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identification of a histidine metal ligand in the arge-encoded n-acetyl-l-ornithine deacetylase from escherichia coli.the h355a, h355k, h80a, and h80k mutant enzymes of the arge-encoded n-acetyl-l-ornithine deacetylase (arge) from escherichia coli were prepared, however, only the h355a enzyme was found to be soluble. kinetic analysis of the co(ii)-loaded h355a exhibited activity levels that were 380-fold less than co(ii)-loaded wt arge. electronic absorption spectra of co(ii)-loaded h355a-arge indicate that the bound co(ii) ion resides in a distorted, five-coordinate environment and isothermal titration calorim ...201325674394
significance of anaerobes and oral bacteria in community-acquired pneumonia.molecular biological modalities with better detection rates have been applied to identify the bacteria causing infectious diseases. approximately 10-48% of bacterial pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia are not identified using conventional cultivation methods. this study evaluated the bacteriological causes of community-acquired pneumonia using a cultivation-independent clone library analysis of the 16s ribosomal rna gene of bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, and compared the results w ...201323671659
functional annotation of conserved hypothetical proteins from haemophilus influenzae rd kw20.haemophilus influenzae is a gram negative bacterium that belongs to the family pasteurellaceae, causes bacteremia, pneumonia and acute bacterial meningitis in infants. the emergence of multi-drug resistance h. influenzae strain in clinical isolates demands the development of better/new drugs against this pathogen. our study combines a number of bioinformatics tools for function predictions of previously not assigned proteins in the genome of h. influenzae. this genome was extensively analyzed an ...201324391926
a prospective study of the causes of febrile illness requiring hospitalization in children in cambodia.febrile illnesses are pre-eminent contributors to morbidity and mortality among children in south-east asia but the causes are poorly understood. we determined the causes of fever in children hospitalised in siem reap province, cambodia.201323593267
molecular mapping to species level of the tonsillar crypt microbiota associated with health and recurrent tonsillitis.the human palatine tonsils, which belong to the central antigen handling sites of the mucosal immune system, are frequently affected by acute and recurrent infections. this study compared the microbiota of the tonsillar crypts in children and adults affected by recurrent tonsillitis with that of healthy adults and children with tonsillar hyperplasia. an in-depth 16s rrna gene based pyrosequencing approach combined with a novel strategy that included phylogenetic analysis and detection of species ...201323437130
conserved glycolipid termini in capsular polysaccharides synthesized by atp-binding cassette transporter-dependent pathways in gram-negative pathogens.bacterial capsules are surface layers made of long-chain polysaccharides. they are anchored to the outer membrane of many gram-negative bacteria, including pathogens such as escherichia coli, neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae, and pasteurella multocida. capsules protect pathogens from host defenses including complement-mediated killing and phagocytosis and therefore represent a major virulence factor. capsular polysaccharides are synthesized by enzymes located in the inner (cytoplas ...201323610430
relative contributions of lipooligosaccharide inner and outer core modifications to nontypeable haemophilus influenzae pathogenesis.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a frequent commensal of the human nasopharynx that causes opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals. existing evidence associates lipooligosaccharide (los) with disease, but the specific and relative contributions of nthi los modifications to virulence properties of the bacterium have not been comprehensively addressed. using nthi strain 375, an isolate for which the detailed los structure has been determined, we compared systematically ...201323980106
structural basis for the divergence of substrate specificity and biological function within had phosphatases in lipopolysaccharide and sialic acid biosynthesis.the haloacid dehalogenase enzyme superfamily (hadsf) is largely composed of phosphatases that have been particularly successful at adaptating to novel biological functions relative to members of other phosphatase families. herein, we examine the structural basis for the divergence of function in two bacterial homologues: 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphohydrolase (kdo8p phosphatase, kdo8pp) and 2-keto-3-deoxy-9-o-phosphonononic acid phosphohydrolase (kdn9p phosphatase, kdn9 ...201323848398
the role of tlr4 896 a>g and 1196 c>t in susceptibility to infections: a review and meta-analysis of genetic association studies.toll-like receptor 4 plays a role in pathogen recognition, and common polymorphisms may alter host susceptibility to infectious diseases.201324282567
in vitro activity of ceftaroline-avibactam against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens isolated from patients in canadian hospitals from 2010 to 2012: results from the canward surveillance study.the in vitro activities of ceftaroline-avibactam, ceftaroline, and comparative agents were determined for a collection of bacterial pathogens frequently isolated from patients seeking care at 15 canadian hospitals from january 2010 to december 2012. in total, 9,758 isolates were tested by using the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) broth microdilution method (document m07-a9, 2012), with mics interpreted by using clsi breakpoints (document m100-s23, 2013). ceftaroline-avibactam ...201323979759
detection of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae type b by real-time pcr from dried blood spot samples among children with pneumonia: a useful approach for developing countries.dried blood spot (dbs) is a reliable blood collection method for storing samples at room temperature and easily transporting them. we have previously validated a real-time pcr for detection of streptococcus pneumoniae in dbs. the objective of this study was to apply this methodology for the diagnosis of s. pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae b (hib) in dbs samples of children with pneumonia admitted to two hospitals in mozambique and morocco.201324116190
prospective multi-centre sentinel surveillance for haemophilus influenzae type b & other bacterial meningitis in indian children.haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is one of the leading bacterial causes of invasive disease in populations without access to hib conjugate vaccines (hib-cv). india has recently decided to introduce hib-cv into the routine immunization programme in selected states. longitudinal data quantifying the burden of bacterial meningitis and the proportion of disease caused by various bacteria are needed to track the impact of hib-cv once introduced. a hospital-based sentinel surveillance network was e ...201323703338
