Publications

differences in lsh gene control over systemic leishmania major and leishmania donovani or leishmania mexicana mexicana infections are caused by differential targeting to infiltrating and resident liver macrophage populations.	earlier studies had shown that the viscerotropic nih 173 strain of cutaneous leishmania major fails to come under lsh gene control. visceral leishmania donovani lv9 and another viscerotropic cutaneous strain, leishmania mexicana mexicana lv4, are controlled by lsh. the results of double-infection experiments presented here show that expression of lsh resistance against l. mexicana mexicana was enhanced in the presence of l. donovani, whereas l. major still failed to come under lsh gene control, ...	1988	3356462
effects of a chronic wasting infection on skeletal muscle size and contractile properties.	to evaluate the effects of chronic infection on skeletal muscle dimensions and contractile properties, we used a hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis, a parasitic infection of the reticuloendothelial system produced by leishmania donovani (ld). to distinguish between effects of reduced caloric intake and infection per se, we also studied healthy control animals and noninfected animals subjected to caloric restriction. three muscles were tested in vitro: plantaris, soleus, and diaphragm. both ...	1988	3356664
is leishmania infantum an opportunistic parasite in patients with anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibodies?		1988	3365090
[syndrome of activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system. initial manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis].	we report a case of mononuclear phagocyte system activation observed in a 12 month-old girl presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, histiocytic hyperplasia with hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow, high triglyceride and low fibrinogen blood levels. this syndrome was associated with visceral leishmaniasis. we conclude that systemic leishmaniasis is a curable cause of disorders characterized by an activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system.	1988	3365103
leishmania donovani: role of microviscosity of macrophage membrane in the process of parasite attachment and internalization.	host macrophage infection by the parasite leishmania donovani is heterogeneous, but it is not clear which factors are responsible for parasite recognition within the macrophages. one possible factor may be the alteration of the microviscosity of the macrophage membrane. this in turn may affect receptor expression and hence parasite infection. in this paper we describe alteration of the lipid composition and hence the microviscosity of the macrophage membrane in a controlled manner using liposome ...	1988	3366213
methotrexate-resistant leishmania donovani genetically deficient in the folate-methotrexate transporter.	from a mutagenized population of wild type leishmania donovani promastigotes, a clone was isolated in a single step by virtue of its resistance to 1 mm methotrexate, a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. this methotrexate-selected cell line, mtxa5, was cross-resistant to aminopterin but just as sensitive to growth inhibition caused by pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, and cytotoxic purine and pyrimidine analogs. unlike previously characterized methotrexate-resistant leishmania (coderre, j. a ...	1988	3366764
use of purified parasite proteins from leishmania donovani for the rapid serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.	serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) due to leishmania donovani by using crude parasite antigen is complicated in many endemic areas because of cross-reactions with sera from humans with chagas' disease. we used affinity-purified parasite proteins to develop a direct dot-blot assay for vl. double-blind tests were carried out on sera from 40 patients with well-documented vl, from controls in endemic areas, and from patients with other diseases. using gp70-2, 36 (90.0%) of 40 sera from pat ...	1988	3373022
investigation into the presence of leishmania antibodies in patients with hepatosplenomegaly.		1988	3373056
role of mannose/n-acetylglucosamine receptors in blood clearance and cellular attachment of leishmania donovani.	the effects of glycoproteins and neoglycoproteins specific for liver and macrophage membrane lectins on both the cellular attachment and the clearance of leishmania donovani from hamster blood were investigated. although the inhibition pattern of in vitro cellular attachment studies indicates the involvement of both galactose and mannose/n-acetylglucosamine receptors, the in vivo blood clearance of the parasites was inhibited only by glycoproteins and neoglycoproteins specific for mannose/n-acet ...	1988	3374526
the major concanavalin a-binding surface glycoprotein of leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes is involved in attachment to human macrophages.	leishmania donovani, the protozoan causing visceral leishmaniasis, is an obligate intracellular parasite of mammalian macrophages. considerable evidence has suggested that the ingestion of l. donovani promastigotes by macrophages occurs via receptors on the surface of the phagocyte. during this study, a glycoconjugate that may be involved in the receptor-mediated ingestion of l. donovani chagasi promastigotes was isolated from the parasite membrane. octyl glucoside-soluble extracts of promastigo ...	1988	3379307
a ricin agglutinin-resistant clone of leishmania donovani deficient in lipophosphoglycan.	a variant cell line of leishmania donovani (named r2d2) has been selected for resistance to the cytotoxic lectin ricin agglutinin and shown to be defective in the synthesis of its major glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan. compared to the parental line, r2d2 cells showed a marked resistance to the toxic effects of ricin and an increased sensitivity toward concanavalin a. the synthesis of lipophosphoglycan by r2d2 cells was judged to be less than 1% relative to that of wildtype cells as determined b ...	1988	3386685
