Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| avian influenza in north and south america, the caribbean, and australia, 2006-2008. | between 2006 and 2008, only one outbreak of highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (ai) was reported from the americas, the caribbean, and australia. the outbreak, caused by h7n3, occurred in september 2007 in a multiage broiler breeder facility (approximately 49,000 birds) near regina beach in southern saskatchewan, canada. the disease was confined to a single farm; the farm was depopulated. all other reports of infections in poultry or wild birds involved low pathogenicity ai viruses. a ... | 2010 | 20521630 |
| summary of avian influenza activity in europe, asia, and africa, 2006-2009. | events during the period extending from 2006 to 2009 have been overshadowed by the ongoing panzootic with h5n1 (highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza [hpnai]), which has afflicted 63 countries and three continents (africa, asia, and europe) during the review period. two countries, indonesia and egypt, have formally declared the disease endemic to the world organisation for animal health, while others have used a variety of approaches aimed at containment, control, and eradication. these a ... | 2010 | 20521631 |
| protective dose of a recombinant newcastle disease lasota-avian influenza virus h5 vaccine against h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and velogenic viscerotropic newcastle disease virus in broilers with high maternal antibody levels. | the protective dose of a live recombinant lasota newcastle disease virus (ndv)-avian influenza h5 vaccine (rndv-ls/ai-h5) was determined in broiler chickens with high levels of maternal antibodies against ndv and avian influenza virus (aiv). at hatch the geometric mean titers (gmt) of the chickens' maternal antibodies were 2(5.1) and 2(10.3) for ndv and aiv, respectively. at the time of vaccination the gmt was 2(3.1) for ndv and 2(7.9) for aiv. the chickens were vaccinated with one drop (0.03 ml ... | 2010 | 20521638 |
| protection and differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals by an inactivated recombinant newcastle disease virus/avian influenza h5 vaccine. | specific-pathogen-free chickens immunized at 14 days of age with either an inactivated recombinant newcastle disease virus-lasota/avian influenza h5 (k-rndv-ls/ai-h5) vaccine or a killed newcastle disease/avian influenza whole-virus vaccine (k-nd/ai) were protected from disease when challenged with either a/chicken/queretaro/14588-19/95 (h5n2), a high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) strain isolated in mexico in 1995, or with a mexican velogenic viscerotropic newcastle disease virus ( ... | 2010 | 20521639 |
| passive protection afforded by maternally-derived antibodies in chickens and the antibodies' interference with the protection elicited by avian influenza-inactivated vaccines in progeny. | systematic vaccination can be applied when a disease has become enzootic in a country or region. the final goal of the approach is to control or eradicate the disease within the country. this is a long-term vaccination plan that could be applied nationwide to all commercial and backyard poultry. however, after several months of vaccination in enzootic areas, maternally derived antibody (mda) is present in young chicks, providing some protection and/or interference with vaccination. the aim of th ... | 2010 | 20521640 |
| a heterologous neuraminidase subtype strategy for the differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (diva) for avian influenza virus using an alternative neuraminidase inhibition test. | the option of vaccinating poultry against avian influenza (ai) as a control tool is gaining greater acceptance by governments and the poultry industry worldwide. one disadvantage about vaccination with killed whole-virus vaccines is the resulting inability to use common serologic diagnostic tests for surveillance to identify infected flocks. there has been considerable effort to develop a reliable test for the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). the heterologous neuramini ... | 2010 | 20521644 |
| phylogenetic analysis of influenza a viruses (h6n8, h1n8, h4n2, h9n2, h10n7) isolated from wild birds, ducks, and ostriches in south africa from 2007 to 2009. | influenza a strains emerging from wild birds are a constant threat to south africa's valuable ostrich industry. in 2004 and again in 2006, low pathogenicity avian influenza h5n2 strains introduced from a wild bird reservoir mutated in ostriches to high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai), with serious economic consequences and export bans imposed by the european union. although no outbreaks of notifiable avian influenza have occurred in south africa since 2006, the h9n2 virus caused a localized ... | 2010 | 20521652 |
| low pathogenicity avian influenza in italy during 2007 and 2008: epidemiology and control. | since 1999, the italian poultry production system has experienced several outbreaks of avian influenza (ai), mainly located in northeastern italy. this paper describes the low pathogenicity (lp) ai outbreaks detected during the surveillance activities implemented in 2007-08. from may to october 2007, ten rural and hobby poultry farms were infected by an lpai virus of the h7n3 subtype. in august-october 2007, the h7n3 lpai virus was introduced into the industrial poultry sector with the involveme ... | 2010 | 20521653 |
| surveillance and control of avian influenza in the new york live bird markets. | a comprehensive avian influenza control program was established for the new york live bird market (lbm) system. its purpose was to eliminate avian influenza virus (aiv) from the marketing system. the application of science-based surveillance, improved diagnostic performance, voluntary efforts of the lbm owners, and regulatory enforcement have resulted in the elimination of an h7 low pathogenic aiv (lpaiv) that had persisted in the lbm system for 13 yr. although sporadic introductions of h5n2 lpa ... | 2010 | 20521656 |
| surveillance of avian influenza in the caribbean through the caribbean animal health network: surveillance tools and epidemiologic studies. | the caribbean region is considered to be at risk for avian influenza (ai) due to a large backyard poultry system, an important commercial poultry production system, the presence of migratory birds, and disparities in the surveillance systems. the caribbean animal health network (caribvet) has developed tools to implement ai surveillance in the region with the goals to have 1) a regionally harmonized surveillance protocol and specific web pages for ai surveillance on www.caribvet.net, and 2) an a ... | 2010 | 20521662 |
| low pathogenicity avian influenza subtypes isolated from wild birds in the united states, 2006-2008. | due to concerns that high pathogenicity avian influenza would enter into the united states, an interagency strategic plan was developed to conduct surveillance in wild birds in order to address one of the possible pathways of entry. the usda and state wildlife agencies participated in this effort by collecting samples from 145,055 wild birds from april 2006 through march 2008 in all 50 states. the majority (59%) of all wild bird samples was collected from dabbling ducks, and 91% of h5 detections ... | 2010 | 20521670 |
| presence of serum antibodies to influenza a subtypes h5 and n1 in swans and ibises in french wetlands, irrespective of highly pathogenic h5n1 natural infection. | highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza a viruses (aivs) subtype h5n1 (subclade 2.2) were detected in wild birds during outbreaks in france during winter 2006 and summer 2007 in la dombes wetlands (eastern france) and in moselle wetlands (northeastern france), respectively. blood samples from apparently healthy wild birds were collected in 2006 and 2007 from the end of the outbreak to several weeks after the influenza a outbreak inside and outside the contaminated areas, and in 2008 outside the c ... | 2010 | 20521685 |
