Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| detection of bacterial dna in latin american patients with reactive arthritis by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis. | bacteria and/or their antigens are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis (rea). polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using the 16s ribosomal rna-pcr method was used to identify bacterial dna in synovial fluid (sf) and tissue (st) in a well defined group of patients with chronic rea. in addition, species found were identified by means of sequence analysis. | 2002 | 12136901 |
| a trimer of phenoxymethyl penicillin sulphone: synthesis of a new beta-lactam podand. | 2002 | 12139024 | |
| cutaneous bacillus cereus infection in an immunocompetent patient. | 2002 | 12140490 | |
| isolation of s-n-butylcysteine sulfoxide and six n-butyl-containing thiosulfinates from allium siculum. | isolation and identification of (s(s)r(c))-s-n-butylcysteine sulfoxide (1) from the bulbs of allium siculum is reported. this compound was found in all parts of the plant (bulbs, stem, leaves, and flowers) along with known compounds (s(s)r(c))-s-methyl- and (r(s)r(c))-(e)-s-(1-propenyl)cysteine sulfoxides (2 and 3, respectively). in addition, six n-butyl-containing thiosulfinates (4-9) have been found in a ch2cl2 extract of the bulbs. structures were determined by a combination of spectral metho ... | 2002 | 12141853 |
| evaluation of a new generation of culture bottle using an automated bacterial culture system for detecting nine common contaminating organisms found in platelet components. | an automated bacterial culture system (bact/alert 3d, biomérieux) has been previously validated with a variety of bacteria in platelets. the recovery of bacteria in platelets using a new generation of culture bottles that do not require venting and that use a liquid emulsion sensor was studied. | 2002 | 12147032 |
| large-scale screening of nasal swabs for bacillus anthracis: descriptive summary and discussion of the national institutes of health's experience. | in october 2001, a letter containing a large number of anthrax spores was sent through the brentwood post office in washington, d.c., to a united states senate office on capitol hill, resulting in contamination in both places. several thousand people who worked at these sites were screened for spore exposure by collecting nasal swab samples. we describe here a screening protocol which we, as a level a laboratory, used on very short notice to process a large number of specimens (3,936 swabs) in o ... | 2002 | 12149367 |
| enterotoxigenic profiles of food-poisoning and food-borne bacillus cereus strains. | the enterotoxigenic profiles of 51 b. cereus food-related strains were compared to those of 37 b. cereus food-poisoning strains. cytk and association of hbl-nhe-cytk enterotoxin genes were more frequent among diarrheal strains (73 and 63%) than among food-borne strains (37 and 33%). unlike diarrheal strains, food-borne strains showed frequent nhe and hbl gene polymorphisms and were often low toxin producers. | 2002 | 12149378 |
| street foods in accra, ghana: how safe are they? | to investigate the microbial quality of foods sold on streets of accra and factors predisposing to their contamination. | 2002 | 12163918 |
| antimutagenicity of some edible thai plants, and a bioactive carbazole alkaloid, mahanine, isolated from micromelum minutum. | the antimutagenic activity against trp-p-1 of methanolic extracts of 118 samples (108 species) of edible thai plants was examined by the ames test. the activity was evaluated by the amount of plant extracts which suppressed 90% of the mutagenesis (ed90). five plants, micromelum minutum, oroxylum indicum, cuscuta chinensis, azadirachta indica, and litsea petiolata, exhibited significant activity with antimutagenic ed90 values lower than 5 microl/plate (0.1 mg of dry plant material equivalent). th ... | 2002 | 12166962 |
| screening of some siberian medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity. | the antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic extracts of 16 siberian medicinal plants was tested against five species of microorganisms: bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and candida albicans. of the 16 plants tested, 12 showed antimicrobial activity against one or more species of microorganisms. the most active antimicrobial plants were bergenia crassifolia, chelidonium majus, rhaponticum carthamoides, sanguisorba officinalis, and tussilago farfa ... | 2002 | 12169406 |
| characterization of a repetitive element polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction chromosomal marker that discriminates bacillus anthracis from related species. | to identify a chromosomal marker with signature nucleotides specific for bacillus anthracis. | 2002 | 12174044 |
| characterization of a bacteriocin produced by a newly isolated bacillus sp. strain 8 a. | the aim of this research was to investigate the production of bacteriocins by bacillus spp. isolated from native soils of south of brazil. | 2002 | 12174052 |
| detection of enterotoxin genes in mosquito-larvicidal bacillus species. | the presence of the b component of hemolysin bl (hbla), enterotoxin bcet (bcet), and enterotoxin s (ents) genes in mosquito-larvicidal bacillus sp., including 25 b. sphaericus and 4 b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strains, has been analyzed by multiplex pcr in this study. the results showed that all four b. thuringiensis strains contain the hbla gene and the sequences of bcet and ents genes. however, none of the enterotoxin gene sequences were detected in the b. sphaericus strains. the enter ... | 2002 | 12177746 |
| sludge bed development in denitrifying reactors using different inocula-performance and microbiological aspects. | aerobic and methanogenic consortia were evaluated as inocula for laboratory scale denitrifying reactors, fed with a synthetic wastewater with acetate as the main electron donor. the denitrifying microflora of inocula and reactors was evaluated by specific denitrifying activity, enumeration and isolation of denitrifiers, which were screened by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis. reactor performance was monitored by cod and nitrate removal efficiencies and granule size. the aerobic sludg ... | 2002 | 12188572 |
| inhibition of human natural killer cell activity by cereulide, an emetic toxin from bacillus cereus. | the lipophilic toxin, cereulide, emitted by emetic food poisoning causing strains of bacillus cereus, is a powerful mitochondria toxin. it is highly lipophilic and rapidly absorbed from the gut into the bloodstream. we tested how this toxin influences natural killer (nk) cells, which are important effectors in defence against infections and malignancy. cereulide inhibited cytotoxicity and cytokine production of natural killer cells, caused swelling of natural killer cell mitochondria, and eventu ... | 2002 | 12197882 |
