Publications

acute otitis media: bacteriology and bacterial resistance in 205 pediatric patients.	acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most frequent diagnoses in children below the age of 2 years. treatment is usually based on information included in the literature concerning bacteriology. the purpose of this work was to define the most frequent germs in the etiology of aom within our community, in order to optimize therapeutics for this pathology. cultures in middle ear secretions obtained through tympanocentesis were performed to this end, ensuring careful sample taking and processing. t ...	2000	11074112
structure and sequence analysis of yersinia yada and moraxella uspas reveal a novel class of adhesins.	the non-fimbrial adhesins, yada of enteropathogenic yersinia species, and uspa1 and uspa2 of moraxella catarrhalis, are established pathogenicity factors. in electron micrographs, both surface proteins appear as distinct 'lollipop'-shaped structures forming a novel type of surface projection on the outer membranes. these structures, amino acid sequence analysis of these molecules and yada gene manipulation suggest a tripartite organization: an n-terminal oval head domain is followed by a putativ ...	2000	11080146
bacteriology in disease: failure of a micro-ecological balance?	both aerobic (mainly alpha-haemolytic streptococci) and anaerobic micro-organisms (like prevotella and peptostreptococcus species) are able to interfere with the growth of potential pathogens such as group a beta-haemolytic streptococci, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. the present paper reviews the application of this concept of interference with respect to the development of common acute ear-, nose- and throat infections.	2000	11082778
in vitro and in vivo activities of lb 10827, a new oral cephalosporin, against respiratory pathogens.	the in vitro antibacterial activities of lb 10827, a new oral cephalosporin, against common respiratory tract pathogens were compared with those of six beta-lactams (cefdinir, cefuroxime, cefprozil, penicillin g, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin), two quinolones (trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin), and one macrolide (clarithromycin). the mic of lb 10827 at which 90% of the penicillin-resistant strains of streptococcus pneumoniae tested were inhibited was 0.5 microg/ml, and the drug was 4- t ...	2000	11083626
antibacterial spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, bms-284756.	the in vitro spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, bms-284756, was compared with those of five fluoroquinolones (trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin). bms-284756 was among the most active and often was the most active quinolone against staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), streptococci, pneumococci (including ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible and penicillin-resistant strains), and enterococcus faecalis. bms-284756 inhibited approximately 6 ...	2000	11083639
quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance among gram-positive bacteria in taiwan.	to understand quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance among clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria in taiwan, where this agent is not yet available for clinical use, we evaluated 1,287 nonduplicate isolates recovered from january 1996 to december 1999 for in vitro susceptibility to quinupristin-dalfopristin and other newer antimicrobial agents. all methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa) isolates were susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin. high rates of nonsusceptibility to qui ...	2000	11083643
identification of discrete domains within gonococcal transferrin-binding protein a that are necessary for ligand binding and iron uptake functions.	the availability of free iron in vivo is strictly limited, in part by the iron-binding protein transferrin. the pathogenic neisseria spp. can sequester iron from this protein, dependent upon two iron-repressible, transferrin-binding proteins (tbpa and tbpb). tbpa is a tonb-dependent, integral, outer membrane protein that may form a beta-barrel exposing multiple surface loops, some of which are likely to contain ligand-binding motifs. in this study we propose a topological model of gonococcal tbp ...	2000	11083823
antigenicity, expression, and molecular characterization of surface-located pullulanase of streptococcus pneumoniae.	a putative pullulanase-encoding gene from streptococcus pneumoniae was identified by screening a genomic expression library with human convalescent-phase serum. the 3,864-bp gene encoded a 143-kda protein. surface location and pullulanase activity of the protein, designated spua, was demonstrated. spua was present in all investigated pneumococcal isolates of different serotypes. the spua 5' end was highly conserved among clinical isolates except for a 75-bp region. the properties of spua reporte ...	2000	11083842
bacteriologic efficacies of oral azithromycin and oral cefaclor in treatment of acute otitis media in infants and young children.	a prospective, open-label, randomized study was conducted in order to determine the bacteriologic efficacies of cefaclor and azithromycin in acute otitis media (aom). tympanocentesis was performed on entry into the study and 3 to 4 days after initiation of treatment. bacteriologic failure after 3 to 4 days of treatment with both drugs occurred in a high proportion of culture-positive patients, especially in those in whom aom was caused by haemophilus influenzae (16 of 33 [53%] of those treated w ...	2000	10602721
a p5 peptide that is homologous to peptide 10 of oprf from pseudomonas aeruginosa enhances clearance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae from acutely infected rat lung in the absence of detectable peptide-specific antibody.	nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with otitis media and the exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. this study reports the vaccine potential of three peptides representing conserved regions of the nthi p5 outer membrane protein which have been fused to a promiscuous measles virus f protein t-cell eptitope (mvf). the peptides correspond to a region in surface loop one (mvf/l1a), the central region of loop four (mvf/l4), and a c-terminal region homologou ...	2000	10603411
clinically applicable multiplex pcr for four middle ear pathogens.	the multiplex pcr method for the detection of alloiococcus otitidis, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae (p. h. hendolin, a. markkanen, j. ylikoski, and j. j. wahlfors, j. clin. microbiol. 35:2854-2858, 1997) in middle ear effusions (mees) was modified to be better suited for clinical use. to detect false-negative results, an internal amplification was added to the reaction, and to prevent carryover contamination, the dutp-uracil-n-glycosidase system was i ...	2000	10618075
species-specific pcr as a tool for the identification of burkholderia gladioli.	burkholderia gladioli colonizes the respiratory tracts of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. however, due to the high degree of phenotypic similarity between this species and closely related species in the burkholderia cepacia complex, accurate identification is difficult. incorrect identification of these species may have serious repercussions for the management of patients with cystic fibrosis. to develop an accurate procedure for the identification of b. gladioli ...	2000	10618102
