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intranasal exposure of african green monkeys to sars-cov-2 results in acute phase pneumonia with shedding and lung injury still present in the early convalescence phase.we recently reported the development of the first african green monkey (agm) model for covid-19 based on a combined liquid intranasal (i.n.) and intratracheal (i.t.) exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). here, we followed up on this work by assessing an i.n. particle only route of exposure using the lma mucosal atomization device (mad). six agms were infected with sars-cov-2; three animals were euthanized near the peak stage of virus replication (day 5) and th ...202032811514
small particle aerosol exposure of african green monkeys to mers-cov as a model for highly pathogenic coronavirus infection.emerging coronaviruses are a global public health threat because of the potential for person-to-person transmission and high mortality rates. middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012, causing lethal respiratory disease in »35% of cases. primate models of coronavirus disease are needed to support development of therapeutics, but few models exist that recapitulate severe disease. for initial development of a mers-cov primate model, 12 african green monkeys were expos ...202032744989
hydroxychloroquine use against sars-cov-2 infection in non-human primates.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has rapidly become a global pandemic and no antiviral drug or vaccine is yet available for the treatment of this disease1-3. several clinical studies are ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of repurposed drugs that have demonstrated antiviral efficacy in vitro. among these candidates, hydroxychloroquine (hcq) has been given to thousands of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)-the virus that causes covid-19-worldwi ...202032698191
chloroquine does not inhibit infection of human lung cells with sars-cov-2.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has been associated with more than 780,000 deaths worldwide (as of 20 august 2020). to develop antiviral interventions quickly, drugs used for the treatment of unrelated diseases are currently being repurposed to treat covid-19. chloroquine is an anti-malaria drug that is used for the treatment of covid-19 as it inhibits the spread of sars-cov-2 in the african green ...202032698190
establishment of an african green monkey model for covid-19.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for an unprecedented global pandemic of covid-19. animal models are urgently needed to study the pathogenesis of covid-19 and to screen candidate vaccines and treatments. nonhuman primates (nhp) are considered the gold standard model for many infectious pathogens as they usually best reflect the human condition. here, we show that african green monkeys support a high level of sars-cov-2 replication and develop pronounced ...202032511377
development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, bbibp-corv, with potent protection against sars-cov-2.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) threatens global public health. the development of a vaccine is urgently needed for the prevention and control of covid-19. here, we report the pilot-scale production of an inactivated sars-cov-2 vaccine candidate (bbibp-corv) that induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies titers in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates (cynomolgus monkeys and rhesus maca ...202032778225
characteristic and quantifiable covid-19-like abnormalities in ct- and pet/ct-imaged lungs of sars-cov-2-infected crab-eating macaques (macaca fascicularis).severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is causing an exponentially increasing number of coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) cases globally. prioritization of medical countermeasures for evaluation in randomized clinical trials is critically hindered by the lack of covid-19 animal models that enable accurate, quantifiable, and reproducible measurement of covid-19 pulmonary disease free from observer bias. we first used serial computed tomography (ct) to demonstrate that bilate ...202032511338
comparative pathogenesis of covid-19, mers, and sars in a nonhuman primate model.the current pandemic coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), was recently identified in patients with an acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). to compare its pathogenesis with that of previously emerging coronaviruses, we inoculated cynomolgus macaques with sars-cov-2 or middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-cov and compared the pathology and virology with historical reports of sars-cov infections. in sars-cov-2-infected macaques, v ...202032303590
regn-cov2 antibodies prevent and treat sars-cov-2 infection in rhesus macaques and hamsters.an urgent global quest for effective therapies to prevent and treat covid-19 disease is ongoing. we previously described regn-cov2, a cocktail of two potent neutralizing antibodies (regn10987+regn10933) targeting non-overlapping epitopes on the sars-cov-2 spike protein. in this report, we evaluate the in vivo efficacy of this antibody cocktail in both rhesus macaques, which may model mild disease, and golden hamsters, which may model more severe disease. we demonstrate that regn-cov-2 can greatl ...202033037066
ocular conjunctival inoculation of sars-cov-2 can cause mild covid-19 in rhesus macaques.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is highly transmitted through the respiratory route, but potential extra-respiratory routes of sars-cov-2 transmission remain uncertain. here we inoculated five rhesus macaques with 1 × 106 tcid50 of sars-cov-2 conjunctivally (cj), intratracheally (it), and intragastrically (ig). nasal and throat swabs collected from cj and it had detectable viral rna at 1-7 days post-inoculation (dpi). viral rna was detected in anal swabs from only th ...202032879306
delayed severe cytokine storm and immune cell infiltration in sars-cov-2-infected aged chinese rhesus macaques.as of june 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has killed an estimated 440 000 people worldwide, 74% of whom were aged ≥65 years, making age the most significant risk factor for death caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection. to examine the effect of age on death, we established a sars-cov-2 infection model in chinese rhesus macaques ( macaca mulatta) of varied ages. results indicated that infected young macaques manifested impaired respiratory funct ...202032772513
chadox1 ncov-19 vaccine prevents sars-cov-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) emerged in december 20191,2 and is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic3. vaccines are an essential countermeasure and are urgently needed to control the pandemic4. here we show that the adenovirus-vector-based vaccine chadox1 ncov-19, which encodes the spike protein of sars-cov-2, is immunogenic in mice and elicites a robust humoral and cell-mediated response. this response was predominantly mediated by typ ...202032731258