isolation and identification of coenzyme q from leishmania donovani.	crystalline coenzyme q (coq) was obtained from leishmania donovani promastigotes by extraction of the unsaponifiable material with hexane, chromatography on a florisil column and crystallization from ethanol. crystalline coq in ethanol revealed an ultraviolet-peak, at 275 nm, which disappeared upon reduction with nabh4. polarographic and mass fragmentographic measurements were characteristic of coq homologs. reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography revealed that it is coq9.	1988	3386688
characterisation of a simple, highly repetitive dna sequence from the parasite leishmania donovani.	repetitive dna sequences of the leishmania donovani genome have been identified by screening a recombinant dna library made by cloning sheared genomic dna into the vector pat153. bacterial clones containing a highly repetitive dna sequence have been isolated. dna sequencing has shown that this sequence is composed of tandem repeats of the sequence 5'-ccctaa-3'. this sequence is identical to the telomeric repeats found in trypanosoma brucei and hybridizes to all leishmania chromosomes. in this st ...	1988	3386690
[specificity of the interrelations of leishmania and host cells in vitro].	experiments on cross infection of peritoneal macrophages of mice with leishmania of reptiles l. gymnodactyli and free cells of abdominal cavity of caucasian agama (some part of which is composed by fibroblasts) with leishmania of mammals l. major and l. donovani have shown the possibility of reproduction of the above species both in reptiles and mammals. the persistence of l. gymnodactyli and l. major in macrophages of mice was traced up to 10 days, the abundance of l. gymnodactyli during the wh ...	1988	3387121
presence of a lipophosphoglycan in two variants of trypanosoma brucei brucei.	for the family of trypanosomatidae (trypanosoma and leishmania) the organization of the glycoproteins on the cell surface is a well documented structural feature, because their plasma membranes are potential target for chemotherapy. by using metabolic labeling ( [32p] phosphate, [3h]-myristic acid, [3h]-galactose) and by appropriate fractionated extraction, we have found a trypanosomal molecule which has electrophoretic and chromatographic properties consistent with the lipophosphoglycan of leis ...	1988	3390183
an experimental model system for leishmaniasis. effects of porphyrin-compounds and menadione on leishmania parasites engulfed by cultured macrophages.	in order to facilitate studies on the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on the host-parasite interactions in leishmaniasis, we have developed an experimental model for infecting human monocyte-derived- and mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture with recently-isolated leishmania donovani promastigots (ldp). the chemotherapeutic agents studied were protoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, menadione, and combinations of hematoporphyrin plus menadione. since the leishmania donovani amastigotes survived po ...	1988	3395481
the identification of membrane glycoconjugates in leishmania species.	the membrane glycoconjugates of 8 different species of leishmania were compared by lectin blotting. five different lectins with various sugar specificities were examined: concanavalin a, lens culinaris, ricinus communis, soybean agglutinin, and peanut agglutinin. concanavalin a and lens culinaris reacted with every leishmania tested. the patterns observed for these 2 lectins, as well as the various species of parasites, were different. however, a common 41,000-52,000 and a 160,000-185,000 mr com ...	1988	3397816
primary structure of the leishmania donovani small subunit ribosomal rna coding region.		1988	3405771
leishmania donovani: superoxide dismutase level in infected macrophages.	superoxide dismutase (sod), a metal containing enzyme is present in parasite leishmania donovani as well as in host macrophages both resident and activated in a detectable amount, although the level is much higher in the latter case. it is observed that at any particular protein concentration, the sod activity is highest in the case of parasite infected macrophages and lowest in the case of normal resident macrophages; the sod activity of thioglycolate activated macrophages lies in between the t ...	1988	3408810
improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis.	to increase the potential for the wide-scale application of our direct agglutination test for visceral leishmaniasis, modifications in the components and procedures were introduced. supplementation with 0.056 m citrate of the suspension medium stabilized the antigen for 9 weeks at 37 degrees c. to circumvent the need for cooling systems in the field, 0.2% (wt/vol) gelatin was added to the serum diluent instead of fetal bovine serum, with reliable results. specificity and sensitivity were improve ...	1988	3410946
genetic characterization of leishmania isolates at 37 enzyme loci.		1988	3417374
leishmania d. infantum from the spleen of an adult patient with hepatosplenomegaly.		1988	3418168
observations on the development of leishmania (l.) chagasi cunha and chagas in the midgut of the sandfly vector lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva).	previous observations have shown that forms of leishmania, infective to hamsters, are present in the midgut of experimentally infected sandflies from 15-221 hours after the infective bloodmeal. in a continuation of these studies, stained smears of the midgut contents of lutzomyia longipalpis infected with leishmania (l.) chagasi, made at intervals between 15-120 hours, revealed two lines of parasite development. one of these is the direct transformation of small, non-dividing amastigotes into ve ...	1988	3421641
eicosanoid metabolism by leishmania donovani-infected macrophages: mouse strain responses in prostanoid synthesis.	arachidonic acid (20:4) conversion to prostanoids was examined in murine peritoneal macrophages infected in vitro with leishmania donovani. four strains of mice differing in resistance to in vivo l. donovani infection were studied. normal macrophages from all strains converted 20:4 to prostanoids and this was augmented by l. donovani infection. although cells from each strain synthesized elevated levels of prostaglandin-e2 (pge2), there were differences with respect to relative increases of this ...	1988	3422546