| adaptation of a mallard h5n2 low pathogenicity influenza virus in chickens with prior history of infection with infectious bursal disease virus. | the influenza a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/1984 (h5n2) virus is unable to replicate in 3-wk-old immunocompetent specific-pathogen-free chickens when a dose of 5 x 10(6) 50% egg infectious dose/ml is used. in contrast, this mallard virus shows limited replication in 3-wk-old chickens that had been previously infected at 2 days of age with, and recovered from, the immunosuppressive agent infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv; herein referred to as ibdv chickens). this limited replication in ibdv c ... | 2010 | 20521687 |
| studying possible cross-protection of canada geese preexposed to north american low pathogenicity avian influenza virus strains (h3n8, h4n6, and h5n2) against an h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza challenge. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections have caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in different species of domestic and wild birds in asia, europe, and africa. in our previous study, we demonstrated the susceptibility and potential epidemiologic importance of h5n1 hpai virus infections in canada geese. in this study, we investigated the potential of preexposure with north american lineage h3n8, h4n6, and h5n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) viruses to cross ... | 2010 | 20521692 |
| the effect of age on avian influenza viral shedding in mallards (anas platyrhynchos). | avian influenza virus (aiv) prevalence in wild aquatic bird populations varies with season, geographic location, host species, and age. it is not clear how age at infection affects the extent of viral shedding. to better understand the influence of age at infection on viral shedding of wild bird-origin low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) viruses, mallards (anas platyrhynchos) of increasing age (2 wk, 1 mo, 2 mo, 3 mo, and 4 mo) were experimentally inoculated via choanal cleft with a 10(6) m ... | 2010 | 20521698 |
| development and evaluation of an avian influenza, neuraminidase subtype 1, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for poultry using the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals control strategy. | an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed using baculovirus, purified, recombinant n1 protein from a/chicken/indonesia/pa7/2003 (h5n1) virus. the n1-elisa showed high selectivity for detection of n1 antibodies, with no cross-reactivity with other neuraminidase subtypes, and broad reactivity with sera to n1 subtype isolates from north american and eurasian lineages. sensitivity of the n1-elisa to detect n1 antibodies in turkey sera, collected 3 wk after h1n1 vaccination, ... | 2010 | 20521703 |
| production of h5-specific monoclonal antibodies and the development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of h5 antibodies in multiple species. | the hemagglutinin gene of an avian influenza virus (aiv) a/duck/nc/674964/07 (h5n2) was cloned and expressed in a baculovirus system (h5-bac). in parallel, a recombinant hemagglutinin of a/vietnam/1203/04 (h5n1) was expressed in mammalian cells, purified, and used for generation of h5-specific monoclonal antibodies (mab). the purified h5-bac was used to develop a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) to detect h5 antibodies in a species-independent approach using one of the esta ... | 2010 | 20521708 |
| evaluation of the protection induced by avian influenza vaccines containing a 1994 mexican h5n2 lpai seed strain against a 2008 egyptian h5n1 hpai virus belonging to clade 2.2.1 by means of serological and in vivo tests. | since 2006 egypt has been facing an extensive epidemic of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) with a huge number of outbreaks both in rural and intensively reared poultry areas. the use of efficacious vaccines in this country has been, and still remains, essential for the control and possible eradication of hpai. the present study was performed to establish whether the administration of inactivated vaccines containing an h5 virus belonging to a different lineage to the eurasian h5n1 hp ... | 2010 | 20544428 |
| [molecular analysis of an avian influenza virus isolate of h5n2 subtype from parrot]. | in 2005, an avian influenza virus stain was isolated from parrot in guangdong, which was then genotyped as h5n2 subtype and designated as a/parrot/guangdong/268/2005. according to the current oie definition on the low-pathogenicity of avian influenza virus, the strain was recognized as a low pathogenic avian influenza virus due to the presence of one basic amino acid residue at the ha cleavage site. some molecular characteristics of the virus, such as potential glycosylation sites in ha and na, ... | 2010 | 20572338 |
| epidemiology of avian influenza virus in wild birds in switzerland between 2006 and 2009. | after the spread of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) from asia into russia, the middle east, europe, and africa in 2005-06, the swiss national aiv surveillance program was extended. one of the new focal points was lake constance, where sentinel duck stations and swim-in traps were established within the project constanze in collaboration with germany and austria. more than 2000 samples from 41 species were collected in switzerland between september 2006 and december 2008. appro ... | 2010 | 20608533 |
| isolation and characterization of potentially pathogenic h5n2 influenza virus from a chicken in taiwan in 2008. | during the surveillance of avian influenza, an h5n2 influenza a virus was isolated from a cloacal swab sample of an apparently healthy chicken in taiwan in october 2008. it was found that the ha of the virus had a pair of dibasic amino acid residues at the cleavage site, which might be a marker of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. however, the intravenous pathogenicity index of the isolate was 0.89, indicating that the virus was approaching high pathogenicity in chickens. virus isolation ... | 2010 | 20608534 |
| prior infection of pigs with swine influenza viruses is a barrier to infection with avian influenza viruses. | although pigs are susceptible to avian influenza viruses (aiv) of different subtypes, the incidence of aiv infections in the field appears to be low. swine h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 influenza viruses (siv) are enzootic worldwide and most pigs have antibodies to 1 or more siv subtypes. this study aimed to examine whether infection-immunity to h1n1 or h3n2 siv may (1) protect pigs against subsequent infections with aiv of various haemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase subtypes and/or (2) interfere with the ... | 2010 | 20627621 |
| evaluation of the xpert flu a panel nucleic acid amplification-based point-of-care test for influenza a virus detection and pandemic h1 subtyping. | influenza antigenic point-of-care (poc) tests are too insensitive for individual reliable diagnosis of influenza virus infections without additional laboratory confirmation. molecular poc tests could be a valuable alternative. | 2010 | 20674478 |
| surveillance of avian influenza virus in wild bird fecal samples from south korea, 2003-2008. | we analyzed the results from nationwide surveillance of avian influenza (ai) from birds in south korea's major wild bird habitats and the demilitarized zone of south korea, 2003-2008. of 28,214 fecal samples analyzed, 225 yielded influenza viruses, for a prevalence of 0.8%. hemagglutinin (ha) subtypes h1-h12 and all nine neuraminidase (na) subtypes were detected. the dominant ha subtypes were h6, h1, and h4, and the most common na subtypes were n2, n1, and n6. among the 38 ha/na subtype combinat ... | 2010 | 20688693 |