confirmation of psaa in all 90 serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae by pcr and potential of this assay for identification and diagnosis.	the gene encoding the pneumococcal surface adhesin a (psaa) protein, psaa, was confirmed in all streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes by a newly developed pcr (psaa pcr) assay. eighty-nine of the 90 serotypes amplified produced an 838-bp fragment; the exception was a serotype 16f strain acquired from the american type culture collection (atcc). analysis of 20 additional 16f strains from the united states and brazil showed that the gene was amplified in all 16f strains, implying that the serotype 16 ...	2000	10618136
differentiation of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacterial liquid cultures by using peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization probes.	a blinded comparison of peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization (pna-fish) with routine identification methods was performed on 74 consecutively positive mycobacterial liquid cultures. all mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures (48 of 48) and 22 of 27 (81. 5%) nontuberculous cultures were correctly identified (including one mixed culture). five isolates yielded no reaction with either probe and were identified as mycobacterium xenopi, mycobacterium fortuitum, or mycobacterium flaves ...	2000	10618138
molecular characterization of the beta-lactamases from clinical isolates of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis obtained from 24 u.s. medical centers during 1994-1995 and 1997-1998.	the beta-lactamases from 403 moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis clinical isolates obtained during 1994-1995 and 1997-1998 u.s. multicenter surveillance studies were characterized by isoelectric focusing. the overall prevalences of the bro-1 and bro-2 enzymes among beta-lactamase-positive isolates were estimated to be 97.5 and 2.5%, respectively. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of ampicillin for all bro-2-producing isolates were </=1 microg/ml; however, numerous beta-lactamase-posit ...	2000	10639381
in vitro activity of abt-773, a new ketolide, against recent clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis.	the in vitro activity of abt-773 was evaluated against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis isolates. abt-773 was the most active antimicrobial tested against s. pneumoniae. abt-773 and azithromycin were equivalent in activity against h. influenzae and m. catarrhalis and more active than either clarithromycin or erythromycin.	2000	10639382
prevalence of gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare mutations in clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibilities to different fluoroquinolones and originating from worldwide surveillance studies during the 1997-1998 respiratory season.	from 8,419 worldwide clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae obtained during 1997-1998, 69 isolates with reduced susceptibility or resistance to fluoroquinolones (fqs) were molecularly characterized. for the isolates in this prevalence study, only parc (ser-79-->tyr) and gyra (ser-81-->phe or tyr) mutations, especially in combination, were found to contribute significantly to resistance. these mutations influenced the fq mics to varying degrees, although the rank order of activity remains ...	2000	10639387
neisseria meningitidis expressing transferrin binding proteins of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae can utilize porcine transferrin for growth.	homologous recombination was used to generate a number of mutants of serogroup b neisseria meningitidis b16b6 with the following characteristics: (i) an inability to bind human or porcine transferrin because of loss of both transferrin binding proteins (tbp) a and b [strain b16b6(str(r))/tbpa(-)b(-)] and (ii) an ability to bind porcine transferrin but not human transferrin [strain b16b6(str(r))/tbpa(ap)b(ap)] due to replacement of the meningococcal tbp with the tbp of actinobacillus pleuropneumo ...	2000	10639416
epitope mapping of immunogenic and adhesive structures in repetitive domains of mycoplasma bovis variable surface lipoproteins.	the family of variable surface lipoproteins (vsps) of the bovine pathogen mycoplasma bovis includes some of the most immunogenic antigens of this microorganism. vsps were shown to undergo high-frequency phase and size variations and to possess extensive reiterated coding sequences extending from the n-terminal end to the c-terminal end of the vsp molecule. in the present study, mapping experiments were conducted to detect regions with immunogenicity and/or adhesion sites in repetitive domains of ...	2000	10639433
expression and immunogenicity of hemagglutinin a from porphyromonas gingivalis in an avirulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strain.	porphyromonas gingivalis is a major etiologic agent of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that ultimately results in the loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth. previous work has demonstrated the usefulness of avirulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains as antigen delivery systems for protective antigens of pathogens that colonize or cross mucosal surfaces. in this study, we constructed and characterized a recombinant s. enterica serovar typhimurium avirulent vaccin ...	2000	10639440
simple sequence repeats in escherichia coli: abundance, distribution, composition, and polymorphism.	computer-based genome-wide screening of the dna sequence of escherichia coli strain k12 revealed tens of thousands of tandem simple sequence repeat (ssr) tracts, with motifs ranging from 1 to 6 nucleotides. ssrs were well distributed throughout the genome. mononucleotide ssrs were over-represented in noncoding regions and under-represented in open reading frames (orfs). nucleotide composition of mono- and dinucleotide ssrs, both in orfs and in noncoding regions, differed from that of the genomic ...	2000	10645951
interleukin 8 in middle ear fluid during acute otitis media: correlation with aetiology and bacterial eradication.	to study the concentration of interleukin 8 (il-8) in the middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media and the association between il-8 concentrations, aetiology of acute otitis media, and bacteriological sterilisation.	2000	10648376
isolation of moraxella catarrhalis in patients at king khalid university hospital, riyadh.	a retrospective study was carried out to assess the clinical significance of moraxella catarrhalis (m. catarrhalis) isolated from 32 specimens received from patients seen during a 2 year period.	2000	11376364
bacteremic moraxella catarrhalis pneumonia in a patient with immunoglobulin deficiency.	a-75-year old woman with agammaglobulinemia developed moraxella catarrhalis bacteremic pneumonia. m. catarrhalis pneumonia is rarely associated with bacteremia, and neutrophils have been reported as a significant factor in the host defense system against this bacteria. this case suggests that immunoglobulin also plays a key role in the host defense system against m. catarrhalis.	2000	11810533