a licensed combined haemophilus influenzae type b-serogroups c and y meningococcal conjugate vaccine.the highest incidence of meningococcal disease occurs in infants younger than 1 year of age. however, in the us, prior to june 2012, there was no meningococcal vaccine licensed for use in this age group. in the us, where both serogroups c and y contribute substantially to the overall epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease, a vaccine combining these capsular polysaccharides was developed. we review the newly licensed hibmency-tt (menhibrix™, glaxosmithkline biologicals, rixensart, belgium ...201325135819
analysis of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae phase-variable genes during experimental human nasopharyngeal colonization.studies of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) have demonstrated that a number of genes associated with infectivity have long repeat regions associated with phase variation in expression of the respective gene. the purpose of this study was to determine the genes that underwent phase variation during a 6-day period of experimental human nasopharyngeal colonization.201323715658
silica desiccant packets for storage and transport of streptococcus pneumoniae and other clinically relevant species.bacterial isolates are often transported between laboratories for research and diagnostic purposes. silica desiccant packets (sdps), which are inexpensive and do not require freezing, were evaluated for storage and recovery of bacterial isolates. conditions such as inoculum size, swab type and temperature of storage were investigated using ten streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. the optimized protocol was then tested using 49 additional s. pneumoniae isolates representing 40 serogroups. overall, ...201323940811
superior sensitivity and decreased time to detection with the bactec peds plus/f system compared to the bact/alert pediatric fan blood culture system.here, we compare the sensitivities and times to detection (ttd) of bact/alert pediatric fan (pf) and bactec peds plus blood culture bottles. test bottles were inoculated with 2 ml of banked whole blood, 1-ml aliquots of antibiotic suspension, and organisms diluted to simulate a bacteremia level of 10 to 100 cfu/ml. the control bottles were inoculated with 3 ml of banked blood and organism suspensions only. the organism-drug combinations were staphylococcus epidermidis and vancomycin, methicillin ...201324088854
a practical method for preparation of pneumococcal and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae inocula that preserves viability and immunostimulatory activity.convenience is a major reason for using killed preparations of bacteria to investigate host-pathogen interactions, however, host responses to such preparations can result in different outcomes when compared to live bacterial stimulation. we investigated whether cryopreservation of streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) permitted investigation of host responses to infection without the complications of working with freshly prepared live bacteria on the day of exper ...201324321049
phenotypic characterization and antibiogram of csf isolates in acute bacterial meningitis.acute bacterial meningitis (abm) is a medical emergency, which warrants an early diagnosis and an aggressive therapy. despite the availability of potent newer antibiotics, the mortality rate caused by acute bacterial meningitis remains significantly high in india and in other developing countries, which ranges from 16 - 32%. there is a need of a periodic review of bacterial meningitis worldwide, since the pathogens which are responsible for the infection may vary with time, geography and the age ...201324551618
broadly protective protein-based pneumococcal vaccine composed of pneumolysin toxoid-cbpa peptide recombinant fusion protein.pneumococcus, meningococcus, and haemophilus influenzae cause a similar spectrum of infections in the ear, lung, blood, and brain. they share cross-reactive antigens that bind to the laminin receptor of the blood-brain barrier as a molecular basis for neurotropism, and this step in pathogenesis was addressed in vaccine design.201324041791
vaccination of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: perspective in korea.antibody titers to vaccine-preventable diseases such as tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella decline within 1-10 years after allogeneic or autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (sct) if the recipient is not vaccinated. vaccine-preventable diseases such as pneumococcal diseases, haemophilus influenzae type b infections, influenza, measles, and varicella can pose an increased risk for sct recipients. therefore, after sct, the recipients should be routinely revaccinated. vaccina ...201324396628
safety and immunological outcomes following human inoculation with nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) exclusively infects humans, causing significant numbers of upper respiratory tract infections. the goal of this study was to develop a safe experimental human model of nthi nasopharyngeal colonization.201323715660
toll-like receptor 2-dependent activity of native major outer membrane protein proteosomes of chlamydia trachomatis.chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen and the etiologic agent of blinding trachoma. intracellular signaling pathways leading to host cell inflammation and innate immunity to chlamydia include those mediated by toll-like receptors (tlrs) and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 1 (nod1) protein. in epithelial cells, tlr-dependent signaling contributes to local immune responses via induction of inflammatory mediators. there is evidence that tlr3, tlr ...201323132491
epidemiology of vaccine-preventable invasive diseases in catalonia in the era of conjugate vaccines.we investigated the incidence and distribution of cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd), invasive meningococcal disease (imd) and invasive hemophilus influenzae disease (ihid) notified by hospital laboratories to the microbiological reporting system of catalonia between 2005 and 2009. incidence rates were compared using the rate ratio (rr) and 95% ci were calculated. a value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. of the 6,661 cases, 6,012 were ipd, 436 imd and 213 ihid. the ...201323303166
current status of registry of vaccine clinical trials conducted by korean investigators in clinicaltrials.gov, database of us national institutes of health.pubmed is not only includes international medical journals but also has a registration site for the ongoing clinical trials, such as clinicaltrials.gov, under the supervision of us national institutes of health. we analyzed current status of vaccine clinical trials conducted by korean investigators in database of clinicaltrial.gov.201323596590