single-shot ad26 vaccine protects against sars-cov-2 in rhesus macaques.a safe and effective vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) may be required to end the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic1-8. for global deployment and pandemic control, a vaccine that requires only a single immunization would be optimal. here we show the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a single dose of adenovirus serotype 26 (ad26) vector-based vaccines expressing the sars-cov-2 spike (s) protein in non-human primates. fifty-two rhesus macaq ...202032731257
a vaccine targeting the rbd of the s protein of sars-cov-2 induces protective immunity.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the spread of which has led to a pandemic. an effective preventive vaccine against this virus is urgently needed. as an essential step during infection, sars-cov-2 uses the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike protein to engage with the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) on host cells1,2. here we show that a recombinant vaccine that comprises re ...202032726802
potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against sars-cov-2.the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), is a major threat to global health1 and the medical countermeasures available so far are limited2,3. moreover, we currently lack a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of humoral immunity to sars-cov-24. here we analyse a large panel of human monoclonal antibodies that target the spike (s) glycoprotein5, and identify several that exhibit potent neutral ...202032668443
safety, pharmacokinetics, and activity of high-dose ivermectin and chloroquine against the liver stage of plasmodium cynomolgi infection in rhesus macaques.previously, ivermectin (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) was shown to inhibit the liver-stage development of plasmodium berghei in orally dosed mice. here, ivermectin showed inhibition of the in vitro development of plasmodium cynomolgi schizonts (50% inhibitory concentration [ic50], 10.42 μm) and hypnozoites (ic50, 29.24 μm) in primary macaque hepatocytes when administered as a high dose prophylactically but not when administered in radical cure mode. the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ...202032660993
primary exposure to sars-cov-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has become a global pandemic. it is unclear whether convalescing patients have a risk of reinfection. we generated a rhesus macaque model of sars-cov-2 infection that was characterized by interstitial pneumonia and systemic viral dissemination mainly in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. rhesus macaques reinfected with the identical sars-cov-2 strain ...202032616673
clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with sars-cov-2.effective therapies to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) are urgently needed. while many investigational, approved, and repurposed drugs have been suggested as potential treatments, preclinical data from animal models can guide the search for effective treatments by ruling out those that lack efficacy in vivo. remdesivir (gs-5734) is a nucleotide analogue prodrug with broad antiviral activity1,2 that is currently being investigated in covid-19 clinical trials and recently received emerge ...202032516797
chadox1 ncov-19 vaccination prevents sars-cov-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) emerged in december 20191,2 and is responsible for the covid-19 pandemic3. vaccines are an essential countermeasure urgently needed to control the pandemic4. here, we show that the adenovirus-vectored vaccine chadox1 ncov-19, encoding the spike protein of sars-cov-2, is immunogenic in mice, eliciting a robust humoral and cell-mediated response. this response was not th2 dominated, as demonstrated by igg subclass and cytokine expression ...202032511340
a human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of sars-cov-2.an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)1-3, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)4, has spread globally. countermeasures are needed to treat and prevent further dissemination of the virus. here we report the isolation of two specific human monoclonal antibodies (termed ca1 and cb6) from a patient convalescing from covid-19. ca1 and cb6 demonstrated potent sars-cov-2-specific neutralization activity in vitro. in addition, cb6 inhibited infection with sa ...202032454512
sars-cov-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques.an understanding of protective immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is critical for vaccine and public health strategies aimed at ending the global coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. a key unanswered question is whether infection with sars-cov-2 results in protective immunity against reexposure. we developed a rhesus macaque model of sars-cov-2 infection and observed that macaques had high viral loads in the upper and lower respiratory tract, humora ...202032434946
dna vaccine protection against sars-cov-2 in rhesus macaques.the global coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has made the development of a vaccine a top biomedical priority. in this study, we developed a series of dna vaccine candidates expressing different forms of the sars-cov-2 spike (s) protein and evaluated them in 35 rhesus macaques. vaccinated animals developed humoral and cellular immune responses, including neutralizing antibody titers at levels comparable to those fou ...202032434945
does infection of 2019 novel coronavirus cause acute and/or chronic sialadenitis?2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) is widespread in china and other countries. the target of 2019-ncov and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) positive cells. ace2 is present in the salivary gland duct epithelium, and thus it could be the target of 2019-ncov and sars-cov. sars-cov-related animal model experiments show that it can infect the epithelial cells on the salivary gland duct in chinese rhesus macaques by targeting ace2. clin ...202032361098
age-related rhesus macaque models of covid-19.since december 2019, an outbreak of the corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-2) in wuhan, china, has become a public health emergency of international concern. the high fatality of aged cases caused by sars-cov-2 was a need to explore the possible age-related phenomena with non-human primate models.202032318665