bacteremic moraxella catarrhalis pneumonia.		2000	11810536
moraxella catarrhalis meningitis: a case report.		2000	11775241
bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of one day vs. three day intramuscular ceftriaxone for treatment of nonresponsive acute otitis media in children.	one dose of intramuscular ceftriaxone has been recently licensed in the united states for the treatment of acute otitis media. however, data regarding the bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of this regimen in the treatment of nonresponsive acute otitis media are incomplete.	2000	11099083
identification and detection of stenotrophomonas maltophilia by rrna-directed pcr.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia has recently emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen in immunocompromised patients, in transplant recipients, and in persons with cystic fibrosis (cf). while this organism is nonpathogenic in healthy individuals, it is increasingly associated with morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations. recent studies have indicated that for approximately 10% of cf patients with moderate lung disease, s. maltophilia can be cultured from respiratory tract secretions. i ...	2000	11101555
antibiotic resistance in community-acquired pulmonary pathogens.	among infectious diseases, pneumonia is still the ;;captain of the men of death.'' etiologic diagnosis is often unreliable; consequently, clinicians must know epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia for optimizing empiric antibiotic therapy. in recent years, all major pulmonary pathogens have become more and more resistant to conventional antibiotics. penicillin-resistant and even multiresistant pneumococci have spread worldwide, but primarily in the united states, some european countries, ...	2000	16088716
the antibiotic treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the critical care unit.	community-acquired pneumonias (cap) are still caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae, or moraxella catarrhalis. legionella and chlamydia pneumoniae have been defined as important atypical pathogens causing cap. klebsiella causes cap primarily in patients with chronic alcoholism or in chronic care facilities. normal hosts do not present with "unusual pathogens'' e.g., staphylococcus aureus or pseudomonas aeruginosa. the clinical severity of a bacterial pneumonia has important p ...	2000	16088719
treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: antibiotic therapy.	acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb) is a condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality. bacterial infections are the most frequent cause of exacerbations. the most common bacterial etiologies include haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumonia. the diagnosis of aecb is often based on the clinical presentation, but microbiological assessment, including gram stain and sputum culture should be done. antibiotic therapy should be used in patien ...	2000	16088723
pd-140248 (parke-davis & co).	pd-140248 is an isomerase inhibitor and topoisomerase ii inhibitor under development by parke-davis and co as a potential treatment for bacterial infection. although no details of active development have been published in the scientific literature since 1996, in september 1999, the company confirmed that pd-140248 is still in active development [338530]. the compound is one of two new pyrrolidinyl naphthyridines (the other compound being pd-131628) with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity ...	2000	16107942
grepafloxacin: an overview of antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety.	the treatment of respiratory tract infection is the most common reason for antibiotic prescribing. however, therapeutic options are diminishing as antibiotic resistance to penicillins and macrolides in key respiratory pathogens is increasing. as resistance increases, there are parallel rises in the number of treatment failures and the total cost of infection management. new generation broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones, such as grepafloxacin, have recently been recommended as a first-line treatment ...	1999	15992094
[a clinical study of bacterial infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].	to investigate the association of bacteriologic characteristics and bacterial infection in small airway disease.	1999	11820948
antimicrobial activities of cefditoren against respiratory pathogens isolated from children in japan.	there is an increasing spread and incidence of penicillin-resistant bacteria that are becoming less susceptible to commonly prescribed oral antimicrobials, including extended-spectrum cephalosporins. against this background, we undertook this study to determine the prevalence of penicillin resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae and the in-vitro activity of oral antimitrobials. between april 1996 and december 1997, in 245 children with respiratory tract infections (bronchitis in 61, pharyngitis i ...	1999	11810485
in vitro antimicrobial activity and penetration rate into sputum of gatifloxacin, a novel 6-fluoro-8-methoxy quinolone, and its therapeutic efficacy in respiratory infections.	the in vitro antimicrobial activity of gatifloxacin against clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria was evaluated. minimum inhibitory concentrations of gatifloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tosufloxacin, sparfloxacin, and rifampicin against 20 strains each of methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia marcescens, and pseudomonas aeruginosa, 18 strains of enterobacter cloacae, 15 strains each of ...	1999	11810507
comparative in vitro activity of carbapenem antibiotics against respiratory pathogens isolated in recent years.	we investigated the antibacterial activity of 12 antibiotics, including 4 carbapenems, against 200 strains of respiratory pathogens isolated in 1997, and compared the results with those obtained in 1993. the strains examined were 38 strains of methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa), 32 strains of methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), 22 strains of penicillin-susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae (pssp), 10 strains of penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae (prsp), 53 strains of pseudom ...	1999	11810511
diffusion of macrolide antibiotics through the outer membrane of moraxella catarrhalis.	we reported previously that the high susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis to macrolide antibiotics and other hydrophobic antimicrobial agents was related to the hydrophobicity of the cell surface. electrophoretic analysis of lipopolysaccharide (lps) extracted from m. catarrhalis revealed a deep rough-type profile similar to that of an lps re type mutant of salmonella typhimurium, which also exhibits high susceptibility to macrolides. moreover, treatment of 32p-labeled cells of m. catarrhalis ...	1999	11810516
