica serotype gambia in our children's hospital, with one fatal outcome. the isolates showed indistinguishable genotypes and infrequent resistance markers: ctx-m-3 extended-spectrum ß-lactamase and arma methyltransferase. this is the first report of s. gambia exhibiting ctx-m-3 and arma markers involved in serious infections.201121270227
host specific differences alter the requirement for certain salmonella genes during swine colonization.the pathogenic potential of salmonella is determined during the complex interaction between pathogen and host, requiring optimal regulation of multiple bacterial genetic systems within variable in vivo environments. the mouse model of systemic disease has been an extremely productive model to investigate the pathogenesis of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). although the mouse model is a widely used paradigm for studying the pathogenesis of systemic disease caused by salmo ...201121273009
geographical and temporal dissemination of salmonellae isolated from domestic animal hosts in the culiacan valley, mexico.the prevalence and diversity of salmonellae from domestic animal hosts were investigated in the culiacan valley, mexico. a total of 240 farm animal feces (cows, chicken, and sheep) were evaluated for salmonella spp. presence from july 2008 to june 2009. salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains were isolated from 76 samples (31.7%), and 20 serotypes were identified being salmonella oranienburg (25%), salmonella give (14%), salmonella saintpaul (12%), and salmonella minnesota (11%) the most fre ...201121274525
robustness of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction for diagnostic applications.we evaluated the robustness of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) of dna for bacterial diagnostic applications. salmonella enterica serovar typhi was used as the target organism and compared with a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) for testing assay performance and reproducibly, as well as the impact of ph and temperature stability. this isothermal amplification method appeared to be particularly robust across 2 ph units (7.3-9.3) and temperature values (57-67 °c). the detection limit ...201121276085
dna supercoiling is differentially regulated by environmental factors and fis in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica.although escherichia coli and salmonella enterica inhabit similar niches and employ similar genetic regulatory programmes, we find that they differ significantly in their dna supercoiling responses to environmental and antibiotic challenges. whereas e. coli demonstrates large dynamic transitions in supercoiling in response to growth phase, osmotic pressure and novobiocin treatment, supercoiling levels are much less variable in s. enterica. the fis protein is a global regulator of supercoiling in ...201121276095
survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in manure and manure-amended soil under tropical climatic conditions in sub-saharan africa.aims:  to establish the fate of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium in manure and manure-amended agricultural soils under tropical conditions in sub-saharan africa. methods and results:  survival of nonvirulent e. coli o157:h7 and salm. typhimurium at 4 and 7 log cfu g(-1) in manure and manure-amended soil maintained at ≥80% r.h. or exposed to exclusive field or screen house conditions was determined in the central agro-ecological zone of uganda. maintaining the matrices at high ...201121276146
kinetic model-based prediction of the persistence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium under tropical agricultural field conditions.aim: present a kinetic model-based approach for using isothermal data to predict the survival of manure-borne enteric bacteria under dynamic conditions in an agricultural environment. methods and results: a model to predict the survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium under dynamic temperature conditions in soil in the field was developed. the working hypothesis was that the inactivation phenomena associated with the survival kinetics of an organism in an agricultural matrix under d ...201121276148
prevalence of multiple drug resistance and screening of enterotoxin (stn) gene in salmonella enterica serovars from water sources in lagos, nigeria.to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and carriage of enterotoxin (stn) gene among strains of salmonella isolated from water sources in lagos.201121277605
novel virulence gene and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) multilocus sequence typing scheme for subtyping of the major serovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is the leading cause of bacterial food-borne disease in the united states. molecular subtyping methods are powerful tools for tracking the farm-to-fork spread of food-borne pathogens during outbreaks. in order to develop a novel multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme for subtyping the major serovars of s. enterica subsp. enterica, the virulence genes ssel and fimh and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) loci were sequenced from ...201121278266
eal domain protein ydiv acts as an anti-flhd4c2 factor responsible for nutritional control of the flagellar regulon in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.flagellar operons are divided into three classes with respect to their transcriptional hierarchy in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the class 1 gene products flhd and flhc act together in an flhd(4)c(2) heterohexamer, which binds upstream of the class 2 promoters to facilitate binding of rna polymerase. in this study, we showed that flagellar expression was much reduced in the cells grown in poor medium compared to those grown in rich medium. this nutritional control was shown to be exe ...201121278297
common architecture of the flagellar type iii protein export apparatus and f- and v-type atpases.the proteins that form the bacterial flagellum are translocated to its distal end through the central channel of the growing flagellum by the flagellar-specific protein export apparatus, a family of the type iii protein secretion system. flii and flij are soluble components of this apparatus. flii is an atpase that has extensive structural similarity to the +¦ and +¦ subunits of f(o)f(1)-atp synthase. flij is essential for export, but its function remains obscure. here we show that the structure ...201121278755
glycomimicry: display of fucosylation on the lipo-oligosaccharide of recombinant escherichia coli k12.we recently described the design of escherichia coli k12 and salmonella enterica sv typhimurium to display the gangliomannoside 3 (gm3) antigen on the cell surface. we report here the fucosylation of modified lipooligosaccharide in a recombinant e.coli strain with a truncated lipid a core due to deletion of the core glycosyltransferases genes waao and waab. this truncated structure was used as a scaffold to assemble the lewis y motif by consequent action of the heterologously expressed ß-1,4 gal ...201121286806
a conserved surface loop in type i dehydroquinate dehydratases positions an active site arginine and functions in substrate binding.dehydroquinate dehydratase (dhqd) catalyzes the third step in the biosynthetic shikimate pathway. we present three crystal structures of the salmonella enterica type i dhqd that address the functionality of a surface loop that is observed to close over the active site following substrate binding. two wild-type structures with differing loop conformations and kinetic and structural studies of a mutant provide evidence of both direct and indirect mechanisms of involvement of the loop in substrate ...201121291284
rapid and simple detection of the inva gene in salmonella spp. by isothermal target and probe amplification (itpa).salmonella spp. are an important cause of food-borne infections throughout world, and the availability of rapid and simple detection techniques is critical for the food industry. salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium cause the majority of human gastroenteritis infections, and there are a reported 40,000 cases of salmonellosis in the united states each year.201121291479
cell invasion of poultry-associated salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates is associated with pathogenicity, motility and proteins secreted by the type iii secretion system.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. poultry and poultry products are considered the major vehicles of transmission to humans. using cell invasiveness as a surrogate marker for pathogenicity, we tested the invasiveness of 53 poultry-associated isolates of s. enteritidis in a well-differentiated intestinal epithelial cell model (caco-2). the method allowed classification of the isolates into low (n?=?7), mediu ...201121292746
a sorting platform determines the order of protein secretion in bacterial type iii systems.bacterial type iii protein secretion systems deliver effector proteins into eukaryotic cells in order to modulate cellular processes. central to the function of these protein-delivery machines is their ability to recognize and secrete substrates in a defined order. here, we describe a mechanism by which a type iii secretion system from the bacterial enteropathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium can sort its substrates before secretion. this mechanism involves a cytoplasmic sorting platf ...201121292939
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