Publications

molecular genetic distinction of pneumocystis carinii from rats and humans.	pneumocystis carinii from rats and from humans were compared with respect to electrophoretic karyotype, presence of dna sequences known to be repeated in rat-derived p. carinii, overall dna sequence homology, and the sequences at two genetic loci. the organisms from each host species were different in each respect. neither of two repeated dnas from rat-derived p. carinii was found in the genome of human-derived organisms, and total dna from rat-derived p. carinii failed to hybridize to human-der ...	1993	8292993
characterization of pneumocystis carinii preparations developed for lipid analysis.	pneumocystis carinii organisms were isolated from viral antibody-negative rats that had been infected by intratracheal intubation of organism preparations tested negative for common bacteria and fungi. infection scores of lungs from infected animals at the time of parasite isolation was > 5 (100-1,000 organisms/oil immersion field). electron microscopy of heavily infected lungs revealed that the pathogens adhered to type i pneumocytes and to each other, resulting in obstructions up to several ce ...	1993	8292999
severe pulmonary pneumocystosis in simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome induced by simian immunodeficiency virus: its characterization by the polymerase-chain-reaction method and failure of experimental transmission to immunodeficient animals.	pneumocystis carinii (pc) infection was observed in three of five rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac251). they showed severe symptoms similar to those associated with human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). histopathology revealed severe pulmonary pneumocystosis in one of three pc-positive monkeys, and anti-pc antibodies were detected in sera from two of the three monkeys. localization of pc organisms in various organs of the monkeys was examined by the p ...	1993	8295897
[bullous pneumopathy and spontaneous pneumothorax. atypical radiologic patterns of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is certainly the most frequent opportunistic pulmonary infection in aids patients. besides the conventional radiographic features demonstrating bilateral infiltrates and airspace consolidation, atypical radiologic patterns are reported in the literature, which are characterized by spontaneous pneumothorax and by the presence of bullae, cysts and areas of pulmonary cavitation. forty consecutive pcp patients were investigated, ten of them presenting with atypic ...	1993	8296003
fluorescence microscopy for pneumocystis carinii.		1993	8296058
leishmania braziliensis causing visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection, identified with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction.	this study describes a male patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection, grade iv-c (oropharyngeal moniliasis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia), associated with visceral involvement produced by leishmania braziliensis which was identified by deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization after the polymerase chain reaction had been performed. the patient was treated with molgramostim in association with meglumine antimonate to enhance macrophage destruction of parasites.	1993	8296358
pneumocystis carinii choroidopathy and aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis in a patient with aids.		1993	8299056
increased risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with wegener's granulomatosis.	combining cyclophosphamide (cy) and corticosteroids has dramatically improved the prognosis of wegener's granulomatosis (wg). but this treatment carries the risks of severe infectious complications and drug toxicity. during a 10-month period, we observed 6 cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in 23 patients with biopsy-proven wg and renal involvement. these 23 patients were enrolled in a multicenter controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of either intermi ...	1993	8299252
update on laboratory tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary disease in hiv-1-infected individuals.	various diagnostic tests, both specific and nonspecific, are available in the clinical laboratories for diagnosing human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) infection and associated respiratory pathogens. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains the most common pulmonary disease in hiv-1-infected individuals and there have been no significant advances in the laboratory diagnosis of the pathogen beyond the traditional microscopic examination of specimens. in contrast, the greatest revolution in labora ...	1993	8278683
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	pneumocystis carinii infection remains extremely common in the immunocompromised patient population, particularly in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, despite the availability of effective prophylaxis. although most commonly presenting as an acute pneumonia, the organism can infect a multitude of different organs, and thus may pose difficulty in diagnosis. because effective treatment regimens such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) and parenteral pentamidine are ...	1993	8278684
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and methotrexate therapy.		1993	8280237
changing incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as initial aids defining disease in the united kingdom.	to determine whether the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) as the initial aids-defining disease in adult aids cases in the united kingdom is changing over time and to examine factors likely to affect it.	1993	8280421
[life threatening pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a 4-month-old boy with hyper-igm syndrome].	at the age of four months, a boy with a normal history and family history, suddenly fell ill with a life-threatening pneumocystis carinii-pneumonia. surprisingly, this opportunistic infection was not brought about by a t-cell deficiency. however, the patient's diagnosis turned out to be the rare "hyper-igm-syndrome", confirmed by: serum levels of igm always at least normal whereas igg, iga and ige were markedly decreased or absent; the development of neutropenia and occasional diarrhea. generall ...	1993	8283991
