Publications

choosing the right macrolide antibiotic. a guide to selection.	macrolide antibiotics have proven to be valuable alternatives to penicillins and cephalosporins for the treatment of a number of infections. currently, a number of macrolides are available. when choosing a particular macrolide, the types of organisms causing the infection, the tolerability of the drug, convenience of dosing and possible drug interactions all must be taken into account. erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin are equally effective against most gram-positive organisms. howev ...	1997	9074839
empiric antibiotic selection criteria for respiratory infections in pediatric practice.	respiratory infections in children may occur as a consequence of resistant bacterial pathogens. streptococcus pneumoniae organisms resistant to penicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and macrolides are increasingly prevalent. amoxicillin- and macrolide-resistant haemophilus influenzae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis are also more commonly seen. traditional agents such as amoxicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole remain acceptable choices for most children with respiratory infectio ...	1997	9076838
the major outer membrane protein, cd, extracted from moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is a potential vaccine antigen that induces bactericidal antibodies.	the major outer membrane protein of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, cd, was detergent-extracted from the bacterial cell wall and purified to homogeneity in high yields by a simple process. the purified protein appeared to exhibit immunogenic properties similar to those of native cd exposed on the surface of the bacterium. antibodies to cd raised in mice specifically bound to intact b. catarrhalis, as determined by flow cytometry analysis. the igg subclass distributions of anti-cd antibodies ...	1997	9093840
multicentre in-vitro evaluation of the susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis to ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, co-amoxiclav and sparfloxacin.	seven laboratories, including a reference laboratory, tested the susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae strains to ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, co-amoxiclav and sparfloxacin with the etest. a total of 976 strains were collected. the results with ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin were consistent for all laboratories, while those with clarithromycin and co-amoxiclav were not. the agreement between etest mics and broth microdilution was: ciproflo ...	1997	9096192
pharmacodynamic properties of faropenem demonstrated by studies of time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect.	the pharmacodynamic properties of faropenem, a new oral penem antibiotic, were investigated by studying time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect. time-kill kinetics were employed against strains of bacteroides fragilis, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pyogenes. the postantibiotic effects of faropenem were studied using strains of e. coli, s. aureus, h. influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae. the time-kill kinetic data ...	1997	9096193
highly conserved neisseria meningitidis surface protein confers protection against experimental infection.	a new surface protein, named nspa, which is distinct from the previously described neisseria meningitidis outer membrane proteins was identified. an nspa-specific mab, named me-1, reacted with 99% of the meningococcal strains tested indicating that the epitope recognized by this particular mab is widely distributed and highly conserved. western immunoblotting experiments indicated that mab me-1 is directed against a protein band with an approximate molecular mass of 22,000, but also recognized a ...	1997	9104804
history of macrolide use in pediatrics.	erythromycin, the prototypical macrolide, has been widely used since the 1950s in the management of pediatric infections. erythromycin is the drug of choice for infants and children with legionnaire's disease, pertussis, diphtheria, lower respiratory tract infections caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydia trachomatis and enteritis caused by campylobacter jejuni. it is also indicated for treatment of syphilis; for streptococcal, staphylococcal and pneumococcal infecti ...	1997	9109154
causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media.	streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are the most frequently isolated pathogens in patients with acute otitis media (aom). other potential causative pathogens include streptococcus pyogenes in older children and chlamydia pneumoniae in younger children. the recent emergence of penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae and the increasing frequency of beta-lactamase-producing strains of m. catarrhalis and h. influenzae are creating concerns regarding the use of amoxi ...	1997	9109158
antimicrobial activity of ru-66647, a new ketolide.	a new macrolide subclass called ketolides, possess a mode of action similar to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (mls) compounds. utilizing reference in vitro tests, the in vitro activity of ru-66647 (a ketolide) was compared to other mls compounds against 376 gram-positive organisms and over 400 representative strains of gram-negative bacilli. the ketolide's spectrum was most similar to clindamycin and an earlier drug in the series (ru-64004 or ru-004) against staphylococci and streptococ ...	1997	9127099
can antimicrobial activity be sustained? an appraisal of orally administered drugs used for respiratory tract infections.	respiratory tract infections (rtis) represent a major cause of illness worldwide. therefore, it is of great concern that common rti pathogens have become increasingly resistant to many of the antimicrobial agents used for therapy. for example, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis have become resistant to beta-lactam drugs by producing efficient beta-lactamases (> 35 and 90% of strains, respectively). more recently, pneumococci have become more resistant through the mechanism of alter ...	1997	9127102
the antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media and sinusitis in children.	the development of resistance among the bacterial pathogens causing acute otitis media and sinusitis in children is causing considerable concern. although normally a mild infection, acute otitis media can produce serious complications with sequelae that can have long-lasting effects. high levels of resistance are now being seen in the three principal pathogens. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. most clinical trials comparing the efficacy of different an ...	1997	9127104
human immunoglobulin isotype and igg subclass response to different antigens of moraxella catarrhalis.	enzyme immunoassays were tested for the determination of antibodies of different isotypes and igg subclasses to moraxella catarrhalis in human sera. an assay based on an outer membrane protein preparation (omp) as antigen was compared to assays using whole bacterial cells and a purified lipopolysaccharide preparation. there was a good correlation between the results obtained with the omp preparation and the whole-cell antigen. in paired sera, optimal sensitivity was obtained by using the omp pre ...	1997	9137517
susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis to 21 antimicrobial drugs: validity of current nccls criteria for the interpretation of agar disk diffusion antibiograms.	ninety-four clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis were examined for susceptibility to 21 antimicrobial drugs; 67 isolates (= 71.3%) produced beta-lactamase(s). in terms of antibiotic resistance, the number of isolates resistant to penicillin g, ampicillin, and cotrimoxazole were 56, 32, and 1, respectively. the number of isolates with intermediate susceptibility to penicillin g, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, and fosfomycin were 11, 34, 1, 2, 2, and 47, respectively. a ...	1997	9142455
moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis--clinical and molecular aspects of a rediscovered pathogen.	since its discovery at the end of the nineteenth century, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis has undergone several changes of nomenclature and periodic changes in its perceived status as either a commensal or a pathogen. molecular analysis based on dna hybridisation or 16s rdna sequence comparisons has established its phylogenetic position as a member of the moraxellaceae and shown that it is related more closely to acinetobacter spp. than to the genus neisseria in which it was placed formerly. ...	1997	9152030
cefprozil treatment of persistent and recurrent acute otitis media.	we identified the pathogens causing persistent and recurrent acute otitis media (aom) and the clinical efficacy of cefprozil as treatment.	1997	9154539
hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in hong kong: a randomized study comparing imipenem/cilastatin and ceftazidime.	the aetiology and outcome of hospitalized patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia (cap) were evaluated in 60 adult patients (38 male 22 female, mean age 68.4 years). they were randomized for treatment with either ceftazidime or imipenem/cilastatin intravenously for 7 days. bacteriological diagnoses were made in 25 cases (41.6%): streptococcus pneumoniae (5), haemophilus influenzae (5), pseudomonas spp. in particular pseudomonas aeruginosa (8), staphylococcus aureus (4), chl ...	1997	9154675
[differential cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy children in comparison with children colonized by lung-specific pathogens].	bal is increasingly used in the assessment of pulmonary diseases, however, the role in children remains to be defined. therefore bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was performed on 21 healthy children in order to enable quantification and characterization of the alveolar cell populations. reference values for cellular constituents of bal fluid using rigid bronchoscopes are lacking-even though in children still 90% of bronchoscopies are done by rigid instruments and bal is performed using a catheter le ...	1997	9157458
cq-397 and cq-414: antimicrobial activity and spectrum of two fluoroquinolone---cephalosporin, dual-action compounds with carboxamido bonds.	objective: to evaluate the potential spectrum of activity of two novel dual-action compounds with carboxamido bonds (cq-397 and cq-414; laboratorios aranda, san rafael, mexico) against human pathogens. methods: approximately 800 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic clinical bacteria were tested in vitro using the mueller-hinton broth microdilution method of the national committee of clinical laboratory standards. results: cq-397 (cefamandole+enrofloxacin) and cq-414 (cefamandole+norfloxacin) ...	1997	11864130
microbial etiologies of acute otitis media.	the bacterial etiology of acute otitis media (aom) in children is well known; streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis account for up to 80% of the cases. negative cultures are obtained from 15 to 34% of the middle ear effusions obtained from patients with aom and could represent non-viable bacterial organisms, chlamydia, mycoplasma, anaerobes and, perhaps, new and unknown organisms. viruses are rarely involved as a cause of aom but upper respiratory tract infec ...	1997	11869224
surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in the united states in 1996-1997 respiratory season. the laboratory investigator group.	a u.s. surveillance study of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract pathogens in the respiratory season (1996-1997) is reported that included 11,368 isolates from 434 institutions in 45 states and the district of columbia. beta-lactamase was produced by 33.4% of haemophilus influenzae and 92.7% of moraxella catarrhalis. of the 9,190 streptococcus pneumoniae isolates tested, 33.5% were not susceptible to penicillin (mic > or = 0.12 microgram/ml), with 13.6% having high-level resistance (mi ...	1997	9458982
[theoretical basis for the antibiotic therapy of the upper part of the respiratory system].	the paper presents the views on the etiology of infections in the respiratory system. beside the so called "old pathogens" such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haenophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, "atypic" microorganisms are becoming more and more important, i.e. mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, chlamydia pneumoniae. mixed flora with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria is observed in chronic infections. viral infections facilitate bacterial infections. antibiotic used first shoul ...	1997	9757681
[clinical study on azithromycin in 10% fine granules and 100mg capsules in the field of pediatrics].	azithromycin (azm), a new oral macrolide antibiotic, in 10% fine granules or 100 mg capsules was given to pediatric patients to treat various infections. the following results were obtained in our studies of azm for its antibacterial activities against clinical isolates, its pharmacokinetics, its efficacy, and its safety. 1. mics of azm, erythromycin (em) and clarithromycin (cam) were determined against a total of 57 strains all at 10(6) cfu/ml. among gram-positive cocci, mics of azm ranged from ...	1997	9634360
carriage of multiresistant streptococcus pneumoniae among children attending day-care centres in the stockholm area.	to determine the prevalence of the asymptomatic carriage of drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae (drsp) by children attending day-care centres in the stockholm area, nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured from 1129 children and 308 day-care personnel in 36 day-care centres during a 3-week period, from march to april 1995. approximately 36% of the children were asymptomatic carriers of s. pneumoniae sensitive to penicillin and other antibiotics. the highest prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage wa ...	1997	9571733
a short (3-day) course of azithromycin tablets versus a 10-day course of amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav) in the treatment of adults with lower respiratory tract infections and effects on long-term outcome.	the efficacy and safety of a 3-day regimen of azithromycin prescribed in the new tablet form and of a 10-day regimen of amoxycillin clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav, augmentin) were compared in patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections. of the 144 enrolled patients, 123 had a type 1 acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb), three patients had pneumonia, and 18 had purulent bronchitis. treatment was successful, defined as cure or major improvement on day 14, in 59/62 (95%) patien ...	1997	9552709