causative bacteria of respiratory tract infections in kuwait by quantitative culture of sputum.	to determine the bacterial etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in kuwait, we performed quantitative culture of sputum and measured the susceptibilities of the isolated bacteria against different antibiotics. a total of 140 sputum samples were collected for a period of 14 months for the study. single and multiple pathogens as a cause of infection were isolated from 55 and 15 samples, respectively. a total of 53.8% of streptococcus pneumoniae were penicillin-resistant and 52% and 57% of ...	1999	11810521
role of nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in the evaluation of recurrent middle ear infections in children.	objective: to study the nasopharyngeal colonization in otitis-prone children before and after adenoidectomy. methods: the study population consisted of 35 children between 11 months and 4 years of age, undergoing adenoidectomy and tube placement for recurrent acute otitis media. all these children were otitis prone (op). during general anesthesia, bacteriologic samples were obtained from the nasopharynx and the middle ear fluid, if present. during the follow-up visit, a new nasopharyngeal cultur ...	1999	11851704
the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis explored using a pharmacodynamic model.	objective: to assess the antibacterial action of moxifloxacin on haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of infection. methods: serum concentrations in humans associated with doses of 400 mg once a day for 48 h were simulated and the antibacterial effect measured by the log change in viable count at intervals through the simulation compared to time zero and also the area under the bacterial kill curve (aubkc). wild-type strains of h. influenzae an ...	1999	11856249
in vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against selected bacterial pathogens isolated in italy.	objective: to evaluate the activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin, a new injectable streptogramin, against 732 clinical strains recently isolated in italy. methods: susceptibility tests were performed according to nccls-guided mic methodology. pathogens included in the evaluation included 108 staphylococcus aureus isolates, 124 coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates, 158 streptococcus pyogenes isolates, 30 streptococcus agalactiae isolates, 30 b-hemolytic streptococcal isolates, 18 streptococ ...	1999	11856292
quinupristin/dalfopristin: a review of its use in the management of serious gram-positive infections.	quinupristin/dalfopristin is the first parenteral streptogramin antibacterial agent, and is a 30:70 (w/w) ratio of 2 semisynthetic pristinamycin derivatives. the combination has inhibitory activity against a broad range of gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref), drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococci, clostridium perfringens and peptostreptococcus spp. the combination also has good activity again ...	1999	10651391
[a clinicobacteriologic study on clavulanic acid/amoxicillin in pediatric acute otitis media].	we carried out clinical and bacteriological studies on clavulanic acid/amoxicillin and amoxicillin in pediatric acute otitis media at 14 general practice settings. the results are summarized as follows. 1. the major isolated organisms from content of middle ear effusion were streptococcus pneumoniae 31.8%, haemophilus influenzae 35.8% and moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis 1.5%. similar results were observed for the major isolates organisms from content of nasopharynx streptococcus pneum ...	1999	10638456
[a clinicobacteriologic study on clavulanic acid/amoxicillin in pediatric sinusitis].	we carried out clinical and bacteriological studies on clavulanic acid/amoxicillin and amoxicillin in pediatric sinusitis at 11 general practice settings. the results are summarized as follows. 1. the major isolated organisms from content of middle meatus were streptococcus pneumoniae 32.2%, haemophilus influenzae 32.0% and moraxella subgenus branhamella catarrhalis 25.1%. similar results were observed for the major isolates from nasopharynx. 2. 62.1% of s. pneumoniae isolated were drug resistan ...	1999	10638457
[community-acquired respiratory tract infections. current data on the efficacy of various classes of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance of the main prevalent bacteria species].	the american thoracic society regards fluoroquinolones together with macrolides and doxycycline as first choice antibiotics in the empirical treatment of community acquired pneumoniae in non-hospitalized patients, while the deutsche gesellschaft für pneumology only recommends macrolides and doxycycline for these patients.	1999	10603732
[moraxella catarrhalis and previously unknown underlying disease].		1999	10609366
the in vitro antibacterial activity of turkish medicinal plants.	a total of 76 extracts from 35 plants available in the turkish flora were assayed for their in vitro antibacterial activities against five pathogenic bacteria and a yeast. sixteen crude extracts from eight plant species were found to possess an activity against at least one or more test microorganisms. bioassay-guided fractionation of the most active crude extracts was also carried out with the most active extracts. activity against staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, branhamella catarrhalis ...	1999	10616963
in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone.	the in vitro and in vivo activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, were evaluated in comparison with those of some fluoroquinolones, including a newly developed one, trovafloxacin. t-3811, a free base of t-3811me, showed a wide range of antimicrobial spectra, including activities against chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in particular, t-3811 exhibited potent activity against various gram-positive cocci, with mics at which 90% of the isolates ...	1999	10223917
in vitro development of resistance to five quinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanate in streptococcus pneumoniae.	the ability of 50 sequential subcultures in subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin, trovafloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanate to select for resistance was studied for six penicillin-susceptible and four penicillin-intermediate pneumococci. subculturing in ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, and sparfloxacin led to selection of mutants requiring increased mics for all 10 strains, with mics rising from (i) 0.5 to 4.0 to (ii) 4.0 to 32.0 mi ...	1999	10223932
emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among multiply resistant strains of streptococcus pneumoniae in hong kong.	the mics of 17 antimicrobial agents for 181 streptococcus pneumoniae strains were determined by the e-test. overall, 69.1% were penicillin resistant (mic > 0.06 microgram/ml). resistance to ciprofloxacin (mic > 2 microgram/ml), levofloxacin (mic > 2 microgram/ml), or trovafloxacin (mic > 1 microgram/ml) was found in 12.1, 5.5, or 2.2% of the strains, respectively. these high rates of resistance raise concerns for the future.	1999	10223962
