Publications

the relative efficacy of oral dapsone and nebulized pentamidine as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8471213
a phase 1 study of adoptive transfer of autologous cd8+ t lymphocytes in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-related complex or aids.	based on preclinical studies showing that cd8+ t lymphocytes of human immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv)-infected subjects have anti-hiv activities, a phase 1 study was undertaken to determine the safety and feasibility of infusing in vitro purified, activated, and expanded cd8+ cells as a therapeutic measure in seven patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-related complex (arc) or aids. autologous cd8+ cells were first selectively isolated in monoclonal antibody-coated flasks from ...	1993	8471768
a novel variety of atypical pneumocystis carinii infection after long-term prophylactic pentamidine inhalation in an aids patient: large lower lobe pneumocystoma.	atypical pulmonary manifestations of pneumocystis carinii infection and fair numbers of extrapulmonary and disseminated infections have lately been documented in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated prophylactically with inhalative pentamidine. we report the case of a 32-year-old homosexual patient who was assessed for complaints of night sweats, weight loss, and progressive malaise. the patient denied any respiratory tract symptoms such as cough, sputum production, pleur ...	1993	8471817
chronic pentamidine aerosol prophylaxis does not induce qt prolongation.	intravenous administration of pentamidine is known to cause long-qt syndrome (torsade de pointes tachycardias and large qt prolongation) in rare cases and to cause small qt prolongation regularly. a similar pattern is seen with other drugs known to cause a long-qt syndrome. pentamidine aerosol prophylaxis is commonly used to prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected persons. the goal of this study was to clarify whether pentamidine aerosol prophylaxis induces qt prolongation. we exa ...	1993	8471819
outcome of adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in auckland 1983-9.	to assess the survival of auckland residents diagnosed with aids between 1983 and 1989.	1993	8474724
pneumothorax in aids patients: operative management.	acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is a devastating disease. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a major clinical manifestation of aids. a 2-year experience with eight operations for pcp-associated pneumothorax in seven aids patients was reviewed. initial treatment was tube thoracostomy in all cases. operation was performed because of inability to expand the lung and/or persistent air-leak. time from insertion of the initial chest tube to operation was 9-66 days (mean, 33 days). pulmo ...	1993	8476161
pathogenesis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8476628
alveolar macrophage release of tumor necrosis factor during murine pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine produced principally by mononuclear cells, is released in response to a variety of pulmonary pathogens. we hypothesized that release of tnf in the lung is a normal part of the host response to intratracheal challenge with pneumocystis carinii. to test this hypothesis, we measured tnf in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) in normal and cd4-depleted mice at various intervals in acute and chronically infected animals. to assess th ...	1993	8476631
the role of aerosol pentamidine prophylaxis.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most frequent opportunistic infection in patients with aids, occurring in 80% and recurring in 50% of patients within 12 months of the first episode. prophylaxis for pcp is recommended if the cd4+ cell count is < 200 x 10(6)/l or 20% of the total lymphocyte count, or after an episode of pcp. the most effective prophylactic agent currently is trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and should be the drug of choice but alternatives such as aerosol pentamidine are ...	1993	8476968
role of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of infectious diseases.	the role of glucocorticosteroids in the management of infectious diseases in man remains controversial, although experimental data obtained both in in vitro systems and in experimental infections in animals provide evidence of a beneficial effect of such treatment. their use in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumoniae and severe typhoid fever seems indicated. a beneficial effect on the treatment of bacterial meningitis needs to be confirmed. sufficient data are now available that argue a ...	1993	8477768
single and combined humoral and cell-mediated immunotherapy of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunodeficient scid mice.	homozygous mutant scid/scid (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice (referred to as scid mice) lack both specific humoral and cell-mediated immune functions and are exemplary in vivo models for analysis of host-parasite relationships. in our colony, scid mice routinely and predictably develop spontaneous pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) with high morbidity. previous studies have identified both t cells (specifically, cd4+ cells) and antibody as independent mechanisms of effective anti-p. car ...	1993	8478052
[levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase and its isozymes with relation to clinical features of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients].	the clinical courses of 9 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) complicated by pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) were followed to investigate the clinical significance of the measurement of various parameters such as serum lactate dehydrogenase (ldh). the mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 20 days, and the median duration of therapy was 29.5 days. serum ldh activity increased in 8 of 9 cases. the isozyme pattern in all cases was characterized by high ldh3 values ...	1993	8479080
pulmonary complications of orthotopic liver transplantation.	we retrospectively reviewed the pulmonary complications and associated morbidity and mortality of 44 consecutive patients who underwent 52 orthotopic liver transplantations (olts) at the mayo clinic during 1987. all survivors participated in follow-up for 1 year after olt. of the five deaths in the study group, three were associated with pulmonary infections. on postoperative chest roentgenograms, 24 cases of pulmonary infiltrates were noted; 12 were caused by infections. ten opportunistic pulmo ...	1993	8479205