in-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin.	quinupristin/dalfopristin is a new water-soluble streptogramin antimicrobial agent comprising quinupristin and dalfopristin in a ratio of 30:70. the in-vitro spectrum of activity includes most multi-resistant gram-positive aerobes, important gram-negative aerobes, gram-positive anaerobes and intracellular bacteria that are causal agents of respiratory, blood and cutaneous infections. of particular note, quinupristin/dalfopristin is active against multidrug-resistant isolates of staphylococcus au ...	1997	9511057
[studies on penetration of cefepime into respiratory tract using broncho-alveolar lavage and sputum].	we investigated broncho-alveolar distribution of cefepime (cfpm), a fourth generation cephem, using 38 balf specimens from 19 serious pneumonia patients who underwent artificial respiratory system control. the mean broncho-alveolar cfpm level was 3.44 microgram/ml (5.34% of the mean peak blood level). we thus observed that the balf level after a single dose of 1 g of cfpm exceeds the mic90 of the drug against rti causing bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae, klebsiella pneumoniae, haemophil ...	1997	9651607
[clinical evaluation of a new macrolide antibiotic, azithromycin, in the pediatric field].	azithromycin (azm) preparations in fine granules and capsules were evaluated in 36 pediatric patients with various infections. in patients with pneumonia caused by moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae or mycoplasma pneumoniae, bronchitis, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, whooping cough, or campylobacter enteritis, azm was found effective in 94.4% (34/36). as for the bacteriological efficacy of azm, all of 12 strains identified were found eradicated by the treatment. plasma t 1/2(24 approxima ...	1997	9575355
study of the comparative activity of piperacillin/tazobactam with currently available antibiotics against 8206 aerobic isolates.	to compare the activity of piperacillin-tazobactam with piperacillin and other parenterally administered antibiotics against aerobic gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci isolated from across canada, and to determine the prevalence of resistance mediated by extended-spectrum cephalosporinases.	1997	22514487
prospective, randomized comparison of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin with intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia.	to compare the efficacy of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin and intravenous ceftazidime in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia.	1997	22514482
comparison of community-acquired pneumonia requiring admission to hospital in hiv-and non-hiv-infected patients.	to compare community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with that in hospitalized non-hiv-infected patients by assessing presenting characteristics, etiology and outcomes.	1996	22514448
antimicrobial resistance: implications for therapy of infections with common childhood pathogens.		1996	22514433
susceptibility surveillance of u.s. respiratory pathogen isolates to newer macrolide and azalide antibiotics.	azithromycin and clarithromycin are both highly active in vitro against gram-positive respiratory pathogens, but azithromycin is substantially more potent against haemophilus influenzae. we investigated the susceptibility of h. influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae and s. pyogenes to azithromycin and clarithromycin, and determined the prevalence of beta-lactamase production in h. influenzae and m. catarrhalis. results from three geographic regions of the usa were compared. ...	1996	18611736
comparative antimicrobial activity and post-antibiotic effect of azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin against some respiratory pathogens.	recent macrolide derivatives, roxithromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin show more favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics in comparison to old ones and some differences in antibacterial activity. with the aim of improving our understanding of some aspects of their action against respiratory pathogens, we determined the mics and mbcs of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus aureus, moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae. azithromycin was the most activ ...	1996	18611754
[the postantibiotic effect of azithromycin on respiratory pathogens].	azithromycin has in vitro activity which includes important respiratory pathogens and is successful in treatment of respiratory tract infections. we assessed postantibiotic effect (pae) of azithromycin against 3 stains of streptococcus pneumoniae, 2 strains of haemophilus influenzae and 2 strains of moraxella catarrhalis. the strains were exposed for 2 hours to an azithromycin concentration of 0.5 mg/l (maximum serum concentration achieved by azithromycin after the usual dosing regimen). a stati ...	1996	9455450
development and validation of a multiplex pcr-based assay for the upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis.	background: conventional simplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assays are limited in that they only provide for the detection of a single infectious agent. many clinical diseases, however, present in a nonspecific, or syndromic, fashion, thereby necessitating the simultaneous assessment of multiple pathogens. panel-based molecular diagnostic testing can be accomplished by the development of multiplex pcr-based assays, which can detect, individually or severally, different pathogens that ...	1996	10330195
synthesis of oligosaccharide structures from the lipopolysaccharide of moraxella catarrhalis.	the synthesis of the octasaccharide [p-(trifluoroacetamido)phenyl]ethyl 4-o-[2-o-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl]-6-o-[2-o-[4-o-(4-o-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-beta-d-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl]-beta-d-glucopyranosyl]-3-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside, representing the outer part of the lipooligosaccharide from moraxella catarrhalis serotype a, is described, together with a hepta-, a hexa-, and a pentasaccaride, composing parts there ...	1996	11667725
community-acquired pneumonia: epidemiologic and clinical considerations.	an incidence of between 2 and 44 per 1000 population has been reported for community-acquired pneumonia. epidemiologic studies describe a wide range of causative organisms, including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella spp., moraxella catarrhalis, chlamydia pneumoniae and viruses such as influenza a and b. however, the frequency with which they are reported varies widely. on analysis of these studies, the variation can be explained by a number of f ...	1996	11866796
bacteriologic diagnosis of respiratory tract infections.	the use of the gram stain for determination of the presence of bacteria in respiratory secretions is described. success of the procedure depends on the use of fresh samples of high cellular quality. the gram stain can be used to distinguish the presence (among other organisms) of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis enterobacteria and pseudomonas. this paper also discusses the use of sputum samples for bacteriologic culture and the value of bacterial counts i ...	1996	11866797