covid-19 in human, animal, and environment: a review.the medical authority in china, especially in wuhan city, reported on december 2019 a large number of highly fatal, rapidly spreading viral pneumonia caused by an unknown coronavirus. the common history of all the patients was their visiting a wuhan's whole food store, where live animals and seafood are sold. irrespective of the efforts of the chinese authorities, the virus spread rapidly all over the world by travelers, provoking widespread attention by the media and panic. many previous corona ...202033102545
utility of proteomics in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases caused by rna viruses.emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to rna viruses cause major negative consequences for the quality of life, public health, and overall economic development. most of the rna viruses causing illnesses in humans are of zoonotic origin. zoonotic viruses can directly be transferred from animals to humans through adaptation, followed by human-to-human transmission, such as in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respir ...202033095583
pharmacological insight into potential therapeutic agents for the deadly covid-19 pandemic.coronaviruses are pleomorphic, enveloped, or spherical viruses, which have a size ranging from 80 to 120 nm. these viruses act on receptors that cause the triggering of fusion. coronaviruses were first described after cultivation from patients with common colds by tyrell and bynoe in 1966. there are various subtypes of coronavirus, 7 out of these can cause infection in human beings. the alpha subtype is responsible for mild infection showing symptoms or infection without any prevailing symptoms. ...202033065092
single-dose intranasal administration of adcovid elicits systemic and mucosal immunity against sars-cov-2 in mice.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for effective preventive vaccination to reduce burden and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in humans. intranasal vaccination is an attractive strategy to prevent covid-19 as the nasal mucosa represents the first-line barrier to sars-cov-2 entry before viral spread to the lung. although sars-cov-2 vaccine development is rapidly progressing, the current intramuscular vaccin ...202033052351
from people to panthera: natural sars-cov-2 infection in tigers and lions at the bronx zoo.despite numerous barriers to transmission, zoonoses are the major cause of emerging infectious diseases in humans. among these, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and ebolaviruses have killed thousands; the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has killed millions. zoonoses and human-to-animal cross-species transmission are driven by human actions and have important management, conservation, and public health implications. the current sars-cov-2 pande ...202033051368
2019-ncov may create complications in colon cancer patients with ace2 expression.since december 2019, a novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) has emerged from wuhan, china, causing symptoms in humans. much remains unknown about 2019-ncov, especially the additional risks that 2019-ncov infection may pose for colon cancer patients. many reports show that angiotensin converting enzyme ii (ace2) is the cell receptor through which 2019-ncov enters host cells, and this is similar to the cell entry mechanism of sars coronavirus. previous studies show that ace2 is highly expressed in the ga ...202033042335
favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in sars-cov-2-infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in wuhan in december 2019. with no specific therapeutic and prophylactic options available, the virus has infected millions of people of which more than half a million succumbed to the viral disease, covid-19. the urgent need for an effective treatment together with a lack of small animal infection models has led to clinical trials using repurposed drugs without preclinical evidence o ...202033037151
potential zoonotic sources of sars-cov-2 infections.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) causing coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) likely has evolutionary origins in other animals than humans based on genetically related viruses existing in rhinolophid bats and pangolins. similar to other animal coronaviruses, sars-cov-2 contains a functional furin cleavage site in its spike protein, which may broaden the sars-cov-2 host range and affect pathogenesis. whether ongoing zoonotic infections are possible in addition to ef ...202033034151
predicting susceptibility to sars-cov-2 infection based on structural differences in ace2 across species.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the cause of the global pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19). sars-cov-2 is a zoonotic disease, but little is known about variations in species susceptibility that could identify potential reservoir species, animal models, and the risk to pets, wildlife, and livestock. certain species, such as domestic cats and tigers, are susceptible to sars-cov-2 infection, while other species such as mice and chickens are not. most ani ...202033015868
experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with sars-cov-2: pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats.the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has reached nearly every country in the world with extraordinary person-to-person transmission. the most likely original source of the virus was spillover from an animal reservoir and subsequent adaptation to humans sometime during the winter of 2019 in wuhan province, china. because of its genetic similarity to sars-cov-1, it is probable that this novel virus has a similar host range and receptor specificity. du ...202032994343
genomic characterization and phylogenetic evolution of the sars-cov-2.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) started on 12 december 2019 in wuhan, china, had caused 7,885,123 cases including 431,835 deaths by 14 jun 2020 all over the world. here we report the genomic characterization and phylogenetic evolution of this coronavirus called sars-cov-2 that caused covid-19. the sars-cov-2 genomes and other coronaviruses were obtained from gisaid and genbank. then the genome was annotated, and potential genetic recombination was investigated. phylogenetic analysis was ...202032985209
transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) to animals: an updated review.covid-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) originated in wuhan (hubei province, china) during late 2019. it has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. covid-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. in addition to the considerable covid-19 cases, hospitalizat ...202032957995
no sars-cov-2 neutralization by intravenous immunoglobulins produced from plasma collected before the 2020 pandemic.the 2020 sars-cov-2 pandemic is caused by a zoonotic coronavirus transmitted to humans, similar to earlier events. whether the other, seasonally circulating coronaviruses induce cross-reactive, potentially even cross-neutralizing antibodies to the new species in humans is unclear. the question is of particular relevance for people with immune deficiencies, as their health depends on treatment with immunoglobulin preparations that need to contain neutralizing antibodies against the pathogens in t ...202032941626