| a cell-cell signaling peptide activates the plcr virulence regulon in bacteria of the bacillus cereus group. | plcr is a pleiotropic regulator that activates the expression of genes encoding various virulence factors, such as phospholipases c, proteases and hemolysins, in bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus cereus. here we show that the activation mechanism is under the control of a small peptide: papr. the papr gene belongs to the plcr regulon and is located 70 bp downstream from plcr. it encodes a 48-amino-acid peptide. disruption of the papr gene abolished expression of the plcr regulon, resulting in ... | 2002 | 12198157 |
| simultaneous multiple substrate tag detection with esi-ion trap ms for in vivo bacterial enzyme activity profiling. | a bacterial identification method in which multiple enzyme activities are measured simultaneously and in vivo with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (esi-ms) is described. whole-cell bacteria are immobilized onto a filter support and incubated with a mixture of substrates. each substrate is chosen to measure a specific enzyme activity of a targeted bacterium and to produce a tag of unique molecular weight. after a predetermined incubation time, the solution is filtered, and the supernata ... | 2002 | 12199605 |
| structural determinants and hydrogen-bond network of the mononuclear zinc(ii)-beta-lactamase active site. | zinc(ii)-beta-lactamases are among the latest generation of antibiotic-resistant enzymes developed by bacteria against beta-lactams. here we have used density functional theory to provide the full structure of the catalytic site from bacillus cereus mononuclear beta-lactamase ii. calculations are carried out on relative large models built on the x-ray structure of the free enzyme at the highest available resolution (1.7 a, pdb entry 3bc2). the most stable conformation emerging from our calculati ... | 2002 | 12203007 |
| successful non-surgical treatment of brain abscess and necrotizing fasciitis caused by bacillus cereus. | musculoskeletal and central nervous system infections caused by bacillus cereus are very rare. only a few cases have been reported, whose clinical courses strongly suggested that surgical procedures combined with appropriate antimicrobial therapy are necessary to cure these infections. a 60-year-old man with severe neutropenia due to myelodysplastic syndrome, developing necrotizing fasciitis and brain abscess caused by bacillus cereus is reported. without performing any surgical procedures, the ... | 2002 | 12211541 |
| chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of lantana xenica. | the aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of lantana xenica essential oil and its antimicrobial activity. the oil from the aerial parts of lantana xenica mold. (verbenacea) was obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. the major constituent of the oil was (e)-caryophyllene (35.2 %), with minor amounts of gamma-cadinene (13.3 %), alpha-pinene (9.3 %), ocimene (9.2 %) and germacrene d (6.6 %). the antimicrobial assays showed that the e ... | 2002 | 12221608 |
| relapsing bacillus cereus peritonitis in two patients on peritoneal dialysis. | 2002 | 12227407 | |
| single-cell protein production from ram horn hydrolysate by bacteria. | ram horns obtained from the slaughterhouse of erzurum, turkey were hydrolyzed by treating with acid (6n-hcl) and ram horn hydrolysate (rhh) was obtained. the hydrolysate was used as substrate to grow bacillus cereus nrrl b-3711, bacillus subtilis nrrl nrs-744 and escherichia coli in batch system at 30 degrees c; air 1.5 v/v/min; stirring 150 rpm. both rhh and biomass samples were analyzed. the bacterial cells produced in this hydrolysate were found to be rich in total protein (66%, 68% and 71% f ... | 2002 | 12227535 |
| bacillus thuringiensis in fecal samples from greenhouse workers after exposure to b. thuringiensis-based pesticides. | in a study of occupational exposure to bacillus thuringiensis, 20 exposed greenhouse workers were examined for bacillus cereus-like bacteria in fecal samples and on biomonitoring filters. bacteria with the following characteristics were isolated from eight individuals: intracellular crystalline inclusions characteristic of b. thuringiensis, genes for and production of b. cereus enterotoxins, and positivity for cry11 as determined by pcr. dna fingerprints of the fecal isolates were identical to t ... | 2002 | 12324337 |
| diversity of endophytic bacterial populations and their interaction with xylella fastidiosa in citrus plants. | citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc) is caused by xylella fastidiosa, a phytopathogenic bacterium that can infect all citrus sinensis cultivars. the endophytic bacterial communities of healthy, resistant, and cvc-affected citrus plants were studied by using cultivation as well as cultivation-independent techniques. the endophytic communities were assessed in surface-disinfected citrus branches by plating and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge). dominant isolates were characterized by fat ... | 2002 | 12324338 |
| the identification of a tetracycline resistance gene tet(m), on a tn916-like transposon, in the bacillus cereus group. | in order to investigate whether resistance genes present in bacteria in manure could transfer to indigenous soil bacteria, resistant isolates belonging to the bacillus cereus group (bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis) were isolated from farm soil (72 isolates) and manure (12 isolates) samples. these isolates were screened for tetracycline resistance genes (tet(k), tet(l), tet(m), tet(o), tet(s) and tet(t)). of 88 isolates examined, three (3.4%) isolates carried both t ... | 2002 | 12351239 |
| an outbreak of bacillus cereus implicating a part-time banquet caterer. | in the aftermath of a party, 70% (25 of 36) of attendees had gastroenteritis. the objectives of this study were to identify a risk factor associated with the food during the banquet and to identify measures of control for avoiding this kind of outbreak in the future. | 2002 | 12353456 |
| isolation of antimicrobial compounds from guava (psidium guajava l.) and their structural elucidation. | four antibacterial compounds were isolated from leaves of guava (psidium guajava l.), and the structures of these compounds were established on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. two new flavonoid glycosides, morin-3-o-alpha-l-lyxopyranoside and morin-3-o-alpha-l-arabopyranoside, and two known flavonoids, guaijavarin and quercetin, were identified. the minimum inhibition concentration of morin-3-o-alpha-l-lyxopyranoside and morin-3-o-alpha-l-arabopyranoside was 200 microg/ml for e ... | 2002 | 12353635 |
