Publications

identification and molecular characterization of eata, an autotransporter protein of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) strains remain a formidable cause of diarrheal disease. to identify novel surface proteins of etec, we performed tnphoa mutagenesis of prototype etec strain h10407 and discovered a secreted protein not previously recognized in etec. dna sequencing of the interrupted locus in mutant tnphoa.977 revealed a candidate 4,095-bp open reading frame without significant homology to commensal e. coli k-12 genomic dna. translation of this sequence revealed that it enc ...	2004	14977988
variability of shigella flexneri serotypes in israel during a period of two years: 2000 and 2001.	during a period of 2 years (2000 and 2001) 996 shigella flexneri strains from sporadic cases in israel were sent to the national shigella reference centre (nsrc) by hospital and outpatient clinics. the most common serotypes were 2a, 6 and 1b, accounting for 88.4% of all isolates. they were investigated according to the monthly distribution of the strains, and the age and sex of the patients. the severity of the disease was assessed by a hospital/outpatient distribution (h/od) of the isolates, ba ...	2004	14979589
role of attp in integrase-mediated integration of the shigella resistance locus pathogenicity island of shigella flexneri.	the shigella resistance locus (srl) pathogenicity island (pai) in shigella spp. mediates resistance to streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. it can be excised from the chromosome via site-specific recombination mediated by the p4-related int gene. here, we show that srl pai attp is capable of reca-independent, site-specific, int-mediated integration into two bacterial trna attb sites.	2004	14982801
campylobacter jejuni infection of differentiated thp-1 macrophages results in interleukin 1 beta release and caspase-1-independent apoptosis.	apoptosis induction of host macrophages has emerged as a common virulence mechanism among bacterial pathogens. infection with campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and is characterized by an acute inflammatory response in the small intestine. the authors used the human monocytic cell line thp-1 to examine apoptosis induction and pro-inflammatory cytokine production during c. jejuni infection. flow cytometric analysis revealed that 48 h after inoculation, a c. jejun ...	2004	14993305
occurrence of inhibitory compounds in spent growth media that interfere with acid-tolerance mechanisms of enteric pathogens.	understanding the acid-tolerance ability of enteric human pathogens is critical in determining microbial food safety and the associated risk. we have discovered naturally occurring compounds in the spent growth media, which inhibit the acid-tolerance ability of several enteric human pathogens when challenged at ph 3.0 for 2 h at 37 degrees c. the compounds were detected in the spent growth media obtained from escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., and vibrio cholera, but not from shigella fl ...	2004	14996461
neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria.	neutrophils engulf and kill bacteria when their antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome. here, we describe that, upon activation, neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that together form extracellular fibers that bind gram-positive and -negative bacteria. these neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria. nets are abundant in vivo in experimental dysentery and spontaneous human appendicitis, two examples of acute inflammation. nets appear ...	2004	15001782
shigella interactions with the actin cytoskeleton in the absence of ena/vasp family proteins.	shigella move through the cytosol of infected cells by assembly of a propulsive actin tail at one end of the bacterium. vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp), a member of the ena/vasp family of proteins, is important in cellular actin dynamics and is present on intracellular shigella. vasp binds both profilin, an actin monomer-binding protein, and vinculin, a component of intercellular contacts that also binds the shigella actin assembly protein icsa. it has been postulated that vasp migh ...	2004	15009027
neuromodulation of experimental shigella infection reduces damage to the gut mucosa.	bacillary dysentery arises when shigella invades the colonic and rectal mucosae of the human gut and elicits a strong inflammatory response, which may lead to life-threatening complications. hence, downregulation of the host inflammatory response is an appealing therapeutical alternative. the gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated, and nerve endings are often found in the vicinity of leukocytes. we have assessed the impact of experimental shigella infection on levels of neuropeptides in th ...	2004	15026012