long term cryopreservation of the amastigote stages of hemoflagellates.	tissue homogenates containing amastigotes of either leishmania donovani, l. tropica, or trypanosoma cruzi were rapidly frozen with 10% glycerol as cryoprotectant. viability and pathogenicity were maintained for at least 23 years with the khartoum strain of l. donovani, 22 years with the malakal strain of l. donovani, and 7 years for l. tropica and t. cruzi. similar results over a shorter period of time were obtained with a slow-freezing technique.	1988	3284997
the dynamics of granuloma formation in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.	we have examined the temporal sequence of events leading to the formation of hepatic granulomas after the intravenous injection of l. donovani amastigotes into balb/c mice. parasite ingestion by permissive kupffer cells (kc) occurred promptly, and local kc aggregations were the foci about which granulomas were subsequently formed. infected kc were recognized by the uptake of colloidal carbon and the expression of the macrophage-specific antigen recognized by f4/80 mab. peroxidase-positive granul ...	1988	3290381
identification of leishmania donovani amastigotes in canine tissues by immunoperoxidase staining.	this paper describes the demonstration of leishmania donovani amastigotes in canine tissues by immunoperoxidase staining. an indirect immunoperoxidase method was applied to the organs of 20 dogs in which leishmaniasis was previously diagnosed. haemosiderin pigment was eliminated with 5 per cent oxalic acid. amastigotes of l donovani appeared as dark brown stained bodies which contrasted with haematoxylin stained host cells. no positively stained amastigotes could be seen in any of the sections i ...	1988	3291029
immunization of dogs with a leishmania infantum-derived vaccine.	a partially-purified extract of leishmania infantum has been administered to healthy dogs. post-immunization sera were found to neutralize the infectivity of l. infantum and to abate the development of l. major. muramyl dipeptide and one of its derivates, murabutide, were the best adjuvants.	1988	3291382
complement receptor type 3 (cr3) binds to an arg-gly-asp-containing region of the major surface glycoprotein, gp63, of leishmania promastigotes.	the major surface glycoprotein of leishmania promastigotes, gp63, was isolated and reconstituted into a lipid membrane immobilized on the surface of 5-micron-diameter silica beads. these beads bound to the macrophage (mo), and the extent of binding correlated with the density of gp63 on the bead. the bead thus facilitated analysis of the binding specificity of a single ligand, gp63, without contribution from other molecules present on the surface of intact promastigotes. plating of mo onto subst ...	1988	3294332
cerdocyon thous (l.) (carnivora, canidae) naturally infected with leishmania donovani chagasi (cunha & chagas, 1973) in corumbá (mato grosso do sul state, brazil).		1988	2593825
a tissue culture system for the growth of several species of leishmania: growth kinetics and drug sensitivities.	we have developed a simple in vitro method of infecting a continuous human macrophage cell line (u937) with promastigotes of several species of leishmania. these include l. braziliensis braziliensis, l. b. panamensis, l. donovani, l. mexicana mexicana, l. m. pifanoi, l. tropica, and l. major. the growth kinetics of these species are presented as well as drug sensitivity data. the u937 cell system can be used to determine drug efficacy and eliminates the need to use amastigotes from animal tissue ...	1988	2833127
immunochemotherapy for intracellular leishmania donovani infection: gamma interferon plus pentavalent antimony.	to determine if the macrophage-activating t cell lymphokine gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) can enhance the effect of conventional chemotherapy against intracellular leishmania donovani, we treated human macrophages in vitro with both recombinant (r) ifn-gamma and sodium stibogluconate (pentostam). after pretreatment with a nonactivating dose of rifn-gamma (10 u/ml), ineffective concentrations of pentostam (1 and 5 micrograms/ml) were converted to leishmanistatic concentrations, and a leishmanistat ...	1988	2834469
mode of action of pentavalent antimonials: specific inhibition of type i dna topoisomerase of leishmania donovani.	sodium stibogluconate and ureastibamine, two potent antileishmanial drugs specifically inhibit the relaxation of supercoiled plasmid pbr322 catalyzed by dna topoisomerase i of leishmania donovani. dose dependent inhibition suggests that the drugs interact with the enzyme rather than the dna. the inhibition reported here concerning a type i dna topoisomerase demonstrates at least one possible mode of action of these antileishmanial drugs.	1988	2835038
reaction kinetics and inhibition of adenosine kinase from leishmania donovani.	the reaction kinetics and the inhibitor specificity of adenosine kinase (atp:adenosine 5'-phosphotransferase, ec 2.7.1.20) from leishmania donovani, have been analysed using homogeneous preparation of the enzyme. the reaction proceeds with equimolar stoichiometry of each reactant. double reciprocal plots of initial velocity studies in the absence of products yielded intersecting lines for both adenosine and mg2+-atp. amp is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme with respect to adenosine and nonc ...	1988	2838751
an experimental model system for leishmaniasis. an ultrastructural study on cultured macrophages exposed to leishmania parasites and sodium stibogluconate.	to facilitate studies on the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on the host-parasite interaction in leishmaniasis, we have developed an experimental model for infecting mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture with recently-isolated leishmania donovani promastigotes. as the drug action is often dependent on concentration, the distribution of sodium stibogluconate, which is the commonly used drug for treatment of leishmaniasis, was studied in various parts of the macrophages by energy dispersive x- ...	1988	2841954