| brain abscesses resulting from bacillus cereus and an aspergillus-like mold. | an 11-year-old boy with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the thigh experienced three instances of catheter-related bacteremia resulting from after two episodes of seizures, two low-density lesions in the right parietal lobe and the left corpus callosum with enhanced pericavitary opacity were detected. the catheter was removed. a brain biopsy sample grew and revealed dichotomously branched septate hyphae compatible with the patient was treated with ceftriaxone and liposomal amphotericin b for 12 and ... | 2002 | 12368698 |
| development of a laser-induced cell lysis system. | a novel cell lysis system was developed that is based on laser-induced disruption of bacterial and yeast cells. it will find application as a rapid, efficient and clean sample preparation step in bioanalytical detection systems. using e. coli as our model analyte, we optimized cell lysis with respect to optimal laser wavelength, lowest energy input requirements, rna release from the cells, and potential protein damage. the optimized system was finally applied to the lysis of four additional micr ... | 2002 | 12373389 |
| effective use of nisin to control bacillus and clostridium spoilage of a pasteurized mashed potato product. | heat-resistant spore-forming bacteria such as bacillus and clostridium can survive and grow in cooked potato products. this situation represents both a public health problem and an economic problem. the natural food preservative nisin is used in heat-treated foods to prevent the growth of such bacteria. a cocktail of clostridium sporogenes and clostridium tyrobutyricum spores was inoculated into cooked mashed potatoes, which were vacuum packed, pasteurized, and incubated at 8 and 25 degrees c. t ... | 2002 | 12380742 |
| adhesion of bacillus spores and escherichia coli cells to inert surfaces: role of surface hydrophobicity. | the ability of bacterial spores and vegetative cells to adhere to inert surfaces was investigated by means of the number of adherent spores (bacillus cereus and bacillus subtilis spores) and escherichia coli cells and their resistance to cleaning or rinsing procedures (adhesion strength). six materials (glass, stainless steel, polyethylene high density (pehd), polyamide-6, polyvinyl chloride, and teflon) were tested. slight differences in the number of adherent spores (less than 1 log unit) were ... | 2002 | 12381029 |
| isolation and characterization of the solvent-tolerant bacillus cereus strain r1. | toluene-tolerant gram-positive bacteria were isolated and identified to belong to the genus bacillus. they grew in a medium containing yeast extract and in the presence of a separate phase of toluene or other hydrocarbons, but not when aliphatic alcohols were present. the isolate bacillus cereus r1 did not metabolise or transform toluene. toluene accumulation in its cells was rapid, unless the organism was supplied with glucose as energy source. in bacteria adapted to toluene, the amount of tolu ... | 2002 | 16233268 |
| treatment of hypersaline-containing wastewater with salt-tolerant microorganisms. | two salt-tolerant bacteria were isolated from soil samples to treat a high-salt-content wastewater from a pickled plum production plant. the strains, which were identified as staphylococcus sp. and bacillus cereus, grew well in a medium containing 0 to 15% nacl. when wastewater in a flask was treated with the strains for 72 h, the cod removal was about 70%, and this was increased to about 90% when they were used in a pilot plant (working volume 1 m3) in a batch culture carried out for 7 d. the s ... | 2001 | 16232979 |
| characterization of the nadh-linked acetylacetoin reductase/2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene from bacillus cereus yuf-4. | a 1.4-kbp dna fragment, including the nadh-linked acetylacetoin reductase/2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (aacrii/bdh) gene from the chromosomal dna of bacillus cereus yuf-4, was cloned in escherichia coli dh5alpha after its insertion into puc119, and the resulting plasmid was named paacrii119. the aacrii/bdh gene had an open reading frame consisting of 1047 bp encoding 349 amino acids. the enzyme exhibited not only aacr activity, but also bdh activity. however, the gene was not located in a 2,3-bu ... | 2001 | 16233036 |
| molecular cloning and structural analysis of the gene encoding bacillus cereus exochitinase chi36. | the chi36 gene encoding exochitinase chi36 was cloned from a bacillus cereus 6e1 subgenomic library. the chi36 open reading frame is 1080 bp long encoding a chi36 precursor protein of 360 amino acids, consisting of a 27 amino acid n-terminal signal peptide and a 333 amino acid sequence found in the mature chi36 protein of 36.346 kda. chi36 shows significant amino acid sequence similarity to many bacterial chitinases, but has highest similarity to b. circulans wl-12 chitinase d. chi36 belongs to ... | 2001 | 16233059 |
| isolation of bacterial strains colonizable in mosquito larval guts as novel host cells for mosquito control. | we screened for microorganisms that can be utilized as new host cells for mosquito larvicides. as long persistence in the environment is required of host cells, we examined the bacterial populations in the guts of mosquito larvae collected from natural breeding habitats. larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were examined, and bacillus species, particularly bacillus cereus, were found to be the dominant bacterial species in their guts. to investigate the relationship between these b ... | 2001 | 16233108 |
| spore-formers in foods and the food processing chain. | 2001 | 15954647 | |
| molecular epidemiology of bacillus cereus food poisoning. | to investigate the potential use of dna techniques in epidemiological diagnosis of bacillus cereus food poisoning. | 2001 | 11921595 |
| selection of metalloenzymes by catalytic activity using phage display and catalytic elution. | the metallo-beta-lactamase betalii from bacillus cereus 569/h/9 was displayed on the filamentous phage fd. the phage-bound enzyme fd-betalii was shown to be active on benzylpenicillin as substrate; it could be inactivated by complexation of the essential zinc(ii) ion with edta and reactivated by addition of a zinc(ii) salt. a selection process was designed to extract active phage-bound enzymes from libraries of mutants in three steps: 1. inactivation of active phage-bound enzymes by metal ion co ... | 2001 | 11828452 |
| epidemiologic profiling: evaluating foodborne outbreaks for which no pathogen was isolated by routine laboratory testing: united states, 1982-9. | the objective was to evaluate foodborne outbreaks of undetermined aetiology by comparing them to pathogen-specific epidemiologic profiles of laboratory-confirmed foodborne outbreaks. national foodborne outbreak data reported to cdc during 1982-9 were categorized by clinico-epidemiologic profiles based on incubation, duration, percent vomiting, fever and vomiting to fever ratio. from the pathogen-specific profiles, five syndromes were developed: a vomiting-toxin syndrome resembling bacillus cereu ... | 2001 | 11811869 |
| substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of class b beta-lactamases: a molecular modelling study. | increased resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is mainly due to beta-lactamases whose production by pathogenic bacteria makes their broad activity spectrum especially frightening. x-ray structures of several zinc beta-lactamases have revealed the coordination of the two metal ions, but their mode of action remains unclear. geometry optimisation of stable complexes along the reaction pathway of benzylpenicillin hydrolysis highlighted a proton shuttle occurring from d120 of the bacillus cereus be ... | 2001 | 11814063 |
| the incompatibility between the plcr- and atxa-controlled regulons may have selected a nonsense mutation in bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus cereus are members of the bacillus cereus group. these bacteria express virulence in diverse ways in mammals and insects. the pathogenic properties of b. cereus and b. thuringiensis in mammals results largely from the secretion of non-specific toxins, including haemolysins, the production of which depends upon a pleiotropic activator plcr. in b. anthracis, plcr is inactive because of a nonsense mutation in the plcr gene. this suggests that ... | 2001 | 11886551 |
| growth behaviour of a spore forming probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and piglets. | the growth behaviour of the probiotic strain bacillus cereus var. toyoi in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicken and suckling piglets was evaluated. the strain germinated rapidly in intestinal samples from both animal species. less than 10% of spores were recovered from the chicken crop and piglet stomach, respectively. lumen samples and mucosal tissues from the hind gut of piglets displayed increasing colonization of the probiotic strain throughout the trial period. after oral administr ... | 2001 | 11851013 |
| occurrence of bacillus sporothermodurans and other aerobic spore-forming species in feed concentrate for dairy cattle. | to determine the aerobic spore composition and presence of bacillus sporothermodurans spores in feed concentrate for dairy cattle. | 2001 | 11851816 |
| heat and salt stress in the food pathogen bacillus cereus. | the effects of stresses imposed on bacterial contaminants during food processing and treatment of packaging material were evaluated on the food pathogen bacillus cereus. | 2001 | 11851817 |
| synthesis and biological activities of indolocarbazoles bearing amino acid residues. | three indolocarbazole compounds bearing a tripeptide or a lysine group attached to one of the indole nitrogens via a propylamino chain and two rebeccamycin derivatives bearing a lysine residue on the sugar moiety were synthesised with the aim of improving the binding to dna and the antiproliferative activities. four tumour cell lines, from murine l1210 leukemia, human ht29 colon carcinoma, a549 non-small cell lung carcinoma and k-562 leukemia, were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the drugs. ... | 2001 | 11755231 |
| [synthesis of anabiosis autoinducers in non-spore-forming bacteria as a mechanism regulating their activity in soil and subsoil sedimentary rocks]. | non-spore-forming bacteria of the genera arthrobacter and micrococcus, isolated from permafrost subsoil, were found to produce greater amounts of the d1 extracellular factor than closely related collection strains isolated from soil. the effect of this factor, responsible for cell transition to anabiosis, was not species-specific. thus, the d1 crude preparation isolated from the culture liquid of the permafrost isolate arthrobacter globiformis 245 produced an effect on the collection strain arth ... | 2001 | 11763780 |
| prediction of microbial growth in fresh-cut vegetables treated with acidic electrolyzed water during storage under various temperature conditions. | effects of storage temperature (1, 5, and 10 degrees c) on growth of microbial populations (total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, bacillus cereus, and psychrotrophic bacteria) on acidic electrolyzed water (acew)-treated fresh-cut lettuce and cabbage were determined. a modified gompertz function was used to describe the kinetics of microbial growth. growth data were analyzed using regression analysis to generate "best-fit" modified gompertz equations, which were subsequently used to calculat ... | 2001 | 11770620 |
| tandem mass spectrometry of intact proteins for characterization of biomarkers from bacillus cereus t spores. | intact protein biomarkers from bacillus cereus t spores have been analyzed by high-resolution tandem fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. two techniques have been applied for excitation of the isolated multiply charged precursor ion species: sustained off-resonance irradiation/collisionally activated dissociation and electron capture dissociation. fragmentation-derived sequence tags and blast sequence similarity proteome database searches allow unequivocal identification ... | 2001 | 11774913 |
| [characteristics of bacillus cereus dissociants]. | the autoregulation of the phenotypic (populational) variability of the bacillus cereus strain 504 was studied. the isolated colonial morphotypes of this bacterium were found to differ in their growth characteristics and the synthesis of extracellular proteases. the phenotypic variabilities of vegetative proliferating cells and those germinated from endospores and cystlike refractory cells were different. bacterial variants also differed in the production of the d1 and d2 factors (the autoinducer ... | 2001 | 11785138 |
| isolation and expression of a bacillus cereus gene encoding benzil reductase. | benzil was reduced stereospecifically to (s)-benzoin by bacillus cereus strain tim-r01. to isolate the gene responsible for asymmetric reduction, we constructed a library consisting of escherichia coli clones that harbored plasmids expressing bacillus cereus genes. the library was screened using the halo formation assay, and one clone showed benzil reduction to (s)-benzoin. thus, this clone seemed to carry a plasmid encoding a bacillus cereus benzil reductase. the deduced amino acid sequence had ... | 2001 | 11745140 |
| detection of specific bacillus anthracis spore biomarkers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tofms) was applied for the characterization of bacillus anthracis spore biomarkers. b. anthracis spores were extracted under a simple procedure, followed by linear mode analysis, using sinapinic acid as the matrix. several markers with a mass range of 4-7 kda were detected in three b. anthracis strains: vollum, sterne and v770-np1-r. similar spectra were also obtained for spore extracts of two members ... | 2001 | 11746875 |
| cobalt(ii) and copper(ii) binding of bacillus cereus trinuclear phospholipase c: a novel 1h nmr spectrum of a 'tri-cu(ii)' center in protein. | the phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase c from bacillus cereus (pc-plc(bc)) is a tri-zn enzyme with two 'tight binding' and one 'loose binding' sites. the zn2+ ions can be replaced with co2+ and cu2+ to afford metal-substituted derivatives. two cu2+-substituted derivatives are detected by means of 1h nmr spectroscopy, a 'transient' derivative and a 'stable' derivative. the detection of sharp hyperfine-shifted 1h nmr signals in the 'transient' derivative indicates the formation of a magn ... | 2001 | 11730896 |