pneumatoceles and pneumothorax after pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is common in patients with aids. the usual chest x-ray pattern is a diffuse interstitial pulmonary infiltrate. nevertheless, unusual roentgenographic forms can appear. a patient with pcp that resulted in pneumatoceles and a further pneumothorax is described.	1993	8284529
hiv-related morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa: opportunities for prevention.	a landmark paper on autopsies of representative samples of hiv-1 and/or hiv-2-infected patients in abidjan, cote d'ivoire, found disseminated tuberculosis (tb) as the chief cause of morbidity (wasting syndrome) and mortality. another important finding was the high prevalence of cerebral toxoplasmosis in contrast to somewhat lower figures for east african aids patients. the authors argue that few hiv-infected patients in africa survive long enough to develop the state of immunodeficiency that a ...	1993	8286080
the effect of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis regimens on the incidence of bacterial infections in hiv-infected patients.		1993	8286088
the hastily obtained durable power of attorney: process for the sake of process?	in this case study, a young man presented to an emergency room complaining of shortness of breath and general malaise. after examination, he was admitted to the intensive care unit and therapy was begun for presumed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. his condition deteriorated and as preparations were made for intubation and mechanical ventilation, the issues of resuscitation and a durable power of attorney for healthcare were discussed with the patient for the first time. although the issue of res ...	1993	8287177
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in multitransfused children with thalassemia.	two hundred and three multi-transfused children with thalassemia attending the thalassemia clinic of the charak palika hospital, new delhi were screened for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies by elisa and all positive cases were confirmed by western blot. of the 203 children screened, 18 (8.9%) were hiv positive, and in these children a detailed immunological work up was done and compared to 18 age-matched hiv negative thalassemics as controls. the tests included absolute lymphocyte c ...	1993	8288325
future therapies in the management of critically ill aids patients.	the advent of antiviral therapy for hiv infection and anti-infective agents for the treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has had a significant impact on the survival and quality of life of persons with aids and associated conditions. this article discusses zidovudine and other antiviral therapies for hiv infection, as well as some of the new treatment and prophylactic strategies to manage opportunistic infections which can ameliorate the course of advanced hiv infection in ...	1993	7678542
nucleotide sequence variation in pneumocystis carinii strains that infect humans.	the nucleotide sequences of a portion of the large-subunit mitochondrial rrna gene of pneumocystis carinii derived from 12 patients were examined. five sequences were found to be identical to the prototype sequence reported by sinclair et al. (k. sinclair, a. e. wakefield, s. banerji, and j. m. hopkin, mol. biochem. parasitol. 45:183-184, 1991). six sequences differed from the prototype sequence at one to three positions. the remaining sequence was markedly different from the prototype sequence ...	1993	7681441
the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by cytologic evaluation of papanicolaou and leishman-stained bronchoalveolar specimens in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the presence of foamy alveolar casts or flocculent material in papanicolaou and leishman-stained smears of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid is said to be indicative of infection with pneumocystis carinii. we have investigated the sensitivity and specificity of this method of diagnosing pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). patients (n = 114) with diffuse lung infiltrates were submitted to fibreoptic bronchoscopy and bal. seventy of them were pat ...	1993	7683507
[detection of pneumocystis carinii in clinical samples by the polymerase chain reaction. comparison with the methenamine silver technique].	a comparison of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with methenamine silver stain was performed on clinical specimens for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients.	1993	7684613
inhibition of pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthetase by para-acetamidobenzoic acid: possible mechanism of action of isoprinosine in human immunodeficiency virus infection.	isoprinosine has been reported to decrease progression to aids, primarily by preventing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, but the mechanism of action is unknown. para-acetamidobenzoic acid (pacba), one component of isoprinosine, is structurally related to para-aminobenzoic acid (paba), a precursor of de novo folate synthesis. this pathway is known to be important for p. carinii because sulfonamides, which are effective anti-p. carinii agents ...	1993	7687120
application and staining patterns of commercial anti-pneumocystis carinii monoclonal antibodies.	commercially available monoclonal antibodies to pneumocystis carinii were compared with respect to immunofluorescence staining patterns of human immunodeficiency virus-inactivated smears. only the indirect staining kits were suitable for application to ethanol-inactivated samples. when antibodies from dakopatts and northumbria were compared, the staining of cysts and trophozoites showed different patterns.	1993	7690369
interleukin-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, or tuberculosis.		1993	7690822