clinical comparison of cefuroxime axetil with cefixime in the treatment of acute bronchitis.	acute bronchitis is the ninth most common outpatient illness seen by physicians in the united states. oral antibiotic treatment is usually directed empirically against the most common bacterial pathogens associated with acute bronchitis, such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. although cefuroxime axetil and cefixime are both approved in the united states for treatment of acute bronchitis, currently they have not undergone direct clinical comparison fo ...	1996	11862302
[moraxella catarrhalis: an emerging respiratory pathogen].	in the past years moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis has finally gained respect as a pathogen thanks to the many reports of its causal role. the intent of this review is to provide a critical evaluation of the intent of this review is to provide a critical evaluation of the microbiological features (taxonomy, diagnosis, virulence, epidemiology and drug resistance), clinical diseases and therapy of this microorganism	1996	14976433
postantibiotic and post-beta-lactamase inhibitor effects of amoxicillin plus clavulanate.	the postantibiotic effect (pae) of amoxicillin-clavulanate was studied for strains of staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumoniae, and escherichia coli. a pae of approximately 2 h was seen for beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains of s. aureus following 2 h of exposure to twice the mic and did not increase at 16 times the mic. the pae observed with h. influenzae was clearly related to the growth rate of the organism. a pae of 0.8 h was foun ...	1996	9124843
prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among 723 outpatient clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis in the united states in 1994 and 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study.	seven hundred twenty-three isolates of moraxella catarrhalis obtained from outpatients with a variety of infections in 30 medical centers in the united states between 1 november 1994 and 30 april 1995 were characterized in a central laboratory. the overall rate of beta-lactamase production was 95.3%. when the national committee for clinical laboratory standards mic interpretive breakpoints for haemophilus influenzae were applied, percentages of strains found to be susceptible to selected oral an ...	1996	9124860
haemagglutination properties of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	the ability of 30 isolates of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis to haemagglutinate erythrocytes of five species was examined. two haemagglutination phenotypes of m. catarrhalis were observed: phenotype i isolates (n = 10) agglutinated human erythrocytes, while phenotype ii isolates (n = 7) agglutinated both human and rabbit erythrocytes. no haemagglutination was observed with chick, sheep or horse erythrocytes. haemagglutination by both phenotype i and ii isolates was abolished following treat ...	1996	9069102
the beta-lactamases of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis isolated from danish children.	two distinct beta-lactamases have been isolated from moraxella catarrhalis: the stronger acting bro-1 enzyme and the weaker acting bro-2. several reports have noted an effect of penicillin and ampicillin on infections caused by m. catarrhalis in spite of the presence of beta-lactamase production. the purpose of this work was to charaterize the beta-lactamases of m. catarrhalis isolated from danish children regarding type and susceptibility, and to relate these findings to the eradication of beta ...	1996	8920809
[antimicrobial activities of clarithromycin against clinical isolates].	to examine the antimicrobial activity of clarithromycin (cam) against strains clinically isolated from outpatients in 1994, minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined for cam and the control drugs. the results were as follows; 1. mic50 and mic90 of cam were similar to those investigated in 1980's against many bacterial species. 2. cam showed strong antimicrobial activities against beta-lactamase producing moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis, bordetella pertussis, campylobact ...	1996	8935125
tetrameric repeat units associated with virulence factor phase variation in haemophilus also occur in neisseria spp. and moraxella catarrhalis.	the tetrameric repeat units 5'-caat-3' and 5'-gcaa-3' are associated with phase variable expression of lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic genes in haemophilus influenzae. four other tetrameric repeat units have also been reported from h. influenzae strain rd, 5'-caac-3', 5'-gaca-3', 5'-agct-3', and 5'-ttta-3', which are also associated with putative virulence factors. using oligonucleotide probes corresponding to five tandem copies of each of these tetramers, we have screened three strains of neiss ...	1996	8935664
results of the alexander project: a continuing, multicenter study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens.	in 1992, an ongoing, international multicenter study was established to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens: the alexander project. isolates cultured from patients living in geographically separated areas, ten in the european union (eu) and five in the united states (us), were collected and tested using standard methods in a central laboratory. a total of 4,155 isolates of haemophilus influenzae was collected during the p ...	1996	8937841
a multicenter study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract pathogens in the united states, 1992-1994. the alexander project.	a multicenter, collaborative study was performed over a three-year period (1992-1994) to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates of haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae from community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. isolates were collected from five geographically separated medical centers in the united states and sent to a central laboratory for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. of 350, 536, and 372 isolates of h. influenz ...	1996	8937842
monoclonal antibodies against haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharides: clone mahi 4 binding to a pentasaccharide containing terminal beta-gal residues and clone mahi 10 recognizing terminal phosphorylated saccharide residues.	mouse monoclonal antibodies mahi 4 and mahi 10 reactive with haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide (lps), were generated by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells of mice immunized with h. influenzae strain rm.7004-xp-1. the antibody mahi 4 reacted in whole-cell enzyme immunoassay (eia) and colony-dot-immunoblotting with 20 of 123 h. influenzae strains and to a few other human haemophilus spp. and neisseria spp., but not to any bordetella pertussis, b. parapertussis, aeromonas spp. or ...	1996	8938639