highly conserved binding region of ace2 as a receptor for sars-cov-2 between humans and mammals.several cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection transmitted from human owners to their dogs have recently been reported. the first ever case of sars-cov-2 transmission from a human owner to a domestic cat was confirmed on march 27, 2020. a tiger from a zoo in new york, usa, was also reportedly infected with sars-cov-2. it is believed that sars-cov-2 was transmitted to tigers from their caretakers, who were previously infected with this virus. on may 25, 20 ...202032921279
the role of host genetics in susceptibility to severe viral infections in humans and insights into host genetics of severe covid-19: a systematic review.susceptibility to severe viral infections was reported to be associated with genetic variants in immune response genes using case reports and gwas studies. sars-cov-2 is an emergent viral disease that caused millions of covid-19 cases all over the world. around 15 % of cases are severe and some of them are accompanied by dysregulated immune system and cytokine storm. there is increasing evidence that severe manifestations of covid-19 might be attributed to human genetic variants in genes related ...202032918943
ace2 expression in the cat and the tiger gastrointestinal tracts.angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) has been identified as the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). it has been identified in the human gastrointestinal tract (git), and sars-cov-2 has been isolated in human and animal fecal samples. the aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of ace2 in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic (cat) and wild (tiger) felines. samples of the pylorus, duodenum, and distal colon were collected fro ...202032903561
cell and animal models of sars-cov-2 pathogenesis and immunity.the spread of the novel virus sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was explosive, with cases first identified in december 2019, and >22 million people infected and >775,000 deaths as of august 2020. sars-cov-2 can cause severe respiratory disease in humans leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). the development of effective clinical interventions, such as antivirals and vaccines that can limit or even prevent the burden and spread of sars-cov-2, is a global health priority. testing of leading ...202032887790
comparative genome analysis of novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) from different geographical locations and the effect of mutations on major target proteins: an in silico insight.a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) causing covid-19 pandemic in humans, recently emerged and has exported in more than 200 countries as a result of rapid spread. in this study, we have made an attempt to investigate the sars-cov-2 genome reported from 13 different countries, identification of mutations in major coronavirus proteins of these different sars-cov-2 genomes and compared with sars-cov. these thirteen complete genome sequences of sars-cov-2 sho ...202032881907
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) exhibits high predicted binding affinity to ace2 from lagomorphs (rabbits and pikas).severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for the pandemic covid-19. the virus infects human cells by binding of the virus spike to the cell receptor ace2. the crystal structure of sars-cov-2 spikes in complex with human ace2 has recently been solved, and the main amino acid residues involved in the virus-receptor complex have been detected. to investigate the affinity of ace2 of lagomorphs to the sars-cov-2 spike, ace2 sequences from rabbits and american pikas ...202032825305
susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective.viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ...202032821661
susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective.viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ...202032821661
coronavirus in cat flea: findings and questions regarding covid-19.the coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has affected millions of people worldwide. recent evidence raised the question about the possibility that cats may be a domestic host for sars-cov-2 with unknown implications in disease dissemination. based on the fact that the domestic cat flea, ctenocephalides felis, are abundant ectoparasites infesting humans, companion animals and wildlife and that coronavirus-like agents hav ...202032778178
[statutory obligations of a doctor in the field of prevention and control of infectious diseases].the spread of infectious diseases has been and poses a serious threat to the health of the entire population. the world is currently struggling with a sars-cov-2 coronavirus infection pandemic. the problem also concerns poland and results in new legal regulations being issued. the law defines instruments for preventing and combating infectious diseases and infections. every doctor has legal obligations related to infectious diseases. they are determined primarily by the act of 5 december 2008 on ...202032731721
analysis of ace2 gene-encoded proteins across mammalian species.human beings are currently experiencing a serious public health event. novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-2), has infected about 3 million people worldwide and killed more than 200,000, most being the elderly or people with potential chronic diseases or in immunosuppressive states. according to big data analysis, there are many proteins homologous to or interacting with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), ...202032719819
evolutionary arms race between virus and host drives genetic diversity in bat severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus spike genes.the chinese horseshoe bat (rhinolophus sinicus), reservoir host of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), carries many bat sars-related covs (sarsr-covs) with high genetic diversity, particularly in the spike gene. despite these variations, some bat sarsr-covs can utilize the orthologs of the human sars-cov receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), for entry. it is speculated that the interaction between bat ace2 and sarsr-cov spike proteins drives diversity. here, we ...202032699095
sars-cov-2 host diversity: an update of natural infections and experimental evidence.coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is now a pandemic threat. this virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the receptor of sars-cov-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. moreover, a recent study predicted that dogs might be secondary hosts during the evolution of s ...202032624360