identification of phagocytosed pneumocystis carinii in human pulmonary alveolar macrophages.	examination of papanicolaou-stained bronchoalveolar lavage samples from cases with pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis under ultra-violet light reveals alveolar macrophages packed with fluorescent inclusions. immunoenzymatic staining of the alveolar macrophages with a monoclonal antibody specific for p. carinii (3f6) showed that these inclusions contain intact pneumocysts or their degradation products. fluorescence microscopy of papanicolaou-stained smears is advocated as a sensitive and specific m ...	1993	7691203
reduced expression of macrophage-associated antigens on alveolar mononuclear phagocytes from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	in this study we evaluated the phenotype of alveolar mononuclear phagocytes recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 24 patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection (aids-related complex 8 patients. aids 16 patients) and 8 healthy individuals by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies known to react with tissue macrophages, in combination with a flow cytometer. the results showed that 90% of patients with aids present a marked reduction in the expression of several antigenic det ...	1993	7691271
vitronectin binds to pneumocystis carinii and mediates organism attachment to cultured lung epithelial cells.	pneumocystis carinii attaches to alveolar epithelial cells during the development of pneumonia. adhesive proteins found within the alveolar space have been proposed to mediate p. carinii adherence to lung cells. vitronectin (vn), a 75-kda glycoprotein present in the lower respiratory tract, has substantial cell-adhesive properties and might participate in the host-parasite interaction during p. carinii pneumonia. to address whether vn binds to p. carinii, we studied the interaction of radiolabel ...	1993	7691747
high proportion of gamma-delta t cell receptor positive t cells in bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood of hiv-infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonias.	to investigate the local immunological situation in the lung of hiv-infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonias (hiv-pcp), we analyzed the proportion and the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations and their state of activation in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and peripheral blood of 21 hiv-pcp patients (cdc classification group iv) compared to 24 hiv-negative patients with interstitial lung diseases (ild). peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) and bal cells were stained with monoclonal ...	1993	7692576
detection of cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis carinii, and aspergillus species in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. a comparison of techniques.	cytomegalovirus (cmv), pneumocystis carinii, and aspergillus species are common causes of fatal pulmonary infections in immunocompromised hosts. therefore, rapid and reliable methods of establishing the diagnosis of these types of pneumonia are essential. bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) has proved to be a rapid and safe procedure for procuring large numbers of bronchial and alveolar cells from the lung. to assess various methods of detecting cmv, p. carinii, and aspergillosis in lavage specimens, 4 ...	1993	7692721
[the cytological picture in pleural pneumocystosis].	we report a case of a hiv+ patient treated with prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine. the patient showed evidence of tensive right pneumothorax and slight pleural effusion. the pleural fluid was aspired from the drainage and processed in our laboratory. the cytologic examination of aspired fluid revealed abundant pneumocystis carinii organisms. the cytologic presentation is peculiar in pleural fluid because of the presence of a large amount of trophozoites and a small number of cysts. direct exa ...	1993	7513393
[pneumocystis-carinii thyroiditis].		1993	7757599
[preliminary study of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia diagnosed by induced expectoration in hiv positive patients in dakar].	rapid noninvasive diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii from induced liquefied sputum is a very easy and not costly method. it was using for a first time at the infectious diseases department at dakar in 27 hiv seropositive patients from july to november 1992. six cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was diagnosed, with a prevalence of 22.2%. in this study pcp was found in both hiv-1 and hiv-2 patients. clinical and radiological aspects are not specific. pcp was also found in patients with ...	1993	7758366
pneumocystis carinii infections in hiv-infected hemophiliacs during aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis.	the frequency, presentation, diagnosis and clinical course of pneumocystis carinii infections (pci) were studied during aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis (ap) and its impact on the spectrum of aids-related and other pulmonary infections in hiv-infected hemophiliacs. we conducted an open study on primary (pp) and secondary (sp) ap. breakthrough p. carinii infections (bpci) and other infectious complications were analyzed retrospectively. hemophiliacs without prior p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) who ...	1993	8210724
[prevalence of antibodies to pneumocystis carinii in subjects with high risk behavior for aids].	p. carinii pneumonia affects more than 80% of patients with aids in developed countries. in mexico this complication has been described in 12 to 23% of patients with aids, and it has been proposed that competitive disease such as tb and the low life expectancy of aids patients in mexico are the possible explanations of this low percentage. however, in mexico the frequency with which the population at risk of contracting aids is exposed to p. carinii is unknown. therefore, we looked for p. carini ...	1993	8210765
upper zone cystic lung disease in hiv related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8211881