determination of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of canadian isolates of haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis. canadian antimicrobial study group.	the susceptibility of canadian isolates of three respiratory tract pathogens (haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae) to several antimicrobial agents were tested by two different methods. beta-lactamase was produced by 68/211 (32.2%) of h. influenzae isolates and 64/75 (85.3%) of m. catarrhalis isolates. for s. pneumoniae, 19/156 (12.2%) isolates were resistant to penicillin (mic > or = 0.12 mg/l) and two isolates had mics of 1.5 mg/l. for some combinations of ...	1999	10225568
infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: diagnosis and management.	chronic bronchitis is an increasing cause of significant morbidity and mortality. despite treatment, respiratory tract infection is the most common identifiable cause of death for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. repeated infectious exacerbations may ultimately cause acute and chronic lung injury. the most common bacterial aetiologies of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) include haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae. pseudom ...	1999	10225579
the effects of s-carboxymethylcysteine and n-acetylcysteine on the adherence of moraxella catarrhalis to human pharyngeal epithelial cells.	we investigated the effects of two mucoregulating drugs, s-carboxymethylcysteine (s-cmc) and n-acetylcysteine (nac), on the attachment of moraxella catarrhalis (m. catarrhalis) to pharyngeal epithelial cells. the attachment of m. catarrhalis decreased (33-57%) significantly (p<0.01) in a dose-dependent manner in cells treated with mucoregulating drugs as compared to the control. there was a significant (p<0.01) decrease (35-45%) in the attachment of m. catarrhalis to pharyngeal cells after oral ...	1999	10229264
multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in poland: identification of emerging clones.	penicillin resistance among streptococcus pneumoniae isolates has rapidly emerged in poland during the last decade and has reached prevalence levels of up to 14.4% in 1997. in order to investigate the nature of this increase, a molecular epidemiological analysis of non-penicillin-susceptible multidrug-resistant pneumococci isolated in 1995 and 1996 was conducted. thirty-seven patients who suffered mainly from upper respiratory tract infections and pneumococcal pneumonia were enrolled in this stu ...	1999	10325317
activity of gatifloxacin against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, including susceptibility test development, e-test comparisons, and quality control guidelines for h. influenzae.	in vitro antimicrobial activity and susceptibility testing interpretation criteria and quality control were studied for gatifloxacin, a new 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone, tested against haemophilus influenzae. moraxella catarrhalis (600 strains) and h. influenzae (1,400 strains) from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program in north america (canada and the united states) were also tested against gatifloxacin and 12 other antimicrobial agents. gatifloxacin (mic at which 90% of the isolates are i ...	1999	10325362
comparative study of dirithromycin and azithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.	we compared the clinical and microbiological efficacy of dirithromycin with that of azithromycin in outpatients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis who could be graded into stage iii according to ball's system of stratification. a total of 80 patients was studied. of these, 40 were treated with dirithromycin as a once-daily dose of 500 mg for 5 days, and 40 with azithromycin as a once-daily dose of 500 mg for 3 days. at post-therapy, treatment success (cure or improvement) w ...	1999	10326742
carriage of respiratory tract pathogens and molecular epidemiology of streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in healthy children attending day care centers in lisbon, portugal.	in an effort to establish the rate of carriage of antibiotic resistant respiratory pathogens in children attending urban day care centers (dcc) in portugal, seven dcc in lisbon were selected for determining the rate of nasopharyngeal colonization of children between the ages of 6 months to 6 years by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. of the 586 children studied between january and march 1996, 47% carried s. pneumoniae, 72% h. influenzae, and 54% m. cata ...	1999	10332718
postantibiotic effect and postantibiotic sub-mic effect of dirithromycin and erythromycin against respiratory tract pathogenic bacteria.	the postantibiotic effect (pae) of dirithromycin and erythromycin against strains streptococcus pyogenes group a m12, nctc p1800, streptococcus pneumoniae 23, staphylococcus aureus oxford strain 209, moraxella catarrhalis 15616 and haemophilus influenzae 5590 was investigated in vitro and in vivo by use of the tissue cage model in rabbits. by exposing strains to 2.5-5 x mic levels for 6 h or 12 h, both compounds induced in vitro paes of 1-9 h, and in two cases >20 h. cultures in the pae-phase we ...	1999	10335955
protection against development of otitis media induced by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae by both active and passive immunization in a chinchilla model of virus-bacterium superinfection.	three separate studies, two involving active-immunization regimens and one involving a passive-transfer protocol, were conducted to initially screen and ultimately more fully assess several nontypeable haemophilus influenzae outer membrane proteins or their derivatives for their relative protective efficacy in chinchilla models of otitis media. initial screening of these antigens (p5-fimbrin, lipoprotein d, and p6), delivered singly or in combination with either freund's adjuvant or alum, indica ...	1999	10338477
tissue culture adherence and haemagglutination characteristics of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	the haemagglutination and tissue culture adherence properties of 20 isolates of moraxella catarrhalis obtained from the sputum of elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infections were compared with those of 20 isolates of m. catarrhalis obtained from the nasopharynx of elderly persons colonised by the organism. eighty percent of isolates from the infected group as opposed to 5% of isolates from the colonised group haemagglutinated human erythrocytes (p < 0.001), indicating that the haema ...	1999	10340719
microbiology of the middle meatus in children requiring adenotonsillectomy.	middle meatus samples were cultured in 120 children undergoing adenotonsillectomy with, or without, insertion of ventilation tubes. every child (except one) had positive cultures. haemophilus influenzae (62 per cent of the children), moraxella catarrhalis (53 per cent) and streptococcus pneumoniae (48 per cent) were the most commonly isolated bacteria. the presence of moraxella catarrhalis and (to a lesser extent) streptococcus pneumoniae was higher in younger children, while haemophilus influen ...	1999	10341914
antibacterial management of acute and chronic sinusitis.	sinusitis is a common disorder in both children and adults. it is responsible for significant absenteeism from school and work. up to 10% of upper respiratory infections in children are complicated by acute sinusitis. since antibacterial therapy is most often empirically chosen to treat the disorder, knowledge of the typical etiologic agents as well as awareness of the antibacterial susceptibility profiles in a given community are of paramount importance. the need for consistently bactericidal a ...	1999	10346192