portrait: coincidences, convergences and opportunities.born in 1944, i grew up in a world in which polio was both a gripping fear and real threat. then in a matter of a few years-polio was eradicated by a vaccine developed by jonas salk. later i learned that salk's efforts were built on pioneering work of many others, including john enders, thomas weller and frederick robbins (nobelists, 1954), and david bodian, who pioneered studies of polio pathogenesis and immunity. bodian became my teacher in medical school, and robbins became a colleague. later ...201323807081
the impact of protein-conjugate polysaccharide vaccines: an endgame for meningitis?the development and implementation of conjugate polysaccharide vaccines against invasive bacterial diseases, specifically those caused by the encapsulated bacteria neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae, has been one of the most effective public health innovations of the last 25 years. these vaccines have resulted in significant reductions in childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, with their effectiveness due in large part to their ability to induce lon ...201323798695
bacterial meningitis in brazil: baseline epidemiologic assessment of the decade prior to the introduction of pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines.bacterial meningitis is associated with significant burden in brazil. in 2010, both 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and meningococcal capsular group c conjugate vaccine were introduced into the routine vaccination schedule. haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine was previously introduced in 1999. this study presents trends in demographics, microbiological characteristics and seasonality patterns of bacterial meningitis cases in brazil from 2000 to 2010.201323823579
the role of the rna chaperone hfq in haemophilus influenzae pathogenesis.the rna binding protein hfq of haemophilus influenzae is highly homologous to hfq from other bacterial species. in many of these other bacteria, hfq affects the expression of a broad range of genes and enhances the ability to respond to stressful environments. however, the role of hfq in h. influenzae is unknown.201323767779
anatomical asplenia in cat eye syndrome: an expansion of the disease spectrum.we report a patient with cat eye syndrome (ces) associated with anatomical asplenia. to the best of our knowledge, there have been no prior reports of this association. screening for asplenia in ces is potentially important, as asplenia places patients at increased risk for life-threatening bacterial infections. hence patients with ces without a spleen may require the same routine precautions as any other asplenic patients, with penicillin prophylaxis and immunizations to protect against encapsu ...201323691403
ferric uptake regulator and its role in the pathogenesis of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a commensal microorganism of the human nasopharynx, and yet is also an opportunistic pathogen of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. host microenvironments influence gene expression patterns, likely critical for nthi persistence. the host sequesters iron as a mechanism to control microbial growth, and yet iron limitation influences gene expression and subsequent production of proteins involved in iron homeostasis. careful regulation of iron uptake ...201323381990
emergence of non-serotype b encapsulated haemophilus influenzae as a cause of pediatric meningitis in northwestern ontario.before the introduction of the conjugate vaccine, haemophilus influenzae serotype b (hib) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children. although successful in reducing hib cases, the vaccine confers no protection against other serotypes of h influenzae, such as a (hia), or f (hif). the emergence of invasive disease caused by non-hib in northwestern ontario (38 cases between 2002 and 2008) with predominance of hia was previously reported by the authors. at that time, no cases of pedi ...201324421786
epidemiologic pattern of meningococcal meningitis in northern cameroon in 2007-2010: contribution of pcr-enhanced surveillance.monitoring acute bacterial meningitis in northern cameroon.201323432859
accuracy of real-time pcr, gram stain and culture for streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis and haemophilus influenzae meningitis diagnosis.although cerebrospinal fluid (csf) culture is the diagnostic reference standard for bacterial meningitis, its sensitivity is limited, particularly when antibiotics were previously administered. csf gram staining and real-time pcr are theoretically less affected by antibiotics; however, it is difficult to evaluate these tests with an imperfect reference standard.201323339355
vaccines today, vaccines tomorrow: a perspective.vaccines are considered as one of the major contributions of the 20th century and one of the most cost effective public health interventions. the international vaccine institute has as a mission to discover, develop and deliver new and improved vaccines against infectious diseases that affects developing nations. if louis pasteur is known across the globe, vaccinologists like maurice hilleman, jonas salk and charles mérieux are known among experts only despite their contribution to global health ...201323596584
comparative estimation of coverage between national immunization program vaccines and non-nip vaccines in korea.this study aimed to describe the differences in vaccination coverage between national immunization program (nip) vaccines and non-nip vaccines in korea and to identify factors affecting the difference. nationwide face-to-face interview-based questionnaire survey among randomly selected 4,374 participants aged 7-83 months was conducted. vaccination coverage analyzed according to the birth cohorts, geographic areas, and socio-demographic characteristics. we found that nip vaccines recorded higher ...201324015031
production of inflammatory cytokines in response to diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (dpt), haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), and 7-valent pneumococcal (pcv7) vaccines.haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and 7-valent pneumococcal (pcv7) vaccines both became recommended in japan in 2010. in this study, cytokine production was investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) cultures stimulated with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined with acellular pertussis vaccine (dpt), hib, and pcv7 separately or concurrent different combinations, all as final off-the-shelf vaccines without the individual vaccine components as controls. higher il-1β levels wer ...201324589970
structure of the secretion domain of hxua from haemophilus influenzae.haemophilus influenzae hxua is a cell-surface protein with haem-haemopexin binding activity which is key to haem acquisition from haemopexin and thus is one of the potential sources of haem for this microorganism. hxua is secreted by its specific transporter hxub. hxua/hxub belongs to the so-called two-partner secretion systems (tpss) that are characterized by a conserved n-terminal domain in the secreted protein which is essential for secretion. here, the 1.5 å resolution structure of the secre ...201324316822