hyperkalemia with high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy.	in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a progressive increase in the serum potassium concentration occurred with high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. in this patient, factors known to alter transcellular potassium shifts to induce hyperkalemia were not present. there was no evidence of glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid insufficiency at the time of hyperkalemia, while the transtubular potassium gradient decreased. the h ...	1993	8213804
causes of death among persons reported with aids.	this study describes causes of death in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and assesses the completeness of reporting of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection or aids on death certificates of persons with aids.	1993	8214233
development and characterization of a rapid screening assay for identifying antipneumocystis agents.	we developed a rapid assay for screening of compounds with potential antipneumocystis activity on the basis of incorporation of [35s]methionine into proteins newly synthesized by pneumocystis carinii. unambiguous evidence that p. carinii synthesizes proteins in vitro was provided by immunoprecipitation studies demonstrating the incorporation of [35s]methionine into the major surface glycoprotein. treatment with two clinically active antipneumocystis agents, atovaquone (10(-4) m) or pentamidine ( ...	1993	8215282
activity of cationically substituted bis-benzimidazoles against experimental pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	on the basis of a previously observed correlation between the antimicrobial activity and dna binding strength of dicationic molecules, a series of 10 dicationically substituted bis-benzimidazoles were tested for activity in the rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. one of the compounds, 1,4-bis[5-(2-imidazolinyl)-2-benzimidazolyl]butane, was found to be more potent and less toxic than pentamidine.	1993	8215291
a clinical and pathological comparison of the who and cdc case definitions for aids in kinshasa, zaïre: is passive surveillance valid?	to compare the specificity of the world health organization (who) and centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) case definitions for aids in autopsy cases from zaïre.	1993	8216982
new developments in the management of pneumocystis carinii disease.		1993	8217906
ondansetron usage in hiv positive patients: a pilot study on the control of nausea and vomiting in patients on high dose co-trimoxazole for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	this was an open, single centre study, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ondansetron in the treatment of co-trimoxazole associated nausea and vomiting in aids patients. sixteen patients presenting with their first episode of hiv-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) on high dose co-trimoxazole were given ondansetron 8 mg orally, every 8 h. measurements were made from data recorded by each patient on diary cards. in this study 11 out of 16 (69%) patients on ondansetron experienced ...	1993	8218517
severe thrombocytopenia in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient associated with pentamidine-dependent antibodies specific for glycoprotein iib/iiia.	severe thrombocytopenia developed in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome during treatment with intravenous pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the patient's bone marrow contained adequate numbers of megakaryocytes, suggesting peripheral platelet destruction. platelet counts ranged between less than 3 and 20 x 10(9)/l for 2 weeks despite cessation of pentamidine, platelet transfusions, high-dose intravenous igg, and 2 mg/kg/d prednisone. thereafter, the platelet count in ...	1993	8219198
[nosocomial infection: clinical aspects].	nosocomial infections develop within a hospital or are produced by microorganisms acquired during hospitalization. they may involve not only patients (2 to 10 percent) but also hospital personnel. they arise from complex interactions of multiple causal factors. patients risk factors are these that reduce the patient's capacity for resisting the injurious effects of the microorganisms and impair natural host defense mechanisms: patients with malignant disorders or immunosuppressive therapy, poor ...	1993	8221172
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in cancer patients.	concern has been arisen about the recently reported increasing incidence of pcp in patients with cancer and the potential transmissibility of this infection. whether or not there is an increase in the incidence of p. carinii infections, pcp should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in bone marrow transplant recipients, in patients with hematologic neoplasms and in patients with primary or metastatic brain neoplasms. intensity of immunosuppression plays a crucial ...	1993	8221711
atovaquone: a new antipneumocystis agent.	the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of atovaquone in the management of mild to moderate pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are reviewed. atovaquone has a novel mechanism of action that has been hypothesized to result in microbicidal rather than microbistatic activity against pneumocystis carinii. absorption of the drug is significantly enhanced by the presence of food, particularly food with a high fat content. in compa ...	1993	8222520
prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia relapse in aids patients. the efficacy and tolerability of low-dose sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.	the effectiveness and tolerability of sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (smx-tmp), a dose of 400mg/80mg given twice a day as secondary prophylaxis (sp) against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was assessed retrospectively in 166 aids patients. the mean observation period was 9.7 months (range 1.0-1.4). relapse of pcp occurred in eight patients; four episodes were histologically verified and four episodes were clinically assumed. the relapse rate after one year of prophylaxis was 5.1% (95% c ...	1993	8222772