| longitudinal 2 years field study of conventional vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in layer hens. | a licensed, inactivated vaccine based on a low pathogenic avian influenza virus strain (h5n2) was evaluated in layer hens kept under field conditions during a 2-year period. vaccine efficacy was investigated by specific antibodies and by challenge-contact experiments using highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) h5n1. basic immunization with two applications induced clinical protection. virus excretion by vaccinated hens was significantly reduced compared to non-vaccinated controls; tr ... | 2010 | 20727963 |
| [protective properties of candidate genetically engineered vaccines against avian influenza viruses constructed on the basis of recombinant adenoviral vectors]. | to design and study the properties of candidate vaccines against avian influenza based on recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing h5 hemagglutinin. | 2010 | 20734718 |
| efficacy of avian influenza vaccine in poultry: a meta-analysis. | vaccination is an effective method for controlling avian influenza (ai), especially in countries with endemic infection. this study conducted a bayesian meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of ai vaccines in chickens. we included both inactivated and recombinant fowlpox virus expressing h5 (rfpv-h5) vaccine studies that used specific-pathogen-free chickens where outcomes against the h5n1 or h5n2 ai viruses were measured. vaccine efficacy was evaluated by protection from mortality, protection f ... | 2010 | 21313840 |
| phylogeny and genotyping of recent avian low-pathogenic h5 subtype influenza viruses from french ducks. | h5 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) has the potential to become highly pathogenic and to cause serious problems in animal and public health. aiv surveillance and characterization in both wild and domestic species is therefore necessary. in order to acquire molecular information and to identify possible reassortments in french viruses, we analysed the entire genome of five h5n3, three h5n2 and two h5n1 lpaiv, isolated in france between 2002 and 2008 mostly from captive ducks (free-ran ... | 2010 | 20016038 |
| highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus induces extracellular ca2+ influx, leading to apoptosis in avian cells. | in this study, we show that the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) (a/crow/kyoto/53/04 and a/chicken/egypt/cl6/07) induced apoptosis in duck embryonic fibroblasts (def). in contrast, apoptosis was reduced among cells infected with low-pathogenic aivs (a/duck/hk/342/78 [h5n2], a/duck/hk/820/80 [h5n3], a/wigeon/osaka/1/01 [h7n7], and a/turkey/wisconsin/1/66 [h9n2]). thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by h5n1-aiv infection. caspase-dependent and -ind ... | 2010 | 20053741 |
| use of a tetanus toxoid marker to allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated poultry without affecting the efficacy of a h5n1 avian influenza virus vaccine. | tetanus toxoid (tt) was assessed as a positive marker for avian influenza (ai) virus vaccination in chickens, in a vaccination and challenge study. chickens were vaccinated twice with inactivated ai h5n2 virus vaccine, and then challenged three weeks later with highly pathogenic ai h5n1 virus. vaccinated chickens were compared with other groups that were either sham-vaccinated or vaccinated with virus with the tt marker. all sham-vaccinated chickens died by 36 hours postinfection, whereas all va ... | 2010 | 21257485 |
| interaction between research and diagnosis and surveillance of avian influenza within the caribbean animal health network (caribvet). | the caribbean region is considered to be at risk for avian influenza (ai) because of predominance of the backyard poultry system, important commercial poultry production, migratory birds and disparities in the surveillance systems. the caribbean animal health network (caribvet) has developed tools to implement ai surveillance in the region: (i) a regionally harmonized surveillance protocol, (ii) specific web pages for ai surveillance on http://www.caribvet.net, and (iii) a diagnostic network for ... | 2010 | 20537093 |
| induction of a protective heterosubtypic immune response against the influenza virus by using recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin of the influenza h5 virus. | influenza viruses are characterized by a high degree of antigenic variability, which causes the annual emergence of flu epidemics and irregularly timed pandemics caused by viruses with new antigenic and biological traits. novel approaches to vaccination can help circumvent this problem. one of these new methods incorporates genetic vaccines based on adenoviral vectors. recombinant adenoviral vectors which contain hemagglutinin-encoding genes from avian h5n1 and h5n2 (ad-ha5-1 and ad-ha5-2) influ ... | 2010 | 22649637 |
| evaluation of a subunit h5 vaccine and an inactivated h5n2 avian influenza marker vaccine in ducks challenged with vietnamese h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | the protective efficacy of a subunit avian influenza virus h5 vaccine based on recombinant baculovirus expressed h5 haemagglutinin antigen and an inactivated h5n2 avian influenza vaccine combined with a marker antigen (tetanus toxoid) was compared with commercially available inactivated h5n2 avian influenza vaccine in young ducks. antibody responses, morbidity, mortality, and virus shedding were evaluated after challenge with a vietnamese clade 1 h5n1 hpai virus [a/vn/1203/04 (h5n1)] that was kn ... | 2010 | 23074648 |
| serologic response and safety to vaccination against avian influenza using inactivated h5n2 vaccine in zoo birds. | due to the spread of the h5n1 highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza virus across europe, a preventive vaccination occurred in early 2006 among 135 french zoologic institutions. approximately 25,000 birds were vaccinated with a h5n2 inactivated vaccine. among them, 4,369 birds were monitored by members of association francophone des vétérinaires de parc zoologique regarding safety issues of the vaccination protocol. a total of 1,686 blood samples were collected before the first injection (n ... | 2009 | 20063820 |
| serological survey of avian h5n2-subtype influenza virus infections in human populations. | to investigate the distribution of antibodies against h5n2 influenza virus in humans living in ibaraki prefecture, japan, 266 single serum samples were collected to perform serological tests. results were compared to investigate the relationship between positive results and several factors. the number of positive serum neutralization antibody titers (> or = 40) against avian influenza virus a/h5n2 was significantly greater (p < 0.05) among poultry workers, in comparison to a japanese healthy pop ... | 2009 | 19189196 |
| protection of chickens against avian influenza with nonreplicating adenovirus-vectored vaccine. | protective immunity against avian influenza (ai) virus has been elicited in chickens by single-dose in ovo or i.m. vaccination with a replication-competent adenovirus (ad)-free human ad vector encoding the ai virus a/turkey/wisconsin/68 h5 (adtw68. h5) or the a/chicken/new york/94 h7 (adchny94. h7) hemagglutinin (ha). the adtw68.h5-vaccinated chickens were protected against both h5n1 and h5n2 highly pathogenic ai virus challenges. the adchny94. h7-vaccinated chickens were protected against an h7 ... | 2009 | 19276437 |