childbirth, puerperium and abortion care protocol during the covid-19 pandemic.the new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2, sars-cov-2) is a virus that causes a potentially serious respiratory disease that has spread in several countries, reaching humans in all age groups, including pregnant women. the purpose of this protocol is to provide technical and scientific support to brazilian obstetricians regarding childbirth, postpartum and abortion care during the pandemic.202032604438
molecular evolution and phylogenetic analysis of sars-cov-2 and hosts ace2 protein suggest malayan pangolin as intermediary host.an emergence of a novel coronavirus, causative agent of covid19, named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), occurred due to cross-species transmission. coronaviruses are a large family of viruses able to infect a great number of hosts. entrance of sars-cov-2 depends on the surface (s) protein interaction with host ace2 protein and cleavage by tmprss2. ace2 could be a species-specific barrier that interferes with bat-to-human coronavirus cross-species transmission. mol ...202032592038
does early childhood vaccination protect against covid-19?the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an on-going pandemic caused by the sars-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) which targets the respiratory system of humans. the published data show that children, unlike adults, are less susceptible to contracting the disease. this article aims at understanding why children constitute a minor group among hospitalized covid-19 patients. here, we hypothesize that the measles, mumps, and rubella (mmr) vaccine could provide a broad neutralizing antibody against numb ...202032582766
structural basis of sars-cov-2- and sars-cov-receptor binding and small-molecule blockers as potential therapeutics.over the past two decades, deadly coronaviruses, with the most recent being the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) 2019 pandemic, have majorly challenged public health. the path for virus invasion into humans and other hosts is mediated by host-pathogen interactions, specifically virus-receptor binding. an in-depth understanding of the virus-receptor binding mechanism is a prerequisite for the discovery of vaccines, antibodies, and small-molecule inhibitors that ...202032574109
air microbiome and pollution: composition and potential effects on human health, including sars coronavirus infection.polluted air poses a significant threat to human health. exposure to particulate matter (pm) and harmful gases contributes to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including allergies and obstructive lung disease. air pollution may also be linked to cancer and reduced life expectancy. uptake of pm has been shown to cause pathological changes in the intestinal microbiota in mice and humans. less is known about the effects of pollution-associated microbiota on human health. several recent studi ...202032565838
evolutionary relationships and sequence-structure determinants in human sars coronavirus-2 spike proteins for host receptor recognition.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a pandemic infectious disease caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars cov-2). the sars cov-2 is transmitted more rapidly and readily than sars cov. both, sars cov and sars cov-2 via their glycosylated spike proteins recognize the human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ace-2) receptor. we generated multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees for representative spike proteins of sars cov and sars cov-2 from various host s ...202032543705
a multiscale and comparative model for receptor binding of 2019 novel coronavirus and the implication of its life cycle in host cells.the respiratory syndrome caused by a new type of coronavirus has been emerging from china and caused more than 1000 death globally since december 2019. this new virus, called 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) uses the same receptor called angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ace2) to attack humans as the coronavirus that caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) seventeen years ago. both viruses recognize ace2 through the spike proteins (s-protein) on their surfaces. it was found that the ...202032511419
air pollution and covid-19: is the connect worth its weight?primary route of transmission of sars-cov-2 among humans is droplets and direct contact. airborne transmission of this virus is not established conclusively and so is the role of airborne particulate matter. this commentary examines the existing evidence about the role of particulate matter pollutants in sars-cov-2 transmission. pm2.5and other small particulate matter have been shown to carry viable virus particles in the air and incriminated in spread of measles and sars coronavirus. empirical ...202032496243
antiviral effects of probiotic metabolites on covid-19.sars coronavirus (covid-19) is a real health challenge of the 21st century for scientists, health workers, politicians, and all humans that has severe cause epidemic worldwide. the virus exerts its pathogenic activity through by mechanism and gains the entry via spike proteins (s) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) receptor proteins on host cells. the present work is an effort for a computational target to block the residual binding protein (rbp) on spike proteins (s), angiotensin-conver ...202032475223
presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes of patients coinfected with covid-19 and mycoplasma pneumoniae in the usa.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is spreading at a rapid pace, and the world health organization declared it as pandemic on 11 march 2020. mycoplasma pneumoniae is an "atypical" bacterial pathogen commonly known to cause respiratory illness in humans. the coinfection from sars-cov-2 and mycoplasma pneumonia is rarely reported in the literature to the best of our knowledge. we present a study in which 6 of 350 patients conf ...202032449972
pathogenesis and transmission of sars-cov-2 in golden hamsters.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a novel coronavirus with high nucleotide identity to sars-cov and to sars-related coronaviruses that have been detected in horseshoe bats, has spread across the world and had a global effect on healthcare systems and economies1,2. a suitable small animal model is needed to support the development of vaccines and therapies. here we report the pathogenesis and transmissibility of sars-cov-2 in golden (syrian) hamsters (mesocricetus aura ...202032408338