dapsone-pyrimethamine compared with aerosolized pentamidine as primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in hiv infection. the prio study group.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis are frequent life-threatening opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. primary prophylaxis against p. carinii pneumonia is now common, but there are few data on regimens for primary prophylaxis against toxoplasmosis.	1993	8479488
comparison of atovaquone (566c80) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to treat pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids.	both trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine are effective as treatments for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, but adverse effects frequently limit their use. atovaquone (566c80) is a new hydroxynaphthoquinone with activity against p. carinii.	1993	8479489
pleural effusions in hospitalized patients with aids.	to determine the incidence, cause, and characteristics of pleural effusions in hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).	1993	8480960
pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection in a low seroprevalence area.	although increasing information is available regarding human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections of children in high seroprevalence areas, few data are available describing trends in low seroprevalence populations. in san diego county approximately 1 in 1450 live births are to women infected with hiv as identified by nonlinked heel stick testing. seventy-seven hiv-infected children were identified and followed in our clinics during the period 1983 to 1991, of whom 32 (42%) were infected peri ...	1993	8483625
differential lobe lavage for diagnosis of acute pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients receiving prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine therapy.	the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus has been reported to be 95 percent, but falls to 62 percent in patients receiving aerosolized pentamidine. because aerosolized pentamidine appears to be preferentially deposited in the middle and lower lobes, we postulated that an upper lobe lavage would have a higher diagnostic yield than the standard middle/lower lobe lavage in patients receiving ...	1993	8486037
geographic variation in the humoral response to pneumocystis carinii.	the reported incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia varies in different areas of the world, but little is known about geographic variation in the antibody response to specific antigens. the frequency of anti-p. carinii antibodies in the serum of normal and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals from five different regions was compared. serum specimens from 948 subjects were assayed for igg antibodies to human-derived p. carinii by western blot. the overall prevalence of ant ...	1993	8486964
pneumocystis carinii and helminth parasitism in shrews sorex araneus and sorex caecutiens.	the prevalence of pneumocystis carinii was compared in two species of shrews, sorex araneus and sorex caecutiens in finnish lapland. the overall prevalence of p. carinii in s. araneus was 70% and in s. caecutiens was 17%. the prevalence for s. araneus is the highest reported for wild animals. the interspecific differences in prevalence were significant for all sex and age groups except for adult males. based on multiway contingency tables (log-linear models), there was no dependence between sex ...	1993	8487377
lack of effect of prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine on the detection of pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens.	two independent studies were undertaken to determine the effect of prophylactic treatment with aerosolized pentamidine on the laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals at risk for or with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the first study was a retrospective analysis to determine the effect of prophylactic treatment with aerosolized pentamidine on the diagnostic yield and sensitivity of detection of p carinii in induced sputum specimens. the results of examinatio ...	1993	8489338
anergic disseminated toxoplasmosis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	cerebral toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of focal brain disease in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. a 24-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-infected woman with two previous episodes of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presented with diarrhea and fever. despite antibiotic treatment, septic shock developed, and she died 3 weeks after the symptoms began. histologic and histochemical studies revealed an anergic toxoplasmosis with dissemination in all examined organs. the ...	1993	8489347
atovaquone to be marketed as oral therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8491073
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-like illness associated with systemic mycoplasma fermentans infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative homosexual man.	a 35-year-old homosexual man developed a composite nodal kaposi's sarcoma and peripheral t-cell lymphoma that were associated with a peripheral blood cd4-positive lymphocyte count of only 43/mm3. the patient subsequently developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis and eventually died due to disseminated cryptococcus neoformans. numerous premortem tests for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 were negative by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, viral i ...	1993	8491493
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in heart transplant recipients.	seven cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) (two in 1988, three in 1989, one in 1990 and one in 1991) have been observed in a group of 241 heart transplant recipients transplanted in pavia, italy, from november 1985 through december 1991. median time to onset of symptoms was 100 days after transplantation (range 59-333 days). diagnosis was achieved in all patients by cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid and/or transbronchial biopsy. clinical and roentgenographic ...	1993	8491524
