Publications

replication of influenza virus in organ cultures of human and simian urogenital tissues and human foetal tissues.	a survey of human adult tissues in organ cultures showed that influenza viruses (a/moscow/1019/65 (h2n2) or a recombinant virus virulent for man (pr/8-a/england/939/69 clone 7a(h3n2)) could infect uterus, bladder and conjunctiva but not oesophagus under the conditions employed; simian bladder and uterus were also susceptible. these results were similar to those already described for corresponding ferret tissues. organ cultures of human foetal nasal mucosa, trachea, oesophagus, small and large in ...	1975	809051
safety and antigenicity of influenza a/hong kong/68-ts-1 (e) (h3n2).	influenza a/hong kong/68-ts-1 [e] (h3n2) vaccine was administered intranasally to 18 seronegative children 14 to 32 months of age. fourteen children, 78%, shed influenza a/hong kong virus for a mean of eight days following vaccination. sixteen children, 89%, experienced a fourfold or greater rise in hemagglutination-inhibition antibody. some children appeared to experience a febrile reaction to the vaccine although interpretation of this data was complicated by intercurrent illness. these findin ...	1975	810557
influenza alone and in sequence with pneumonia due to streptococcus pneumoniae in the squirrel monkey.	squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) inoculated intratracheally with 10(4.2)-10(8.2) egg median infectious doses (eid50) of type a influenza virus (h3n2) responded with clinical illness including such signs as fever, sneezing or coughing, coryza, and increased respiratory rates. necropsy studies performed six days after inoculation revealed bronchopneumonia in addition to a mild tracheitis. squirrel monkeys given 10(5)-6 x 10(8) colony-forming units (cfu) of streptococcus pneumoniae intratracheal ...	1975	811714
live attenuated influenza virus vaccines in patients with chronic broncho-pulmonary diseases. clinical and immunological evaluation.	the safety and potency of two live attenuated influenza a virus vaccines, administered intranasally, were tested in outpatients suffering from chronic obstructive lung disease, during two successive trials performed between 1972 and 1974. the vaccine strains were representative of the prevalent influenza a virus types; the ann strain was derived from a classical h3n2 (a/hong-kong/878/69) isolated and the alice strain from a recent h3n2 drift (a/england/42/72). the serum and nasal antibody respon ...	1975	1096297
[experience in the use of tebrophen for influenza prevention].	the efficacy of influenca prophylaxis by a new soviet chemopreparation tebrophen was studied during the influenza epidemics of 1972-1973 caused by the influenza virus of a/hong-kong/68 and a/england/72/h3n2/types. investigations were carried out under conditions of an epidemiological experience among the organized (adult) collective bodies (4352 persons in all). the preparation was instilled intranasally in the form of a 0.25 and 1% ointment on vaseline base. the efficacy index was 2.0-2.7, and ...	1975	1098334
humoral and secretory antibody responses to immunization with low and high dosage split influenza virus vaccine.	tri (n-butyl) phosphate (tnbp)-split vaccine containing 6400 cca units of influenza virus a/aichi/68 (h3n2) was given intramuscularly to a group of volunteers. the changes in serum haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) and nasal wash neutralizing antibody were measured, and the results compared with that of volunteers given a tnbp-split vaccine containing 400 cca of the same virus. more volunteers given the high-dose vaccine developed a fourfold rise in serum hi antibody, and there was a greater inc ...	1975	1119940
[properties of influenza virus strains causing the influenza epidemic in moscow in 1972-3].	the antigenic and some biological properties of influenza virus strains isolated during 1972-1973 epidemic were studied. altogether 114 strains were isolated from sick infants of the first months of life beginning from neonatality. the strains under study were found to have high adaptation and elution activity, to be highly sensitive to inhibitors and to produce polymorphous allantoic population in the adaptation period. the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase components were shown to be fairly c ...	1975	1121850
[evaluation of the preventive efficacy of bonaphthone in influenza].	bonaphthone was tested as a prophylactic drug in 4927 adults during 1973 influenza epidemic caused by influenza a/england/42/72 (h3n2) virus, and shown to exert a protective effect: the index of effectiveness was 1.8-2.9, the protection rate 44.7-66.4%. when given per os in a daily dose of 50 mg for 24 days bonaphthone produced no manifest side effects.	1975	1121854