| recent outbreaks of avian influenza in japan. | recently japan had three outbreaks of avian influenza (al) in 2004, 2005 and 2007. an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) was recorded in early 2004, the first for 79 years, with four farms being infected with hpai virus subtype h5n1. in 2005, 41 farms were found to be infected with ai virus subtype h5n2. in early 2007, four farms were infected with hpai virus subtype h5n1 again. in all of these outbreaks, the disease was eradicated without resorting to vaccination, through a ca ... | 2009 | 20462157 |
| a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus replicon vaccine protects chickens from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h7n1). | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) of subtypes h5 and h7 cause fatal disease in poultry (fowl plague) but also have zoonotic potential. currently commercially available vaccines often do not provide sufficient protection and do not allow easy discrimination between vaccinated and infected birds. therefore, vaccination of domestic poultry against h5 and h7 hpaiv is not allowed in many countries, or is only possible after special permission has been provided. we generated a recombin ... | 2009 | 19135116 |
| protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza is dramatically suppressed by early infection of chickens with reticuloendotheliosis virus. | the present study was conducted to understand epidemiological factors that depress the protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). specific pathogen free chickens were infected at different ages with immunosuppressive reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), then vaccinated with inactivated vaccine h5n2 and challenged with hpai h5n1. compared with control birds, early rev infection significantly inhibited antibody response to h5n2 vaccine and dramatically decre ... | 2009 | 19145513 |
| detection of circulating asian h5n1 viruses by a newly established monoclonal antibody. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the recently emerged asian h5n1 virus (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004) were generated. from five anti-hemagglutinin (ha) mabs, four antibodies (3c11, 4c12, 3h12, and 3h4) broadly in vitro recognized and neutralized h5 subtypes, including h5n1. by contrast, the 4g6 mab specifically reacted with h5n1-ha and not with h5n2- or h5n3-has from previous epidemics. the 4g6 mab was useful for immunofluorescence assays but not for immunoblotting, suggesting that this antibody rec ... | 2009 | 19010309 |
| estimation of transmission parameters of h5n1 avian influenza virus in chickens. | despite considerable research efforts, little is yet known about key epidemiological parameters of h5n1 highly pathogenic influenza viruses in their avian hosts. here we show how these parameters can be estimated using a limited number of birds in experimental transmission studies. our quantitative estimates, based on bayesian methods of inference, reveal that (i) the period of latency of h5n1 influenza virus in unvaccinated chickens is short (mean: 0.24 days; 95% credible interval: 0.099-0.48 d ... | 2009 | 19180190 |
| acquisition of a polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site by a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus is not sufficient for immediate transformation into a highly pathogenic strain. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) differ from all other strains by a polybasic cleavage site in their hemagglutinin. all these hpaiv share the h5 or h7 subtype. in order to investigate whether the acquisition of a polybasic cleavage site by an avirulent avian influenza virus strain with a hemagglutinin other than h5 or h7 is sufficient for immediate transformation into an hpaiv, we adapted the hemagglutinin cleavage site of a/duck/ukraine/1/1963 (h3n8) to that of the hpaiv a/chic ... | 2009 | 19297482 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of h5n2 influenza viruses from pigs in korea. | due to dual susceptibility to both human and avian influenza a viruses, pigs are believed to be effective intermediate hosts for the spread and production of new viruses with pandemic potential. in early 2008, two swine h5n2 viruses were isolated from our routine swine surveillance in korea. the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of surface proteins revealed that the sw/korea/c12/08 and sw/korea/c13/08 viruses were derived from avian influenza viruses of the eurasian lineage. however, although ... | 2009 | 19359528 |
| inactivation of avian influenza virus h5n2 in acidified chicken pulp. | 2009 | 19395719 | |
| active surveillance for avian influenza virus infection in wild birds by analysis of avian fecal samples from the environment. | a total of 1991 environmental samples of fresh avian feces and urine from several aquatic bird species in a coastal area of northeast germany were examined for the presence of avian influenza viruses (aiv). by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, specific for an m gene of influenza a viruses, none of 659 duck samples and only 11 (0.9%) of 1,268 geese and swan samples tested positive. two of these were identified as h5n2 viruses of low pathogenicity. conventional cloacal and ... | 2009 | 19395763 |
| sialivac: an intranasal homologous inactivated split virus vaccine containing bacterial sialidase for the control of avian influenza in poultry. | a simple, effective inactivated avian flu vaccine composed of three homologous highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 strains combined with clostridium perfringens type a 107 sialidase/neuramindase and chitosan as a trans epithelial carrier adjuvant applied intranasally to poultry is described. poultry were vaccinated with an inactivated, solvent split, chitosan adjuvanted intranasal (in) vaccine with and without c. perfringens sialidase and the resulting serum igg antibody measured by haemagglutination in ... | 2009 | 19406183 |
| cold oxygen plasma technology efficiency against different airborne respiratory viruses. | respiratory infections caused by viruses are major causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. they account for an important mortality and morbidity worldwide. amongst these viruses, influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses are major pathogens. their transmission is mainly airborne, by direct transmission through droplets from infected cases. | 2009 | 19406687 |
| safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of poxvirus-based vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin gene of a highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in pigs. | this study investigates the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of different pox-vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin of a highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) (a/chicken/indonesia/7/03) in pigs. pigs were vaccinated twice, with a 4-week interval, with a fowlpox (trovac), a canarypox (alvac), or a vaccinia (nyvac) vector vaccine combined with an oil-in-water adjuvant, with the unadjuvanted nyvac, or left unvaccinated. six weeks after the second vaccination, all pigs w ... | 2009 | 19428840 |
| an inactivated h5n2 vaccine reduces transmission of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus among native chickens. | vaccination against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in endemically affected areas is a potentially attractive option for local prevention and control. in indonesia the majority of local outbreaks have occurred in back yard flocks with native chickens, and it is therefore of interest to determine whether these birds can be protected against infection by vaccination. to this end two transmission experiments were carried out with h5n1 virus (a/chicken/legok/2003) in vaccinated and unvaccinat ... | 2009 | 19428896 |