infection of dogs with sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was first detected in wuhan in december 2019 and caused coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)1,2. in 2003, the closely related sars-cov had been detected in domestic cats and a dog3. however, little is known about the susceptibility of domestic pet mammals to sars-cov-2. here, using pcr with reverse transcription, serology, sequencing the viral genome and virus isolation, we show that 2 out of 15 dogs from households with confirmed human ...202032408337
infection of bat and human intestinal organoids by sars-cov-2.a novel coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)-emerged in humans in wuhan, china, in december 2019 and has since disseminated globally1,2. as of april 16, 2020, the confirmed case count of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) had surpassed 2 million. based on full-genome sequence analysis, sars-cov-2 shows high homology to sars-related coronaviruses identified in horseshoe bats1,2. here we show the establishment and characterization of expandable intestinal organ ...202032405028
sars-cov-2: camazotz's curse.the world is currently face to face with a pandemic which is spreading rapidly across the globe caused by sars-cov-2, a strain of coronaviruses (covs) belonging to subgenus sarbecovirus of genus betacoronavirus. world health organisation (who) on 11 feb 20 named this disease caused by sars-cov-2 as covid-19. this pandemic is spreading rapidly and more than 20,00,000 cases have occurred globally. the human coronaviruses discovered in 1960s were considered potentially harmless endemic viruses with ...202032341622
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2): an update.coronaviruses (covs) belong to the family of coronaviridae, the order nidovirales, and the genus coronavirus. they are the largest group of viruses causing respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. morphologically, covs are enveloped viruses containing a non-segmented positive-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (rna) viruses. covs are categorized into four important genera that include alphacoronavirus, betacoronavirus, gammacoronavirus, and deltacoronavirus. a novel member of human cov ...202032337143
coronavirus (covid-19): a review of clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.coronavirus (covid-19) is an enveloped rna virus that is diversely found in humans and wildlife. a total of six species have been identified to cause disease in humans. they are known to infect the neurological, respiratory, enteric, and hepatic systems. the past few decades have seen endemic outbreaks in the form of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus (sars-cov). yet again, we see the emergence of another outbreak due ...202032328367
ca2+ ions promote fusion of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus with host cells and increase infectivity.fusion with, and subsequent entry into, the host cell is one of the critical steps in the life cycle of enveloped viruses. for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), the spike (s) protein is the main determinant of viral entry. proteolytic cleavage of the s protein exposes its fusion peptide (fp), which initiates the process of membrane fusion. previous studies on the related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) fp have shown that calcium ions (ca2+) play an ...202032295925
correction: immunodominant sars coronavirus epitopes in humans elicited both enhancing and neutralizing effects on infection in non-human primates. 202032293870
susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to sars-coronavirus 2.severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes the infectious disease covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which was first reported in wuhan, china, in december 2019. despite extensive efforts to control the disease, covid-19 has now spread to more than 100 countries and caused a global pandemic. sars-cov-2 is thought to have originated in bats; however, the intermediate animal sources of the virus are unknown. in this study, we investigated the susceptibility of ferrets and ...202032269068
susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to sars-coronavirus 2.severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes the infectious disease covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which was first reported in wuhan, china, in december 2019. despite extensive efforts to control the disease, covid-19 has now spread to more than 100 countries and caused a global pandemic. sars-cov-2 is thought to have originated in bats; however, the intermediate animal sources of the virus are unknown. in this study, we investigated the susceptibility of ferrets and ...202032269068
covid-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease.the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in china and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. similar to its homologous virus, sars-cov, which caused sars in thousands of people in 2003, sars-cov-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. however, covid-19 has lower se ...202032226295
structural, glycosylation and antigenic variation between 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) and sars coronavirus (sars-cov).the emergence of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) is of global concern and might have emerged from rna recombination among existing coronaviruses. cov spike (s) protein which is crucial for receptor binding, membrane fusion via conformational changes, internalization of the virus, host tissue tropism and comprises crucial targets for vaccine development, remain largely uncharacterized. therefore, the present study has been planned to determine the sequence variation, structural and antigenic d ...202032206694
composition of human-specific slow codons and slow di-codons in sars-cov and 2019-ncov are lower than other coronaviruses suggesting a faster protein synthesis rate of sars-cov and 2019-ncov.translation of a genetic codon without a cognate trna gene is affected by both the cognate trna availability and the interaction with non-cognate isoacceptor trnas. moreover, two consecutive slow codons (slow di-codons) lead to a much slower translation rate. calculating the composition of host specific slow codons and slow di-codons in the viral protein coding sequences can predict the order of viral protein synthesis rates between different virus strains. comparison of human-specific slow codo ...202032178970
griffithsin inhibits nipah virus entry and fusion and can protect syrian golden hamsters from lethal nipah virus challenge.nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. there is currently no approved therapeutic for human use against niv infection. griffithsin (grft) is high-mannose oligosaccharide binding lectin that has shown in vivo broad-spectrum activity against viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis c virus, and japanese encephalitis virus. in this study, we e ...202032037447
persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents.currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus, sars-cov-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. we therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies ...202032035997
recent discovery and development of inhibitors targeting coronaviruses.human coronaviruses (covs) are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded rna genome. currently, six human covs have been reported including human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), oc43 (hcov-oc43), nl63 (hcov-nl63), hku1 (hcov-hku1), severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov), and middleeast respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov). they cause moderate to severe respiratory and intestinal infections in humans. in this review, we focus on recent advances i ...202032006468
receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of sars coronavirus.recently, a novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) has emerged from wuhan, china, causing symptoms in humans similar to those caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). since the sars-cov outbreak in 2002, extensive structural analyses have revealed key atomic-level interactions between the sars-cov spike protein receptor-binding domain (rbd) and its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), which regulate both the cross-species and human-to-human transmissions of sar ...202031996437
the 2019-new coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution.there is a worldwide concern about the new coronavirus 2019-ncov as a global public health threat. in this article, we provide a preliminary evolutionary and molecular epidemiological analysis of this new virus. a phylogenetic tree has been built using the 15 available whole genome sequences of 2019-ncov, 12 whole genome sequences of 2019-ncov, and 12 highly similar whole genome sequences available in gene bank (five from the severe acute respiratory syndrome, two from middle east respiratory sy ...202031994738
susceptibility of tree shrew to sars-cov-2 infection.since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) became a pandemic event in the world, it has not only caused huge economic losses, but also a serious threat to global public health. many scientific questions about sars-cov-2 and coronavirus disease (covid-19) were raised and urgently need to be answered, including the susceptibility of animals to sars-cov-2 infection. here we tested whether tree shrew, an emerging experimental animal domesticated from wild animal, is susceptib ...202032994418
evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infectivity by pseudoviral particles.since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection in humans in late 2019, it has rapidly spread worldwide. to identify the biological characteristics of sars-cov-2 in a normal laboratory environment (biosafety level 2 [bsl-2]), a lentiviral-based nucleocapsid was used to carry the spike protein of sars-cov-2 onto the surface of pseudoviral particles as a surrogate model to evaluate the infective characterization of sars-cov-2. this study indicated that ...202032275081
a potent postentry restriction to primate lentiviruses in a yinpterochiropteran bat.bats are primary reservoirs for multiple lethal human viruses, such as ebola, nipah, hendra, rabies, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov), and, most recently, sars-cov-2. the innate immune systems of these immensely abundant, anciently diverged mammals remain insufficiently characterized. while bat genomes contain many endogenous retroviral elements indicative of past exogenous infections, little is known about ...202032934084
accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence.bats host virulent zoonotic viruses without experiencing disease. a mechanistic understanding of the impact of bats' virus hosting capacities, including uniquely constitutive immune pathways, on cellular-scale viral dynamics is needed to elucidate zoonotic emergence. we carried out virus infectivity assays on bat cell lines expressing induced and constitutive immune phenotypes, then developed a theoretical model of our in vitro system, which we fit to empirical data. best fit models recapitulate ...202032011232
accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence.bats host virulent zoonotic viruses without experiencing disease. a mechanistic understanding of the impact of bats' virus hosting capacities, including uniquely constitutive immune pathways, on cellular-scale viral dynamics is needed to elucidate zoonotic emergence. we carried out virus infectivity assays on bat cell lines expressing induced and constitutive immune phenotypes, then developed a theoretical model of our in vitro system, which we fit to empirical data. best fit models recapitulate ...202032011232
serological evidence of exposure to a coronavirus antigenically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (sars-cov-1) in the grey-headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus).many infectious pathogens can be transmitted by highly mobile species, like bats that can act as reservoir hosts for viruses such as henipaviruses, lyssaviruses and coronaviruses. in this study, we investigated the seroepidemiology of protein antigens to severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (sars-cov-1) and middle eastern respiratory syndrome virus (mers-cov) in grey-headed flying foxes (pteropus poliocephalus) in adelaide, australia sampled between september 2015 and february 2018. a total o ...202033142031
sars-cov-2 in fruit bats, ferrets, pigs, and chickens: an experimental transmission study.in december, 2019, a novel zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus emerged in china. the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) became pandemic within weeks and the number of human infections and severe cases is increasing. we aimed to investigate the susceptibilty of potential animal hosts and the risk of anthropozoonotic spill-over infections.202032838346
comparison of nonhuman primates identified the suitable model for covid-19.identification of a suitable nonhuman primate (nhp) model of covid-19 remains challenging. here, we characterized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection in three nhp species: old world monkeys macaca mulatta (m. mulatta) and macaca fascicularis (m. fascicularis) and new world monkey callithrix jacchus (c. jacchus). infected m. mulatta and m. fascicularis showed abnormal chest radiographs, an increased body temperature and a decreased body weight. viral genomes wer ...202032814760
sars-cov-2 natural transmission from human to cat, belgium, march 2020.in march 2020, a severe respiratory syndrome developed in a cat, 1 week after its owner received positive test results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. viral rna was detected in the cat's nasopharyngeal swab samples and vomitus or feces; immunoglobulin against the virus was found in convalescent-phase serum. human-to-cat transmission is suspected.202032788033