linezolid activity compared to those of selected macrolides and other agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from soft tissue bite infections in humans.	linezolid was tested against 420 aerobes and anaerobes, including 148 pasteurella isolates, by an agar dilution method. linezolid was active against all pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida and p. multocida subsp. septica isolates and most pasteurella canis, pasteurella dagmatis, and pasteurella stomatis isolates. the mic was </=2 microg/ml for staphylococci, streptococci, ef-4b, weeksella zoohelcum, fusobacterium nucleatum, other fusobacteria, porphyromonas spp., prevotella spp., peptostrepto ...	1999	10348773
activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.	the activity of gatifloxacin against 308 aerobes and 112 anaerobes isolated from bite wound infections was studied. gatifloxacin was active at </=0.016 microg/ml against all 148 pasteurella isolates (eight species and three subspecies) tested and all other aerobes tested, including actinobacillus-haemophilus spp., eikenella corrodens, neisseria weaveri, weeksella zoohelcum, staphylococci, and streptococci. fusobacteria were sometimes resistant. gatifloxacin mics at which 90% of the isolates were ...	1999	10348774
levofloxacin versus cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: results of a randomized, double-blind study.	a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, three-arm parallel design, multicentre study was conducted among adult patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb) in order to compare the efficacy and safety of two different doses of levofloxacin with cefuroxime axetil. a total of 832 patients were randomized to receive oral levofloxacin (250 mg od or 500 mg od) or oral cefuroxime axetil (250 mg bd) for 7-10 days. the primary efficacy analysis was based on the clinical response in pat ...	1999	10350383
five-day dirithromycin therapy is as effective as seven-day erythromycin therapy for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.	in a meta-analysis of two identically designed, well-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials, we compared 5 days of dirithromycin with 7 days of erythromycin for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. five hundred and thirty-one patients were randomized to receive dirithromycin (500 mg od) for 5 days and 526 patients were randomized to receive erythromycin (250 mg qid) for 7 days. clinical and bacteriological responses were assessed 3-5 days after therapy and at termination from ...	1999	10350384
one dose ceftriaxone vs. ten days of amoxicillin/clavulanate therapy for acute otitis media: clinical efficacy and change in nasopharyngeal flora.	to compare the efficacy and the safety of a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone, 50 mg/kg, vs. a 10-day course of amoxicillin/clavulanate (amox/clav) therapy, 80 mg/kg/day of amoxicillin: 10 mg/kg/day of clavulanate in three divided doses, in children with acute otitis media (aom) and to evaluate the changes in nasopharyngeal flora after treatment.	1999	10353511
antimicrobial activity and spectrum of sch27899 (ziracin) tested against gram-positive species including recommendations for routine susceptibility testing methods and quality control. quality control study group.	sch27899 is an oligosaccharide, everninomicin antibiotic with activity primarily against gram-positive pathogens. the activity of sch27899 was evaluated against 360 routine clinical isolates by the broth microdilution (bmd), agar dilution (ad), disk diffusion (dd), and etest (ab biodisk, solna, sweden) methods. in addition, results from a nine center sch27899 quality control (qc) trial were used to establish qc ranges. sch27899 mics for 330 gram-positive strains, including multiply-resistant sta ...	1999	10354859
nested duplex pcr to detect bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis and its application in diagnosis of pertussis in nonmetropolitan southeast queensland, australia.	a duplex pcr to detect bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis was developed with the insertion sequences is481 (b. pertussis) and is1001 (b. parapertussis) and evaluated with specimens from 520 consecutive patients presenting with possible pertussis. no culture-positive-pcr-negative results occurred, giving the method a sensitivity of 100%. for b. pertussis, 58 of 520 patients (11.2%) were positive by pcr compared to 17 of 520 patients positive (3.3%) by culture. for b. parapertussis, ...	1999	9986820
application of pbp1a pcr in identification of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae.	a seminested pcr assay, based on the amplification of the pneumococcal pbp1a gene, was developed for the detection of penicillin resistance in clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae. the assay was able to differentiate between intermediate (mics = 0.25 to 0.5 microgram/ml) and higher-level (mics = >/=1 microgram/ml) resistance. two species-specific primers, 1a-1 and 1a-2, which amplified a 1,043-bp region of the pbp1a penicillin-binding region, were used for pneumococcal detection. two re ...	1999	9986824
usefulness of pcr and antigen latex agglutination test with samples obtained by transthoracic needle aspiration for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia.	in a large number of cases, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is not established. some cases are probably caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. transthoracic needle aspiration (tna) culture has a limited sensitivity which might be improved by antigen detection or gene amplification techniques. we evaluated the capacity of a pcr assay and a latex agglutination test to detect s. pneumoniae in samples obtained by tna from 95 patients with moderate-to-severe cap. latex agglutination a ...	1999	9986837
studies to establish quality control ranges for sb-265805 (lb2030) when using national committee for laboratory standards antimicrobial susceptibility test methods. quality control study group.		1999	9988595
the levels and bactericidal capacity of antibodies directed against the uspa1 and uspa2 outer membrane proteins of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis in adults and children.	the uspa1 and uspa2 proteins from moraxella catarrhalis share antigenic epitopes and are promising vaccine candidates. in this study, the levels and bactericidal activities of antibodies in sera from healthy adults and children toward uspa1 and uspa2 from the o35e strain were measured. human sera contained antibodies to both proteins, and the levels of immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies were age dependent. adult sera had significantly higher titers of igg than child sera (p < 0.01). the igg3 tite ...	1999	10024576