| association of increased pathogenicity of asian h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens with highly efficient viral replication accompanied by early destruction of innate immune responses. | the asian h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses have been increasing in pathogenicity in diverse avian species since 1996 and are now widespread in asian, european, and african countries. to better understand the basis of the increased pathogenicity of recent asian h5n1 hpai viruses in chickens, we compared the fevers and mean death times (mdts) of chickens infected with the asian h5n1 a/chicken/yamaguchi/7/04 (ckym7) strain with those infected with the h5n1 duck/yokohama/aq10/03 ... | 2009 | 19457987 |
| molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, isolated from food products imported into singapore. | we have completed the genetic characterization of all eight gene segments for four low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses. the objective of this study was to detect the presence of novel signatures that may serve as early warning indicators of the conversion of lpai viruses to high pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses. this study included three h5n2 and one h5n3 viruses that were isolated from live poultry imported into singapore as part of the national avian influenza virus (aiv) su ... | 2009 | 19464126 |
| characterisation of a highly pathogenic influenza a virus of subtype h5n2 isolated from ostriches in south africa in 2004. | the hpai h5n2 strain that caused an outbreak in ostriches of the eastern cape province, south africa in 2004 was characterized. | 2009 | 19496843 |
| comparative analysis between a low pathogenic and a high pathogenic influenza h5 hemagglutinin in cell entry. | avian influenza viruses continue to threaten globally with pandemic potential. the first step in a potential pandemic is the ability of the virus to enter human cells which is mediated by the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha). viral entry of influenza is dependent upon the processing of the ha0 polypeptide precursor protein into ha1 and ha2 which is mediated by host cellular proteases. the sequence of the cleavage site which is recognized by host proteases has been linked with pathog ... | 2009 | 19515258 |
| live vaccination with an h5-hemagglutinin-expressing infectious laryngotracheitis virus recombinant protects chickens against different highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the h5 subtype. | recently, we described an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv, gallid herpesvirus 1) recombinant, which had been attenuated by deletion of the viral dutpase gene ul50, and abundantly expressed the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a h5n1 type highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) of vietnamese origin. in the present study, efficacy of this vectored vaccine (iltv-deltaul50ih5v) against different h5 hpaiv was evaluated in 6-week-old chickens. after a single ocular immunization all animals ... | 2009 | 19573638 |
| replication and pathogenesis associated with h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks. | a comparative study examining replication and disease pathogenesis associated with low-pathogenic h5n1, h5n2, or h5n3 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection of chickens and ducks was performed. the replication and pathogenesis of highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv) has received substantial attention; however, the behavior of low-pathogenic aivs, which serve as precursors to hpaivs, has received less attention. thus, chickens or ducks were inoculated with an isolate from a wild bird [a/mute swan/mi/4510 ... | 2009 | 19575275 |
| genetic analysis of avian influenza a viruses isolated from domestic waterfowl in live-bird markets of hanoi, vietnam, preceding fatal h5n1 human infections in 2004. | the first known cases of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses in vietnam occurred in late 2003. however, hpai h5n1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 and h9n3 viruses were isolated from domestic waterfowl during live-bird market (lbm) surveillance in vietnam in 2001 and 2003. to understand the possible role of these early viruses in the genesis of h5n1 strains infecting people, we performed sequencing and molecular characterization. phylogenetic ... | 2009 | 19578928 |
| vaccination as a tool to combat introductions of notifiable avian influenza viruses in europe, 2000 to 2006. | in late 2000, italy was the first country of the european union (eu) to implement an emergency vaccination programme against notifiable avian influenza. vaccination with a conventional vaccine containing a seed strain with a different neuraminidase subtype from that of the field virus was used to complement biosecurity and restriction measures as part of an overall eradication strategy. this vaccination technique, in line with the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals system (diva), w ... | 2009 | 19618629 |
| avian influenza in mexico. | the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2 in mexico in 1994 led to a clear increase in biosecurity measures and improvement of intensive poultry production systems. the control and eradication measures implemented were based on active surveillance, disease detection, depopulation of infected farms and prevention of possible contacts (identified by epidemiological investigations), improvement of biosecurity measures, and restriction of the movement of live birds, poultry produ ... | 2009 | 19618630 |
| efficacy of a commercial inactivated h5 influenza vaccine against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 in waterfowl evaluated under field conditions. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) can cause devastating losses in the poultry industry. in addition, several hpaiv exhibit a zooanthroponotic potential and can cause fatal infections in humans. these attributes particularly apply to hpaiv h5n1 of asian origin. due to the absence of overt clinical symptoms, introduction and subsequent spread of hpaiv h5n1 in domestic waterfowl (especially ducks) may occur undetected, which increases the risk of transspecies transmissions to highly v ... | 2009 | 19618632 |
| avian influenza: the canadian experience. | reports of sporadic avian influenza outbreaks involving domestic poultry date back to the 1960s. with the exception of a/turkey/ontario/7732/1966 (h5n9), which was isolated from a turkey breeding establishment, all viruses characterised prior to 2004 fit the criteria of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai). only in retrospect was a/turkey/ontario/7732/1966 shown to meet the criteria of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). in 2004, canada reported its first case of hpai to the world organ ... | 2009 | 19618638 |
| surveillance for high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in wild birds in the pacific flyway of the united states, 2006-2007. | in 2006 the u.s. department of agriculture, u.s. department of interior, and cooperating state fish and wildlife agencies began surveillance for high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus in wild birds in the pacific flyway of the united states. this surveillance effort was highly integrated in california, oregon, washington, idaho, nevada, arizona, utah, and western montana, with collection of samples coordinated with state agencies. sampling focused on live wild birds, hunter-killed ... | 2009 | 19630228 |