in vitro activity of sanfetrinem (gv104326), a new trinem antimicrobial agent, versus streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis.	sanfetrinem, formerly gv104326, is a new trinem antimicrobial agent with extensive in vitro activity for a variety of different bacteria. the activity of sanfetrinem was determined using a broth microdilution mic method versus a large number of clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis obtained in a recent 30-center united states surveillance study. the sanfetrinem mic50 and mic90 values for these three organism groups were 0.015 and 0.5 mic ...	1996	8950528
preparation and in vitro antibacterial activity of 9-o-glycosyloxime derivatives of erythromycin a, a new class of macrolide antibiotics.	9-o-glycosyloxime derivatives of erythromycin a have been synthesized and their in vitro antibacterial activity compared with that of erythromycin a (1). this new class of macrolide antibiotics showed reduced antibacterial spectrum. however, some derivatives were as or more active than erythromycin a (1) against strains, responsible for respiratory track infections, such as haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis or streptococcus pneumoniae.	1996	8968398
dendritic cells are recruited into the airway epithelium during the inflammatory response to a broad spectrum of stimuli.	a key rate-limiting step in the adaptive immune response at peripheral challenge sites is the transmission of antigen signals to t cells in regional lymph nodes. recent evidence suggests that specialized dendritic cells (dc) fulfill this surveillance function in the resting state, but their relatively slow turnover in most peripheral tissues brings into question their effectiveness in signaling the arrival of highly pathogenic sources of antigen which require immediate mobilization of the full r ...	1996	8976199
cefixime in the treatment of patients with lower respiratory tract infections: results of us clinical trials.	community-acquired acute lower respiratory tract infections are a common cause of illness, accounting for millions of physician visits and prescriptions each year. cefixime is an extended-spectrum oral cephalosporin with activity against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis, the most commonly isolated bacterial pathogens. this review presents the results of eight us studies comparing the efficacy and safety of cefixime with those of amoxicillin, amoxicillin ...	1996	8829015
comparison of cefprozil, cefpodoxime proxetil, loracarbef, cefixime, and ceftibuten.	to discuss the pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, clinical trials, and adverse effects of cefprozil, cefpodoxime proxetil, loracarbef, cefixime, and ceftibuten, an investigational cephalosporin.	1996	8833562
colonization and infection with moraxella catarrhalis in childhood.	in a prospective clinical study, rates of isolation of moraxella catarrhalis in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 122 children with respiratory tract infection and 72 healthy controls were compared. in the patient group, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae were the most frequently isolated pathogens (38% and 42%, respectively). monocultures of each pathogen were equally distributed in patients and controls (41% and 42%), whereas mixed infections were found more frequently in the patie ...	1996	8839647
anti-staphylococcus aureus, anti-streptococcus pneumoniae and anti-moraxella catarrhalis specific ige in asthmatic children.	the total serum ige levels and the presence of anti-staphylococcu aureus, anti-streptococcus pneumoniae and anti-moraxella catarrhalis specific ige antibodies were studied in 34 asthmatic children (aged 1-12 years). eleven of them also suffered also from subacute or chronic sinusitis. total and specific ige were determined by radioimmunoassay in solid phase. the total serum ige levels were increased in 82.3% of the cases. it was observed that 73.5% of the children had detectable specific ige ant ...	1996	8844505
in vitro activities of u-100592 and u-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents.	oxazolidinones make up a relatively new class of antimicrobial agents which possess a unique mechanism of bacterial protein synthesis inhibition. u-100592 (s)-n-[[3-[3-fluoro-4-[4-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-piperazinyl]- phenyl]-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]-acetamide and u-100766 (s)-n-[[3-[3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]- 2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]-acetamide are novel oxazolidinone analogs from a directed chemical modification program. mics were determined for a variety of bacterial clinical isolate ...	1996	8849237
molecular characterization of the bro beta-lactamase of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	a rapid increase in the prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis strains has been noticed during the last decades. today, more than 80% of strains isolated worldwide produce beta-lactamase. to investigate beta-lactamase(s) of m. catarrhalis at the molecular level, the bro-1 beta-lactamase gene (bla) was isolated as part of a 4,223-bp hindiii fragment. sequence analysis indicated that bla encodes a polypeptide of 314 amino acid residues. insertional inactivation ...	1996	8849261
[susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1992)].	bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract infections were collected in cooperation with institutions located throughout japan since 1981, and ikemoto et al. have been investigating susceptibilities of the isolates to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, and the relationships between the isolates and characteristics of the patients and so forth each year. we discuss the results in detail. in 20 institutions around the entire japan from october 1992 to september 1993, 690 strains of ...	1996	8851305
a multicentre collaborative study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired, lower respiratory tract pathogens 1992-1993: the alexander project.	the alexander project is a unique, international, collaborative antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance study of bacterial pathogens causing community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection. fifteen centres, ten in the european union (eu) and five in the usa, each submitted up to 400 isolated per year for 2 years (1992 and 1993) to a central laboratory for re-identification and determination of mics of 15 antimicrobials using the sensititre microbroth incorporation technique. of the total ...	1996	8858472
antibiotic susceptibility patterns of community-acquired respiratory isolates of moraxella catarrhalis in western europe and in the usa. the alexander project collaborative group.	eight hundred and eighteen moraxella catarrhalis strains, isolated in 1992 and 1993 at 15 centres in western europe and the usa were tested for beta-lactamase production and resistance to 15 antibiotics. the proportion of beta-lactamase producing strains in europe rose significantly from 70% in 1992 to 82% in 1993, whilst in the usa the increase (85-92%) was not significant. penicillin and amoxycillin resistance was more prevalent in the usa than in europe. all penicillin-resistant strains isola ...	1996	8858475