randomized, controlled, multicenter study of the immunogenicity and safety of a fully liquid combination diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-five-component acellular pertussis (dtap5), inactivated poliovirus (ipv), and haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccine compared with a dtap3-ipv/hib vaccine administered at 3, 5, and 12 months of age.this study compared the levels of immunogenicity and safety of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-five-component acellular pertussis (dtap(5)), inactivated poliovirus (ipv), and haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) (dtap(5)-ipv-hib) and dtap(3)-ipv/hib vaccines for study participants 3, 5, and 12 months of age. post-dose 3 noninferiority criteria comparing dtap(5)-ipv-hib to dtap(3)-ipv/hib using rates of seroprotection were demonstrated against diphtheria, tetanus, and polio types 1 to 3, but not for pol ...201323966556
combined hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis b-inactivated poliovirus-haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; infanrix™ hexa: twelve years of experience in italy.infant vaccination using 2-dose priming at 3 and 5 mo of age with a booster at 11-12 mo of age was pioneered in italy. the 3-5-11 schedule is now used in a growing number of european countries. infanrix™ hexa (dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib, glaxosmithkline vaccines) was first licensed for use in 2000 and has been the only pediatric hexavalent vaccine available since 2005. we reviewed available clinical trial data describing the immunogenicity of dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib when administered at 3, 5, and 11 mo of age, a ...201324004825
specific antibodies against vaccine-preventable infections: a mother-infant cohort study.to determine maternal and neonatal specific antibody levels to selected vaccine-preventable infections (pertussis, haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), tetanus and pneumococcus).201323585389
serologic vaccination response after solid organ transplantation: a systematic review.infectious diseases after solid organ transplantation (sot) are one of the major complications in transplantation medicine. vaccination-based prevention is desirable, but data on the response to active vaccination after sot are conflicting.201323451126
national immunization program in iran: whys and why nots.the national immunization program of iran has played an important role in achievements toward the control, elimination and eradication of some important infectious diseases. however, there are challenges regarding both diseases covered by the program and the type of vaccine or route of delivery, which are discussed in this commentary. the current immunization program does not provide vaccines for rotavirus, haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), varicella, pneumococcal and influenza. there are als ...201323442584
antibody responses to vaccination among south african hiv-exposed and unexposed uninfected infants during the first 2 years of life.hiv-exposed but uninfected (heu) infants born to hiv-infected mothers from areas in the world with a high burden of infectious disease suffer higher infectious morbidity and mortality than their hiv unexposed uninfected (huu) peers. vaccination provides protection from infection. the possibility exists that altered response to vaccination contributes to the higher rate of infection in heu than in huu infants. while short-term, cross-sectional studies support this notion, it is unclear whether or ...201323114697
septic arthritis caused by noncapsulated haemophilus influenzae.since the introduction of type b haemophilus influenzae vaccination, noncapsulated h. influenzae has become responsible for most cases of invasive h. influenzae diseases. in our two cases of septic arthritis, we isolated strains with β-lactamase-positive amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance (blpacr). thus, the increasing prevalence of blpacr should be taken into account when empirical therapy is chosen for septic arthritis.201323515545
molecular analysis of changes in pseudomonas aeruginosa load during treatment of a pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis.intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations (pes) of cystic fibrosis (cf) usually target pseudomonas aeruginosa. insights into the cf lung microbiome have questioned this approach. we used rt-qpcr to determine whether intravenous antibiotics reduced p. aeruginosa numbers and whether this correlated with improved lung function. we also investigated antibiotic effects on other common respiratory pathogens in cf.201323706827
bacterial-induced epithelial damage promotes fungal biofilm formation in a sheep model of sinusitis.fungal biofilms have been discovered in chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) patients, but factors contributing to their establishment are obscure. a recent animal study showed bacterial co-inoculation was required. we examine the role of 4 bacterial species and a cilia toxin on fungal biofilm formation in a sheep sinusitis model. the importance of epithelial integrity on fungal biofilm formation is also examined.201323307805
bronchial colonisation in patients with lung cancer: a prospective study.bronchial colonisation is frequently reported in patients with lung cancer, and has a potential impact on therapeutic management and prognosis. we aimed to prospectively define the prevalence and nature of bronchial colonisation in patients at the time of diagnosing lung cancer. 210 consecutive patients with lung cancer underwent a flexible bronchoscopy for lung cancer. the type and frequency of bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal colonisation were analysed and correlated with the patients' and ...201323100491
frequency of fungi in respiratory samples from turkish cystic fibrosis patients.an increased isolation of fungi from the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) has been reported. the prevalence of different fungi in cf patients from turkey is not known. our aim was to determine the frequency of fungi in the respiratory tract of turkish cf patients. we investigated a total of 184 samples from 48 patients. samples were inoculated on medium b+ and chromagar candida. candida albicans was the predominant yeast isolated [30 patients (62.5%)], followed by c. parap ...201322747891
recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents: the korean pediatric society, 2013.this article contains the recommended immunization schedule by the committee on infectious diseases of the korean pediatric society, updated in march 2013, when haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine is now included in the national immunization program in korea. it also includes catch-up immunization schedule for children and adolescents who are behind the recommended schedule. these schedules are a minor revision of the corresponding parts of immunization guideline, 7th edition, of the korean pe ...201323807888