| an evaluation of avian influenza diagnostic methods with domestic duck specimens. | monitoring of poultry, including domestic ducks, for avian influenza (ai) virus has increased considerably in recent years. however, the current methods validated for the diagnosis and detection of ai virus infection in chickens and turkeys have not been evaluated for performance with samples collected from domestic ducks. in order to ensure that methods for the detection of ai virus or ai virus antibody will perform acceptably well with these specimens, samples collected from domestic ducks exp ... | 2009 | 19630236 |
| phenotypic, genetic, and phylogeographical characterization of avian influenza virus subtype h5n2 isolated from northern pintail (anas acuta) in japan. | intercontinental movements of northern pintail (anas acuta) ducks wintering in japan create a high-risk of both incursion and dispersion of avian influenza viruses (aivs) that circulate in the ducks' breeding grounds in siberia and alaska. this predisposition is likely amplified by bi-directional conveyance of aivs between japan and china. in this study, h5n2 viruses were characterized by means of ha cleavage site sequencing and found to be low pathogenic. through entire genome analysis, as well ... | 2009 | 19635509 |
| co-administration of inactivated avian influenza virus with cpg or ril-2 strongly enhances the local immune response after intranasal immunization in chicken. | intranasal delivery of vaccines is the most effective means of inducing effective immunity in the upper respiratory tract as well as other mucosal lymphoid tissues. to evaluate the effects of the h5n2 inactivated virus with adjuvant, 120 one-day-old chicks were intranasal immunized with the h5n2 inactivated virus respectively mixed with adjuvant cpg or recombinant il-2 (ril-2). the local immunocompetent cells on the respiratory tract were detected. the results showed that the number of intraepit ... | 2009 | 19647063 |
| spatial analysis of low pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza outbreaks in japan in 2005. | we conducted a spatial analysis of low pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza (ai) outbreaks, that affected 41 chicken farms in japan in 2005. a statistically significant (p=0.001) cluster of ai-positive farms was identified in the central part of ibaraki prefecture. inside the ai cluster, the density was high for both chicken farms and chicken population, the proportion of layer finisher type farms was high and the farm size was large. we considered it important to take precautions for ai outbreaks in ... | 2009 | 19652489 |
| comparative pathogenesis of an avian h5n2 and a swine h1n1 influenza virus in pigs. | pigs are considered intermediate hosts for the transmission of avian influenza viruses (aivs) to humans but the basic organ pathogenesis of aivs in pigs has been barely studied. we have used 42 four-week-old influenza naive pigs and two different inoculation routes (intranasal and intratracheal) to compare the pathogenesis of a low pathogenic (lp) h5n2 aiv with that of an h1n1 swine influenza virus. the respiratory tract and selected extra-respiratory tissues were examined for virus replication ... | 2009 | 19684857 |
| comparative efficacy of north american and antigenically matched reverse genetics derived h5n9 diva marker vaccines against highly pathogenic asian h5n1 avian influenza viruses in chickens. | highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 avian influenza has become endemic in several countries in asia and africa, and vaccination is being widely used as a control tool. however, there is a need for efficacious vaccines preferably utilizing a diva (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) marker strategy to allow for improved surveillance of influenza in vaccinated poultry. using a reverse genetics approach, we generated asian rgh5n9 vaccine strain deriving the hemagglutinin gene from a/chicken/ind ... | 2009 | 19686695 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection of mallards with homo- and heterosubtypic immunity induced by low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | the potential role of wild birds as carriers of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) subtype h5n1 is still a matter of debate. consecutive or simultaneous infections with different subtypes of influenza viruses of low pathogenicity (lpaiv) are very common in wild duck populations. to better understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of hpaiv h5n1 infections in natural ecosystems, we investigated the influence of prior infection of mallards with homo- (h5n2) and heterosubtypic (h4n6) ... | 2009 | 19693268 |
| [comparative study of avian influenza virus propagation in the cell culture and chick embryos]. | comparative reproduction studies of 7 avian influenza virus strains (h5n1, h5n2, h3n2, h4n6, h7n7) in vero and mdck cell lines have indicated that the mdck cell line is an optimal substrate for all study strains. the maximum viral output depends on trypsin concentrations and infection doses, which can differ for individual viral strains. the use of the optimal parameters of avian influenza virus replication in the mdck cell lines yields virus titers comparable with virus reproduction in the chic ... | 2009 | 19708550 |
| development and application of avian influenza vaccines in china. | following the first detection of the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in sick geese in guangdong province in china in 1996, scientists began to develop vaccines in preparation for an avian influenza pandemic. an inactivated h5n2 vaccine was produced from a low pathogenic virus, a/turkey/england/n-28/73, and was used for buffer zone vaccination during h5n1 outbreaks in 2004 in china. we also generated a low pathogenic h5n1 reassortant virus (re-1) that derives its ha and na genes from ... | 2009 | 19768404 |
| thermal inactivation of h5n2 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus in dried egg white with 7.5% moisture. | high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) cause severe systemic disease with high mortality in chickens. isolation of hpaiv from the internal contents of chicken eggs has been reported, and this is cause for concern because hpaiv can be spread by movement of poultry products during marketing and trade activity. this study presents thermal inactivation data for the hpaiv strain a/chicken/pa/1370/83 (h5n2) (pa/83) in dried egg white with a moisture content (7.5%) similar to that found in ... | 2009 | 19777906 |
| the polymerase acidic protein gene of influenza a virus contributes to pathogenicity in a mouse model. | adaptation of influenza a viruses to a new host species usually involves the mutation of one or more of the eight viral gene segments, and the molecular basis for host range restriction is still poorly understood. to investigate the molecular changes that occur during adaptation of a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype commonly isolated from migratory birds to a mammalian host, we serially passaged the avirulent wild-bird h5n2 strain a/aquatic bird/korea/w81/05 (w81) in the lungs of mic ... | 2009 | 19793828 |
| mucosal immunity induced by adenovirus-based h5n1 hpai vaccine confers protection against a lethal h5n2 avian influenza virus challenge. | development of effective vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses is a global public health priority. considering the difficulty in predicting hpai h5n1 pandemic strains, one strategy used in their design includes the development of formulations with the capacity of eliciting broad cross-protective immunity against multiple viral antigens. to this end we constructed a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus-based avian influenza virus vaccine (radv-ai) expressi ... | 2009 | 19836045 |