trends in antibiotic resistance of respiratory pathogens: an analysis and commentary on a collaborative surveillance study.	the evolution of antibiotic resistance was studied among common respiratory tract pathogens in five countries of the european union and in the usa during 1992-1993. the data obtained from a collaborative surveillance study were submitted to population analysis, to detect possible shifts in antibiotic susceptibility and, therefore, associated mechanisms of resistance. among the emerging haemophilus influenzae phenotypes were isolates that did not correspond to the beta-lactamase negative, amino-p ...	1996	8858478
the clinical relevance of in-vitro resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin and alternative agents, for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.	the documentation of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory pathogens, contained within the alexander project, does not necessarily translate into clinical resistance in the treatment of primary community-acquired pneumonia. there is, in particular, little evidence that penicillin resistance in pneumococci is clinically relevant for the treatment of pneumonia, and there is further evidence that the production of beta-lactamase by haemophilus influenzae may not always be clinically relevant with ...	1996	8858479
relevance of the alexander project: pharmacodynamic considerations.	application of pharmacodynamic principles for interpretation of data generated by the alexander project is possible for beta-lactam, quinolone and macrolide antibiotics. for beta-lactams, the time that serum concentrations remain above the mic of the pathogen (t > mic) is the parameter most closely linked with outcome. it has been shown that t > mic need be only 50-60% of a dose interval. since the mic has the greatest influence on this parameter, a conservative estimate of activity would use th ...	1996	8858480
the alexander project: using in-vitro susceptibility data for choosing empirical therapy in lrti.	an international collaborative survey of susceptibility in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection pathogens collected > 6000 strains from six countries during 1992 and 1993. the four major pathogens were streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus. mics of 15 antibiotics were determined and sensitivity interpretations applied using breakpoints based on those of the nccls. this analysis highlighted some anomalies, notably for bet ...	1996	8858481
nasal inflammation and chronic ear disease in australian aboriginal children.	chronic middle ear disease is common in aboriginal children, and may be linked to nasal inflammation and eustachian tube dysfunction. the pattern of nasal inflammation is unknown. the study reported here was performed to define the role of allergy and infection in causing nasal inflammation in aboriginal children with chronic middle ear disease.	1996	8860389
microbiology and management of sinusitis.	the pathophysiology, microbiology, and treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis are reviewed.	1996	8863213
evaluation of nasopharyngeal cultures for bacteriologic assessment of acute otitis media in children.	the recent emergence of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, particularly in acute otitis media (aom), has increased interest in the development of noninvasive procedures that might help to predict the bacterial etiology of this condition. we conducted an open multicenter study to evaluate the predictive value of the nasopharyngeal (np) sampling in children with aom by comparing the bacteriologic results of np cultures with those of pus collected by myringotomy in the same patients.	1996	8866802
the incidence of respiratory tract pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibilities of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis isolated between 1990 and 1993.	using a quantitative culture of sputum, the incidence of pathogenic bacteria in respiratory infection in our laboratory between 1990 and 1993 were investigated. while haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis were isolated at high rates (67-78%) from the specimens of outpatients throughout the study period, the incidence of s pneumoniae has increased gradually. the antimicrobial susceptibilities of these three pathogens were examined with the agar d ...	1996	8875767
a multicenter, open label trial of azithromycin for the treatment of children with acute otitis media.	in this multicenter, open label trial the investigators evaluated the efficacy and safety of azithromycin suspension administered once daily for 5 days for the treatment of clinically and bacteriologically established acute otitis media.	1996	8878240
a multicenter, open label trial of azithromycin vs. amoxicillin/ clavulanate for the management of acute otitis media in children.	this randomized, open label study compared the efficacy and safety of a 5-day course of once daily azithromycin to those of a 10-day course of three times daily amoxicillin/ clavulanate.	1996	8878241
moraxella catarrhalis bacteremia as a cause of erythema nodosum.		1996	8879804
azithromycin. a review of its pharmacological properties and use as 3-day therapy in respiratory tract infections.	the azalide antibacterial agent azithromycin is a semisynthetic acid-stable erythromycin derivative with an expanded spectrum of activity and improved tissue pharmacokinetic characteristics relative to erythromycin. the drug is noted for its activity against some gram-negative organisms associated with respiratory tract infections, particularly haemophilus influenzae. azithromycin has similar activity to other macrolides against streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis, and is active a ...	1996	8882383
separation and characterization of o-deacylated lipooligosaccharides and glycans derived from moraxella catarrhalis using capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry.	electrophoretic methods have been developed for the analysis of complex carbohydrates derived from lipooligosaccharides (los) of moraxella catarrhalis using capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (ce-esms). separation of lipooligosaccharides (los) arising from mild hydrazinolysis of the intact lipopolysaccharides (lps) was achieved using aqueous ammonium formate, and enabled identification of sites of heterogeneity (phosphates, phosphoethanolamine, and pendant acyl g ...	1996	8789142
cefuroxime axetil. a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy.	cefuroxime axetil is an oral cephalosporin which is rapidly hydrolysed to the active parent compound, cefuroxime. cefuroxime has a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity which encompasses methicillin-sensitive staphylococci and the common respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis and group a beta-haemolytic streptococci. cefuroxime has broad spectrum activity against the beta-lactamase positive respiratory pathogens h. ...	1996	8799689
branhamella catarrhalis: epidemiology, surface antigenic structure, and immune response.	over the past decade, branhamella catarrhalis has emerged as an important human pathogen. the bacterium is a common cause of otitis media in children and of lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. b. catarrhalis is exclusively a human pathogen. it colonizes the respiratory tract of a small proportion of adults and a larger proportion of children. studies involving restriction enzyme analysis of genomic dna show that colonization is a dynamic proce ...	1996	8801433