characterization of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis lbpb, lbpa, and lactoferrin receptor orf3 isogenic mutants.	pathogenic members of the family neisseriaceae produce specific receptors to acquire iron from their host's lactoferrin and transferrin. recently, putative moraxella catarrhalis lactoferrin receptor genes and a third open reading frame (lbpb, lbpa, and orf3) were cloned and sequenced. we describe the preliminary characterization of isogenic mutants deficient in lbpb, lbpa, or orf3 protein.	1999	10024604
the effect of cigarette smoke on adherence of respiratory pathogens to buccal epithelial cells.	smoking is associated with an increased risk of respiratory tract infection in adults. in children, exposure to cigarette smoke is a risk factor for respiratory tract infection and bacterial meningitis: active smoking and passive exposure to cigarette smoke is also associated with carriage of some potentially pathogenic species of bacteria in both adults and children. the aims of the study were to determine the effect of active smoking on: (1) bacterial binding to epithelial cells; (2) expressio ...	1999	10030544
transmission electron microscopy studies of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	a trypsin-sensitive 200-kda protein has been reported to be exclusively associated with haemagglutinating isolates of moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis. transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that haemagglutination by m. catarrhalis to both human and rabbit erythrocytes was mediated by a trypsin-sensitive outer fibrillar coat. this fibrillar layer was absent on non-haemagglutinating isolates examined. immuno-electron microscopy, using a polyclonal antiserum containing antibodies to ...	1999	10030548
in vitro activities of aminomethyl-substituted analogs of novel tetrahydrofuranyl carbapenems.	cl 188,624, cl 190,294, and cl 191,121 are novel aminomethyl tetrahydrofuranyl (thf)-1 beta-methylcarbapenems. the in vitro antibacterial activities of these thf carbapenems were evaluated and compared with those of biapenem, imipenem, and meropenem against 554 recent clinical isolates obtained from geographically distinct medical centers across north america. the antibacterial activities of the thf carbapenems were equivalent to that of biapenem, and the thf carbapenems were slightly more activ ...	1999	10049250
comparative in vitro activities of amoxicillin-clavulanate against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from antral puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.	by an agar dilution method, the antimicrobial susceptibilities of antral sinus puncture isolates were studied. pneumococci were generally susceptible to amoxicillin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin, but 17% of pneumococcal isolates were resistant to cefuroxime. haemophilus influenzae isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and clarithromycin. beta-lactamase production occurred in 69% of prevotella species. one-third of peptostreptococcus magnus isolates were resistant to azithromycin and clarith ...	1999	10049296
ketolide treatment of haemophilus influenzae experimental pneumonia.	the mics of hmr 3004 and hmr 3647 at which 90% of beta-lactamase-producing haemophilus influenzae isolates were inhibited were 4 and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively. both hmr 3004 and hmr 3647 were active against beta-lactamase-producing h. influenzae in a murine model of experimental pneumonia. as assessed by pulmonary clearance of h. influenzae, hmr 3004 was more effective (p < 0.05) than was azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, erythromycin a, pristinamycin, or hmr 3647 in this model.	1999	10049297
ciprofloxacin versus cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. sinusitis infection study group.	this study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin to cefuroxime axetil for the management of acute bacterial sinusitis or acute exacerbations of chronic sinusitis.	1999	10077777
intravenous azithromycin.	to review the pharmacology, microbiology, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, tolerability, dosage, administration, and economic issues of intravenous azithromycin.	1999	10084418
middle ear fluid cytokine and inflammatory cell kinetics in the chinchilla otitis media model.	streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent microbe causing middle ear infection. the pathophysiology of pneumococcal otitis media has been characterized by measurement of local inflammatory mediators such as inflammatory cells, lysozyme, oxidative metabolic products, and inflammatory cytokines. the role of cytokines in bacterial infection has been elucidated with animal models, and interleukin (il)-1beta, il-6, and il-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) are recognized as being impor ...	1999	10085040
effectiveness of short-course therapy (5 days) with grepafloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.	three hundred eighty-nine patients were enrolled in a double-masked, multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing the clinical and bacteriologic efficacies and safety of a 5-day course (n = 195) versus a 10-day course (n = 194) of grepafloxacin 400 mg once daily in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (abecb). patients in the 5-day treatment group received placebo on days 6 through 10. bacteriologic assessments were based on cultures of sputum specimens obtain ...	1999	10090434
spectrum and antimicrobial activity of alexomycin (pnu-82, 127), a peptide compound projected for use in animal health.	alexomycin (pnu-82, 127) is a thiopeptide antimicrobial complex intended for veterinary practice that belongs to a series of cyclic peptides produced by streptomyces arginensis. mics against selected routine and fastidious clinical isolates of animal and human origin were determined by broth microdilution or agar dilution reference methods. alexomycin was active against gram-positive pathogens such as oxacillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci ...	1999	10092967
hmbr, a hemoglobin-binding outer membrane protein of neisseria meningitidis, undergoes phase variation.	neisseria meningitidis uses hemoglobin (hb) as an iron source via two tonb-dependent outer membrane receptors, hmbr and hpub. analysis of 25 epidemiologically unrelated clinical isolates from serogroups a, b, c, and y revealed that 64% strains possessed both hb receptor genes. examination of the hmbr expression pattern in strains in which the hpub gene was genetically inactivated revealed two distinct hb utilization phenotypes. five strains retained the ability to grow as a confluent lawn, while ...	1999	10094683
moraxella catarrhalis endocarditis: report of a case and literature review.	a 53-year-old man developed severe acute systemic illness three weeks after an upper respiratory tract infection. serial blood cultures grew moraxella catarrhalis. during antibiotic treatment, fever and infectious parameters disappeared, but severe aortic regurgitation developed. aortic valve replacement was performed, during which extensive destruction of the aortic valve was noted. endocarditis due to m. catarrhalis is very rare with, to our knowledge, only six cases having been reported to da ...	1999	10096493