sars-cov-2 infection, disease and transmission in domestic cats.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and responsible for the current pandemic. recent sars-cov-2 susceptibility studies in cats show that the virus can replicate in these companion animals and transmit to other cats. here, we present an in-depth study of sars-cov-2 infection, disease and transmission in domestic cats. cats were challenged with sars-cov-2 via intranasal and oral routes. one day post challenge (dpc), two s ...202033028154
sars-cov-2 in quarantined domestic cats from covid-19 households or close contacts, hong kong, china.we tested 50 cats from coronavirus disease households or close contacts in hong kong, china, for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 rna in respiratory and fecal samples. we found 6 cases of apparent human-to-feline transmission involving healthy cats. virus genomes sequenced from 1 cat and its owner were identical.202032938527
new sars-cov-2 infection detected in an italian pet cat by rt-qpcr from deep pharyngeal swab.the pandemic respiratory disease covid-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), emerged in wuhan in december 2019 and then spread throughout the world; italy was the most affected european country. despite close pet-human contact, little is known about the predisposition of pets to sars-cov-2. among these, felines are the most susceptible. in this study, a domestic cat with clear clinical signs of pneumonia, confirmed by rx imaging, was found to be infected by ...202032932800
lions, tigers and kittens too: ace2 and susceptibility to covid-19.sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has been reported to infect domesticated animals in a species-specific manner, where cats were susceptible but not dogs. using the recently published crystal structure of the sars-cov-2 spike protein complexed with the human host cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2), we characterized the structure and evolution of ace2 in several of these species and identify a single interacting amino acid residue conserved between hum ...202032974030
an alphavirus-derived replicon rna vaccine induces sars-cov-2 neutralizing antibody and t cell responses in mice and nonhuman primates.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), is having a deleterious impact on health services and the global economy, highlighting the urgent need for an effective vaccine. such a vaccine would need to rapidly confer protection after one or two doses and would need to be manufactured using components suitable for scale up. here, we developed an alphavirus-derived replicon rna vaccine candidate, reprn ...202032690628
complete genome sequence of sars-cov-2 in a tiger from a u.s. zoological collection.this report describes the identification and characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in a malayan tiger in a u.s. zoo.202032467283
neonatal management and outcomes during the covid-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study.the risk of vertical and perinatal transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2, which causes covid-19), the most appropriate management, and the neonate's risk of developing covid-19 during the perinatal period are unknown. therefore, we aimed to elucidate best practices regarding infection control in mother-newborn dyads, and identify potential risk factors associated with transmission.202032711687
experimental infection of cattle with sars-cov-2.we inoculated 6 cattle with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and kept them together with 3 in-contact, virus-naive cattle. we observed viral replication and specific seroreactivity in 2 inoculated animals, despite high levels of preexisting antibody titers against a bovine betacoronavirus. the in-contact animals did not become infected.202033034284
an update on the origin of sars-cov-2: despite closest identity, bat (ratg13) and pangolin derived coronaviruses varied in the critical binding site and o-linked glycan residues.the initial cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) occurred in wuhan, china, in december 2019 and swept the world by 23 june 2020 with 8 993 659 active cases, 469 587 deaths across 216 countries, areas or territories. this strongly implies global transmission occurred before the lockdown of china. however, the initial source's transmission routes of sars-cov-2 remain obscure and controversial. research data suggest bat (ratg13) and pangolin carried cov were the pro ...202032633815
isolation of sars-cov-2-related coronavirus from malayan pangolins.the current outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) poses unprecedented challenges to global health1. the new coronavirus responsible for this outbreak-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)-shares high sequence identity to sars-cov and a bat coronavirus, ratg132. although bats may be the reservoir host for a variety of coronaviruses3,4, it remains unknown whether sars-cov-2 has additional host species. here we show that a coronavirus, which we name pangolin-cov, is ...202032380510
production of trimeric sars-cov-2 spike protein by cho cells for serological covid-19 testing.we describe scalable and cost-efficient production of full length, his-tagged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) spike glycoprotein trimer by chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells that can be used to detect sars-cov-2 antibodies in patient sera at high specificity and sensitivity. transient production of spike in both human embryonic kidney (hek) and cho cells mediated by polyethyleneimine was increased significantly (up to 10.9-fold) by a reduction in culture temperature t ...202033128388
coronavirus interactions with the cellular autophagy machinery.the covid-19 pandemic, caused by the sars-cov-2 virus, is the most recent example of an emergent coronavirus that poses a significant threat to human health. virus-host interactions play a major role in the viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis, and cellular pathways such as macroautophagy/autophagy prove to be either detrimental or beneficial to viral replication and maturation. here, we describe the literature over the past twenty years describing autophagy-coronavirus interactions. there ...202032964796
de novo design of potent and resilient hace2 decoys to neutralize sars-cov-2.we developed a de novo protein design strategy to swiftly engineer decoys for neutralizing pathogens that exploit extracellular host proteins to infect the cell. our pipeline allowed the design, validation, and optimization of de novo hace2 decoys to neutralize sars-cov-2. the best decoy, ctc-445.2, binds with low nanomolar affinity and high specificity to the rbd of the spike protein. cryo-em shows that the design is accurate and can simultaneously bind to all three rbds of a single spike prote ...202033154107
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