topological analysis of glucosyltransferase gtrv of shigella flexneri by a dual reporter system and identification of a unique reentrant loop.	lipopolysaccharide, particularly the o-antigen component, is one of many virulence determinants necessary for shigella flexneri pathogenesis. o-antigen modification is mediated by glucosyltransferase genes (gtr) encoded by temperate serotype-converting bacteriophages. the gtrv gene encodes the gtrv glucosyltransferase, an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of a glucosyl residue via an alpha1,3 linkage to rhamnose ii of the o-antigen unit. this mediates conversion of s. flexner ...	2004	15028730
synthesis of some new 6-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbohydrazide derivatives and their antimicrobial activities.	in this study, 14 new compounds having 6-methyl-n2-(alkylidene/cycloalkylidene)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbohydrazide (3a-g), 3-[[(6-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-yl)carbonyl]amino]-4-thiazolidinone (4a-d) and 4-[[(6-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-yl)carbonyl]amino]-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.4]nonan/[4.5]decan-3-one (4e-g) structures were synthesized. the structures of the compounds were elucidated by uv, ir, 1h-nmr, 13c-nmr, 1h-13c-cosy, mass spectra and elemental analysis. all compounds synthesize ...	2004	15038463
the probiotic escherichia coli strain nissle 1917 interferes with invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by different enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens.	the probiotic escherichia coli strain nissle 1917 (mutaflor) of serotype o6:k5:h1 was reported to protect gnotobiotic piglets from infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. an important virulence property of salmonella is invasion of host epithelial cells. therefore, we tested for interference of e. coli strain nissle 1917 with salmonella invasion of int407 cells. simultaneous administration of e. coli strain nissle 1917 and salmonella resulted in up to 70% reduction of salmonella ...	2004	15039098
molecular epidemiology of shigella flexneri in a diarrhoea-endemic area of lima, peru.	a year-long community-based study of diarrhoeal diseases was conducted in canto grande, a periurban community in lima, peru. in 109 (34%) houses out of 323 that were visited, at least one individual was detected with shigellosis. the frequency of the 161 shigella isolates obtained was as follows: 117 s. flexneri (73%), 21 s. boydii (13%), 15 s. dysenteriae (9%), and 8 s. sonnei (5%). using a non-radioactive ipah gene probe as a molecular epidemiological tool, a total of 41 s. flexneri strains we ...	2004	15061506
a dna adenine methylase mutant of shigella flexneri shows no significant attenuation of virulence.	mutants of salmonella defective in dna adenine methylase (dam) have been reported to be attenuated for virulence and to provide protective immunity when used as vaccine strains. to determine whether these observations could be extended to shigella, a dam mutant of shigella flexneri 2a was characterized and examined for the role of dam in pathogenesis. the shigella dam mutant showed some unique characteristics; however, it retained virulence in vivo as well as in vitro. the mutant invaded culture ...	2004	15073316
the role of the shigella flexneri yihe gene in lps synthesis and virulence.	previously, the authors have shown that inactivation of shigella flexneri yihe, a gene of unknown function upstream of dsba, which encodes a periplasmic disulphide catalyst, results in a global change of gene expression. among the severely down-regulated genes are galetkm, suggesting that the yihe mutant, sh54, may inefficiently produce the udp-glucose and udp-galactose required for lps synthesis. this paper demonstrates that lps synthesis in sh54 is impaired. as a result, sh54 is unable to poly ...	2004	15073317
structure of spa15, a type iii secretion chaperone from shigella flexneri with broad specificity.	type iii secretion (tts) systems are used by many gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence proteins into the cells of their hosts. several of these virulence effectors require tts chaperones that maintain them in a secretion-competent state. whereas most chaperones bind only one effector, spa15 from the human pathogen shigella flexneri and homologous chaperones bind several seemingly unrelated effectors, and were proposed to form a special subgroup. its 1.8 a crystal structure confirms this s ...	2004	15088068
regulated site-specific recombination of the she pathogenicity island of shigella flexneri.	the she pathogenicity island (pai) is a chromosomal, laterally acquired, integrative element of shigella flexneri that carries genes with established or putative roles in virulence. we demonstrate that spontaneous, precise excision of the element from its integration site in the 3' terminus of the phev trna gene is mediated by an integrase gene (int) and a gene designated rox (regulator of excision), both of which are carried on the she pai. integrase-mediated excision occurs via recombination b ...	2004	15165236