the synergistic action of pyrazolopyrimidines and pentavalent antimony against leishmania donovani and l. braziliensis.	pyrazolopyrimidines, particularly allopurinol, allopurinol riboside, and other purine analogues, show promise as experimental therapeutic compounds for the treatment of leishmaniasis. the combination of these agents with pentostam may produce an improved therapeutic effect. we report here on strong synergistic activity between pyrazolopyrimidines and pentavalent antimonials in a human macrophage tissue culture system infected with leishmania donovani and l. braziliensis.	1988	2845824
effects of antimycotic azoles on growth and sterol biosynthesis of leishmania promastigotes.	promastigotes of 36 world health organization reference (and other) strains of 6 species and 10 subspecies of leishmania were cultured in the presence of 3 antimycotic azole drugs (ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole) and their population growth determined. a representative of each subspecies was also analyzed for its sterol composition. for all strains the order of azole drug activity with respect to both growth and sterol biosynthesis inhibition was itraconazole greater than or equal to ke ...	1988	2847043
[visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)].	a 32-year-old homosexual with aids, who until 1985 was a frequent traveller to south america and mediterranean countries, had recurrent bouts of fever, splenomegaly, arthralgias as well as granulocytopenia and anaemia. liver and bone-marrow punctures were performed to exclude malignant lymphoma and (or) a mycobacterial infection. both biopsies revealed leishmania donovani. during administration of sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) the fever disappeared for a time and there was clinical improveme ...	1988	2848675
[analysis of the sequence homologies in k-dna of different leishmania isolates by dna hybridization technique].		1988	2855320
[identification of leishmania by dot blot hybridization with photobiotin labelled k-dna].		1988	2855321
physical characterisation of kinetoplast dna of an indian strain of leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis.		1988	2855628
limited activity of bacterial dna topoisomerase ii inhibitors against leishmania donovani and trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes in vitro.		1988	2855767
the activity of nitrofurazone and furazolidone against leishmania donovani, l. major and l. enriettii in vitro and in vivo.	furazolidone and nitrofurazone showed in vitro activity against amastigotes of leishmania donovani, l. enriettii and l. major in macrophages, at concentrations which were also toxic to the macrophages. a low grade of activity was observed against l. donovani infections in balb/c mice by furazolidone but not with nitrofurazone. nitrofurazone, in two concentrations, was not active when applied to the lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to l. enriettii (guinea-pig infection) or l. major strain p ...	1988	2855778
primary agent for leishmaniasis.		1988	2856321
ubiquitin genes in trypanosomatidae.	a ubiquitin encoding cdna from trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan cause of chagas' disease, was isolated by immunoscreening a lambda gt11 expression library with serum from a mouse chronically infected with this parasite. the cdna encodes a precursor protein consisting of four tandem repeats of ubiquitin differing from that of saccharomyces cerevisiae in four positions, followed by an unrelated 52-amino acid tail containing a putative metal and nucleic acid binding domain. southern and northern bl ...	1988	2457589
persistence of elevated levels of galactosyl-alpha(1-3)galactose antibodies in sera from patients cured of visceral leishmaniasis.	using rabbit erythrocyte-derived neutral glycosphingolipids enriched for a ceramide pentasaccharide as the antigen, we detected elevated anti-galactosyl-alpha(1-3)galactose (anti-g alpha g) antibody levels in 76% of children with active visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar [ka]) and in 42% of clinically cured patients with ka who had been treated about 5 years previously with meglumine antimonate (30 mg/kg in a series of 15 daily injections). the long-term persistence of elevated g alpha g antibodi ...	1988	2460498
leishmania donovani: identification of glycoproteins released by promastigotes during growth in vitro.	culture supernatants of metabolically labeled leishmania donovani promastigotes were shown to contain approximately 40 electrophoretically distinct released protein compounds. of these, approximately 20 were glycoproteins which contained terminal mannose residues, as judged by their specific binding to concanavalin a-agarose beads. smaller subsets of the released glycoproteins were bound by agarose-conjugated lens culinaris, ricinus communis, and peanut lectins. promastigote mannose-containing r ...	1988	2461315
aspartate transcarbamylase from leishmania donovani. a discrete, nonregulatory enzyme as a potential chemotherapeutic site.	leishmania donovani is a protozoal pathogen that belongs to the kinetoplastida order. unlike in other eucaryotic systems, the first three enzymes of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway are not components of a multifunctional protein system. the three enzyme activities in the crude extract were separated on a sephacryl s-200 column. aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ec 2.1.3.2) has been purified to apparent homogeneity. the enzyme has an approximate molecular weight of 135,000 and seems to ...	1988	2891701
biodegradable microspheres: polyacryl starch microparticles as a delivery system for the antileishmanial drug, sodium stibogluconate.	liver parasite burdens of leishmania donovani in the mouse have been determined after treatment with intravenous administration of sodium stibogluconate in the free or carrier form. the carrier form, in which the drug was covalently bound to polyacryl starch microparticles, was up to 100x more effective than the free form in this murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. empty microparticles had no effect on liver parasite burdens and the enhanced in-vivo antileishmanial activity of the carrier fo ...	1987	2891821
the promastigote surface protease of leishmania donovani infantum in the midgut of phlebotomus perniciosus.		1987	2892377