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a novel glycylcycline, the 9-t-butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline (gar-936).	the 9-t-butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline (tbg-mino) is a recently synthesized member of a novel group of antibiotics, the glycylcyclines. this new derivative, like the first glycylcyclines, the n,n-dimethylglycylamido derivative of minocycline and 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline, possesses activity against bacterial isolates containing the two major determinants responsible for tetracycline resistance: ribosomal protection and active efflux. the in vitro activities of tbg-mino and the c ...	1999	10103174
in vitro activities of ketolides hmr 3647 [correction of hrm 3647] and hmr 3004 [correction of hrm 3004], levofloxacin, and other quinolones and macrolides against neisseria spp. and moraxella catarrhalis.	in vitro activities of the ketolides hmr 3647 [corrected] and hmr 3004 [corrected] against pathogenic neisseria gonorrhoeae and n. meningitidis, saprophytic neisseria isolates, and moraxella catarrhalis were determined. the comparison of ketolide activities with those of the other macrolides shows a much better activity in the majority of species, with macrolide mics at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited between 8- and 10-fold higher.	1999	10103218
combined microautoradiography-16s rrna probe technique for determination of radioisotope uptake by specific microbial cell types in situ.	we propose a novel method for studying the function of specific microbial groups in situ. since natural microbial communities are dynamic both in composition and in activities, we argue that the microbial "black box" should not be regarded as homogeneous. our technique breaks down this black box with group-specific fluorescent 16s rrna probes and simultaneously determines 3h-substrate uptake by each of the subgroups present via microautoradiography (mar). total direct counting, fluorescent in si ...	1999	10103276
predisposing factors to bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	the aim of this prospective observational study was to determine those factors influencing bacterial colonization in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). eighty-eight outpatients with stable copd and 20 patients with normal spirometry and chest radiography (controls) had a fibreoptic bronchoscopy performed with topical aerosol anaesthesia. bacterial colonization was determined using the protected specimen brush (psb) with a cut-off > or = 10(3) colony-forming units ...	1999	10065679
immunoglobulin subclass distribution and diagnostic value of leishmania donovani antigen-specific immunoglobulin g3 in indian kala-azar patients.	visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar, a fatal tropical disease, remains problematic, as early diagnosis is difficult and treatment often results in drug resistance and relapse. we have developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using leishmanial membrane antigenic extracts (lag) to detect specific antibody responses in 25 untreated indian visceral leishmaniasis patients. to investigate the pathogenetic significance of isotype markers in kala-azar, relative levels of specifi ...	1999	10066659
[evaluation of mycobacterium kansasii isolates from a clinical laboratory in a city hospital].	fifteen isolates of mycobacterium kansasii in showa university fujigaoka hospital between 1982 and 1995 were investigated. comparing by gender, 13 were isolated from male patients and only two were isolated from female patients. the average of cases was 48 years old and 14 out of 15 cases (93%) were isolated from respiratory tract specimens. the rate of the smear- and culture-positives was 64%, which was significantly higher than that (26%) of m. avium complex (p < 0.01 by chi 2 test). all 4 iso ...	1999	10067052
moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis: clinical, microbiological and immunological features in lower respiratory tract infections.		1999	10189833
clinical implications of resistance in the management of respiratory tract infections.	antibiotic resistance among the three major respiratory pathogens (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis) has increased dramatically over the past 15 years, around the world. with s pneumoniae, penicillin resistance is reported in almost a quarter of isolates, with multiple resistance an increasing problem. the major concern with h influenzae is ampicillin resistance, mediated through two different mechanisms. in the case of m catarrhalis, beta-lactamase prod ...	1999	10202229
evolving patterns of resistance to respiratory pathogens in canada.	active surveillance of changing resistance patterns is difficult but important for rational therapeutic choices. in canada, penicillin resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae has evolved more slowly than in other countries (in europe and israel rates exceed 50%). currently, penicillin resistance is found in roughly 21% of canadian isolates, and cross-resistance is becoming common. beta-lactamase production is now found in approximately 28% of haemophilus influenzae isolates, although more recentl ...	1999	10202230
levofloxacin in the treatment of community acquired pneumonia.	levofloxacin is the first fluoroquinolone with enhanced activity against streptococcus pneumoniae to be released in canada. in vitro, it is active against more than 99% of isolates of s pneumoniae, even those resistant to penicillin. it is also active against respiratory pathogens such as haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae and legionella species. when given orally, bioavailability is greater than 99%, and the drug is highly concentrated in ...	1999	10202232
management of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.	in chronic bronchitis, a common respiratory illness marked by chronic productive cough and caused largely by cigarette smoking, bacterial exacerbations are thought to be a common cause of progressive airway damage. common bacterial pathogens, found in 50% to 60% of episodes, include haemophilus influenzae (the most common), as well as haemophilus parainfluenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis. bacterial resistance to antibiotics, especially beta-lactam drugs such as amoxicill ...	1999	10202233
trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory tract pathogens--findings of the alexander project 1992-1996.	the alexander project is an ongoing, multicenter surveillance study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens with testing undertaken in a central laboratory. during the period 1992-1995, isolates were collected from geographically separate centers in countries of the eu and various states in the usa. in 1996, the project was extended to centers in mexico, brazil, saudi arabia, south africa, hong kong and other european countries not pr ...	1999	10207769
basing empiric treatment choices for respiratory tract infection on the results of the alexander project.	for respiratory tract infection (rti), antibiotics should have proven clinical efficacy against the major pathogens involved-streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. as the pattern of resistance to antimicrobials changes, the clinical effectiveness of these agents should be reviewed. however, clinical trials are time consuming and costly, and alternative ways of predicting clinical efficacy using susceptibility data have been investigated. pharmacodynamic break ...	1999	10207774