| prior infection with an h1n1 swine influenza virus partially protects pigs against a low pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus. | most humans lack virus neutralizing (vn) and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibodies to h5n1 avian influenza viruses (aivs), but cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibition (ni) antibodies and cell-mediated immune (cmi) responses are common. these immune responses result largely from infections with seasonal human h1n1 influenza viruses, but the protective effect of h1n1 infection-immunity against h5n1 infection has never been examined. to this purpose, we have used the pig model of influenza a ... | 2009 | 19840669 |
| safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza reassortant h5 vaccine (phase i-ii clinical trials). | our studies aimed to evaluate in clinical trials the safety and immunogenicity of an h5 live influenza vaccine candidate obtained using classical reassortment techniques from a low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) a/duck/potsdam/1402-6/86(h5n2) virus and the cold-adapted (ca) donor strain a/leningrad/134/17/57(h2n2). | 2008 | 19453396 |
| [chitosan as an adjuvant for parenteral inactivated influenza vaccines]. | addition of 0.5% chitosan derivative to parenteral inactivated influenza vaccines increased antibody titers in the single immunization of mice by 4-5 times while double immunization showed 6-to-10-fold increases as compared with immunization without chitosan. moreover, chitosan-containing vaccines induced the generation of antibodies to the drift variants of influenza virus. when the mice were given inactivated influenza virus a/h5n2 vaccine containing chitosan, immunogenicity and protective eff ... | 2008 | 19069787 |
| [distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china]. | to identify the distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china. | 2008 | 19160806 |
| [monitoring influenza a virus and newcastle disease virus in migratory waterfowls in sanjiang natural reserve of heilongjiang province]. | in order to monitor the present situation of avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) in migratory waterfowls effectively, 158 tracheal and cloacal swab samples for wild birds were collected from sanjiang natural reserve during migratory seasons in october 2005, april 2006 and october 2006. | 2008 | 19160826 |
| a rapid and sensitive real-time reverse transcription pcr for the pathotyping of south african h5n2 avian influenza viruses. | a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) real-time reverse-transcription (rrt-pcr) assay was developed that distinguishes stains of south african and european highly pathogenic (hpai) from low pathogenicity (lpai) h5 avian influenza viruses in the absence of virus isolation, irrespective of the length of insertion at the hemagglutinin cleavage site (h0). the assay was used to pathotype h5-type viruses detected by rrt-pcr in ostrich tracheal swabs collected during the 2006 hpai h5n2 outbre ... | 2008 | 19294990 |
| pathogenicity and transmission studies of h5n2 parrot avian influenza virus of mexican lineage in different poultry species. | in 2004, a low pathogenic h5n2 influenza virus (a/parrot/ca/6032/04) was identified in a psittacine bird for the first time in the united states. sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene grouped the parrot isolate under the mexican lineage h5n2 viruses (subgroup b) with highest similarity to recent chicken-origin isolates from guatemala. antigenic analysis further confirmed the close relatedness of the parrot isolate to mexican lineage viruses, the highest cross-reactivity be ... | 2008 | 18077111 |
| effect of selection for phagocytosis in dwarf chickens on immune and reproductive characters. | in current study, phagocytosis product (pp) of peripheral blood monocytes was detected among 920 dwarf chickens (460 per sex) at 20 wk of age, and based on discrepancies of pp, the flock was grouped (the highest group, the medium group, and the lowest group). then serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and subpopulations of t-lymphocytes of each group were examined after inoculations of avian influenza virus h5n2 inactivated vaccine (20 wk of age), avian influenza virus h9 inactivated ... | 2008 | 18079448 |
| avian influenza: genetic evolution under vaccination pressure. | antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (aivs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. to evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic aiv under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of aivs isolated from 1994 to 2006. this study demonstrates that mexican low pathogenicity (lp) h5n2-aivs are constan ... | 2008 | 18218105 |
| effects of oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu) in human sera on results of microneutralization and hemagglutinin-inhibition tests for h5n2 avian influenza virus. | to determine the influence of oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu) on the results of microneutralization and hemagglutinin-inhibition (hi) tests in human sera with h5n2 influenza virus, ten volunteers were administered tamiflu and blood samples were collected. in the microneutralization test, no consistent effects were observed. however, in the hi test, specimens from all volunteers taken at 4 and 7 h after drug administration showed a higher titer as compared to 0 and 24 h after administration when ... | 2008 | 18227965 |
| characterization of a newly developed chicken 44k agilent microarray. | the development of microarray technology has greatly enhanced our ability to evaluate gene expression. in theory, the expression of all genes in a given organism can be monitored simultaneously. sequencing of the chicken genome has provided the crucial information for the design of a comprehensive chicken transcriptome microarray. a long oligonucleotide microarray has been manually curated and designed by our group and manufactured using agilent inkjet technology. this provides a flexible and po ... | 2008 | 18237426 |
| protective efficacy of several vaccines against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus under experimental conditions. | although several vaccines have been developed to protect against highly pathogenic avian influenza of subtype h5n1 'asia' their efficiency has primarily been assessed individually. thus, a direct comparison of their performance is still lacking. the following study was conducted to compare the protective efficacy of three commercially available inactivated vaccines based on influenza virus strains of subtypes h5n2 (vaccine a), h5n9 (vaccine b), and h5n3 (vaccine c), as well as two hemagglutinin ... | 2008 | 18291561 |
| chitosan as an adjuvant for parenterally administered inactivated influenza vaccines. | the addition of 0.5% of a chitosan derivative to inactivated influenza vaccines injected parenterally resulted in a four or six to tenfold increase in antibody titres after a single-dose or two-dose intramuscular immunization of mice, respectively, in comparison with antibody titres after immunization without chitosan. chitosan-adjuvanted vaccines enhanced antibody titers against drift variants of a- and b-type human influenza viruses four to six times compared with the vaccines without chitosan ... | 2008 | 18297235 |
| development of vaccine strains of h5 and h7 influenza viruses. | to establish vaccine strains of h5 and h7 influenza viruses, a/duck/hokkaido/vac-1/04 (h5n1) [vac-1/04 (h5n1)], a/duck/hokkaido/vac-3/07 (h5n1) [vac-3/07 (h5n1)], and a/duck/hokkaido/ vac-2/04 (h7n7) [vac-2/04 (h7n7)] were generated from non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks. vac-1/04 (h5n1) and vac-3/07 (h5n1) were generated by genetic reassortment between h5n2 or h5n3 virus as an ha gene provider and h7n1 or h6n1 viruses as an na gene provider. vac-2/04 (h7n7) wa ... | 2008 | 18318111 |