kerley b lines as a radiologic manifestation of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8222858
[two cases with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in our hospital].	we report two cases of aids whom we have recently experienced. one patient was a 54-year-old man who admitted our hospital due to third degree burn. in this case, we did not know whether or not he was suffered from aids, when he was delivered by the ambulance. in autopsy, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and renal tuberculosis were found in addition to marked decrease of t cells in lymph nodes. the other patient was a 40-year-old man with remarkable symptoms of central nervous system. route of inf ...	1993	8225167
[issues in the aids medicine based on the analysis of medical worker's recognition of the disease].	we analysed problems on the front line of the aids medicine through our experience of a with hemophilia a, who had hiv infection developed to arc and the aids and in addition, had non-hodgkin's lymphoma in his rectum and died of pneumonitis caused by pneumocystis carinii. we have learned from the poll on medical worker's recognition of the disease through the experience of this case that the nurses who were concerned with the care of this patient did not have opinions against acceptance of patie ...	1993	8225168
variability of serum concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole during high dose therapy.	serum kinetics of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were studied in 23 patients during oral and i.v. treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. daily doses of 15-22 mg/kg trimethoprim and 75-110 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole were given every 6 h. despite administration of a loading dose of twice the regular dose, serum trough concentrations continuously rose from 12 h to 96 h by 63% for trimethoprim and 102% for sulfamethoxazole. after 4-6 days mean trough concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfameth ...	1993	8225622
a clinico-pathological study of 79 bronchoscopies in hiv-positive patients.	we investigated lung pathology in 61 hiv-positive patients who underwent 79 bronchoscopies. there were 27 cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), 22 cases of pyogenic pulmonary infection and six cases of mycobacterial infection. eleven cases of non-specific interstitial pneumonitis were found and 10 intravenous drug abusers had birefringent pulmonary talc granulomata in biopsy specimens. women and intravenous drug abusers had higher rates of pyogenic pulmonary infection than men and other ...	1993	8225923
[etiology and therapy of pneumothorax in aids patients].	pneumothoraces in patients with aids are a rare, acute and severe complication. between january 1989 and december 1991 3 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax were operated after a 2-week treatment with chest tube drainage only had failed. the average follow-up time after the operation was 7 months. there was no recurrence. within the same 3 years 3 patients were treated in the clinic for internal medicine by means of tube drainage only. thus, only one case was successful. the average survival ...	1993	8226049
pancreatic disease in aids--a review.	patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) can develop pancreatic disease from causes unrelated to aids as well as aids-specific lesions. aids-specific causes include opportunistic infection, aids-associated neoplasia, and medications used to treat complications of aids. reported pancreatic opportunistic pathogens include mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium intracellulare, cryptococcus neoformans, candida, aspergillus, toxoplasma gondii, pneumocystis carinii, cytomeg ...	1993	8228089
2,4-diaminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues of trimetrexate and piritrexim as potential inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase.	a series of eight previously undescribed 2,4-diaminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues of the potent dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors trimetrexate (tmq) and piritrexim (ptx) were synthesized as potential drugs against pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii, which are major causes of severe opportunistic infections in aids patients. 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-(aryl/aralkyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines with 3,4,5-trimethoxy or 2,5-dimethoxy substitution in the aryl/aralkyl moiety and 2,4-diami ...	1993	8230096
synthesis of 5-methyl-5-deaza nonclassical antifolates as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases and as potential antipneumocystis, antitoxoplasma, and antitumor agents.	a series of 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-(anilinomethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines 4-9 were synthesized as 5-deaza nonclassical antifolates containing trimethoxy, dichloro-, or trichlorophenyl substitutions and a n-h, n-ch3, or n-cho at the 10-position. the compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases (dhfr) from pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii), toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii), rat liver (rl), and lactobacillus casei (l. casei); as inhibitors of t. gondii and p. carinii cell growth ...	1993	8230134
[pulmonary infection in patients with lung cancer].	to determine the frequency of pneumonia in patients with primary lung cancer requiring hospital admission, the etiologic diagnosis, probable production mechanisms, and the factors which may condition the evolution.	1993	8231382
human immunodeficiency virus, fever, dyspnoea and a dry cough. expect the unexpected?	this report describes an hiv-seropositive patient with symptoms suggestive of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the final diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was delayed because initially only hiv-specific complications were considered. the relation between aids and pulmonary embolism is discussed briefly.	1993	8232690