| novel method for the proteomic investigation of a dairy-associated bacillus cereus biofilm. | the biofilm proteome of a dairy-associated bacillus cereus strain (b. cereus 5) was investigated. biofilm biomass of sufficient concentration for 2d-page was obtained by growing the culture in the presence of glass wool. b. cereus 5 readily attached to the glass wool and biofilms formed within 18 h. the biofilm proteome of whole-cell proteins revealed that 10 proteins were synthesized as a result of surface attachment of which four were unique to the biofilm profile. seven proteins appeared to b ... | 2001 | 11150664 |
| [determination of the antibacterial and antiviral activity of the essential oil from minthostachys verticillata (griseb.) epling]. | the in vitro antiviral activity of the essential oil from minthostachys verticillata was investigated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and pseudorabies virus (prv). the viral inhibition was assayed employing viral plaque reduction assay. the antiviral activity of the essential oil specifically affects prv and hsv-1 multiplication, since it was found that non toxic effects on cells were observed at the concentrations assayed. the therapeutic index values were 10.0 and 9.5 for hsv-1 and ... | 2001 | 11494754 |
| investigation of the interactions between beta-lactams and a metallo-beta-lactamase from bacillus cereus using a monoclonal antibody. | a monoclonal antibody recognizing the active site of a beta-lactamase from bacillus cereus was identified and characterized. the binding of the monoclonal antibody to the active site was quantitatively inhibited by a broad spectrum of beta-lactam antibiotics. the levels of inhibition were found to be associated with particular structural features of the antibiotics and their ability to form stable enzyme/substrate complexes. a novel, broad specificity assay for beta-lactams was developed based o ... | 2001 | 11152585 |
| the application of a fermented food ingredient containing 'variacin', a novel antimicrobial produced by kocuria varians, to control the growth of bacillus cereus in chilled dairy products. | the feasibility of applying variacin, a lantibiotic produced by kocuria varians in the form of a spray-dried fermented ingredient to control the growth of psychrotrophic bacillus cereus strains in chilled dairy foods, was evaluated. | 2001 | 11155129 |
| influence of tomato genotype on growth of inoculated and indigenous bacteria in the spermosphere. | we previously demonstrated a genetic basis in tomato for support of the growth of a biological control agent, bacillus cereus uw85, in the spermosphere after seed inoculation (k. p. smith, j. handelsman, and r. m. goodman, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 96:4786-4790, 1999). here we report results of studies examining the host effect on the support of growth of bacillus and pseudomonas strains, both inoculated on seeds and recruited from soil, using selected inbred tomato lines from the recombinant i ... | 2001 | 11157211 |
| the mammalian safety of bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides. | the united states environmental protection agency between the years 1961 and 1995 registered 177 products containing viable bacillus thuringiensis (bt). numerous laboratory studies have demonstrated that bt and bt products are noninfectious and are toxic to mammals only at a dose > or =10(8) colony forming units (cfu) per mouse (a human equivalent based on the weight of >10(11) cfu). in contrast, as few as three vegetative cells of bacillus anthracis can kill mice (a human equivalent of >10(3) c ... | 2001 | 11161988 |
| lactic acid bacteria from healthy oral cavity of thai volunteers: inhibition of oral pathogens. | the aims of the present study were to screen and characterize the antimicrobial lactic acid bacteria which were isolated from healthy oral cavities of thai volunteers, and to characterize their inhibiting substances. among 3790 isolates (suspected to be lactic acid bacteria) from 130 volunteers, five showed an appreciable effect against sarcina lutea atcc 9341, bacillus cereus atcc 11778, escherichia coli atcc 25922, staphylococcus aureus atcc 6538, streptococcus mutans dtmu 1, strep. salivarius ... | 2001 | 11168719 |
| isolation and identification of bacteria associated with adult laboratory mexican fruit flies, anastrepha ludens (diptera: tephritidae). | from the guts of new and old colonies (female and male) of mexican fruit flies, anastrepha ludens (diptera: tephritidae), we identified a total of 18 different bacterial species belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonadaceae, vibrionaceae, micrococcaceae, deinococcacea, bacillaceae, and the genus listeria. enterobacter, providencia, serratia, and staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated genera, with citrobacter, streptococcus, aerococcus, and listeria found less freque ... | 2001 | 11178731 |
| molecular cloning of an alpha-glucosidase-like gene from penicillium minioluteum and structure prediction of its gene product. | the dexc cdna, which is expressed in dextran-containing medium by the filamentous fungus penicillium minioluteum, was cloned and sequence characterized. the cdna sequence comprises 1859 bp plus a poly (a) tail, coding for a predicted protein of 597 amino acids. the genomic counterpart was isolated by pcr, finding three introns in its sequence. the dexc gene was located by southern blot in the same 9-kb fragment that the previously isolated dextranase-encoding gene (dexa). sequence analysis revea ... | 2001 | 11178973 |
| microbial reclamation of shellfish wastes for the production of chitinases. | shrimp and crab shell powder (scsp), prepared by treating shellfish processing waste with boiling and crushing, was used as a substrate for isolating chitinolytic microorganisms. three potential strains (e1, j1, and j1-1) were isolated and identified as bacillus cereus, b. alvei, and b. sphaericus, respectively. three extracellular chitinases (fb1, fb2, and fb3) were purified from the culture supernatants of bacillus cereus e1, b. alvei j1, and b. sphaericus j1-1, respectively. the molecular wei ... | 2001 | 11240194 |
| prevalence and behaviour of bacillus cereus in a repfed of italian origin. | this paper reports on the prevalence and behaviour of bacillus cereus in gnocchi, a repfed of italian origin. a survey of gnocchi under varying storage conditions, revealed that, although b. cereus was found in 33% of the samples, the contamination level was lower than 10(2) cfu/g for the unstored and the refrigerated (8 degrees c) samples. counts increased with increasing storage temperatures and prolonged storage times in samples prepared without sorbic acid. the effect of different formulatio ... | 2001 | 11246903 |