[extrapulmonary and disseminated pneumocystosis in hiv infection].	three cases of extrapulmonary disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection are reported. all 3 patients had hiv infection with less than 50 cd4 lymphocytes per cubic millimeter and were having aerosols of pentamidine as prophylactic treatment of pneumocystosis. p. carinii may invade numerous organs and in particular the liver, spleen and bone marrow. extrapulmonary lesions, often pan-symptomatic, are to be feared in deeply immunodepressed patients receiving prophylactic aerosols of pentamidine. i ...	1993	8493227
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a term newborn infant with a transiently depressed t lymphocyte count, primarily of cells carrying the cd4 antigen.	a term infant without infection by human immunodeficiency virus had pneumocystis pneumonia at 17 days of life. initial counts of t lymphocytes carrying the cd4 antigen were approximately 50% of the lower limits of normal; later the counts of t lymphocytes carrying the cd3 and cd8 antigens decreased as well. by 7 weeks after resolution of the pneumonia, cd3+, cd4+ and cd8+ cell counts had returned to normal. these observations suggest that a primary transient deficiency of t cell production or ma ...	1993	8496763
differences between men and women with hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: experience from 3,070 cases in new york city in 1987.	although women make up the fastest growing group of persons with aids, studies of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons reported to date have included predominantly or exclusively men. we evaluated sex differences in sociodemographic characteristics, hospital characteristics, in-hospital resource use, and short-term mortality rates for 2,526 men and 544 women admitted for their first-episode of hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in new york city in 1987. compared with ...	1993	8496791
pediatric hiv infection in its second decade--the changing pattern of lung involvement. clinical, plain film, and computed tomographic findings.	the changing pattern of pediatric hiv infection is illustrated in this article with plain films and computed tomographic scans. today, vertical transmission from infected mothers results in hiv infection of exposed infants in about one third of pregnancies. although the high mortality with catastrophic illnesses such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia seen in early life appears to be decreasing, chronic illness with pulmonary involvement due to diffuse lymphocytic infiltrative syndromes continues ...	1993	8497584
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with weekly methotrexate: cumulative dose of methotrexate and low cd4 cell count may predict this complication.		1993	8497686
changing patterns of respiratory disease in hiv positive patients in a referral centre in the united kingdom between 1986-7 and 1990-1.	respiratory illness is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). it has been suggested that pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is no longer the most frequent cause of respiratory disease in this group because of widespread use of prophylaxis and anti-retroviral drugs.	1993	8497816
lung deposition of nebulised pentamidine in children.	nebulised pentamidine is effective for preventing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the nebuliser dose required to produce equivalent lung concentrations of pentamidine in children is unknown. this study was performed to measure pulmonary pentamidine deposition in children and to relate this to age, ventilation pattern, and body size.	1993	8497819
tumefactive pneumocystis carinii infection in aids: report of three cases.		1993	8498213
antibody response to a major human pneumocystis carinii surface antigen in patients without evidence of immunosuppression and in patients with suspected atypical pneumonia.	igg and igm antibodies to a purified human pneumocystis carinii surface antigen (gp95) were measured in 694 serum specimens from two different population groups using an eia technique. in a population of 441 patients with no evidence of immunosuppression, the percentage of persons positive for igg antibodies to gp95 was significantly lower in the age group 1 to 9 years (30%, 23/77) compared to persons 10 to 19 years old (56%, 49/88). in the age group 1 to 14 years there was a significant correla ...	1993	8500476
hiv infection in older patients: when to suspect the unexpected.	the number of aids patients over age 60 has risen steadily in the past decade. the number of transfusion-acquired aids cases probably has peaked--or will soon peak. homosexual (or bisexual) behavior remains the predominant risk factor for aids until the seventh decade. disease progression appears to be more rapid in the elderly, although the observed shorter survival time may result from a delay in diagnosis. symptoms of hiv infection are often nonspecific, such as fatigue, anorexia, weight loss ...	1993	8500775
evidence for two genetic variants of pneumocystis carinii coinfecting laboratory rats.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is an oftentimes fatal infection for hosts in an immunocompromised state. the disease occurs in a wide variety of mammals, but the etiologic agent of this disease has been referred to as p. carinii regardless of the host species. however, even within a single host species, such as laboratory rats, distinct varieties of p. carinii have been identified from differences in the electrophoretic migration of chromosomes in agarose gels. here we present evidence indicatin ...	1993	8501222
clofazimine as prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in aids.	a randomized, prospective, open-label, treatment versus no treatment community-based clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of clofazimine as prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease. subjects were 110 patients with a first episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 2-4 months before enrollment or cd4 lymphocyte counts < or = 100/mm3; they were randomized to receive 50 mg of clofa ...	1993	8501340
an improved method for the prolonged maintenance of pneumocystis carinii in vitro.	a culture system for rat-derived pneumocystis carinii was developed that allows the long-term maintenance of viable organisms in vitro. organisms were derived from the lungs of immunosuppressed rats infected with p. carinii. p. carinii was maintained in culture with human embryonal lung (hel) fibroblasts and eagle mem for up to 42 days. passage of organisms was done by reinoculation of infected hel cells with attached p. carinii onto a fresh monolayer of confluent cells. rats pretreated with tri ...	1993	8501343