the unique structure of haemophilus influenzae protein e reveals multiple binding sites for host factors.haemophilus influenzae protein e (pe) is a multifunctional adhesin involved in direct interactions with lung epithelial cells and host proteins, including plasminogen and the extracellular matrix proteins vitronectin and laminin. we recently crystallized pe and successfully collected x-ray diffraction data at 1.8 å. here, we solved the structure of a recombinant version of pe and analyzed different functional regions. it is a dimer in solution and in the asymmetric unit of the crystals. the dime ...201323275089
vaccinal status of healthcare students in lille.vaccine recommendations are the same for healthcare students than for other health care workers. the aim of this study was to describe mandatory and recommended vaccinal coverage and evaluate the benefit of systematic monitoring by a medical team in the lille medical school.201323498136
[bacterial isolates from respiratory samples of pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis and their distribution by ages].the bacterial isolates from respiratory samples of 50 pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis, their distribution by ages and antimicrobial resistance pattern as well as the intermittence of isolations and coinfections, were investigated. staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 72 % of patients, followed by pseudomonas aeruginosa (58 %), haemophilus. influenzae (56 %), and the burkholderia cepacia complex (12 %). the frequency of resistance of p. aeruginosa isolates to β-lactam antibiotics was low ...201323560788
spectrum and antimicrobial resistance of common pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mainland of china.bacteria-induced respiratory infection has been long considered to be the major cause of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). therefore, a clear picture about the distribution and drug-resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the lower airways should be helpful for treatment of the disease. so far, data on this topic among chinese are lacking.201323786927
lung infiltrates in antiretroviral-naive hiv-infected children with chronic lung disease: value of non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in the detection of candida albicans.to describe the etiology of lung infiltrates in hiv-infected antiretroviral-naive children with chronic persistent/recurrent lung disease in whom routine cultures were negative and were non-responders to world health organization standard antimicrobial therapy.201323002184
the performance of 4 different supplements and 5 blood culture bottles types in detection of bacteria and candida spp. in simulated sterile body fluid cultures.the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the performance of 4 supplements: horse blood, fastidious organisms supplement (fos), haemin isovitalex albumine (hia), and brain heart infusion-haemin isovitalex albumine (bhi-hia) and 5 blood culture bottles: bactec mycosis ic/f, plus aerobic/f, peds plus/f from the bactec 9240 system, and bact/alert fa and bact/alert pf from the bact/alert 3d system, in detection of bacteria and candida spp. in simulated sterile body fluids other than blood mo ...201323867327
a screening for antimicrobial activities of caribbean herbal remedies.the tramil program aims to understand, validate and expand health practices based on the use of medicinal plants in the caribbean, which is a "biodiversity hotspot" due to high species endemism, intense development pressure and habitat loss. the antibacterial activity was examined for thirteen plant species from several genera that were identified as a result of tramil ethnopharmacological surveys or were reported in ethnobotanical accounts from puerto rico. the aim of this study was to validate ...201323731467
a modified pathway for the production of acetone in escherichia coli.a modified synthetic acetone operon was constructed. it consists of two genes from clostridium acetobutylicum (thla coding for thiolase and adc coding for acetoacetate decarboxylase) and one from bacillus subtilis or haemophilus influenzae (teii(srf) or ybgc, respectively, for thioesterase). expression of this operon in escherichia coli resulted in the production of acetone starting from the common metabolite acetyl-coa via acetoacetyl-coa and acetoacetate. the thioesterases do not need a coa ac ...201322906955
determination of disk diffusion and mic quality control guidelines for gsk2251052: a novel boron-containing antibacterial.gsk2251052 is a boron-containing antimicrobial agent in clinical development for the treatment of serious gram-negative bacterial infections. these gsk2251052 quality control (qc) studies were performed to establish ranges for control strains (broth microdilution [bmd] mic and disk diffusion zones) as follows: pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853 (2-8 μg/ml and 15-24 mm), escherichia coli atcc 25922 (0.5-2 μg/ml and 23-30 mm), haemophilus influenzae atcc 49247 (0.25-1 μg/ml and 22-31 mm), streptoco ...201323461830
respiratory infections in eñepa amerindians are related to malnutrition and streptococcus pneumoniae carriage.high acute respiratory tract infection (arti) rates are observed in indigenous populations. we assessed the role of viral infections and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in artis in eñepa amerindians from venezuela.201323796866
ceramide in cystic fibrosis.cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) molecule; these mutations result in a defect in chloride secretion in epithelial cell layers. the disease is characterized by severe gastrointestinal and pulmonary symptoms, but it is the pulmonary symptoms that dominate the clinical course of the disease and determine patients' life expectancy. these pulmonary symptoms include reduced mucociliary clearance, chronic inflammation, and recurren ...201323563661
[spectrum of pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in children].to investigate the spectrum of pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in children, and to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of cap.201323336167
identification of bacteria-selective threonyl-trna synthetase substrate inhibitors by structure-based design.a series of potent and bacteria-selective threonyl-trna synthetase (thrrs) inhibitors have been identified using structure-based drug design. these compounds occupied the substrate binding site of thrrs and showed excellent binding affinities for all of the bacterial orthologues tested. some of the compounds displayed greatly improved bacterial selectivity. key residues responsible for potency and bacteria/human thrrs selectivity have been identified. antimicrobial activity has been achieved aga ...201323362938
identification of the lic1abcd operon that controls the phase-variable expression of phosphorylcholine on lipopolysaccharide from avibacterium paragallinarum.phosphorylcholine (chop) is an important virulence factor found on the surface of many mucosal pathogens and its expression enhances bacterial colonization on mucous membranes and reduces susceptibility to antimicrobial peptides. whole-genome sequencing analyses showed that avibacterium paragallinarum contained an operon with strong sequence similarity to the lic1abcd operon from haemophilus influenzae and the pcgdabc operon from pasteurella multocida; both operons are involved in metabolism and ...201323391184