| effect of heat activation and inactivation conditions on germination and thermal resistance parameters of bacillus cereus spores. | the effect of isothermal and non-isothermal heat activation on germination and thermoresistance of two strains of bacillus cereus spores was studied. results indicated that the germination after isothermal activation was lower than after non-isothermal heating. the activation rate affected the z value, which increased with faster heating rates. for each temperature and inactivation rate, the non-isothermal activation at rate of 2 degrees c/min resulted in larger d values (d90 = 4.70 min) than is ... | 2001 | 11246909 |
| cysteinyl peptide inhibitors of bacillus cereus zinc beta-lactamase. | several cysteinyl peptides have been synthesised and shown to be reversible competitive inhibitors of the bacillus cereus metallo-beta-lactamase. the ph dependence of pki indicates that the thiol anion displaces hydroxide ion from the active site zinc(ii). d,d-peptides bind to the enzyme better than other diastereoisomers, which is compatible with the predicted stereochemistry of the active site. | 2001 | 11249142 |
| rapid identification of bacillus cereus based on the detection of a 28.5-kilodalton cell surface antigen. | conventional procedures for the identification of suspect bacillus cereus isolated on mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin (myp) agar may need several days. to facilitate the identification of the bacterium, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed. the assay was based on the detection of a 28.5-kda cell surface antigen of b. cereus. bacterial colonies grown on myp agar or nutrient agar were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (ph 7.2) containing 0.1% teepol. the cell suspensions wer ... | 2001 | 11252478 |
| detection of genes encoding for enterotoxins and determination of the production of enterotoxins by hbl blood plates and immunoassays of psychrotrophic strains of bacillus cereus isolated from pasteurised milk. | the presence of genes for the production of the three components of the hbl enterotoxin complex and enterotoxin-t in bacillus cereus was evaluated by pcr tests for strains isolated from milk. in addition enterotoxin production of b. cereus was evaluated by means of the hbl blood agar plate and two commercially available toxin tests. all three genes for the hbl enterotoxin complex were detected in 55% of the 86 strains tested, the enterotoxin-t gene was detected in 62% of the strains. a few strai ... | 2001 | 11252512 |
| influence of agar content on the growth parameters of bacillus cereus. | factors governing bacillus cereus colony growth on agar media as modified by the agar content (1-7%, w/v) were studied. agar had a significant effect on the radial growth rate which diminished as the agar content increased. cell density in colonies (colony density) was found to decrease during the incubation time, with lower values occurring in the presence of 1% agar. size and dna content of the cells grown on 1 and 7% agar were similar. an increasing proportion of cell population growing on 7% ... | 2001 | 11252514 |
| cloning of maltase gene from a methylotrophic yeast, hansenula polymorpha. | the hansenula polymorpha maltase structural gene (hpmal1) was isolated from a genomic library by hybridization of the library clones with maltase-specific gene probe. an open reading frame of 1695 nt encoding a 564 amino-acid protein with calculated molecular weight of 65.3 kd was characterized in the genomic dna insert of the plasmid p51. the protein sequence deduced from the hpmal1 exhibited 58 and 47% identity with maltases from candida albicans and saccharomyces carlsbergesis encoded by cama ... | 2001 | 11255010 |
| rapid detection and identification of bacterial strains by fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy. | the use of fourier transform near-infrared (ft-nir) spectroscopy and multivariate pattern recognition techniques for the rapid detection and identification of bacterial contamination in liquids was evaluated. the complex biochemical composition of bacteria yields ft-nir vibrational transitions (overtone and combination bands) that can be used for classification and identification. bacterial suspensions (escherichia coli hb101, e. coli atcc 43888, e. coli 1224, bacillus amyloliquifaciens, pseudom ... | 2001 | 11261995 |
| molecular characterization of bacillus anthracis using multiplex pcr, eric-pcr and rapd. | to investigate the molecular characterization of bacillus anthracis strains by multiplex pcr, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-pcr (eric-pcr) and random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd). | 2001 | 11264741 |
| purification and characterization of a bacillus cereus exochitinase. | five extracellular chitinases of bacillus cereus 6e1 were detected by a novel in-gel chitinase assay using carboxymethyl-chitin-remazol brilliant violet 5r (cm-chitin-rbv) as a substrate. the major chitinase activity was associated with a 36-kda (chi36) gel band. chi36 was purified by a one-step, native gel purification procedure derived from the new in-gel chitinase assay. the purified chi36 has optimal activity at ph 5.8 and retains some enzymatic activity between ph 2.5-8. the temperature opt ... | 2001 | 11267643 |
| identification of genes regulated by prolonged acid exposure in helicobacter pylori. | to investigate the influence of prolonged acid exposure on the gene expression, transcripts of helicobacter pylori, grown under ph 5.5 and ph 7.4 for five successive passages, were analysed by differential display pcr. eight genes were regulated by prolonged acid exposure. these genes included topa, tufb, ureb, flaa, atoe in the h. pylori genome and a cdna fragment with 54% identity of the predicted amino acid sequence to a bacillus cereus ykow protein. the remaining two cdna fragments had no si ... | 2001 | 11267787 |
| microbiological survey of retail herbs and spices from mexican markets. | in the present study, 304 samples of herbs and spices (garlic powder, cumin seeds, black pepper, oregano, and bay leaves) widely used in mexico were analyzed for the presence of bacillus cereus, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, escherichia coli, total and fecal coliforms, total mesophilic aerobic organisms, and fungi. samples were nonpackaged or packaged in polyethylene bags or glass containers. high levels (10(5) to 10(7) cfu/g) of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms were found in most of ... | 2001 | 11198448 |
| the effect of calcium and sodium lactates on growth from spores of bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens in a 'sous-vide' beef goulash under temperature abuse. | the effect of calcium and sodium lactates on growth from spores of bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens at three different concentrations (0, 1.5 and 3% w/w) and at different temperatures (10, 15 and 20 degrees c for b. cereus and 15, 20 and 25 degrees c for c. perfringens) was investigated, using beef goulash as a model system for pasteurised vacuum-packaged convenience foods. calcium lactate at a level of 3% reduced the ph values of the samples from 6.0 to 5.5. no b. cereus growth was o ... | 2001 | 11205943 |