virus antibodies in serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases.	rubella and influenza a (h3n2) haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titres and measles complement-fixing (cf), haemagglutination inhibition (hi), haemolysis inhibition (hli), and ribonucleoprotein gel precipitation (rnp-gp) antibody titres were studied in the serum and synovial fluid of twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra), two patients with ankylosing spondylitis, and two patients with reiter's syndrome. antibody titres were also studied in the serum and csf of four patients wit ...	1975	1124954
assessment of immunity to influenza using artifical challenge of normal volunteers with influenza virus.	the candidate humoral mediators of protection against influenza include antibody (ab) to the viral hemagglutinin (h) or neuraminidase (n) in serum or respiratory secretions. in the present studies these mediators were evaluated principally by low dose live virus challenge of previously vaccinated volunteers. following im vaccination with h3n2 virus, ab appeared in both serum and secretions and direct quantitative relationship between the two was noted. among individuals vaccinated intranasally w ...	1975	1126573
effect of neuraminidase on potency of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in mice.	the protective effect of neuraminidase was studied in a mouse protection test using isolated neuraminidase of a2/aichi/68(h3n2) virus and the complete recombinant virus a/eq(heq-1)-hk(n2) as antigens. immunized mice were protected against a2/aichi(h3n2) challenge virus; however, the protection rate was low in comparison to animals immunized with comparable amounts of the complete a2/68(h3n2) virus9 furthermore there was no cross-protection against a2/asia/57(h2n2) challenge virus. the protective ...	1975	1126575
[isolation of the influenza virus variant a/england/42/72 (h3n2) in quebec in 1973].		1975	1131778
temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza. viii. genetic and biological characterization of ts mutants of influenza virus a (h3n2) and their assignment to complementation groups.		1975	1154652
temperature sensitive mutants of influenza virus. ix. genetic and biological characterization of ts-1[e] lesions when transferred to a 1972 (h3n2) influenza a virus.		1975	1154653
serum hi antibody and protection against influenza: a follow-up survey at community level of three epidemics caused by different h3n2-variants.	serial blood specimens from rh-negative pregnant women sent to laboratory for rh antibody testing were stored and used for influenza investigations. the study period covered three epidemics, each caused by a different variant of influenza a (h3n2) virus. the relationship between pre-epidemic haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibody level against the epidemic virus and serological evidence of infection was analysed. titre associated with protection was very similar in the three epidemics. in 19 ...	1975	1165150
induction of interferon in man by vaccines.	the purpose of this study was to extend the spectrum of vaccines with interferon-inducing potential in man. the vaccines selected for study were the commercially available attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine type 2 (sabin strain) and the new live attenuated influenza a/england/42/72 (h3n2) vaccine ("alice" strain). five subjects, two of whom had low or undetectable polio type 2 neutralizing antibody levels were given the type 2 vaccine (10-4.7 tcid50) in the standard manner orally. even though the ...	1975	1170566
temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus. vi. transfer of ts lesions from the asian subtype of influenza a virus (h2n2) to the hong kong subtype (h3n2).		1975	1171555
[on the antigenicity of influenza virus aluminum oxide adjuvant vaccine "alorbat" in man (author's transl)].	the antihemagglutinin (ah) and antineuraminidase (an) antibody response in 35 humans to a single vaccination with the aluminum oxide adsorbed influenza virus vaccine "alorbat" was investigated. the vaccine contained the strains a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), a/hong kong/107/71 (h3n2), a/england/42/72 (h3n2) and b/iowa/1/69. the rates of significant ah antibody titer increase ranged from 51 percent (against a/hong kong/68), 69 (against a/hong kong/71), 63 (against a/england/72) to 83 percent (against b ...	1975	1179878