simultaneous direct identification of genital microorganisms in voided urine using multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assays.our aim was to develop and evaluate sensitive methods that would allow simultaneous direct identification of multiple potential pathogens in clinical specimens for diagnosis and epidemiological studies, using a multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assay. we have previously developed assays suitable for detection of bacterial respiratory and systemic pathogens. in this chapter we describe, in detail, a method developed to identify 14 genital microorganisms, for use in epidemiological studies of ...201323104293
the ompa family of proteins: roles in bacterial pathogenesis and immunity.the ompa family of outer membrane proteins is a group of genetically related, heat-modifiable, surface-exposed, porin proteins that are in high-copy number in the outer membrane of mainly gram-negative bacteria. ompa proteins are characterized by an n-terminal domain that forms an eight-stranded, anti-parallel β barrel, which is embedded in the outer membrane. the c-terminal domain is globular and located in the periplasmic space. escherichia coli ompa is the best characterized of the proteins. ...201322986056
microbiological diagnosis and antibiotic therapy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and acute copd exacerbation in daily clinical practice: comparison to current guidelines.the aim of this secondary analysis was to evaluate current microbiological approaches, microbiology, and antibiotic therapy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) in clinical practice and to compare them with current international guidelines.201323564195
[in vitro activity of sitafloxacin against clinical isolates in 2012].in vitro activity of sitafloxacin (stfx) and various oral antimicrobial agents against bacterial isolates recovered from clinical specimens between january and december 2012, at different healthcare facilities in japan was evaluated. a total of 1,620 isolates including aerobic and anaerobic organisms were available for the susceptibility testing using the microbroth dilution methods recommended by clinical and laboratory standards institute. the minimum inhibitory concentration of stfx at which ...201324649797
design, synthesis and biological evaluation of α-substituted isonipecotic acid benzothiazole analogues as potent bacterial type ii topoisomerase inhibitors.the discovery and optimisation of a new class of benzothiazole small molecules that inhibit bacterial dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv are described. antibacterial properties have been demonstrated by activity against dna gyrase atpase and potent activity against staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis, streptococcus pyogenes and haemophilus influenzae. further refinements to the scaffold designed to enhance drug-likeness included analogues bearing an α-substituent to the carboxylic acid gro ...201324239017
[analysis of pathogen spectrum of encephalitis/meningitis in northwestern area of china].to learn the characteristics of pathogen spectrum of encephalitis /meningitis in northwestern area of china.201324378133
the role of cytomegalovirus, haemophilus influenzae and epstein barr virus in guillain barre syndrome.guillain barre syndrome (gbs) is an inflammatory, usually demyelinating, polyneuropathy; clinically characterized by acute onset of symmetric progressive muscle weakness with loss of myotatic reflexes. thirty five patients with gbs, defined clinically according to the criteria of asbury and cornblath, were recruited from three hospital affiliated to tehran university of medical sciences.201323852841
a multi-target real-time pcr assay for rapid identification of meningitis-associated microorganisms.a central nervous system (cns) infection, such as meningitis, is a serious and life-threatening condition. bacterial meningitis can be severe and may result in brain damage, disability or even death. rapid diagnosis of cns infections and identification of the pathogenic microorganisms are needed to improve the patient outcome. bacterial culture of a patient's cerebrospinal fluid (csf) is currently considered the "gold standard" for diagnosing bacterial meningitis. from the csf cultures researche ...201322450734
ceftaroline fosamil: a review of its use in the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia.ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil (zinforo, teflaro), is an advanced-generation, parenteral cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro against gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and multidrug resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and gram-negative bacteria, including haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, but not pseudomonas aeruginosa. ceftaroline has demonstrated a low potential ...201323801418
immunogenicity, safety and reactogenicity of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) in nigerian infants: a randomised trial.the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of the 10- valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) were evaluated in a cohort of nigerian infants included in a study conducted in mali and nigeria (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: nct00678301).201324633268
a combined haemophilus influenzae type b neisseria meningitidis serogroup c tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine is immunogenic and well-tolerated when coadministered with diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis hepatitis b-inactivated poliovirus at 3, 5 and 11 months of age: results of an open, randomized, controlled study.this study evaluated the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of the combined haemophilus influenzae type b neisseria meningitidis serogroup c tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (hib-menc-tt) coadministered with diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis hepatitis b-inactivated poliovirus (dtpa-hbv-ipv) as 2 primary and 1 booster doses at 3, 5 and 11 months of age.201323190785
safety and immunogenicity of a hexavalent vaccine administered at 2, 4 and 6 months of age with or without a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a randomized, open-label study.dtap₅-ipv-hib-hepb, an investigational hexavalent combination vaccine, was evaluated for safety and immunogenicity, when administered to infants with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7).201323241989
adapting group sequential methods to observational postlicensure vaccine safety surveillance: results of a pentavalent combination dtap-ipv-hib vaccine safety study.to address gaps in traditional postlicensure vaccine safety surveillance and to promote rapid signal identification, new prospective monitoring systems using large health-care database cohorts have been developed. we newly adapted clinical trial group sequential methods to this observational setting in an original safety study of a combination diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed (dtap), inactivated poliovirus (ipv), and haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate va ...201323292957