granulomatous pneumocystis carinii in aids patients.	seven cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with granulomatous reaction in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are described. the patients were all adult men between the ages of 32 and 45 years, with different high-risk factors. clinically, all the patients presented with a history of non-productive cough and shortness of breath. two of the patients had a past history of pulmonary pneumocystosis. radiologically, six patients had diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and one nodular ...	1993	8233007
nuclear medicine and aids.	the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and its associated illnesses in a relatively young population of patients provides an expanding role for nuclear medicine. the disease enforces a review of each department's infection control procedures. it also necessitates a widening of the differential diagnosis in high risk patients. it has also resulted in an increase in the number of patients presenting with diseases such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, kaposi's sarcoma etc. which prior t ...	1993	8233226
disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection involving the neck and nasopharynx.	in summary, several points should be emphasized: 1. adenoidal hypertrophy in a person who previously underwent adenoidectomy should lead to the suspicion of hiv infection. 2. p. carinii should be included in the differential diagnosis of adenoidal enlargement in hiv infections. 3. extrapulmonary calcification should lead to the suspicion of p. carinii infection.	1993	8233521
simultaneous nocardial empyema and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as an initial manifestation of hiv infection.		1993	8235799
determination of pentamidine isethionate in air.	a concern currently exists regarding the potential for exposure of health care workers to pentamidine isethionate, a drug used for prevention and treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, including those with human immunodeficiency virus infection. in order to evaluate worker exposures, a sampling and analytical method for pentamidine isethionate in air has been developed. this method involves sampling with a 37-mm pvc membrane filter at 1 to 2 l/min, recovery wi ...	1993	8237795
case report: hypercalcemia in a patient with aids and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii infection is commonly seen in patients infected with hiv, and there is evidence of macrophage involvement in the disease process. macrophage dysfunction can result in abnormal vitamin d metabolism as is often seen in a granulomatous disease such as sarcoidosis. this article describes a patient with aids who had p. carinii pneumonia and hypercalcemia and had elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels, the first such reported case in the literature. there was no other evidence of ...	1993	8238087
human immunodeficiency virus production by alveolar lymphocytes is increased during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	several factors are known to upregulate in vitro hiv expression by infected t cells, such as certain cytokines and cell-cell interactions. the effect of such factors, involved in immune responses, has never been evaluated in relation to hiv production by infected cells in vivo. to do so, we assessed hiv production by enriched alveolar and blood lymphocytes using a quantitative p24 antigen coculture. this was performed in 32 hiv-seropositive subjects in relation to their pulmonary infectious stat ...	1993	8239168
[unusual presentation of pneumocystis carinii infection].		1993	8239219
identifying pneumocystis carinii in pleural effusions.		1993	8239256
antibodies to pneumocystis carinii in danish blood donors and aids patients with and without pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	sera from 1) 8 aids patients with pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia, 2) 13 hiv antibody-positive patients, 9 with aids and 4 with aids-related symptoms, all 13 without pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and 3) 36 healthy male blood donors, all hiv antibody negative, were examined for antibodies against pneumocystis carinii using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody technique. seven (87%) out of eight sera from group 1, 12 (92%) out of 13 sera from group 2, and 35 (97%) out of 36 sera from group ...	1993	8240790
[the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv infection].		1993	8243242
hyperkalaemia with renal tubular dysfunction by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with lymphoid malignancy.	hyperkalaemia with renal tubular dysfunction by oral therapy of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) is described in 2 elderly japanese patients with lymphoid malignancy, who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and improved. a high dose of cotrimoxazole induced hyperkalaemia with the elevation of serum creatinine and blood urea, and increased urinary n-acetyl glucosaminase after several days of the drug administration in these patients; one patient became unconscious. discontinuat ...	1993	8244201
phagocytosis and stimulation of the respiratory burst in neutrophils by pneumocystis carinii.	phagocytosis and superoxide production of neutrophils stimulated with pneumocystis carinii were studied using p. carinii obtained from rats and neutrophils and serum from healthy blood donors. superoxide generation increased in a dose-related way to the number of pneumocysts added and was significantly higher when the parasites were opsonized. the use of heat-inactivated serum for opsonization reduced superoxide production somewhat, but not significantly. preincubation of neutrophils with recomb ...	1993	8245530
multiple pneumonias in a man infected with hiv.	there are many pathogens responsible for pneumonia in persons infected with hiv. this case report describes a patient with pneumonias diagnosed sequentially and caused by pneumocystis carinii, mycobacterium gordonae, and coccidioides immitis. it demonstrates the importance of pursuing a definitive or additional diagnosis in hiv-related pulmonary disease when the response to empiric therapy or to treatment of an identified pathogen is suboptimal.	1993	8245813