new live attenuated influenza a/england/42/72 (h3n2) vaccine (alice): reactogenicity,, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy.	the alice strain of influenza a/england/42/72 (h3n2) live attenuated vaccine, when given by the intranasal route to 133 volunteers, was relatively nonreactogenic; only 12% of the vaccinees had upper respiratory tract symptoms after immunization. seroconversion in 87.2% of subjects whose titers of humoral hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody before immunization were less than 1:8 demonstrated the immunogenicity of the vaccine. the overall seroconversion rate was 66.1% (geometric mean titer of hem ...	1975	1202110
oral influenza vaccination with live attenuated viruses. 2. protective efficacy during a type a(h3n2) epidemic.	151 subjects, orally immunized with live attenuated influenza virus of the institute for viral preparations of moscow (bivalent a(h3n2) england 72 and b vaccine) and 66 non vaccinated cohabitants were studied during an epidemic caused by strains similar to a/port chalmers/73. 5 cases of disease were virologically or serologically ascertained among the vaccinated (morbidity 3.3%) and 8 among the non-immunized cohabitants (12.1%). the difference turned out statistically significant. by comparing t ...	1975	1203088
[tolerance and immunogenicity of an attenuated live influenza virus vaccine in man (author's transl)].	the attenuated influenza-a-virus strain "alice" (h3n2) - a recombination from a2/england/72 and a/pr8 mount sinai/34 - was given intransally in drops (10(7,2) id50 per dose), twice seven days apart. in a similar fashion, 25 healthy persons received placebos. local antibodies were determined before and three weeks after the first vaccination from nasal irrigation fluid. the fluid was concentrated and adjusted to an iga amount of 50 mg/l. blood samples were obtained at similar intervals. systemic ...	1975	1204500
[isolation of influenza virus "a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2)" from liquor cerebrospinalis of patients with cns involvement (author's transl)].	liquor cerebrospinalis of eight patients with central nervous symptoms were tested for influenza virus during the influenza virus epidemic 1971/72. in three of these cases influenza virus (a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) was isolated from spinal fluid in the embryonated hen egg. these patients showed after influenza like prodromi meningo-encephalitis, encephalitis or paranoid psychosis. possible pathomechanisms are discussed.	1975	1214696
clinical and serologic effects of alice strain live attenuated influenza a (h3n2) virus vaccine in an adult population.	alice strain live attenuated influenza a (h3n2) virus was evaluated in prison volunteers. by random double blind allocation, 94 volunteers received alice strain vaccine (as) intranasally and 97 received placebo. the vaccine was well tolerated, and there was no serious morbidity. the number, type, duration, and severity of symptoms was not significantly different between the vaccine and placebo groups. seventy-five per cent of vaccines with initial hai titers less than or equal to 1:8 had 4 fold ...	1975	1214706
[preparative isolation of a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) virus hemagglutinin].	hemagglutinin of a/hong kong/1/68 virus was isolated by electrophoresis in acetate-cellulose of a recombinant 12/13 (h3n1) strain destroyed by sodium dodecyl sulphate. electron microscope examinations were carried out and molecular weights of hemagglutinin polypeptides were determined. a monospecific serum containing no antibody to neuraminidase was prepared.	1975	1220249
occurrence of hong kong influenza a (h3n2) virus infection in the budapest zoo.		1975	1231556
infection of dogs and cats with the hong kong influenza a (h3n2) virus during an epidemic period in hungary.		1975	1231557
demonstration of antibodies to both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of h3n2 influenza a virus in domestic dogs.	serologic evidence of infection with human (h3n2) influenza viruses of 6 of 79 dogs sampled in new york city in march-april 1973 was obtained through the use of four different methods for measurement of anti-hemagglutination and anti-neuraminidase antibody.	1975	1235862