synthesis and immunochemical characterization of protein conjugates of carbohydrate and carbohydrate-mimetic peptides as experimental vaccines.	the peptides drpvpy and mdwnmhaa, which were identified as mimics of the cell-surface polysaccharides of streptococcus group a and shigella flexneri y, respectively, were used in this study to develop experimental vaccines directed against these two bacteria. both oligopeptides were synthesized employing the fmoc solid-phase strategy and linked via the amino end to a bifunctional linker, diethylsquarate. these adducts were then conjugated to the two carrier proteins, bovine serum albumin (bsa) a ...	2004	15186860
prevalence of the sat, set and sen genes among diverse serotypes of shigella flexneri strains isolated from patients with acute diarrhoea.	new virulence factors associated with the genus shigella have been described recently. these comprise enterotoxins shet-1 and shet-2, encoded by the set and sen genes, respectively, and the secreted autotransporter toxin sat, encoded by the sat gene. the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of genes encoding these toxins among a collection of shigella flexneri clinical isolates belonging to different serotypes. while the set gene was detected only in s. flexneri serotypes 2a and 2b, t ...	2004	15191388
[antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of shigella spp. in northeastern argentina].	to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of strains of shigella spp. isolated from feces samples from northeastern argentina and to characterize the strains in terms of their molecular epidemiology.	2004	15193176
a study on detecting and identifying enteric pathogens with pcr.	to develop a rapid and definite diagnostic test of bacterial enteritis caused by pathogenic enterobacteria, the most frequent etiologic agent of infectious enteritis in the world.	2004	15202870
regulation of the ysa type iii secretion system of yersinia enterocolitica by ysae/sycb and ysrs/ysrr.	yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1b contains two type iii secretion systems (ttsss), the plasmid-encoded ysc-yop system and the chromosomally encoded ysa-ysp system. proteins secreted from the ysa ttss (ysps) have only been detected in vitro when cells are cultured at 26 degrees c in a high-nacl medium. however, the exact role of the ysa ttss is unclear. thus, investigations into the regulation of this system may help elucidate the role of the ysps during the life cycle of y. enterocolitica. here ...	2004	15205407
short report: high incidence of shigellosis among peruvian soldiers deployed in the amazon river basin.	we investigated the etiology of acute diarrhea among peruvian military recruits undergoing three months of basic combat training near the amazonian city of iquitos. from january through september 2002, 307 of 967 recruits were seen at the health post for diarrhea (attack rate [ar] = 31.8%, incidence = 1.28 95% confidence interval [ci] = 1.14-1.43] episodes/person-year). shigella spp. were the most common bacterial pathogen recovered from recruits experiencing diarrhea episodes. these bacteria we ...	2004	15211010
[dysentery in poland in 2002].	the notified number of dysentery cases was still very low, but a little higher than in 2001. only 220 cases were notified in the year 2002 (incidence 0.58/100,000 population) while 128 cases were notified in 2001 (incidence 0.33/100,000). no one death case was notified. four outbreaks of dysentery were observed: among them one foodborne infection due to s. sonnei involving 109 participants of a summer holiday camp for children from the poor families and one due to s. flexneri 2a involving 16 pat ...	2004	15218646
lactoferrin disruption of bacterial type iii secretion systems.	many gram-negative bacteria share a closely related mechanism for secretion of virulence proteins. this complex machine, the type iii secretion system, secretes virulence proteins in response to sensing the presence of target mammalian cells. we have found that recombinant human lactoferrin impairs the function of this system in two model organisms: shigella and enteropathogenic e. coli (epec). in the case of shigella, there is loss and degradation of two proteins secreted by the type iii mechan ...	2004	15222474
in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants against selected foodborne pathogens.	the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of selected essential oils for the control of growth and survival of pathogenic microorganisms of significant importance in food hygiene and to determine whether the antimicrobial effect was due to the major compounds of the oils. mic and mbc were determined by the tube dilution method. essential oils from thymus vulgaris from spain and france, salvia sclarea, salvia officinalis, salvia lavandulifolia, lavandula latifolia, lavandula angu ...	2004	15222560