comparative infectivity of a kenyan strain of leishmania donovani amastigotes for rattus rattus and the laboratory white rat.	amastigotes of a kenyan strain of leishmania donovani from a previously infected hamster were used to inoculate rattus rattus and the laboratory white rat intracardially. the animals were sampled at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks post-inoculation to determine infectivity and total parasite burdens in the liver and spleen. higher parasite burdens were observed in the livers and spleens of r. rattus. parasite culture indicated more generalized parasite dissemination compared to the white rat. demonstration ...	1987	2894131
safety and efficacy of high-dose sodium stibogluconate therapy of american cutaneous leishmaniasis.	40 patients with american cutaneous leishmaniasis caused primarily by leishmania braziliensis panamensis were treated with sodium stibogluconate in a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. nine weeks after starting treatment, all 19 patients treated with 20 mg sb/kg per day for twenty days were cured but 5 of 21 patients treated with 10 mg sb/kg per day for twenty days had persistent active disease (p less than 0.05). both treatment regimens were well tolerated and they were associated with ...	1987	2885505
inhibition of monocyte oxidative responses by bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin.	bordetella pertussis and the other bordetella species produce a novel adenylate cyclase toxin which enters target cells to catalyze the production of supraphysiologic levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp). in these studies, dialyzed extracts from b. pertussis containing the adenylate cyclase toxin, a partially purified preparation of adenylate cyclase toxin, and extracts from transposon tn5 mutants of b. pertussis lacking the adenylate cyclase toxin, were used to assess t ...	1987	2888823
antibody kinetics in kala-azar in response to treatment.		1987	2845873
parasite-accessory cell interactions in murine leishmaniasis. ii. leishmania donovani suppresses macrophage expression of class i and class ii major histocompatibility complex gene products.	in the present study, we examined the modulation of mhc class ii and class i gene products on balb/c macrophages infected with the obligate intracellular protozoan leishmania donovani. our findings indicated that this organism suppressed macrophage expression of both classes of mhc antigens. these effects varied somewhat, depending on whether cells were in the basal state or were stimulated with interferon-gamma. thus, class ii density on interferon-gamma-treated infected macrophages was suppres ...	1987	2434567
dna synthesis in promastigotes of leishmania major and l. donovani.	the requirement of protozoan parasites for pre-formed purines affords the opportunity for quantitation of nucleic acid synthesis from incorporation of radioactively labeled purines into dna and rna. we have developed rapid and simple assays to quantitate dna and rna synthesis in promastigotes of leishmania major and l. donovani from the incorporation of [3h]hypoxanthine. dna but not rna synthesis in l. major or l. donovani promastigotes was inhibited by aphidicolin (50% inhibition by 0.2-0.3 mic ...	1987	2437451
trypsin-treated and coomassie blue-stained epimastigote antigen in a microagglutination test for chagas' disease.	a microagglutination test using trypsin-treated and coomassie blue-stained trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote antigen was adapted for the diagnosis of chagas' disease. when incorporated in the test, 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of chagasic sera had no influence on antibody titer. in contrast, titers in sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis, african trypanosomiasis, and autoimmune disorders, subjected to similar treatment, showed remarkable decline. accordingly, a lower cut-off point for chag ...	1987	2440329
characterization of rna from leishmania tropica and leishmania d.donovani promastigotes.	rna has been prepared from promastigotes of leishmania tropica and leishmania d.donovani using three different methods. extraction by hot phenol/isothiocyanate gave the best quantitative and qualitative results. the analysis of total rna on methyl mercuric agarose gels shows that the large rrna species is nicked: it is composed of a 630 and a 560 kda molecule. the small rrna species has a molecular weight of 800,000. poly(a+) rna can be translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. the newl ...	1987	2441255
human visceral leishmaniasis: analysis of the specificity of humoral immune response to polypeptides of leishmania donovani chagasi.	soluble antigens from leishmania donovani chagasi were studied in terms of their ability to react with sera from human visceral leishmaniasis. thirty-six polypeptides, with molecular weights ranging from 14,400 to 123,000 were demonstrated by western blot analysis. an extensive cross-reactivity with sera from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis and chagas' disease also was observed. two polypeptides (mr 119,000 and 123,000) reacted with all the sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients. when t ...	1987	2444121
urea stibamine: an improved method of preparation and its antileishmanial activity.	an improved method for preparation of urea stibamine was developed. the crude p-acetylaminophenyl stibonic acid (ii) prepared was purified by dissolving it in na2co3 solution, whererin acid (ii) dissolved leaving behind the impurities. acid (ii) was directly combined with urea without hydrolyzing the acetyl group to give urea stibamine. biological activity of the drug in vitro as well as in vivo was also studied. the drug had no inhibitory effect on growth, respiration, incorporation of radiolab ...	1987	2444239
detection of leishmania donovani soluble antigen and antibody in the urine of visceral leishmaniasis patients.	urine samples from 21 patients with visceral leishmaniasis were examined for the presence of leishmania donovani soluble antigen and antibody by double counter-current immunoelectrophoresis. 19 samples revealed both antigen and antibody (igm in 5 and igg in all samples). 2 urine samples collected 10 and 13 days after glucantime treatment revealed only antibody (igg), not soluble antigen.	1987	2451331