spread of influenzaviruses a/england/42/72 and a/hong kong/1/68.	seroconversion for a/england/42/72 (h3n2) virus occurred in a child in calcutta in august 1971, one month after the virus was first isolated in india. during the following 5 months a small increase was observed in the geometric mean titres (gmt). in mid-1972 the virus was in kathmandu, nepal, where the children had a higher gmt than the adults. the gmt increased sharply during 1972 and early 1973 and this increase was accompanied by an increased number of hospital admissions for respiratory dise ...	1974	4549196
susceptibility of a yak to influenza a viruses and presence of h3n2 antibodies in animals in nepal and india.	naturally acquired antibody to h3n2 human influenza antigens was found in a yak-zebu crossbred in nepal. serial inoculation of a yak, negative for antibody, produced a response to a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), a/england/42/72 (h3n2), and a/prague/1/56 (heq1 neq1) influenzavirus strains. single radial diffusion tests showed that cattle and goats in west bengal, india, and water buffaloes and cattle in kathmandu, nepal, also had antibodies against the h3n2 antigens. haemagglutination-inhibition antibod ...	1974	4549482
[attempted separation of the surface antigens of the a-hong kong-1-68 h3n2 virus, using a new carboxypolypeptidase].		1974	4212550
use of single radial immunodiffusion test for serological studies in volunteers inoculated with live attenuated influenza virus.	pre- and post-vaccination serum samples from 278 volunteers, who were given live influenza vaccines, were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (hi) and single radial immunodiffusion tests(srdt) for antibody to influenza a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) virus envelope antigens. those with high antibody titres detected in both tests were less frequently infected, and 85% of the 159 infected showed rises by hi and 70% by srdt. similarly, 69 pairs were tested for antibody to hong kong (n2) neuraminidase by ...	1974	4214175
antigenic variation in current influenza a viruses: evidence for a high frequency of antigenic 'drift' for the hong kong virus.	a new antigenic variant of the hong kong (h3n2) subtype of influenzavirus type a is described. the variant, a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2), was first isolated in australasia in the autumn of 1973 and subsequently became the predominant influenza a variant in most areas of the world, replacing the previously prevalent strain a/england/42/72 (h3n2). the 1973 variant shows antigenic differences from former hong kong variants in both haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. the application of immuno- ...	1974	4218138
immunity to influenza in ferrets. x. intranasal immunization of ferrets with inactivated influenza a virus vaccines.	the response of ferrets after intranasal inoculation of inactivated a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) influenza virus vaccines is reported. normal ferrets given either saline vaccine in drops or freeze-dried vaccine in an aerosol intranasally did not produce detectable serum or nasal hemagglutination inhibiting antibody and were found to be completely susceptible to challenge infection with a/hong kong/68 virus. intranasal saline vaccine did not produce an additive effect on the response of ferrets simultan ...	1974	4830530
immune response to vaccination with a live influenza virus (h3n2) vaccine ("ann" strain).	a live attenuated influenza virus ("ann" strain) derived from a/england/878/69 was given intranasally to a group of volunteers, most of whom had already circulating antibodies against h(3)n(2) viruses at the time of inoculation. there was a fourfold or higher increase of circulating hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in those volunteers who had relatively low initial titers. the response was lower in those with initially higher serum titers. the pattern of the serum neutralizing antibody res ...	1973	4729931
temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza virus. 3. further characterization of the ts-1(e) influenza a recombinant (h3n2) virus in man.		1973	4743544
in vitro effect of virazole against influenza viruses.	the minimal inhibitory concentrations of virazole against 32 mean tissue culture infective doses of three type a influenza strains including type a/england/42/72 (h3n2) and a type b strain in tissue culture were 0.1 and 0.05 mug/ml, respectively. the growth inhibition pattern by various virazole concentrations of type a virus was similar to that of the type b virus. virazole appears to be slightly more potent against the a/england/42/72 strain than are other antiinfluenzal agents.	1973	4793883
[isolation and identification of the a-hong kong (h3n2) virus in respiratory diseases of cattle].		1973	4274331