mauve: multiple alignment of conserved genomic sequence with rearrangements.	as genomes evolve, they undergo large-scale evolutionary processes that present a challenge to sequence comparison not posed by short sequences. recombination causes frequent genome rearrangements, horizontal transfer introduces new sequences into bacterial chromosomes, and deletions remove segments of the genome. consequently, each genome is a mosaic of unique lineage-specific segments, regions shared with a subset of other genomes and segments conserved among all the genomes under consideratio ...	2004	15231754
mucosal immunization with attenuated shigella flexneri harboring an influenza hemagglutinin dna vaccine protects mice against a lethal influenza challenge.	mucosal surfaces are important for the induction of immunity against influenza virus. in a murine intranasal immunization model, we demonstrated that the attenuated shigella flexneri deltaasd strain 15d, carrying a dna construct encoding the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha), induces protective immunity against a lethal respiratory challenge with influenza a/wsn/33. influenza virus-specific ifn-gamma t cells were detected among splenocytes, and anti-ha igg was detected in serum post-immunizatio ...	2004	15246259
identification of novel immunogenic proteins of shigella flexneri 2a by proteomic methodologies.	shigella spp. are one of the most important etiological factors for people who are living in developing countries and travelers to tropical countries. high priority has been given by the world health organization to the development of vaccines to control shigellosis caused by these bacteria. however, information regarding to profile of immunogenic proteins of shigella is not available now. in the present study, sub-immunoproteomics was applied to screen novel immunogenic proteins which could be ...	2004	15246607
improved methods for producing outer membrane vesicles in gram-negative bacteria.	outer membrane vesicle formation occurs during gram-negative bacterial growth. however, natural production of large amounts of outer membrane vesicles has only been described in a few bacterial genera. the purified vesicles of some bacterial pathogens have shown potential applications in vaccinology and in antibiotic therapy. this study focused on the development of a gene expression system able to induce production of large amounts of outer membrane vesicles. the tol-pal system of escherichia c ...	2004	15249060
detection of approximately 10(3) copies of dna by an electrochemical enzyme-amplified sandwich assay with ambient o(2) as the substrate.	the electrochemical sandwich-type, enzyme-amplified assay of zhang, kim, and heller (anal. chem. 2003, 75, 3267-3269) was simplified by replacing the amplifying horseradish peroxidase with bilirubin oxidase (bod). bod catalyzes the reduction of ambient o(2) to water and obviates the need for adding h(2)o(2). femtomolar (10(-)(15) m) concentrations of dna were detected at a 10-microm-diameter tip of a carbon fiber electrode. correspondingly, a few thousand copies of dna were detected in approxima ...	2004	15253647
a probabilistic measure for alignment-free sequence comparison.	alignment-free sequence comparison methods are still in the early stages of development compared to those of alignment-based sequence analysis. in this paper, we introduce a probabilistic measure of similarity between two biological sequences without alignment. the method is based on the concept of comparing the similarity/dissimilarity between two constructed markov models.	2004	15271780
excision of the shigella resistance locus pathogenicity island in shigella flexneri is stimulated by a member of a new subgroup of recombination directionality factors.	pathogenicity islands are capable of excision and insertion within bacterial chromosomes. we describe a protein, rox, that stimulates excision of the shigella resistance locus pathogenicity island in shigella flexneri. sequence analysis suggests that rox belongs to a new subfamily of recombination directionality factors, which includes proteins from p4, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, and yersinia pestis.	2004	15292162
the omptin family of enterobacterial surface proteases/adhesins: from housekeeping in escherichia coli to systemic spread of yersinia pestis.	the omptins are a family of enterobacterial surface proteases/adhesins that share high sequence identity and a conserved beta-barrel fold in the outer membrane. the omptins are multifunctional, and the individual omptins exhibit differing virulence-associated functions. the pla plasminogen activator of yersinia pestis contributes by several mechanisms to bacterial invasiveness and the systemic, uncontrolled proteolysis in plague. pla proteolytically activates the human proenzyme plasminogen and ...	2004	15293449
expression of his-tagged shigella ipac in arabidopsis.	although the expression of histidine (his)-tagged proteins in bacteria is routine, few his-tagged proteins have been expressed in plants, and no his-tagged proteins from bacterial pathogens have been expressed in plants, to our knowledge. here, we demonstrate expression of the shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigen, ipac, in arabidopsis thaliana. s. flexneri is the causitive trigger for bacillary dysentery, and ipac is essential for bacterial entry into epithelial cells. ipac, attached to a ...	2004	15313002