the completeness of aids case reporting in new york city.	objective--to assess the completeness of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) case reporting in new york city (nyc), and to determine whether the completeness of reporting differs in various populations. design--retrospective record review of hospital laboratory logs, death certificates, hospital discharge records, and patient registries at private physicians' offices and hospital outpatient clinics. setting--public and private hospitals, and private physicians' offices in nyc. patients--ad ...	1993	8501841
elevated ldh and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8503342
cost effectiveness of noninvasive oxygen saturation measurement during exercise for the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	we assessed (1) the sensitivity and specificity of exercise oxygen saturation measurement (eos) for the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp); and (2) the cost of introducing this indirect diagnostic test compared with that of standard diagnostic strategies for pcp. in a prospective study, 85 hiv-infected patients with suspected pcp underwent eos, followed by induced sputum (is) and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) if is was negative for p. carinii. the prevalence of pcp was 0.22, the se ...	1993	8503546
pentamidine aerosol for prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after bmt.	following bmt there is a 5-15% risk of interstitial pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii (pcp). cotrimoxazole is therefore administered prophylactically, but may cause myelodepression, allergic reactions and nephrotoxicity. as pcp prophylaxis with pentamidine aerosol is effective in patients with aids, we conducted a prospective trial with regular inhalations of pentamidine. the aim of this study was to evaluate toxicity, safety, practicability and possible resorption of aerosolized pentamid ...	1993	8504275
pharmacokinetic optimisation in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	several drugs and drug combinations are currently used in the treatment of patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp)--pentamidine and cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxazole), which are indicated for this usage, dapsone/trimethoprim and clindamycin/primaquine, which are not licensed for pcp, and trimetrexate/calcium folinate (leucovorin), eflornithine and bw-566c (566 c80) as investigational drugs. for most of these agents, recommendations regarding the use of pharmacokinetic ...	1993	8504623
diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a population of hiv-positive drug users, with particular reference to sputum induction and fluorescent antibody techniques.	between june 1990 and may 1991, 200 sputum inductions were examined by a fluorescent antibody test (fat) for pneumocystis carinii (pc). a total of 164 specimens were negative, 36 were positive and a further 20 inductions were unsuccessful. all patients with a positive result, seven of whom had normal chest x-rays and blood gas analyses, were treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) with symptomatic response. two additional patients were diagnosed as pcp during the study period. no patien ...	1993	8505560
variation and in vitro splicing of group i introns in rrna genes of pneumocystis carinii.	the sequences of the rrna genes of pneumocystis carinii from rat and human sources demonstrate three distinct genotypes based on the group i introns present in these genes. one rat isolate (pc1) contains such introns in its 16s and 26s rrna genes, while another rat isolate (pc2) and a human isolate (pc3) only contain an intron in the 26s rrna gene. the four introns all catalyze their own excision from rna transcripts, and this reaction is inhibited by the anti-pneumocystis drug pentamidine and i ...	1993	8506137
thrice-weekly cotrimoxazole is better than weekly dapsone-pyrimethamine for the primary prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients.	to compare the efficacy and safety of two intermittent regimens for the simultaneous primary prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and toxoplasmosis in hiv-infected patients.	1993	8507417
glycosylation of the major human pneumocystis carinii surface antigen.	it has recently been shown that the major rat p. carinii surface antigen is important for initial host-organism attachment, possibly through binding to fibronectin, mannose-binding protein, or surfactant protein a. since a carbohydrate/lectin interaction may be involved in adhesion, we undertook this study to characterize the glycosylation of the major human p. carinii surface glycoprotein (gp95). we have used purified gp95 as a source of antigen, and in lectin binding and deglycosylation studie ...	1993	8507456
systemic pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis with dapsone and pyrimethamine fails to protect against extrapulmonary pneumocystosis.	extrapulmonary pneumocystosis is a feature of severe immunosuppression which earlier reports have suggested is limited to patients receiving either no prophylaxis or aerosolised pentamidine. we report a case of disseminated pneumocystosis which developed in an hiv positive homosexual man despite systemic primary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis.	1993	8509094
variability of reporting and lack of adherence to consensus guidelines in human t-lymphocyte immunophenotyping reports: results of a case series.	percentages and absolute counts of cd4+ lymphocytes, as determined by t-lymphocyte immunophenotyping (tli), are prognostic, as well as diagnostic, of the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections and are important indicators for initiating pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy. in december 1990, we requested that a nonrandom sample of 17 laboratories provide us with typical reports of their tli results from an immunodeficient patient and from a pati ...	1993	8509982
diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: specificity and sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction in comparison with immunofluorescence in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens.	dna amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a promising method for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in immunosuppressed patients. the sensitivity and specificity of the pcr technique has been assessed in comparison with the immunofluorescence method (if) on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf). results correlated in 43 (78.8%) of 52 cases studied. p. carinii pcr gave positive results with balf from all 32 patients found to have p. carinii pneumonia (pcp); if gave positive res ...	1993	8510138
unrecognized coccidioidomycosis complicating pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and treated with corticosteroids. a report of two cases.	coccidioidomycosis is becoming increasingly recognized as an opportunistic infection among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. we treated two cases of concomitant coccidioidomycosis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. in each case, the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis was delayed despite appropriate examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. both patients were treated with antimicrobial therapy directed against p carinii and given adjuvant corticosteroid therapy. in both ca ...	1993	8512440
predictive value of bronchoalveolar lavage in excluding a diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine.	we assessed the negative predictive value of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) during prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine. on the basis of the assumption that undiagnosed and untreated pcp would progress and become clinically apparent, for 3 months we prospectively followed 34 consecutive cases in which bal had not detected pcp. all patients were immunodeficient, had a symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection, and were evaluated for possible pcp ...	1993	8513058
[pleural effusions, a rare manifestation of infection from pneumocystis carinii].		1993	8513093
human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnancy.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in women is an increasing problem. world wide, at least 25% of all infections occur in adolescent or adult women, most of whom are of child-bearing age. the commonest modes of acquisition of hiv infection are sexual contact with an hiv-infected male and sharing needles during injecting drug use. vertical transmission is the major route of hiv infection in infants and children and can occur in utero, intrapartum, through exposure to infected blood or s ...	1993	8513646
isolated cranial granuloma induced by pneumocystis carinii.		1993	8514284
pneumocystis carinii is not universally transmissible between mammalian species.	in a series of five experiments, we attempted to transmit pneumocystis carinii from ferrets to scid mice by intratracheal inoculation. using highly specific and sensitive assay techniques, we could not document infection of scid mice by p. carinii isolated from ferrets. in contrast, under identical inoculation conditions, p. carinii was easily transmissible from one scid mouse to another. these results indicate that p. carinii organisms, at least those isolated from ferrets, have a restricted ho ...	1993	8514391
further evidence of host species-specific variation in antigens of pneumocystis carinii using the polymerase chain reaction.	to further elucidate the extent of variation among pneumocystis carinii obtained from different mammalian hosts, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis of the genes encoding two antigens of p. carinii was done. using primers based on the ferret p. carinii glycoprotein (gp)a gene and the rat p. carinii 45- to 55-kda antigen gene, amplification was attempted with dna isolated from p. carinii-infected ferret, rat, mouse, and human lungs. for both genes, amplification was successful only with p. c ...	1993	8515107
gender differences in reported aids-indicative diagnoses.	to compare aids-defining conditions in women and men, us adult aids cases diagnosed between january 1988 and june 1991 and reported to the centers for disease control and prevention through june 1992 were examined. for most aids-defining conditions, the prevalence was similar for women and men when differences in race/ethnicity and mode of transmission were accounted for. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was the most prevalent condition (> 50%) regardless of gender, race/ethnicity, or mode of tran ...	1993	8515133
[anesthetic considerations in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection].	in the last few years many articles have been published on aids, the mechanism of transmission, prophylaxis and therapeutic possibilities; however, very few publications are available related with anesthesia of patients infected with hiv or aids. the authors have therefore undertaken this review in which following a brief description of the etiology, pathogenesis, physiopathology and treatment of the disease, the problems of anesthesia are specifically dealt with. the need for knowing the differ ...	1993	8516524
characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in brazil.	the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) were studied in a tropical area of brazil. during an 18-month period (july 1989-january 1991), 111 consecutive aids patients (102 men and nine women) were evaluated. patients reported homosexual/bisexual activities (60%), intravenous drug use (19%), or both (6%), heterosexual activities (11%), blood transfusions (2%), and 2% belonged to an undetermined category. weight loss, fever, oral thrush, and di ...	1993	8517487
the hiv quality audit marker (hiv-qam): an outcome measure for hospitalized aids patients.	the development and validation of the hiv-quality audit marker (hiv-qam), an instrument designed to measure changes in the status of hospitalized aids patients due to nursing care, is reported. the hiv-qam is designed to capture the nurse data-collector's judgment of the status of the patient based upon observations, interviews, record reviews, and listening to inter-shift report. the final version of the 10 item hiv-qam includes three scales, self-care (six items; cronbach's alpha = 0.89), ambu ...	1993	8518770
the changing epidemiology of infections at cancer hospitals.	intensive chemotherapy regimens, widespread prophylactic and therapeutic administration of antibiotics, reliance on intravascular catheters, increased use of immunomodulators, and increased outpatient management have altered the epidemiology of infections in patients with neoplastic disease. at many centers, bacteremias due to gram-positive organisms have replaced bacteremias due to gram-negative organisms as the most frequent infections in patients with cancer. isolation of gram-negative bacill ...	1993	8274595