antigenic analysis of prototype influenza a (h3n2) strains by the antiserum absorption method.	prototype strains of the influenza a (h3n2) virus can be arranged on a gradient showing the degree of the antigenic drift which the haemagglutinins of the strains have undergone. the demonstration of fine antigenic differences is based on an antiserum absorption test which allows a detailed antigenic analysis of strains. the gradient provides information on variation in strains occurring in different geographical areas and its use may be helpful in differentiating between introduced strains and ...	1973	4518349
skin tests with influenza virus.	skin reactions have been produced in normal subjects by the injection of highly purified influenza a and b viruses. the reactions reached a maximum at 24-48 hr. and the histological pattern was compatible with a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. there was no close relation between skin test results and circulating antibodies. twenty-seven subjects were challenged intranasally with attenuated influenza a (h3n2): 5 of 14 skin-test-negative subjects were infected, but none of 13 skin-test-positive ...	1973	4520513
effect of isoprinosine against challenge with a(h3n2)-hong kong influenza virus in volunteers.	volunteers were challenged with a(h(3)n(2))/hong kong/8/68 influenza virus while being given prophylaxis with either isoprinosine or placebo in a double-blind experiment. isoprinosine, which had demonstrable antiviral activity in animal models, did not appear to protect humans from clinical influenza. the only beneficial effect of the drug observed was a slight, but significant, reduction in virus shedding.	1973	4597726
clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of influenza in ulan bator in 1971.	in october and november 1971 an outbreak of influenza (type a virus) occurred in the town of ulan bator. a clinical and epidemiological investigation showed that some 30% of the population presented typical signs of influenza of medium severity. the etiology of the outbreak was confirmed by virological, serological, and fluorescent-antibody techniques. a detailed study of the antigenic structure of the virus isolated in the mongolian people's republic, a/mongolia/013/71, showed that it belonged ...	1973	4613497
antigenic variation in current human type a influenza viruses: antigenic characteristics of the variants and their geographic distribution.	outbreaks of influenza due to the virus a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) began in 1968 and are still occurring. the haemagglutinin of this virus is different from that of the a/singapore/1/57 virus (the "asian" strain) but the neuraminidase antigens are the same. between 1968 and 1971 only minor antigenic "drift" in the haemagglutinin was noted, but in recent months 2 isolates have been identified in which considerable "drift" has occurred in the haemagglutinin and in the neuraminidase antigens. one, a/h ...	1973	4200741
use of the single radial diffusion technique for influenza antibody surveys.	a survey of antibody to the influenza a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) and the variant a/england/42/72 (h3n2) was carried out by two methods, haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and single radial diffusion (srd). a comparison of the sensitivity of the two tests indicated that the proportion of sera that produced a zone of 2.5 mm or larger in the srd tests was equivalent to the proportion that gave hi titres of 1: 40 or more. the test was carried out on serum samples collected from various regions of englan ...	1973	4212505
prevalence of antibody to current influenza viruses and effect of vaccination on antibody response.	the extent of antibody to the influenza virus a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) after four years of prevalence was investigated in britain and in the u.s.a. the results indicated a high incidence in both populations. the prevalence of antibody to a variant a/england/42/72 (h3n2) which has been causing epidemics of influenza in the southern hemisphere during the middle months of 1972 was also investigated. the differences reflect the shift in antigenic content of this variant, and although the overall propor ...	1972	4646846