validation of a pcr for diagnosis of typhoid fever and salmonellosis by amplification of the hila gene in clinical samples from colombian patients.	validation of a pcr test to detect hila gene sequences of salmonella spp. was performed in blood and faeces samples from typhoid fever and salmonellosis patients. sensitivity (s), specificity (sp), positive predictive value (ppv) and negative predictive value (npv) of the pcr in blood samples were performed by testing: 37 patients with clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever, 34 of them confirmed by isolation of s. typhi from blood cultures; 35 patients infected with other pathogens corroborated by ...	2004	15314194
growth inhibition of enteric pathogens by zinc sulfate: an in vitro study.	to determine the inhibition effect of zinc sulfate on isolates of enteric bacteria.	2004	15316263
the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium divalent cation transport systems mnth and sitabcd are essential for virulence in an nramp1g169 murine typhoid model.	nramp1 is a transporter that pumps divalent cations from the vacuoles of phagocytic cells and is associated with the innate resistance of mice to diverse intracellular pathogens. we demonstrate that sita and mnth, genes encoding high-affinity metal ion uptake systems in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, are upregulated when salmonella is internalized by nramp1-expressing macrophages and play an essential role in systemic infection of congenic nramp1-expressing mice.	2004	15322058
il-8 is a key chemokine regulating neutrophil recruitment in a new mouse model of shigella-induced colitis.	the lack of a mouse model of acute rectocolitis mimicking human bacillary dysentery in the presence of invasive shigella is a major handicap to study the pathogenesis of the disease and to develop a shigella vaccine. the inability of the mouse intestinal mucosa to elicit an inflammatory infiltrate composed primarily of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) may be due to a defect in epithelial invasion, in the sensing of invading bacteria, or in the effector mechanisms that recruit the pmn infiltrat ...	2004	15356171
rafts can trigger contact-mediated secretion of bacterial effectors via a lipid-based mechanism.	infection by the gram-negative bacterial pathogen shigella flexneri depends on its ability to invade host cells. bacterial engulfment requires a functional type iii secretion system (ttss) allowing the translocation into host cells of bacterial effectors that activate cell-signaling cascades. we demonstrated previously that specialized lipid membrane domains enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids (rafts) are involved during early steps of invasion, namely in binding and host cell entry. in th ...	2004	15364928
diarrhea in elderly patients due to clostridium difficile associated with salmonella and shigella infection.	clostridium difficile is the main cause of nosocomial diarrhea mainly in elderly hospitalized patients and in nursing homes, but less common in the community. we report three elderly patients living in the community, one frail and two in reasonable good health who recently developed diarrhea due to c. difficile associated with salmonella group c in two cases and shigella flexneri in the other. the association with shigella has not previously been reported and there have only been a few cases wit ...	2004	15381346
saturation-transfer difference nmr studies for the epitope mapping of a carbohydrate-mimetic peptide recognized by an anti-carbohydrate antibody.	saturation-transfer difference nmr spectroscopy (std-nmr) experiments have been performed to analyze the topography or epitope of the octapeptide mdwnmhaa recognized by the anti-carbohydrate antibody sya/j6 in solution; the antibody is directed against the shigella flexneri y o-antigen polysaccharide. the results permit a valuable comparison of solution versus crystal-structure data, and provide insight for the design of the next-generation binding ligands.	2004	14697795
survival and growth of acid-adapted and unadapted shigella flexneri in a traditional fermented ghanaian weaning food as affected by fortification with cowpea.	shigellae are among the major causes of diarrheal diseases in infants and young children in developing countries. we conducted a study to determine the effect of fermentation of corn and corn/cowpea doughs used to prepare a traditional weaning porridge on the survival and growth characteristics of acid-adapted and unadapted shigella flexneri. porridges were prepared from doughs fermented for 0, 24, and 48 h at 30 degrees c. four-strain mixtures of acid-adapted and unadapted s. flexneri cells wer ...	2004	14698100