molecular karyotype of five species of leishmania and analysis of gene locations and chromosomal rearrangements.	the molecular karyotypes of five species of leishmania were studied by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis (pfgge) of chromosome-sized dna bands. each species exhibits a unique pattern of 22-28 bands in the size range approximately 200-2200 kb whereas strains of one species exhibit similar karyotypes. analysis of the behaviour of kinetoplast dna during pfgge showed that minicircle dna remains confined to the gel slot but a proportion of the maxicircle dna fractionates as a low molecular we ...	1987	2827021
structure and expression of a tandem gene pair in leishmania donovani that encodes a protein structurally homologous to eucaryotic cation-transporting atpases.	an oligonucleotide probe was used to clone a cation-transporting atpase gene from the genome of leishmania donovani. the nucleotide sequence of the gene contained a 2,922-base-pair open reading frame that was predicted to encode a 107,406-dalton protein composed of 974 amino acids. the predicted l. donovani protein contained all the structural and functional domains expected to be present in a cation-transporting atpase of the aspartyl phosphate class. the nucleotide sequence encoding the atpase ...	1987	2828921
decatenation of kinetoplast dna by an atp-dependent dna topoisomerase from the kinetoplast hemoflagellate leishmania donovani.	an enzyme from leishmania donovani that decatenates kinetoplast dna networks into covalently closed monomeric circles has been isolated and characterized. the enzyme also relaxes supercoiled plasmid pbr322. the decatenation and relaxation reactions both require atp and mg2+. in both reactions the formation of topological isomers of unique linking numbers suggests that the enzyme is a type ii dna topoisomerase. both the relaxation and decatenating activities are inhibited by novobiocin at a very ...	1987	2828947
a case of laboratory acquired leishmania donovani infection; evidence for primary lymphatic dissemination.	we report the case of a laboratory worker who received close medical follow-up after accidently inoculating her hand with a needle containing a humera strain of leishmania donovani amastigotes. she developed a leishmanoma and histologic evidence of local lymphatic dissemination before being treated. the spectrum of disease caused by l. donovani is discussed.	1987	2832980
monoclonal antibody identification of leishmania tropica from sudanese mucosal leishmaniasis.	monoclonal antibodies have been raised against a stock of leishmania parasites which were isolated from a patient with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the sudan. this stock did not react with monoclonal antibodies to l. donovani, and monoclonal antibodies raised to this stock were not reactive with stocks of l. donovani. they did react with stocks of l. tropica. the antibodies recognized antigens of high and of low molecular weights which were detectable in immunofluorescence on cultured promasti ...	1987	3299657
identification of the promastigote surface protease in seven species of leishmania.	twelve different strains of leishmania, including l. major, l. donovani, l. infantum, l. tropica, l. mexicana, l. amazonensis, l. braziliensis, and l. enriettii were examined for the presence of an ectoenzyme structurally and functionally related to the promastigote surface protease found in l. major lem 513. all strains examined possess a protease that is labelled by surface iodination of living promastigotes. the electrophoretic migrations of the labelled proteases are similar in all species s ...	1987	3302702
immune complex glomerulonephritis in experimental kala-azar.	in the present work we demonstrate that hamsters infected with l. donovani eliminate large quantities of immunoglobulins in the urine. this alteration is clearly a consequence of a conspicuous immune complex glomerulonephritis readily detectable 7 days after the beginning of infection. l. donovani antigens and hamsters immunoglobulins (igs) were revealed as granular deposits in the mesangial areas and contiguous loops of the glomeruli. histopathological alterations such as focal mesangial prolif ...	1987	2951644
[results of the serological examination of the population in the suppressed focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis (kirovabad, azerbaijan ssr)].		1987	2952870
increased infectivity of stationary-phase promastigotes of leishmania donovani: correlation with enhanced c3 binding capacity and cr3-mediated attachment to host macrophages.	this study demonstrated that the greater infectivity of stationary-phase promastigotes of leishmania donovani is related to increased complement fixation on the parasite surface, resulting in increased binding to host mononuclear phagocytes (mps) via complement type 3 receptors (cr3). the in vivo infectivity of log- and stationary-phase promastigotes was compared by measuring parasite loads in the livers of balb/c mice 14 days after i.v. inoculation. the same populations were tested for their ab ...	1987	2953670
evolution of the genus leishmania as revealed by comparisons of nuclear dna restriction fragment patterns.	restriction endonuclease dna fragment patterns have been used to examine the relationships among 28 isolates of leishmania as well as crithidia, endotrypanum, and trypanosoma cruzi. fragments of nuclear dna were generated with six restriction enzymes, and blots were hybridized with probes from three loci. among the major lineages the fragment patterns are essentially completely different, while within the major lineages various degrees of divergence are found. molecular evolutionary trees were c ...	1987	3025876
diagnostic problems of kala azar in non-endemic area.		1987	3315993
biosynthesis and secretion of acid phosphatase by leishmania donovani promastigotes.	metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that soluble acid phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.2) was rapidly synthesized and released into culture medium by leishmania donovani promastigotes. the kinetics of release indicated a constitutive secretory process (t 1/2 = 45 min). moreover, acid phosphatase was the major secretory protein. the extracellular enzyme is composed of two heterodisperse bands of approximately 110 and 130 kda in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels. it ...	1987	3323906