studies on relationships between human and porcine influenza. 1. serological evidence of infection in swine in great britain with an influenza a virus antigenically like human hong kong-68 virus.	serological evidence of infection of swine in great britain with an influenza a virus closely related to the human a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) variant was detected by a variety of serological tests. the hong kong/68 virus was first detected in man in great britain in august 1968 and was prevalent in the winters of 1968-69 and 1969-70. there was no evidence that swine had been infected with a hong kong/68-like virus before the appearance of the virus in man. the detection of virus-neutralizing antibody ...	1972	4538532
studies on relationships between human and porcine influenza. 2. immunological comparisons of human a-hong kong-68 virus with influenza a viruses of porcine origin.	antigenic comparisons were made between the human a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) virus and a collection of influenza a viruses of swine origin. haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase-inhibition tests were used in addition to immunoprecipitin tests with monospecific antisera prepared against purified haemagglutinin and neuraminidase preparations. the antigenic relationships revealed by the studies are summarized as follows: (1) swine/taiwan/7310/70 virus contained envelope antigens that were antig ...	1972	4538533
some observations on the circulation of influenzaviruses in domestic and wild birds.	four viruses isolated from poultry in the ussr and poland were identified as influenza a strains. one strain was closely related to fowl plague virus, the second showed an antigenic relationship to a/chicken/scotland/59 (hav5n1), and two others were antigenically related to a/duck/ukraine/1/63 (hav7neq2) and a/duck/england/56 (hav3nav1). antibodies to different strains of influenzavirus were detected in sera collected from poultry and from wild birds in the northern area of the ussr. more of the ...	1972	4541001
antibodies to human influenzavirus neuraminidase (the a-asian-57 h2n2 strain) in sera from australian pelagic birds.	sera collected from australian pelagic birds specifically inhibited the neuraminidase of the asian/57 (h2n2) strain of human influenzavirus. neuraminidase inhibition titres of some sera were high and the avidity of the inhibitor was comparable to that of specific antibody. the neuraminidase of a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), which has undergone considerable antigenic drift in man since 1957, was inhibited to a lesser extent by the bird sera, while the neuraminidases of the a/bel/42 (h0n1) and a/fm/1/47 ...	1972	4541008
serologic study of pig-associated viral zoonoses in laos.	we conducted a serologic survey of four high-priority pig-associated viral zoonoses, japanese encephalitis virus (jev), hepatitis e virus (hev), nipah virus (niv), and swine influenza virus (siv), in laos. we collected blood from pigs at slaughter during may 2008-january 2009 in four northern provinces. japanese encephalitis virus hemagglutination inhibition seroprevalence was 74.7% (95% confidence interval [ci] = 71.5-77.9%), jev igm seroprevalence was 2.3% (95% ci = 1.2-3.2%), and hev seroprev ...	0	22665622
reconstruction of h3n2 influenza virus based virosome in-vitro.	virosomes are virus like particles (vlp) assembled in-vitro. influenza virosomes maintain the cell binding and membrane fusion activity of the wild type virus but are devoid of viral genetic material or internal proteins. influenza virosomes mimic the natural antigen presentation route of the influenza virus.	0	23825736
disease risks associated with free-ranging wild boar in saskatchewan.	this study investigated the disease status of saskatchewan's feral wild boar population. whole carcasses, tissue samples, and/or serum from 81 hunter-killed boars from saskatchewan were submitted to the canadian wildlife health cooperative (cwhc) between 2009 and 2014. serological tests were negative for prrs, h1n1, and h3n2 swine influenza, pcv-2, and tge/prcv in 22/22 boars and for toxoplasma gondii and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in 20/20 boars. of 20 boars whose sera were tested 20 were positiv ...	0	26246630
improved immunogenicity of individual influenza vaccine components delivered with a novel dissolving microneedle patch stable at room temperature.	prevention of seasonal influenza epidemics and pandemics relies on widespread vaccination coverage to induce protective immunity. in addition to a good antigenic match with the circulating viruses, the effectiveness of individual strains represented in the trivalent vaccines depends on their immunogenicity. in this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of h1n1, h3n2, and b seasonal influenza virus vaccine strains delivered individually with a novel dissolving microneedle patch and the stability ...	0	25895053