evidence for polar positional information independent of cell division and nucleoid occlusion.	we present evidence that, in escherichia coli, polar positional information is present at midcell independent of known cell division factors. in filamented cells, icsa, which is normally polar, localizes at or near potential cell division sites. because the cell pole is derived from the septum, the sites to which icsa localizes in filaments correspond to future poles. icsa localization to these sites is independent of ftsz, mincde, septation, and nucleoid occlusion, indicating that positional in ...	2004	14715903
simultaneous detection of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, and shigella in apple cider and produce by a multiplex pcr.	with three pairs of primers, a multiplex pcr assay was established for the simultaneous detection of escherichia coli 0157:h7, salmonella, and shigella. under the optimized conditions, the assay yielded a 252-bp product from e. coli o157:h7, a 429-bp product from salmonella typhimurium, and a 620-bp product from shigella flexneri, respectively. when the dna extraction of multiple target organisms was included in the same reaction, two or three corresponding amplicons of different sizes were obse ...	2004	14717347
regulation of icsp, the outer membrane protease of the shigella actin tail assembly protein icsa, by virulence plasmid regulators virf and virb.	the shigella outer membrane protease icsp removes the actin assembly protein icsa from the bacterial surface, and consequently modulates shigella actin-based motility and cell-to-cell spread. here, we demonstrate that icsp expression is undetectable in mutants lacking either of two transcriptional activators, virf and virb. in wild-type shigella spp., virb expression is entirely dependent on virf; therefore, to circumvent this regulatory cascade, we independently expressed virf or virb in shigel ...	2004	14729695
analysis of the lambdoid prophage element e14 in the e. coli k-12 genome.	many sequenced bacterial genomes harbor phage-like elements or cryptic prophages. these elements have been implicated in pathogenesis, serotype conversion and phage immunity. the e14 element is a defective lambdoid prophage element present at 25 min in the e. coli k-12 genome. this prophage encodes important functional genes such as lit (t4 exclusion), mcra (modified cytosine restriction activity) and pin (recombinase).	2004	14733619
picu, a second serine protease autotransporter of uropathogenic escherichia coli.	escherichia coli is the major aetiological agent of urinary tract infections (uti). like diarrhoeagenic strains of e. coli, uropathogenic isolates possess virulence determinants that distinguish them from commensal strains and allow them to produce the clinical manifestations associated with uti. several autotransporter proteins have been associated with the ability of e. coli, and other gram-negative bacteria, to cause disease. recently, we described the existence within uropathogenic e. coli ( ...	2004	14734168
high levels of igg class antibodies to recombinant hsp60 kda of yersinia enterocolitica in sera of patients with uveitis.	to determine the levels of igg class antibodies to recombinant heat shock protein 60 kda of yersinia enterocolitica (rhsp60ye), klebsiella pneumoniae (rhsp60kp), escherichia coli (rhsp60ec), shigella flexneri (rhsp60sf), and streptococcus pyogenes (rhsp60sp) in the serum of patients with hla-b27 associated acute anterior uveitis (hla-b27 associated aau), idiopathic acute anterior uveitis (idiopathic aau), pars planitis, vogt-koyanagi-harada (vkh), and healthy subjects.	2004	14736785
two studies evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine (sc602) and excretion of vaccine organisms in north american volunteers.	we report the first community-based evaluation of shigella flexneri 2a strain sc602, a live, oral vaccine strain attenuated by deletion of the icsa (virg) plasmid virulence gene, given at 10(4) cfu. the primary objectives of this trial were to determine the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine and to determine the duration of colonization. four of 34 volunteers experienced transient fevers, and three reported diarrhea during the first 3 days of the study. half of the volunteers mounted a pos ...	2004	14742537
clustering of database sequences for fast homology search using upper bounds on alignment score.	homology data are among the most important information used to predict the functions of unknown proteins and thus fast and accurate methods are needed. in this paper, we propose a new approach for fast and accurate homology search using pre-computed all-against-all similarity scores in a target database. we previously developed a method for derivation of an upper bound of the smith-waterman score (sw-score) between a query and a homolog candidate sequence using the sw-score between the candidate ...	2004	15712113
[scleroderma in plaques. immunological and visceral disturbances (author's transl)].		2004	305741
pseduarthrosis of a tibial plateau fracture: report of a case.	in an elderly woman a tibial condylar pseudarthrosis was angulated with disabling pain, significant deformity, and progressive articular deterioration. the treatment of this non-union consisted of arthrotomy, mobilization of the ununited medial condyle, slight over-elevation of the tibial plateau, iliac bone grafting to reconstitute loci of bone loss, and rigid interfragmentary and buttress plate fixation. postoperative management consisted of early knee motion and delayed weight-bearing to faci ...	2004	535264