| [optimization of the gene composition of influenza h5 virus hemagglutinin-containing reassortants and their efficacy in immune cross-protection experiments]. | the reassortant described in the authors' previous paper contained 6 genes originating from the high-yield virus a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) and the genes of hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) of the low-pathogenic avian influenza a/duck/primorie/2621/2001 (h5n2) (6:2 reassortant). the reassortant was used for the backcrossing with the parent avian virus in order to optimize the gene composition. genotyping of the highest-yield second-generation reassortment indicated that it had obtained t ... | 2008 | 18318131 |
| [analysis of the amino acid changes of the hemagglutinin of h5 avian influenza virus]. | we introduced 38 single-point amino acid changes into the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of the reassortmented a/duck/mongolia/54/01 (h5n2) strain by a pcr random mutation method. the percentage of amino acid changes on the ha domain that did not abrogate hemadsorption activity was calculated to be 89%. changes in the amino acids of the ha2 domain were observed to be about half of those in the ha1 domain of these mutants. we assumed that amino acid changes in the ha1 domain afforded more flexibility ... | 2008 | 18320820 |
| level of protection of chickens against highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus with newcastle disease virus based live attenuated vector vaccine depends on homology of h5 sequence between vaccine and challenge virus. | vaccination of poultry against avian influenza is of high priority, in particular after the dramatic spread of subtype h5n1 in asia, africa and europe. newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been developed as a vector for the expression of the main immunogen of avian influenza virus, hemagglutinin (ha). an ndv vector based vaccine has several advantages. it allows easy serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals by the detection of antibodies against non-ha influenza proteins. ... | 2008 | 18395947 |
| surveillance of avian influenza viruses in northern pintails (anas acuta) in tohoku district, japan. | among winter migratory waterfowl, northern pintails (anas acuta), in one of the largest flocks in tohoku district, northeast japan, were surveyed for influenza a viruses at five wintering sites in three prefectures, viz., aomori, akita, and miyagi. a total of 38 influenza a viruses were isolated from 2066 fecal samples collected during november 2006 through march 2007. the overall isolation rate was 1.84%. eleven different subtypes were isolated, including nine h5n2, seven h6n8, seven h10n1, fou ... | 2008 | 18459295 |
| h5 antibody detection by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody. | many commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are unable to differentiate antibody responses to different avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes. developing an elisa for specifically detecting the h5 antibody is the purpose of this study. four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were raised using a/duck/yunlin/04 (h5n2). they were confirmed as being specific to h5. two of these antibodies showed hemagglutination inhibition (hi) activity using the hi test. using immunodot blot assays, three ... | 2008 | 18459308 |
| risk factors for seropositivity to h5 avian influenza virus in ostrich farms in the western cape province, south africa. | in a 2005 serological survey, carried out in response to an outbreak of h5n2 avian influenza (ai) in ostriches in the eastern cape province, 16.3% of ostrich farms in the western cape province of south africa were found to be seropositive to h5 ai virus. we subsequently carried out a questionnaire-based census survey on all available registered western cape ostrich farms that still existed at the end of 2005 (367 farms, of which 82 were seropositive), in order to identify risk factors associated ... | 2008 | 18486977 |
| human h5n2 avian influenza infection in japan and the factors associated with high h5n2-neutralizing antibody titer. | h5n2 avian influenza virus infection of humans has not been reported thus far. the first h5n2 avian influenza infection of poultry in japan occurred in ibaraki. | 2008 | 18603824 |
| surveillance of avian and swine influenza in the swine population in taiwan, 2004. | we conducted serological and virological surveillance of pig farms in taiwan from areas epidemic for low pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv), h5n2 subtype, in order to determine the prevalence of aiv and swine influenza virus (siv) in 2004. | 2008 | 18629419 |
| humoral immune response to avian influenza vaccination over a six-month period in different species of captive wild birds. | in december 2005, the four major swiss zoos carried out the vaccination of selected zoo birds with the adjuvant inactivated vaccine h5n2 nobilis influenza. pre- and post-vaccination antibody titers were determined either by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test (non-galliformes) or by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (galliformes) at week 0, 5, 10, and 26 (day 0-1, 35-36, 70-71, and 182 respectively) to determine the humoral immune response to h5 antigen. after the first vaccination, th ... | 2008 | 18646450 |
| evidence of infection by h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in healthy wild waterfowl. | the potential existence of a wild bird reservoir for highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) has been recently questioned by the spread and the persisting circulation of h5n1 hpai viruses, responsible for concurrent outbreaks in migratory and domestic birds over asia, europe, and africa. during a large-scale surveillance programme over eastern europe, the middle east, and africa, we detected avian influenza viruses of h5n2 subtype with a highly pathogenic (hp) viral genotype in healthy birds of ... | 2008 | 18704172 |
| h5n1 avian influenza virus induces apoptotic cell death in mammalian airway epithelial cells. | in recent years, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 has raised serious worldwide concern about an influenza pandemic; however, the biology of h5n1 pathogenesis is largely unknown. to elucidate the mechanism of h5n1 pathogenesis, we prepared primary airway epithelial cells from alveolar tissues from 1-year-old pigs and measured the growth kinetics of three avian h5 influenza viruses (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004 [h5n1], a/duck/hong kong/342/78 [h5n2], and a/duck/hong kong/820/80 [h5n3]), th ... | 2008 | 18787012 |
| efficient capture of infectious h5 avian influenza virus utilizing magnetic beads coated with anionic polymer. | the possible emergence of a pandemic influenza virus from the avian influenza virus (aiv) has become a serious threat. the isolation of viruses will be crucial for further virological analysis and the development of vaccines. however, currently, there is no simple method for facilitating the isolation of infectious aiv. here, we have developed a simple method of capturing aiv using anionic magnetic beads. the method employed the capture of aiv (h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3) from liquid samples such as a ... | 2008 | 18823941 |
| transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in pekin ducks is significantly reduced by a genetically distant h5n2 vaccine. | domestic ducks play an important role in the epidemiology of h5n1 avian influenza. although it is known that vaccines that have a high homology with the challenge virus are able to prevent infection in ducks, little is yet known about the ability of genetically more distant vaccines in preventing infection, disease, and transmission. here we study the effect of a widely used h5n2 vaccine (a/chicken/mexico/232/94/cpa) on the transmission of h5n1 virus (a/chicken/china/1204/04) in ducks. the quant ... | 2008 | 18848343 |