brodimoprim: effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations on virulence traits of respiratory and urinary tract pathogens, and on plasmid transfer and stability.	the effects of brodimoprim, a new trimethoprim analogue, on several virulence traits of respiratory and urinary tract pathogens exposed to sub-lethal levels of the drug was studied. adherence to tracheal epithelial cells was inhibited by brodimoprim in klebsiella pneumoniae (41-67% reduction), moraxella catarrhalis (87-90%) and haemophilus influenzae (0-53%), while in streptococcus pneumoniae binding was unaffected. with buccal epithelial cells the comparison between treated and control bacteria ...	1996	8808712
in vitro activity of cefdinir against respiratory pathogens isolated in sicily with reference to beta-lactamase production.	the in vitro activity of cefdinir (ci-983, fk-482), an orally absorbed aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was evaluated against all 287 strains of haemophilus influenzae, haemophilus parainfluenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus pyogenes in comparison with cefaclor, cefuroxime, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin and cotrimoxazole. the bactericidal activity of cefdinir, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and erythromycin was determined ag ...	1996	8808715
azithromycin--review of key chemical, pharmacokinetic and microbiological features.	one of the chemical features that distinguishes the 15-membered ring azalide azithromycin from the 14-membered ring macrolide compound erythromycin is the former's increased stability at acid ph. azithromycin also differs pharmacokinetically from erythromycin, an important feature being azithromycin's ability to achieve high tissue concentrations, with the agent being delivered to the sites of infection by direct uptake and by targeted delivery via phagocytes. high tissue concentrations are main ...	1996	8818841
efficacy, safety and tolerability of azithromycin versus roxithromycin in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections.	in an open, multicentre study, the clinical and bacteriological efficacy, safety and tolerance of azithromycin and roxithromycin were compared in a total of 204 adults with acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) [acute bronchitis, acute infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aiecbs), or pneumonia]. following treatment with 500 mg/day azithromycin administered orally once daily for 3 days, a satisfactory clinical response of cure or improvement was recorded in 91/99 (91.9%) eva ...	1996	8818852
pcr-based detection of bacterial dna after antimicrobial treatment is indicative of persistent, viable bacteria in the chinchilla model of otitis media.	bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) has been previously detected by polymerase chain reactions (pcr) in a significant percentage of culturally-sterile pediatric middle-ear effusions. the current study was designed to determine whether this represents the existence of viable bacteria or the persistence of residual dna in the middle-ear cleft.	1996	8820185
effectiveness of five days of therapy with cefuroxime axetil suspension for treatment of acute otitis media.	in recent years there has been considerable interest in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment regimens in patients with common bacterial infections. we conducted two independent, investigator-blinded, multicenter, randomized clinical trials, one of which included microbiologic evaluation of middle ear fluid obtained by tympanocentesis, comparing the efficacy and safety of 5 or 10 days of treatment with cefuroxime axetil suspension (cae) with that of 10 days of treatment with amoxicillin/ ...	1996	8822290
prophylaxis with amoxicillin or sulfisoxazole for otitis media: effect on the recovery of penicillin-resistant bacteria from children.	the rate of recovery of oropharyngeal penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and aerobic and anaerobic beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (blpb) from children who received a 4- to 6-month course of prophylaxis with amoxicillin or sulfisoxazole for otitis media was investigated monthly over 9 months. the blpb recovered were haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, staphylococcus aureus, pigmented prevotella species, and fusobacterium species. the recovery rate for all penicillin-resis ...	1996	8824982
bactericidal activity, morphological alterations, and synergistic interactions of rufloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, alone and in combination with its n-desmethylate d derivative (mf 922).	the in vitro activity of rufloxacin, alone and in combination with its metabolite (mf 922) against common respiratory and urinary tract pathogens and anaerobes was assessed. no synergistic interaction between rufloxacin and mf 922 was observed by the checkerboard technique against aerobic bacteria. when the time-kill system was employed, 24 synergistic interactions were noted out of 30 tests performed (80%), of which 14 (100%) were with enterobacteriaceae isolates, 2 with moraxella catarrhalis ( ...	1996	8697894
a monoclonal antibody reactive with a common epitope of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis lipopolysaccharides.	a hybrid cell line producing a monoclonal antibody (mab) against moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis lipopolysaccharide (lps) was established. the specificity of the mab 1b12 to purified rough lpss from six strains of m. catarrhalis was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), competitive-inhibition elisa, and immunoblotting. mab 1b12 bound to live bacterial cells and culture supernatants from a total of 34 strains of m. catarrhalis, including 12 strains with different lps serot ...	1996	8705682
neonatal meningitis due to moraxella catarrhalis and review of the literature.	moraxella catarrhalis has been reported with increasing frequency to be the aetiological agent of serious systemic infection in both children and adults. the first case of neonatal meningitis due to this organism is described herein. the fatal outcome and causes of failure of response to antimicrobial therapy are also discussed. a brief review of the literature describing the disease entities with which m. catarrhalis has been associated is presented.	1996	8893948
in vitro activity of trovafloxacin versus ciprofloxacin against clinical isolates.	the comparative in vitro activity of trovafloxacin (cp 99,219), a new fluoroquinolone, was evaluated against 511 clinical isolates. mics of trovafloxacin were fourfold higher than those of ciprofloxacin for 184 enterobacteriaceae and 110 non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli. however, trovafloxacin was 16-fold more active than ciprofloxacin against 162 gram-positive staphylococci, pneumococci, streptococci, and enterococci, and two- to fourfold more active against haemophilus influenzae and mor ...	1996	8894581
recent trends in clinical isolates from paranasal sinusitis.	trends in the detection of causative pathogens and changes in bacterial counts in patients with sinusitis treated between january 1989 and december 1993 were investigated. in adult patients with chronic sinusitis, staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus), coagulase negative staphylococci (cns), streptococcus pneumoniae (s. pneumoniae), corynebacterium sp., haemophilus influenzae (h. influenzae), and moraxella catarrhalis were often isolated while pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. aeruginosa) and anaerobic bac ...	1996	8908270