inflammatory cells in murine visceral leishmaniasis express a dendritic cell marker.	immunohistological studies of the murine liver following leishmania donovani infection have been performed. we describe here the identification of cells expressing a recently defined dendritic cell marker, as detected by monoclonal antibody nldc 145. such cells are numerous in the developing inflammatory foci but are not detected individually at any other site in the infected liver. this finding suggests that mature tissue dc are not recruited during infection and that expression of this antigen ...	1987	3325201
morphological changes and serological reactions in cultured leishmania donovani promastigotes.	promastigotes of leishmania donovani cultured in liquid media gradually changed from a majority of elongated forms through a predominance of intermediate spindle-shaped parasites to a majority of round forms, often aflagellate. quantitative and qualitative differences among these subpopulations, separated on percoll gradients, could be demonstrated when they were run on sds-page gels and stained from proteins or carbohydrates. when cultures containing a majority of one or other form were used as ...	1987	3332511
visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised hosts.	visceral leishmaniasis is infrequently reported in immunocompromised hosts; hence, the clinical manifestations and outcome of the disease in these patients are unknown. in a series of 10 patients with visceral leishmaniasis complicating renal transplantation (three), hematologic neoplasms (two), systemic lupus erythematosus (two), or infection with human immunodeficiency virus (three), typical hallmarks of kalaazar such as enlargement of spleen or hyperglobulinemia were absent in three and six p ...	1987	3332567
the transmission of suprapylarian leishmania by the bite of experimentally infected sand flies (diptera: psychodidae).	lutzomyia furcata transmitted leishmania chagasi to a hamster 10 days after being experimentally fed on an infected spleen. an individual female psychodopygus carrerai carrerai that had fed on a hamster lesion caused by leishmania mexicana amazonensis transmitted this parasite 6 days later to another hamster. transmission electron microscopy of this fly's head revealed a small number of degenerate promastigotes in the foregut, but only a few were attached.	1987	3333811
leishmania infantum, the aetiological agent of american visceral leishmaniasis (avl)?		1987	3333812
parasite accessory cell interactions in murine leishmaniasis. i. evasion and stimulus-dependent suppression of the macrophage interleukin 1 response by leishmania donovani.	interleukin 1 (il 1) is a principal mediator of the host immune response to microbial challenge. accessory cells of the monocyte-macrophage series are a major source of this cytokine and are also chronically parasitized by protozoa of the genus leishmania. this suggests that characterization of the macrophage il 1 response to leishmania would increase our understanding of the regulation of host immunity to these organisms. in the present study, the macrophage il 1 response to leishmania donovani ...	1987	3493291
in vitro granuloma formation in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.		1987	3497212
further characterization of leishmania isolates from children with visceral infection in alexandria area, egypt.	two visceral leishmania isolates from children (aged 1 1/2 and 4 years) living in el agamy area, alexandria, egypt, were compared with 5 marker strains, and 2 other human isolates from sinai and sudan, identified on clinical and geographical grounds as cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis respectively. isoenzyme variations were assessed on the basis of their electrophoretic profiles on cellulose acetate membranes. the enzymes studied were glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase e.c.1.1.1.49, phosphogl ...	1987	3503408
a new leishmania infantum enzymatic variant, agent of an urban visceral case unresponsive to drugs.		1987	3503411
regulation of aerobic fermentation in leishmania donovani promastigotes by nadp+-dependent malic enzyme.	nadp+-dependent malic enzyme (decarboxylating) was extracted from leishmania donovani promastigotes with triton x-100. the enzyme was specific for nadp+ and did not decarboxylate oxaloacetate (oa). the substrate activity relationship was hyperbolic for both l-malate and nadp+, and km values were calculated as 0.18 and 0.12 mm, respectively. the enzyme exhibited a broad ph optimum of 7.5-8.0. pyruvate, nadph and oa inhibited the reaction in a competitive manner with apparent ki values of 0.2, 0.0 ...	1987	3503645
leishmanin test survey in an endemic village of indian kala-azar near calcutta.	a leishmanin test survey was carried out in a village during the declining phase of an outbreak of indian kala-azar. one hundred and fifty of the total population of 220, including 25 clinically cured cases of kala-azar, were available for this study. nineteen per cent (24 of 125) of the otherwise normal subjects showed delayed hypersensitivity to leishmanin antigen. the majority of these were household contacts of kala-azar patients, and the remainder came from the close neighbourhood. this may ...	1987	3503646
inhibition of leishmania donovani growth by streptomycin and tobramycin.		1987	3503649
interaction of human eosinophils with leishmania donovani.		1987	3503650
infective stages of leishmania in the sandfly vector and some observations on the mechanism of transmission.	infective stages of leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, capable of producing amastigote infections in hamster skin, were shown to be present in the experimentally infected sandfly vector lutzomyia flaviscutellata 15, 25, 40, 49, 70, 96 and 120 hours after the flies had received their infective blood-meal. similarly, infective stages of leishmania (l.) chagasi were demonstrated in the experimentally infected vector lu. longipalpis examined 38, 50, 63, 87, 110, 135, 171 and 221 hours following th ...	1987	3507574