[weekly low-dose methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. review of the literature].	methotrexate (mtx) is an antifolic drug that in recent years has been largely employed in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ra). both short and long term clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy and good tolerability. it induces a significant improvement of all clinical variables and a decrease in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and other acute phase reactants with a steroid sparing effect. the probability of continuing mtx therapy for up to 5 years is 46-55% whereas that of contin ...	1993	8247309
group i self-splicing introns in both large and small subunit rrna genes of chlorella.	we report the presence of group i self-splicing introns in both nuclear small subunit (ssu) and large subunit (lsu) rrnas of the unicellular green alga chlorella ellipsoidea. the ssu intron (442 nt) was located at a position within the highly conserved helix 48 that was close to the 3' terminus of ssu rrna: the position was exactly the same as previously reported for the pneumocystis carinii group i intron. the lsu intron (445 nt) was found in a highly conserved helix region (between positions 9 ...	1993	8247750
hiv-infected children in the pediatric emergency department.	forty-three nonhemophiliac, confirmed hiv-positive children followed by the children's hospital aids program made 184 visits to the children's emergency department (ed) during 1988 and 1989. the mean age was 30 +/- 28 months with a median of 25 months, a mode of 10 months, and a range from two days to 19 years. cd4 counts from within six months of the visit were available in 87% and were low enough to require pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis under current guidelines in 52%. chief compl ...	1993	8247930
[inter-human transmission of pneumocystis carinii. risk evaluation in onco-hematology].		1993	8248076
[etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia in hiv-aids patients. usefulness of fibrobronchoscopy].	to assess the usefulness of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the etiologic diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in patients with aids.	1993	8248640
igm response to a human pneumocystis carinii surface antigen in hiv-infected patients with pulmonary symptoms.	we have developed an elisa to detect igm antibodies to a major human pneumocystis carinii surface antigen (gp95), and investigated the igm response in 128 hiv-infected patients who underwent bronchoscopy for evaluation of pulmonary symptoms. only 5 (4%) patients had igm antibodies to p. carinii gp95. four of the 5 patients with igm antibodies also had igg antibodies to gp95 and microbiologically proven p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). in 76/128 patients for whom serial samples were available, changes ...	1993	8248753
fever among outpatients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.	fever is common among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. however, the clinical implications of fever in this population have not been evaluated. we therefore undertook a prospective study of fever in persons with advanced hiv infection to determine the incidence and etiology of fever in this patient group.	1993	8250651
pneumothorax complicating bipap therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8131507
the option of intensive care for the patient with aids (a literature review).	the utilisation of intensive care facilities in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) related disease has been traditionally questioned on the basis of early results of poor prognosis for patients with aids admitted to intensive care units (icus). however, recent reviewers have pointed out a significant improvement in in-hospital survival rates for aids patients admitted to icu. improved prognosis may be related to improved drug therapies in response to pneumocystis carinii ...	1993	8130625
miliary tuberculosis in pregnancy.	although miliary tuberculosis is uncommon in pregnancy, it is difficult to diagnose when present and is often associated with a maternal history of intravenous drug abuse, malignancy, alcoholism, or human immunodeficiency virus infection. this article reports two antepartum cases of miliary tuberculosis without any of these risk factors. bronchial washings for pneumocystis carinii and hiv screening were negative for both patients. acid-fast bacilli stains of the bronchial washing and ascitic flu ...	1993	8120929
intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies of erythrocyte origin within hepatocytes in a hepatic allograft.	intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies with an unusual immunohistochemical profile, histologically similar to alpha 1 antitrypsin globules and megamitochondria, were seen within hepatocytes in a liver allograft biopsy. electron microscopy revealed that these structures were erythrocytes in various stages of degradation. their appearance following an episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia suggests a possible relationship between bouts of hypoxia and erythrocyte entry into hepatocytes.	1993	8122325
human retroviruses and neoplastic disease.	human retroviral infections result in significant neoplastic disease. human t cell lymphotropic virus i (htlv-i), the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is associated with the development of acute t cell leukemia with characteristic hypercalcemia and skin lesions after many years of chronic infection of cd4+ cells. htlv-i also produces myelopathy. a minor t cell immunodeficiency occurs in htlv-i acute t cell leukemia with associated strongyloidiasis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. huma ...	1993	7903870