prevention of infections in patients with t cell defects.	although no specific infection is limited entirely to hosts with t-lymphocyte defects, certain microbial organisms have an affinity for such individuals. effective, safe, and feasible methods are available for the prevention of two of the major life-threatening infections in patients with t-lymphocyte defects, although none of these methods is ideal. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administered orally daily or thrice weekly is highly effective for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. ...	1993	8274602
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without aids.	in the 1980s, tens of thousands of cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) occurred in persons with aids, making it the most common opportunistic infection encountered in this patient population. thus, the presentation and clinical course of pcp became well-known to many physicians. overshadowed by this epidemic was the continued occurrence of pcp in persons not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, most notably those receiving immunosuppressive therapy for neoplastic disease or ...	1993	8274607
human isosporiasis in an aids patient--report of first case in malaysia.	an aids patient with multiple opportunistic infections (candida, pneumocystis carinii and isospora belli) was identified at the university hospital, kuala lumpur. the patient presented with profuse diarrhoea associated with lethargy, anorexia and weight loss. routine stool examination showed isospora belli oocysts. the infection responded to treatment with trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole but relapse occurred 8 weeks later. this represents the first documented case of isosporiasis to occur in an a ...	1993	8183153
the identity of pneumocystis carinii: not a single protozoan, but a diverse group of exotic fungi.	pneumocystosis is an aids-associated pneumonia that is characterized by the accumulation of very large numbers of a eucaryotic single-celled organism called pneumocystis carinii, which has not been cultured. pneumocystosis also occurs in many other mammalian species, and the rubric p. carinii is currently used to refer to organisms associated with this disease in all host species. this article reviews molecular genetic data establishing that p. carinii is a fungus, that p. carinii in people is n ...	1993	8173783
dna amplification by the polymerase chain reaction to detect sub-clinical pneumocystis carinii colonization in hiv-positive and hiv-negative male homosexuals with and without respiratory symptoms.	pneumocystis carinii colonization was studied in 90 men using the polymerase chain reaction. these comprised ten heterosexual controls; ten hiv-seronegative homosexual controls; 20 hiv-seropositive homosexuals with blood cd4 count > 400 x 10(6) l-1; 20 hiv-seropositive homosexuals with cd4 < 400 x 10(6) l-1; ten hiv-seropositive homosexuals with cd4 < 60 x 10(6) l-1 receiving pcp chemoprophylaxis; and 20 hiv-seropositive homosexuals with respiratory symptoms but without pcp. induced sputum was o ...	1993	8265840
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an hiv-negative, 8-month-old infant.		1993	8267243
pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate glucuronate in infants with aids and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1993	8267286
pneumocystis carinii: recent advances in basic biology and their clinical application.		1993	8267902
frequency of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients undergoing sputum induction for diagnosis of suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to determine the frequency of pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) in patients with suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp).	1993	8267908
[a case of cytomegalovirus pneumonia and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with lung cancer--diagnosis by the polymerase chain reaction].	a 64-year-old male was admitted to oita medical university hospital because of primary lung cancer. after the anticancer chemotherapy, the patient developed a high fever. his chest x-ray showed diffuse reticular shadows bilaterally, which were considered to be a drug induced pneumonia, then pulse therapy with corticosteroid was performed. with this treatment, the diffuse reticular shadows disappeared. one month later, however, a severe interstitial pneumonia developed, and the patient died of re ...	1993	8270803
simple and rapid two-step polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii infection.	two amplification steps were made to detect pneumocystis carinii dna by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). paz102-e and paz102-h (standard pcr), paz102-l2 (sense), and paz102-e (antisense) (two-step pcr) were used as primers. the amplification products were analyzed by ethidium bromide. after the two-step pcr, ethidium bromide detected all samples positive by oligohybridization after one amplification step. our two-step pcr is a rapid, cost-effective, and clinically suitable method for the detecti ...	1993	8253985
regulation of surfactant phosphatidylcholine secretion from alveolar type ii cells during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the rat.	we used an immunosuppressed rat model to test the hypothesis that normal mechanisms regulating surfactant phosphatidylcholine synthesis and secretion in alveolar type ii cells are aberrant in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. animal groups included: group 1, healthy controls; group 2, immunosuppressed, without pneumocystosis; group 3, immunosuppressed with pneumocystosis; group 4, immunosuppressed with well-established pneumocystosis treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). type ii ce ...	1993	8254031
rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by using the capillary polymerase chain reaction.	we attempted to detect cytomegalovirus dna (cmv-dna) and pneumocystis carinii dna (p. carinii-dna) in sputum samples of 18 hematological neoplasm patients with pneumonia, using rapid cycle dna amplification. a thermal cycler based on recirculating hot air was used for rapid temperature control of 10-microliters samples in this glass capillary tubes. after a total amplification time of 15 min, the amplified products were electrophoresed on agarose gels and visualized with ethidium bromide. in thr ...	1993	8254213