| heat resistance of bacillus cereus, salmonella typhimurium and lactobacillus delbrueckii in relation to ph and ethanol. | the aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of ethanol alone and in combination with low ph on the heat resistance of specific bacteria. the bacteria chosen are representative of heat resistant and heat sensitive pathogens (bacillus cereus and salmonella typhimurium) and of relatively heat resistant spoilage microorganisms (lactobacillus delbrueckii). the chosen bacteria were treated at different temperatures ranging between 70 and 97 degrees c for b. cereus, 48 and 54 degrees c fo ... | 2001 | 11205944 |
| modelling the influence of ph and organic acid types on thermal inactivation of bacillus cereus spores. | a model is proposed to describe the influence ph on the heat resistance of bacillus cereus spores. in addition to the conventional z value, the effect of ph on the thermal resistance of spores is characterised by a z(ph) value (z(ph) is the distance of ph from a reference ph*, which leads to a 10-fold reduction of d value). the type of organic acid used for acidifying the heating medium, influences the z(ph) value. for nine organic acids, a linear relationship between the calculated z(ph) value ... | 2001 | 11205951 |
| investigation of bacterial spore structure by high resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. | high resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nmr) in combination with transmission electron microscopy (tem) of spores of bacillus cereus, an outer coatless mutant b. subtilis 322, an inner coatless mutant b. subtilis 325 and of germinated spores of b. subtilis cmcc 604 were carried out. structural differences in the coats, mainly protein of spores were reflected by nmr spectra which indicated also differences in molecular mobility of carbohydrates which was partially att ... | 2001 | 11205952 |
| isolation and bioactivities of constitutents of the roots of garcinia atroviridis. | two new prenylated compounds, the benzoquinone atrovirinone (1) and the depsidone atrovirisidone (2), were isolated from the roots of garcinia atroviridis. their structures were determined on the basis of the analysis of spectroscopic data. while compound 2 showed some cytotoxicity against hela cells, both compounds 1 and 2 were only mildly inhibitory toward bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus. | 2001 | 11473441 |
| analysis of the role of bacterial endospore cortex structure in resistance properties and demonstration of its conservation amongst species. | the aim of this work was to compare the chemical structure of the spore cortex of a range of species, and to determine any correlation between cortex structure and spore resistance properties. | 2001 | 11473602 |
| antimicrobial resistance among pseudomonas spp. and the bacillus cereus group isolated from danish agricultural soil. | from four danish pig farms, bacteria of pseudomonas spp. and the bacillus cereus group were isolated from soil and susceptibility towards selected antimicrobials was tested. from each farm, soil samples representing soil just before and after spread of animal waste and undisturbed agricultural soil, when possible, were collected. soil from a well-characterized danish farm soil (højbakkegaard) was collected for comparison. the pseudomonas spp. and b. cereus were chosen as representative for gram- ... | 2001 | 11485227 |
| pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis due to bacillus cereus. | we present a case of a rapidly progressive pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis and pneumonia in a 52-year-old woman with severe aplastic anemia. bacillus cereus was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, blood cultures, and pseudomembrane biopsy specimens; despite intensive antibiotic treatment, the patient's condition deteriorated rapidly. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a b. cereus infection that has caused pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis, possibly because of the producti ... | 2001 | 11486300 |
| purification and characterization of a novel extracellular protease from bacillus cereus kctc 3674. | bacillus cereus kctc 3674 excretes several kinds of extracellular proteases into the growth medium. two proteases with molecular masses of approximately 36-kda and 38-kda, as shown by sds-page, were purified from the culture broth. the 38-kda protease was purified from b. cereus cultivated at 37 degrees c, and the 36-kda protease was obtained from the b. cereus cultivated at 20 degrees c. the 38-kda protease was identified as an extracellular neutral (metallo-) protease and was further character ... | 2001 | 11491087 |
| identification of catalytic and substrate-binding site residues in bacillus cereus atcc7064 oligo-1,6-glucosidase. | three active site residues (asp199, glu255, asp329) and two substrate-binding site residues (his103, his328) of oligo-1,6-glucosidase (ec 3.2.1.10) from bacillus cereus atcc7064 were identified by site-directed mutagenesis. these residues were deduced from the x-ray crystallographic analysis and the comparison of the primary structure of the oligo-1,6-glucosidase with those of saccharomyces carlsbergensis alpha-glucosidase, aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase and pig pancreatic alpha-amylase which ... | 2001 | 11676021 |
| activation of the jak/stat pathway by ceramide in cultured human fibroblasts. | endogenous ceramide (cer) was generated by treatment of cultured fibroblasts with sphingomyelinase (smase) from bacillus cereus. a 30 min treatment with 0.1-0.3 u/ml smase induced a dose-dependent increase in the intracellular level of cer. the activation of the transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) 1 and stat3 by smase was investigated by determination of the phosphorylation state by immunoblot, and of dna binding activity by electrophoretic mobility shif ... | 2001 | 11684091 |
| [effect of introduced microorganisms on copper and cobalt mobility in soil]. | the paper deals with the change of copper and cobalt mobility in contaminated soil when activating microbiological processes by introduction of sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, metal-resistant microorganisms. when bacillus cereus bkm 4368 growing in soil fertilized with glucose one can observe a 5-fold increase of cocentration of heavy-metal mobile forms as compared with sterile soil. the use of acetate as a carbon source and alcaligenes euthrophus ch 34 culture as inoculum will provide ... | 2001 | 11692680 |