the cloning and characterization of the arom gene of pneumocystis carinii.	the arom gene, encoding a single polypeptide that catalyses five consecutive steps of the pre-chorismate aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway, has been cloned from the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii. there is a single open reading frame of 4788 bp which includes an intron of 45 bp that does not introduce a stop codon into the sequence. thus, the derived amino acid sequence consists of 1581 residues, which is highly homologous to all fungal arom proteins studied to date. these da ...	1993	8126418
renal infection due to absidia corymbifera in an aids patient.	a case of renal zygomycosis due to absidia corymbifera in an heroin addict suffering from aids (phase iv c2) is described. diagnosis was by histopathology after nephrectomy, but a. corymbifera was isolated several times from urine and from the exudate from a fistula in the surgical wound. after amphotericin b treatment (1.5 g overall dose) clinical cure and negative cultures were obtained. no relapses were observed until death 1 year later from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1993	8114804
[fiber optics bronchoscopy yield and predictive clinical, analytical, and radiologic factors in the etiologic diagnosis of pulmonary pathology in patients with hiv infection].	the aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of fibrobronchoscopy (fbs) in the pulmonary pathology of hiv-positive patients, in order to study the effect of several factors on such performance and to evaluate if these factors could guide the etiologic diagnosis. a retrospective study of 49 fbs with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was performed in 44 hiv-positive patients. the diagnostic performance of fbs with bal was 71.4%, with no significant modifications caused by previous pro ...	1993	8117867
invasive diagnostic approaches to pulmonary infiltrates.	the clinical and radiographic presentation of pulmonary disease in organ-transplant recipients often fails to allow the specific identification of a causative pathogen or permit the distinction between infectious and noninfectious processes. frequently, invasive procedures are required to make a specific diagnosis and initiate appropriate therapy. the early use of transtracheal aspiration proved useful for the diagnosis of bacterial and mycobacterial pneumonias. however, its inability to reliabl ...	1993	8016476
diagnosis of pulmonary infections in patients with organ transplants using noninvasive diagnostic laboratory tests.	lower respiratory-tract infection in patients with transplants or other forms of immune compromise is a serious disease with high mortality. rapid, accurate diagnostic tests are essential for these patients. the required tests include those for pneumocystis carinii, mycobacteria, fungi, legionella, viruses, and bacteria. using currently available technology, a combination of new and conventional tests for these various pathogens can provide comprehensive information within the first 24 hours of ...	1993	8016477
cardiac transplantation and related infections.	infection is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in the cardiac transplant patient. early infections within the first month after transplantation are usually caused by nosocomial pathogens, such as pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, and members of enterobacteriaceae and include pneumonia, urinary-tract and would infections, and bacteremia associated with the use of intravascular devices. late infections, usually occurring after the first month and within the first ...	1993	8016480
randomized trial of dapsone and aerosolized pentamidine for the prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and toxoplasmic encephalitis are the most frequent pulmonary and central nervous system opportunistic infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. we designed a prospective study to compare the effects of aerosolized pentamidine and dapsone in the prophylaxis of these infections in hiv-infected persons with cd4+ lymphocyte counts less than 250/mm3.	1993	8018144
corticosteroids improve survival of children with aids and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to determine if corticosteroids administered in addition to antimicrobials improve survival in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp).	1993	8093422
idiopathic cd4+ t-lymphocytopenia--four patients with opportunistic infections and no evidence of hiv infection.	we describe four patients without major risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, each of whom presented with severe opportunistic infections and was found to have idiopathic cd4+ t-lymphocytopenia. we performed assays to detect the presence of retroviruses and undertook immunophenotyping of subgroups of peripheral-blood lymphocytes.	1993	8093636
host defenses against pneumocystis carinii in mice selectively depleted of cd4+ lymphocytes.		1993	8094045
decreased efficacy of inhaled pentamidine in the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among hiv-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency.	to determine the relationship between the degree of immune deficiency and the risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) among hiv-infected patients receiving inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis.	1993	8094333
recommendations for prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8095654
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia complicating selective cd4 t cell depletion induced by corticosteroid therapy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.		1993	8095869
trends in the incidence of outcomes defining acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in the multicenter aids cohort study: 1985-1991.	incidence of clinical outcomes defining acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) may be expected to change as a consequence of progressive immunosuppression and use of chemoprophylaxis before the onset of aids. using poisson regression methods, we examined trends in the incidence of initial and secondary aids-defining illnesses from 1985 to 1991 among 2,627 homosexual men participating in the multicenter aids cohort study who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. the incide ...	1993	8096356
primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8097561