immunogenicity and safety of an investigational multicomponent, recombinant, meningococcal serogroup b vaccine (4cmenb) administered concomitantly with routine infant and child vaccinations: results of two randomised trials.meningococcal serogroup b disease disproportionately affects infants. we assessed lot-to-lot consistency, safety and immunogenicity, and the effect of concomitant vaccination on responses to routine vaccines of an investigational multicomponent vaccine (4cmenb) in this population.201323324563
safety and reactogenicity of primary vaccination with the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine in vietnamese infants: a randomised, controlled trial.pneumococcal infections are major causes of child mortality and morbidity worldwide and antibiotic resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae is a major concern, especially in asian countries. the present study was designed to evaluate the reactogenicity and safety of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) when co-administered with the licensed diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis b virus, inactivated poliovirus and h. infl ...201323432812
dtap-ipv-hep b-hib vaccine (hexaxim®) : a review of its use in primary and booster vaccination.hexaxim(®) (dtap-ipv-hep b-hib) is a new, thiomersal-free, fully liquid, hexavalent combination pediatric vaccine containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, recombinant hepatitis b virus surface antigen produced in the yeast hansenula polymorpha, and haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (polyribosylribitol phosphate) conjugated to tetanus toxoid. it is currently registered in markets outside of the eu for primary vaccination of infants from 6 ...201323338932
a phase i randomized clinical trial of candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine mva.hiva administered to gambian infants.a vaccine to decrease transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) during breast-feeding would complement efforts to eliminate infant hiv-1 infection by antiretroviral therapy. relative to adults, infants have distinct immune development, potentially high-risk of transmission when exposed to hiv-1 and rapid progression to aids when infected. to date, there have been only three published hiv-1 vaccine trials in infants.201324205185
safety and immunogenicity of a toddler dose following an infant series of a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis b vaccine administered concurrently or at separate visits with a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.combination diphtheria-tetanus-5 component acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-haemophilus influenzae b conjugate-hepatitis b-vaccine (dtap5-ipv-hib-hepb) administered either concurrently with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) or one month apart was generally safe and immunogenic at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. this study examined the effects of a booster dose at age 15 months.201324088729
national, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months - united states, 2012.the national immunization survey (nis) is a random-digit-dialed telephone survey used to monitor vaccination coverage among u.s. children aged 19-35 months. this report describes national, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage estimates for children born during january 2009-may 2011, based on results from the 2012 nis. healthy people 2020* objectives set childhood vaccination targets of 90% for ≥1 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (mmr); ≥3 doses of hepatitis b vaccine ( ...201324025754
an open-label randomized clinical trial of prophylactic paracetamol coadministered with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and hexavalent diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, 3-component acellular pertussis, hepatitis b, inactivated poliovirus, and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.in two clinical trials, low-grade fever was observed more frequently after coadministration than after separate administration of two recommended routine pediatric vaccines. since fever is an important issue with vaccine tolerability, we performed this open-label study on the efficacy and safety of prophylactic use of paracetamol (acetaminophen, benuron®) in children administered routine 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv-7) coadministered with hexavalent vaccine (diphtheria-tetanus-ac ...201323786774
antibody responses to routine pediatric vaccines administered with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) has been licensed in >100 countries to broaden coverage against pneumococcal disease. we assessed whether pcv13 interferes with immune responses to concomitantly administered routine pediatric vaccines.201323104129
the udp-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphohydrolase lpxh in lipid a biosynthesis utilizes mn2+ cluster for catalysis.in escherichia coli and the majority of β- and γ-proteobacteria, the fourth step of lipid a biosynthesis, i.e. cleavage of the pyrophosphate group of udp-2,3-diacyl-glcn, is carried out by lpxh. lpxh has been previously suggested to contain signature motifs found in the calcineurin-like phosphoesterase (clp) family of metalloenzymes; however, it cleaves a pyrophosphate bond instead of a phosphoester bond, and its substrate contains nucleoside diphosphate moieties more common to the nudix family ...201323897835
transport and catabolism of the sialic acids n-glycolylneuraminic acid and 3-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galactonononic acid by escherichia coli k-12.escherichia coli can transport and catabolize the common sialic acid, n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac), as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, which is an important mucus-derived carbon source in the mammalian gut. herein we demonstrate that e. coli can also grow efficiently on the related sialic acids, n-glycolylneuraminic acid (neu5gc) and 3-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galactonononic acid (kdn), which are transported via the sialic acid transporter nant and catabolized using the sialic acid ald ...201323848303
dual orientation of the outer membrane lipoprotein p6 of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.the majority of outer membrane (om) lipoproteins in gram-negative bacteria are tethered to the membrane via an attached lipid moiety and oriented facing in toward the periplasmic space; a few lipoproteins have been shown to be surface exposed. the outer membrane lipoprotein p6 from the gram-negative pathogenic bacterium nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is surface exposed and a leading vaccine candidate for prevention of nthi infections. however, we recently found that p6 is not a transm ...201323687267