[an animal model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and therapeutic efficacy of interferon-gamma in this model].	to evaluate the efficacy of drugs for treatment, we tried to make an animal model of pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) pneumonia. specific pathogen free (spf) rats immunosuppressed with corticosteroid were intratracheally inoculated with p. carinii. six weeks after the inoculation, the lung sections of infected rat lung showed increased numbers of p. carinii in the alveoli and thickening of alveolar septa with mononuclear cell infiltration. from 7 to 9 weeks after inoculation, the intensity of i ...	1993	8254217
improved outcomes in intensive care units for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: 1987-1991.	respiratory failure due to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common complication requiring an intensive care unit (icu) for persons with aids. in this study, we evaluated patterns of icu use for icu patients with first-episode pcp in 15 veterans administration medical centers from 1987 to 1991. twelve percent of all patients with pcp received care in the icu. the survival rates improved steadily during these years. although there was little variation in the relative frequency of i ...	1993	8254469
[cytomegalovirus antigenemia in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation].	for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates after bone marrow transplantation, cytomegalovirus (cmv) antigenemia was evaluated in 9 episodes of pneumonia which developed in 7 allogeneic marrow transplant patients between 9 and 495 days after transplant. the diagnosis of lung infiltration was made based on clinical findings including histological, cytological or microbiological examinations using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens, sputum or lung tissue. the cmv antigen-positive l ...	1993	8254905
[clinicopathological study of 10 cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	a retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic factors in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). from 1976 through 1991, a total of 10 pcp cases were pathologically diagnosed of our hospital. all patients were immunocompromised hosts treated with corticosteroids and/or cytotoxic drugs for their underlying diseases of malignancy in 6 and autoimmune disease in 4. the frequent symptoms in the early stage of pcp were fever in 9 and dry cough in 4 patients. the chest x-ra ...	1993	8255015
histologically atypical pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	infection with pneumocystis carinii typically results in a pneumonia which histologically is seen to consist of an eosinophilic foamy alveolar exudate associated with a mild plasma cell interstitial infiltrate. special stains show that cysts of p carinii lie within the alveolar exudate. atypical histological appearances may occasionally be seen, including a granulomatous pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage. in these patients the clinical presentation may be atypical and results of investigatio ...	1993	8256247
respiratory illness in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. the pulmonary complications of hiv infection study group.	although the pulmonary complications of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection have been well described, there is little information on respiratory manifestations of earlier disease. this report describes the respiratory disorders diagnosed over an 18-month period in a cohort of persons with or at risk for hiv infection with variable immunologic status. cohort members were followed routinely and evaluated for respiratory disease by standard diagnostic algorithms. the 18-month inci ...	1993	8256894
serum type iii procollagen peptide in patients with pneumocystis carinii infection. the copenhagen-amsterdam pcp-prednisolone study group.	inflammation may play a central role in the pathogenesis of hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). serum levels of the amino-terminal propeptide of type iii procollagen (piiinp) reflect inflammatory activity in granulation tissue and in chronic rheumatic and liver disorders. to investigate changes in piiinp serum levels during an episode of hiv-related pcp, consecutive serum samples were taken from 48 hiv-infected patients with pcp in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effe ...	1993	8256900
upper and middle lobe bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains the most common lethal opportunistic pulmonary infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). although the use of prophylactic inhaled pentamidine has effectively reduced the frequency of primary and recurrent episodes of pcp, the aerosolization of pentamidine may have altered the localization of active pcp, resulting in more upper lobe disease. the distribution of disease may have also affected the diagnostic accuracy of ...	1993	8256901
8-aminoquinolines effective against pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in vivo.	the activities of 25 8-aminoquinolines were compared in tests assessing the ability of the compounds to inhibit the growth of pneumocystis carinii in culture. six compounds were effective at or below 0.03 microm: cdri 80/53, nsc19894, nsc305805, nsc305812, wr182234, and primaquine. four others were effective at between 0.2 and 0.03 microm: nsc305835, wr225448, wr238605, and wr242511. fourteen drugs were also tested in a standard model of p. carinii pneumonia in rats at daily doses of 2 mg/kg of ...	1993	8257140
evidence for human immunodeficiency virus infection of the lung.	pulmonary disease is a frequent manifestation in the terminal stages of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), and is caused mainly by a number of opportunistic microorganisms, most commonly pneumocystis carinii. despite the extensive involvement of the lung in the pathogenesis of aids, until recently little was known about the role of human immunodeficiency (hiv). in this review we will discuss the cellular tropism and phenotypic characterisation of hiv strains isolated from the lung. the ...	1993	8257979
spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus: study of eight cases.	to evaluate the risk factors and the natural history of spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection (hiv).	1993	8258000
[adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in aids patients].	the aim of the present was to evaluate the incidence of side effects to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in 32 patients with aids and pneumonia by pneumocystis carinii.	1993	8260515
molecular and cell biology of opportunistic infections in aids. pneumocystis carinii.		1993	8261173
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv infected patients: effects of the diseases on glutathione and glutathione disulfide.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is associated with altered levels of glutathione (gsh) in cells and extracellular fluids. gsh is essential for lymphocyte proliferation and inhibits hiv replication. therefore, determination of gsh and glutathione disulfide (gssg) levels could be useful as indicators of the progression of the disease. thyroid hormone levels are altered in acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (aids), such that thyroid hormone might be a useful prognostic indicator of th ...	1993	8182348
[endoscopic monitoring in lung transplantation. transplantation group of the maggiore policlinico hospital of milan].	during the period march 1991-june 1992 5 single lung transplantations were successfully performed at the ospedale maggiore policlinico in milan. all patients underwent regular fibrobronchoscopies within the context of a complex follow-up programme in order to monitor the resolution of the bronchial anastomosis and identify the onset of intercurrent lung infections and rejections using bronchioalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsies (tbb). forty-four fibrobronchoscopies were performed o ...	1993	8177440
oropharyngeal samples for detection of pneumocystis carinii by dna amplification.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a major complication of t-lymphocyte immune deficiency. restriction of the disease to the alveolar spaces and failure to culture r. carinii has hindered simple diagnostic methods. we have developed a specific dna amplification method for p. carinii and shown diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exceeding 95% for pneumocystis pneumonia when applied to bronchoscopic lavage and hypertonic saline induced sputum. we here report application of dna amplification to s ...	1993	8171187
fatal spontaneous pneumocystosis in nude rats.	spontaneously generated fatal pneumocystosis was found in a congenitally athymic nude (rnu/rnu) rat colony. severe pulmonary pneumocystosis was seen in rnu/rnu rats, and 10(7) to 10(8) cysts per lung were detected. no histologic changes were seen nor were pneumocystis carinii organisms detected in heterozygous rnu/+ rats. indirect immunofluorescence revealed strong reactivity in the sera from rnu/+ rats with rat-p. carinii cysts (originated from wistar strain), compared with mouse- or human p. c ...	1993	8158979
[epidemic of pneumocystis carinii infection in infants].	epidemic intra-ward infection caused by pneumocystis carinii was described. 18 infants and small children were ill from among 21 treated in the infants ward. the diagnosis was given on the grounds of cytologic examination of bronchial excretion from subglottic region.	1993	8148763
[surgical treatment of pneumothorax in aids patients].	a retrospective review of the charts of 26 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) treated at the hotel-dieu de montréal was performed. patients presented a total of 37 pneumothoraces. eleven cases were recurrent. bilateral pneumothoraces were documented in three patients, most of them (17) were severe (> 75%). pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was the most frequently associated pathology. the initial treatment consisted in chest tube drainage. a definitive treatment was indicat ...	1993	8141550
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia simulating lung tuberculosis].		1993	8136437
granulomatous response to pneumocystis carinii in patients infected with hiv.	pneumocystis carinii is the most frequent manifestation of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. typical histologic findings include foamy, acellular eosinophilic intra-alveolar exudate in which the cysts of the organisms are readily demonstrated with silver stains. granuloma formation is rare. only nine such cases have been described in the english literature. we reviewed 400 transbronchial biopsies done in patients suspected of having pneumocystis pneumonia at our institution between the pe ...	1993	8134716
atovaquone: a review.	to review the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of atovaquone.	1993	8305784
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected infants and children.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common opportunistic infection in adults and children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). without prophylaxis, half of all these children will develop pcp at sometime during their illness. the disease is associated with high mortality and a poor prognosis for long-term survival in this patient population. in infants and young children, pcp may be a primary infection, compared with reactivation of a latent infection that is usuall ...	1993	8302691
nude rats as a model of natural pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: sequential morphological study of lung lesions.	a spontaneous infection with pneumocystis carinii (p.c.) caused enzootic fatal pneumonia in a long-term experiment with athymic rowett nude (han:rnu rnu/rnu) and new zealand nude (han:nznu rnun/rnun) rats. in order to reproduce the infection and to characterize the early pathogenesis of lung lesions, 13 young athymic han:rnu and han:nznu rats from p.c.-free breeding colonies were housed together in one room with chronically p.c.-infected rats. they were killed after 8, 12, 16, 20 or 24 weeks, an ...	1993	8300911
studies on analogues of classical antifolates bearing the naphthoyl group in place of benzoyl in the side chain.	analogues of classical antifolates with the 4-aminobenzoyl group replaced by 4-amino-1-naphthoyl were synthesized for study after molecular modeling indicated ample spatial accommodation for the naphthalene ring and even larger groups in models based on reported x-ray crystallographic data describing the binding of methotrexate to human dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). the side-chain precursors, n-(4-amino- and 4-(methylamino)-1-naphthoyl)-l-glutamic acid diethyl esters, were synthesized, and the ...	1993	8277497