hyperactivity, antisocial behavior, and childhood injury: a critical analysis of the literature.	studies investigating the relationship between hyperactivity, antisocial behavior, and injury in children are reviewed. most of the studies have reported that these behaviors are important risk factors for injury. however, design problems with these studies are noted. early studies employed inappropriate control groups, or omitted them altogether, whereas more recent studies have used retrospective measures that depend on the recall of mothers and teachers, and which are therefore vulnerable to ...	2004	3323243
[present-day state and perspectives of development of psychotherapy in poland].		2004	515249
clonal deletion of self-reactive t cells at the early stage of t cell development in thymus of radiation bone marrow chimeras.	sequential appearance of t cell subpopulations occurs in the thymocytes of irradiated c3h/he mice (h-2k, mls-1b2a, thy-1.2) after transplantation with bone marrow cells of akr/j mice (h-2k, mls-1a2b, thy-1.1) (akr----c3h chimeras). the donor-derived thymocytes of akr----c3h chimeras on day 14 after bone marrow transplantation (bmt) contained a large number of blastlike cd4+cd8+ cells which represent relatively immature thymocytes, whereas those on day 21 after bmt consisted of small sized cd4+,c ...	2004	2141619
[contribution of the section medical pedagogy to the improvement of quality and effectiveness of health care].		2004	425577
prevention of dental caries by the use of pit-and-fissure sealants.		2004	3323239
[hb-antigen content in cryopreserved erythrocytes].		2004	356027
active chronic hepatitis and pyoderma gangrenosum: report of a case.		2004	535175
[classification of stomach and duodenal ulcers].	the working classification of the ulcerous disease after melikova is suitable for the differentiated demonstration of the gastric and duodenal ulcers. in connection with this principle of subdivision essential features of the disease, such as localisation of the ulcer, clinical course, morphological characteristics of the ulcer and the ulcer-carrying organ, gastro-intestinal functional parameters and complications of the ulcer are demonstrated.	2004	539010
photochemotherapy for psoriasis remission times. psoralens and uv-a and combined photochemotherapy with anthralin.		2004	535176
[pseudogout].		2004	520893
monitor, don't adjust phenytoin dosage.		2004	517422
[determination of rheumatoid factor].		2004	490928
[morphofunctional requirements of upper and lower denture base in complete dentures. impression technic].		2004	400636
pulmonary hypertension in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards)		2004	387848
moorcroft: the first modern eye-surgeon in punjab.		2004	387585
neonatal death: reflections for physicians.		2004	355994
[spontaneous respiration with constant positive pressure in the respiratory passages as a method of correcting respiratory insufficiency in children].		2004	373508
prolapse of fallopian tube after abdominal hysterectomy.		2004	517599
proximal "tube" realignment of the patella for chondromalacia patellae.	in young people complaining of patellar pain there is often an anatomic basis (an increased quadriceps angle or a high-riding patella). forty-eight knees with one or other of these abnormalities underwent proximal quadriceps realignment. the results were excellent or good in 94%. shaving of chondromalacic cartilage was also done in 11 knees but did not seem to improve the results, and is not now recommended except for "blister" lesions. extensor mechanism dysplasia is an etiologically correct na ...	2004	535252
[prevention of the nonperfusion phenomenon by pharmacologic agents in revascularized myocardial infarct].		2004	415696
synovial osteochondromatosis in association with legg-calvé-perthes disease.	a male patient who had had legg-calvé-perthes disease at age 8 years developed synovial osteochondromatosis of the same hip joint 27 years later at age 35. roentgenographic examination 10 years prior to arthrotomy showed that he had developed 4 loose bodies in the hip and partial disintigration of the fmoral head. the surgical specimens obtained by arthrotomy consisted of 148 loose bodies and suggested that a condition of secondary synovial osteochondromatosis might be differentiated from primar ...	2004	535269
impaired lymphocyte transformation after accidental trauma.	the effect of accidental trauma on lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin (pha), concanavalin a (con a), pokeweed mitogen (pwm) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (ppd) was studied in 66 patients with minor, moderate or multiple trauma. an in vitro whole blood micromethod was used. the lymphocyte transformation induced by the mitogens and the antigen was impaired in patients with trauma in proportion to the severity of the injury. a decrease of lymphocytic responses ...	2004	525181