isolation and characterization of adenosine kinase from leishmania donovani.	adenosine kinase (atp:adenosine 5'-phosphotransferase, ec 2.7.1.20) has been purified 3250-fold from leishmania donovani promastigotes using ion-exchange, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography techniques. both native and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the enzyme revealed a single polypeptide of around 38,000 molecular weight. biophysical and biochemical analyses of the enzyme reveal unique characteristics different from those of adenosine kinases from other eukaryotic source ...	1987	3032935
detection of leishmania parasites by dna in situ hybridization with non-radioactive probes.	in situ hybridization techniques develop rapidly into diagnostic tools of considerable value for detection of viruses and bacteria. here we report the application of this technique for the detection of leishmania parasites. biotin-labelled total promastigote dna was hybridized to cultured leishmania parasites and to blood and impression smears of infected mice. in promastigotes kinetoplasts were strongly stained, nuclei somewhat more diffuse. in amastigotes both nuclear and kinetoplast dna hybri ...	1987	3035535
renaturation of leishmania donovani 3'-nucleotidase following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.	1. renaturation of a 3'-nucleotidase from the surface membrane of leishmania donovani promastigotes was achieved following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds). 2. enzyme activity was detected in situ in gels, following sds removal, by incubating the gels in reaction mixtures containing 3'-amp or 3'-ump as substrate followed by staining for the inorganic phosphate (pi) reaction product with malachite green-molybic acid solution. 3. conditions ...	1987	3040331
immunomodulation of murine visceral leishmaniasis by administration of monoclonal anti-ia antibodies: differential effects of anti-i-a vs. anti-i-e antibodies.	on a b10 genetic background noncure and cure phenotypes for murine visceral leishmaniasis are controlled by h-2. in this report results are presented which show the effects of administering specific anti-i-a and anti-i-e monoclonal antibodies to b10.d2/n (h-2d) noncure mice prior to and during 85 days of infection with leishmania donovani lv9. the effects of the two anti-ia antibodies were precisely equivalent in diminishing circulating anti-leishmanial igg levels throughout infection, possibly ...	1987	3479333
identification of specific and cross-reactive antigens of leishmania donovani chagasi by human infection sera.	cloned leishmania donovani chagasi (ldc) promastigotes were analyzed by sds-page separation and immunoblotting with human infection sera. the patterns of antigen reactivity were compared by using sera from individuals with ldc, leishmania mexicana amazonensis (lma), trypanosoma cruzi, mycobacterium tuberculosis, or mycobacterium leprae infections. sera from individuals with these infections recognized ldc antigens in several m.w. ranges. reactivity was due to recognition of ldc molecules and not ...	1987	3543131
effect of tunicamycin on the extracellular acid phosphatase of leishmania donovani promastigotes.	inhibition of replication of leishmania donovani promastigotes in axenic culture medium by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of asparagine linked protein glycosylation, depends upon the cell density of the culture at the time of addition of tunicamycin as well as upon the concentration of tunicamycin itself. parasite multiplication in cultures with initial densities of less than or equal to 1 x 10(6) cells ml-1 and a tunicamycin concentration of 1 microgram ml-1 was limited to 2-3 replications, but this ...	1987	3543672
a seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in two different districts in alexandria, egypt.		1987	3553357
ultrastructure of bone marrow in patients with visceral leishmaniasis.	ultrastructural studies were performed on bone marrow aspirates from three patients with visceral leishmaniasis. the patients were moderately anaemic but showed a suboptimal increase in the absolute reticulocyte count. serum and red cell folate concentrations and serum vitamin b12 concentrations were normal in all three cases, and serum ferritin concentrations were normal or increased. the bone marrows were hypercellular and showed erythroid hyperplasia; a high proportion of the erythroblasts sh ...	1987	3558859
activity of purine analogs against leishmania donovani in vivo.	the dose of orally administered 9-deazainosine calculated to suppress 50% of leishmania donovani amastigotes in hamster livers was 19 mg/kg (body weight) per day; 96 to 99% of leishmania organisms were eliminated from the liver and spleen of squirrel monkeys by 50 mg/kg per day. because these activities were greater than that of the experimental clinical agent allopurinol and comparable to that of the classical agent parenteral pentavalent antimony, 9-deazainosine should be considered for clinic ...	1987	3566235
an approach towards the isolation and characterization of some polysaccharide components of the protozoan leishmania donovani.		1987	3567989
leishmania donovani and l. major: cultivation in vitro in tick embryonic cell lines.		1987	3569476
early histopathology of experimental infection with leishmania donovani in hamsters.	the extracellular promastigote stage of leishmania donovani is inoculated by a phlebotomine sandfly into the skin of a susceptible host, after which visceral dissemination and clinical disease may ensue. using a hamster model we examined the histopathology of early infection with l. donovani after intradermal inoculation of cultured promastigotes. the initial response was a mixed polymorphonuclear (pmn)-mononuclear phagocyte infiltrate, noted between 1 and 24 hr after inoculation, which became p ...	1987	3572666
evidence for phosphorylation of the extracellular acid phosphatase of leishmania donovani.	the presence of two phosphorylated molecular species in the culture supernatants of axenically cultivated leishmania donovani promastigotes was demonstrated by biosynthetically labeling cultures with [32p]phosphate. one of these species was resolved into two bands with mr's of 149,000 and 97,000 by dissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and copurified with the extracellular acid phosphatase activity produced by the promastigotes. the site of phosphorylation of the extracellular acid pho ...	1987	3572843