mechanism for synergism between sulphonamides and trimethoprim clarified.	pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, pseudomonas cepacia and moraxella catarrhalis were selected for their markedly different resistance patterns to sulphonamides and trimethoprim. in addition, strains of e. coli and p. cepacia were selected having different resistance profiles to the inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase. all inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthetase combined in any combination with inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase resulted in mutual enha ...	1996	8910868
serum antibody response to outer membrane proteins of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis in patients with bronchopulmonary infection.	a western blot (immunoblot) method for detecting antibodies against outer membrane protein (omp) epitopes of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis was evaluated. paired serum samples from patients suspected of m. catarrhalis (n = 38) and non-m. catarrhalis (n = 25) bronchopulmonary infection were examined for the presence of antibodies of the immunoglobulin m (igm), igg, and iga classes to omps from m. catarrhalis by a gel electrophoresis-immunoperoxidase technique (western blotting); sera from 40 ...	1996	8914764
microbiology of the transition from acute to chronic maxillary sinusitis.	repeated aspirations of sinus secretions by endoscopy was performed in five patients over a period of 34-50 days and, ultimately, surgical drainage was done in three who presented with acute maxillary sinusitis that did not respond to antimicrobial therapy and became chronic. the aspirates were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. most of the bacteria isolated from the first culture were aerobic or facultative bacteria: streptococcus pneumoniae (three isolates), haemophilus influenzae no ...	1996	8918954
cefpodoxime proxetil suspension compared with cefaclor suspension for treatment of acute otitis media in paediatric patients.	a multicentre open-label, randomised trial was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of cefpodoxime proxetil bd and cefaclor tds in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. a total of 167 children aged from 1 month to 11 years were enrolled in five centres: 78 treated with cefpodoxime and 83 treated with cefaclor, were evaluated in the itt analysis. after tympanocentesis and culture of middle ear fluid, a pathogen was isolated from 85 (53%) of the 161 evaluable patients for the it ...	1996	9182113
[antimicrobial activity of cefodizime against clinical isolates].	in order to evaluate antimicrobial activity of cefodizime (cdzm), minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of cdzm and control drugs were determined against clinical isolates collected from nation-wide medical institutions and in our laboratory from september to december of 1992 and from september to december of 1995. the results are summarized as follows: 1. bacterial species with no or few strains resistant to cdzm included streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, citrobacter koseri, pr ...	1996	8986558
[pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of azithromycin using fine granules or capsules in the pediatric patients].	azithromycin (azm), a new macrolide antibiotic, in fine granules and in capsules was studied for pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluations. 1. antibacterial activities. mic profile of azm was as follows: 0.78 approximately 1.56 micrograms/ml against staphylococcus aureus, < or = 0.025 approximately 0.10 microgram/ml against streptococcus pyogenes, 0.10 approximately 0.39 and 6.25 micrograms/ml against streptococcus pneumoniae, < or = 0.025 approximately 0.39 microgram/ml against moraxella(branham ...	1996	8988410
[a clinical evaluation of azithromycin in the treatment of pediatric infection].	fine granule preparation of azithromycin (azm), a new macrolide antibiotic, was given to treat various infections in pediatric patients. efficacies of azm in a total of 21 patients (tonsillitis in six, bronchitis in five, pneumonia in five, impetigo contagiosa in three, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in one and bacterial enterogastritis in one) were rated "excellent" in 11 patients and "good" in eight. the remaining two cases were not included in the evaluation. azm eradicated all strains ...	1996	8988413
the structures of oligosaccharides isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of moraxella catarrhalis serotype b, strain ccug 3292.	the oligosaccharides from the lipopolysaccharides of moraxella catarrhalis serotype b, strain ccug 3292, were isolated after mild acid hydrolysis and separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. the structures of the oligosaccharides were established by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. it is concluded that the oligosaccharides comprise a mixture of mainly a nona- and a deca-saccharide. [formula: see text] smaller amounts of unde ...	1996	9002189
human b cells express il-5 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and respond to il-5 with enhanced igm production after mitogenic stimulation with moraxella catarrhalis.	the potential for il-5 to regulate human b cells is controversial despite its well established role as a regulatory factor for murine b cells. we hypothesized that the mechanism by which human b cells were stimulated would, as with murine b cells, determine their potential to respond to il-5. since staphylococcus aureus cowan strain i (sac) and moraxella catarrhalis (mcat) stimulate human b cells by distinct interactions with cell-surface ig, we compared their potential to induce an il-5-respons ...	1996	8568239
attachment of moraxella catarrhalis to pharyngeal epithelial cells is mediated by a glycosphingolipid receptor.	moraxella catarrhalis is one of the major pathogens of respiratory infections and has the ability to attach to the pharyngeal cells iva fimbriae. we characterized the epithelial cell receptor to which fimbriate m. catarrhalis binds. neuraminidase pretreatment of pharyngeal epithelial cells resulted in a significant decrease of m. catarrhalis attachment, suggesting interaction with the sialic acid component. the attachment was not decreased in m. catarrhalis pretreated with 2 and 1 mg/ml of fucos ...	1996	8595872
bacteriology and beta-lactamase activity in acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis.	to assess the bacteriology and beta-lactamase enzyme activity in aspirates of 10 acutely and 13 chronically inflamed maxillary sinuses.	1996	8600928
experimental otitis media with moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	two hundred fifty gerbils and 7 chinchillas were utilized in 11 experiments to determine the effect of inoculating viable and heat-killed suspensions of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis into the middle ear cavity. development of otitis media was observed by otoscopy and histopathology. gerbils were found to be susceptible to 2 x 10(4) viable m catarrhalis cells. depending on the number of cells inoculated, the resulting untreated inflammation was a very mild to moderately severe, self-limitin ...	1996	8615589