[child accidents with household chemicals].		2004	524487
the development of the glands of the common bile duct.	the number of glands at a constant level within the wall of the common bile duct was measured in the foetus, infant, child and adult. the number of glandular acini increases from foetal life to reach a maximum within the 1st year of life. thereafter it remains remarkably constant. this is in contrast to the lumen and wall of the common bile duct which only reaches adult proportions in adult life. conversely, the density of acini within the wall of the common bile duct is at a peak in early foeta ...	2004	521865
prenatal and intrapartum high-risk screening. ii. risk factors reassessed.	a method of identifying the high-risk pregnancy by a quantitative assessment of prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal factors is presented. calculating the probabilities of neonatal risk can be done with a hand-held calculator. the technique described provides a method of assessing the importance of perinatal variables and determining the effect of the process of health care on outcome.	2004	517589
developing criteria for drug prescribing review--a sig project.		2004	517524
[spindle cell lipoma].		2004	520888
[amylase].		2004	490939
lighting in hospitals.		2004	470685
[isolated thrombosis of the deep femoral vein].		2004	470589
laseque's sign--an important bedside diagnostic sign in acute polyradiculopathy (guillain-barre syndrome).		2004	451640
indications for surgery for intrathoracic metastases in testicular carcinoma.		2004	451634
response from menhaden fish meal in diets of young turkeys.	diets involving three or five fish meal treatments and two zinc bacitracin treatments were fed to 5410 poults. the poults were divided into 552 pens and raised to two, three or four weeks of age in five series of 3 x 2 or 5 x 2 factorial experiments. body weights increased 9.0 to 31.3% from the addition of 5% menhaden fish meal and 5.4 to 11.9% from the addition of 44 ppm bacitracin. no interaction existed between fish meal and bacitracin. residues derived from either water or petroleum ether ex ...	2004	514950
clinical medical officers in a child health service.		2004	427465
legionnaires' disease presenting with empyema.	legionnaire's disease presenting as empyema has not been previously described, although pleural effusions are not uncommon. a 56-year-old woman had a ten-day history of pleuritic chest pain and a large loculated empyema. legionnaires' disease was documented by serum indirect fluorescent antibody studies.	2004	421592
high-resolution ultrasonography of scrotal pathology.	a prototype high-resolution (10-mhz) real-time ultrasonic system was used to study 22 patients who were ultimately proved to have intra- and extratesticular tumors, scrotal fluid collections, and inflammatory processes. in 5 of 6 patients with primary testicular masses, there were areas of decreased echogenicity within the testis when compared with surrounding normal tissue. in general, the method was highly effective in differentiating and characterizing testicular and extratesticular processes ...	2004	441377
[international day of the child].		2004	427841
neurofibromatosis in children.	neurofibromatosis occurs once in every 3,000 live births. café au lait spots are the most common presenting lesion. five spots with a diameter of at least 0.5 cm. should be considered diagnostic in children. spinal deformity is the most common bony lesion. scoliosis varies from mild nonprogressive forms to hairpin curvatures. four types of pseudarthrosis of the tibia can be distinguished, with progressively more serious prognoses. the incidence of neoplasia greatly exceeds that of the general po ...	2004	415586
prenatal diagnosis of the congenital nephrotic syndrome.		2004	404622
sickle cell screening.		2004	419344
a review of the value of radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid.		2004	387561
tropical enteritis: a review.		2004	368336
presentation of the 1977 henry baldwin ward medal.		2004	368303
reduction of microbial contamination from ultrasonic scalers.		2004	356863
dominant patterns of older persons' health status and health service use.		2004	321509
improving the performance of anaerobic bacteriology in a hospital laboratory.	a comparison was made of the performance of a newly established anaerobic section of a clinical laboratory and the routine diagnostic section in terms of isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria. both sections attempted to isolate obligate anaerobes from the same clinical specimens which were not transported in anaerobic containers. anaerobic and diagnostic sections isolated anaerobes from 35% and 6% respectively of clinical specimens. the use of antibiograms greatly improved the ident ...	2004	321477
[20th anniversary society of physiotherapists and health resort specialists of the ukrainian republic].		2004	395753
in memoriam. walter westbrook robinson, m.d. 1893-1977.		2004	331396