overexpression and purification of c-terminal fragment of the passenger domain of hap protein from nontypeable haemophilus influenzae in a highly optimized escherichia coli expression system.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a common cause of respiratory tract disease and initiates infection by colonization in nasopharynx. the haemophilus influenzae (h. influenzae) hap adhesin is an auto transporter protein that promotes initial interaction with human epithelial cells. hap protein contains a 110 kda internal passenger domain called "haps" and a 45 kda c-terminal translocator domain called "hapβ". hap adhesive activity has been recently reported to be connected to its cell ...201323919121
untangling structure-function relationships in the rhomboid family of intramembrane proteases.rhomboid proteases are a family of integral membrane proteins that have been implicated in critical regulatory roles in a wide array of cellular processes and signaling events. the determination of crystal structures of the prokaryotic rhomboid glpg from escherichia coli and haemophilus influenzae has ushered in an era of unprecedented understanding into molecular aspects of intramembrane proteolysis by this fascinating class of protein. a combination of structural studies by x-ray crystallograp ...201324099005
[prokaryotic soluble expression of protein d of haemophilus influenzae type b].to express the recombinant d protein in prokaryotic expression system solubly and make preparation for producing d-carrier conjugate vaccine next step.201324044208
spectrum and potency of ceftaroline against leading pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract and skin and soft tissue infections in latin america, 2010.ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a cephalosporin with in vitro bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus, β-haemolytic and viridans group streptococci, and streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as common gram-negative organisms. in this study a total of 986 isolates collected in 2010 from patients in 15 medical centers in five latin american countries from the assessing worldw ...201323916453
structure of murnac 6-phosphate hydrolase (murq) from haemophilus influenzae with a bound inhibitor.the breakdown and recycling of peptidoglycan, an essential polymeric cell structure, occur in a number of bacterial species. a key enzyme in the recycling pathway of one of the components of the peptidoglycan layer, n-acetylmuramic acid (murnac), is murnac 6-phosphate hydrolase (murq). this enzyme catalyzes the cofactor-independent cleavage of a relatively nonlabile ether bond and presents an interesting target for mechanistic studies. open chain product and substrate analogues were synthesized ...201324251551
predictors of viral pneumonia: the need for viral testing in all patients hospitalized for nursing home-acquired pneumonia.community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is presumed to be bacterial in origin and empirical antibiotics are almost always given on admission. however, early detection of viral infection is also very important for hospital infection control and timely use of antiviral agents. the present study aimed to compare patients with viral and bacterial pneumonia, and identify independent predictors of viral pneumonia.201323441872
bacterial isolates from cerebrospinal fluid of children with suspected acute meningitis in a nigerian tertiary hospital.to determine the common aetiolog of acute bacterial meningitis in children and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.201323661203
antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline and comparator agents tested against bacterial isolates causing skin and soft tissue infections and community-acquired respiratory tract infections isolated from the asia-pacific region and south africa (2010).ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a cephalosporin with in vitro bactericidal activity against resistant gram-positive organisms including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and multidrug-resistant strains of streptococcus pneumoniae, and common gram-negative organisms, including wild-type enterobacteriaceae. we evaluated the in vitro activity of ceftaroline and selected comparator agents against bacterial isolates collected from patients wi ...201323535208
bacteremia, causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibility among hiv-1-infected children on antiretroviral therapy in uganda and zimbabwe.bacteremia is common in hiv-infected children in africa, including after start of antiretroviral therapy (art), but there are limited data on causative pathogens and their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns in this population.201323407100
haemophilus influenzae acquires vitronectin via the ubiquitous protein f to subvert host innate immunity.acquisition of the complement inhibitor vitronectin (vn) is important for the respiratory tract pathogen nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) to escape complement-mediated killing. nthi actively recruits vn, and we previously showed that this interaction involves protein e (pe). here we describe a second vn-binding protein, a 30 kda yersinia yfea homologue designated as protein f (pf). an isogenic nthi 3655δhpf mutant devoid of pf displayed a reduced binding of vn, and was consequently more ...201323387957
[antibacterial activity for clinical isolates from pediatric patients of clavulanic acid/amoxicillin (1: 14) -outcomes of special drug use investigation on antibacterial activity (annual changes)].as a special drug use investigation, we monitored and assessed trends in antibacterial activity of clavulanic acid/amoxicillin (1:14) (hereafter, "cva/ampc (1:14)") and other antimicrobial agents for clinical isolates from pediatric patients with otitis media or respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections. against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis isolated and identified from otorrhea, epipharynx and rhinorrhea of pediatric patients with otitis media, th ...201324167843
antimicrobial activity of prulifloxacin in comparison with other fluoroquinolones against community-acquired urinary and respiratory pathogens isolated in greece.prulifloxacin, the prodrug of ulifloxacin, is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone rather recently introduced in certain european countries. we compared the antimicrobial potency of ulifloxacin with that of other fluoroquinolones against common urinary and respiratory bacterial pathogens. the microbial isolates were prospectively collected between january 2007 and may 2008 from patients with community-acquired infections in greece. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined for ciprofl ...201323686506
pcr screening for the n526k substitution in isolates of haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus haemolyticus.firstly, to evaluate the current pbp3-s primers of hasegawa et al. (microb drug resist 2003; 9: 39-46) and develop new primers for the amplification of n526 in isolates of haemophilus haemolyticus. secondly, to develop a new pcr assay for the detection (by amplification) of the n526k substitution, encoded by either the aaa or aag single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) at position 1576-1578 of the ftsi gene, in isolates of both haemophilus influenzae and h. haemolyticus.201323645583
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