| evaluation of a spray-dried lacticin 3147 powder for the control of listeria monocytogenes and bacillus cereus in a range of food systems. | the potential of a powdered preparation of the bacteriocin, lacticin 3147, was investigated for the inhibition of listeria monocytogenes and bacillus cereus. | 2001 | 11696102 |
| crystal structure of the anthrax lethal factor. | lethal factor (lf) is a protein (relative molecular mass 90,000) that is critical in the pathogenesis of anthrax. it is a highly specific protease that cleaves members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mapkk) family near to their amino termini, leading to the inhibition of one or more signalling pathways. here we describe the crystal structure of lf and its complex with the n terminus of mapkk-2. lf comprises four domains: domain i binds the membrane-translocating component of anth ... | 2001 | 11700563 |
| evaluation of the bact/alert automated blood culture system for detecting bacteria and measuring their growth kinetics in leucodepleted and non-leucodepleted platelet concentrates. | to evaluate the bact/alert automated blood culture system for the detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates, and to determine bacterial growth kinetics in leucodepleted and non-leucodepleted units. | 2001 | 11703857 |
| cloning and sequencing of two genes encoding chitinases a and b from bacillus cereus ch. | two genes encoding chitinases a and b (chia and chib) from bacillus cereus ch were cloned into escherichia coli xl1-blue mrf', by using pbluescript ii sk+, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. open reading frames of the chia and chib genes encoded distinct polypeptide chains consisting of 360 and 674 amino acid residues, respectively, with calculated molecular sizes of 39,470 and 74,261 da, respectively. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with those of other bacterial chit ... | 2001 | 11718542 |
| optimization of an oligonucleotide microchip for microbial identification studies: a non-equilibrium dissociation approach. | the utility of a high-density oligonucleotide microarray (microchip) for identifying strains of five closely related bacilli (bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, bacillus mycoides, bacillus medusa and bacillus subtilis) was demonstrated using an approach that compares the non-equilibrium dissociation rates ('melting curves') of all probe-target duplexes simultaneously. for this study, a hierarchical set of 30 oligonucleotide probes targeting the 16s ribosomal rna of these bacilli at multiple le ... | 2001 | 11722542 |
| characterization of spore appendages from bacillus cereus strains. | further characterization and comparison of spore appendages from bacillus cereus strains. | 2001 | 11722661 |
| research note: effect of bacillus cereus on performances of growing bulls. | the effect of including bacillus cereus (bc) in a diet of growing bulls was examined. 64 german holstein bulls (initial body weight: 187 kg) were allotted to one of two treatments (control and bc). the bulls were fed corn silage ad libitum and a restricted amount of concentrate (without bc or with 100 mg bc/kg). they were slaughtered with a final body weight averaging 555 kg. no significant treatment differences were detected for any feedlot performance or carcass characteristics measured. bulls ... | 2001 | 12068483 |
| production and characterization of tannase from bacillus cereus kbr9. | a tannase-producing soil bacteria has been isolated and identified as bacillus cereus. it can degrade tannic acid and produce maximum tannase (0.22 u/ml) at stationary phases of growth (24 h). maximum growth and enzyme production occurred with initial medium ph of 4.5-5.0. partial purified tannase showed optimum activity at ph 4.5 and 40 degrees c. it remains stable up to 30 degrees c and ph 4.5 to 5.0. the enzyme is salt tolerant, stable up to 2 m of nacl and retains 82% original activity in 3 ... | 2001 | 12483613 |
| [detection of enterotoxin genes in bacillus thuringiensis by pcr]. | the presence of hemolysin hbla (hbla), enterotoxin bcet (bcet) and enterotoxin s (ents) genes from 45 strains of b. thuringiensis, 4 strains of b. cereus and b. sphaericus have been detected respectively by multiple pcr. the results showed that 95.6% b. thuringiensis strains contain the b component of hbla gene, 91.1% and 93.3% of them contain bcet and ents genes sequences respectively. the enterotoxin productions in all strains have also been analysis using two commercial immunoassay kits(tecra ... | 2001 | 12549018 |
| [transcriptional activator plcr regulate the expression of multiple genes in bacillus cereus]. | food-poisoning and some diseases of human can be caused by potential pathogenic factors including phospholipases of c-type, hemolysins, enterotoxins, emetic toxin and others from bacillus cereus which is an opportunistic pathegon. generally, the expression of pathogenic genes is completed by a co-regulation in many bacteria. the isolation of a mutant, displaying significant reducing expression of lecithinase and general proteolytic activities, from a transposon-induced bank of b. cereus type str ... | 2001 | 12549084 |
| the ddca gene from streptomyces fradiae encodes an extracellular beta-lactamase with penicillinase and cephalosporinase activities. | the ddca gene from streptomyces fradiae, which is located adjacent to the left edge of the tylosin biosynthetic cluster, has been cloned and sequenced. dna sequence analysis revealed an orf of 1194 bp that encodes a product of 42.6 kda. this protein showed significant similarity to the extracellular endopeptidase with beta-lactamase activity encoded by the adp gene from bacillus cereus and to pbps (dd-carboxypeptidases and dd-endopeptidases) and beta-lactamases. moreover, it contains three chara ... | 2001 | 11090684 |
| detection of enterotoxic bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains by pcr analysis. | many strains of bacillus cereus cause gastrointestinal diseases, and the closely related insect pathogen b. thuringiensis has also been involved in outbreaks of diarrhea. the diarrheal types of diseases are attributed to enterotoxins. two different enterotoxic protein complexes, hemolysin bl (hbl) and nonhemolytic enterotoxin (nhe), and an enterotoxic protein, enterotoxin t, have been characterized, and the genes have been sequenced. pcr primers for the detection of these genes were deduced and ... | 2001 | 11133444 |
| effect of water activities of heating and recovery media on apparent heat resistance of bacillus cereus spores. | spores of bacillus cereus were heated and recovered in order to investigate the effect of water activity of media on the estimated heat resistance (i.e., the d value) of spores. the water activity (ranging from 0.9 to 1) of the heating medium was first successively controlled with three solutes (glycerol, glucose, and sucrose), while the water activity of the recovery medium was kept near 1. reciprocally, the water activity of the heating medium was then kept at 1, while the water activity of th ... | 2001 | 11133461 |