Publications

effects of varying temporal exposure to lead on behavioral development in herring gull (larus argentatus) chicks.	in humans and other animals, lead exposure in infants and young animals affects anatomic, physiologic, behavioral, and intellectual development. yet it is largely unknown whether the effects occur gradually or are more pronounced if exposure occurs at particular stages. in this article we examine the effects of temporal differences in lead exposure on early behavioral development in herring gulls (larus argentatus). we randomly assigned 64 1-2-day-old gull chicks to one of four treatment groups ...	1995	8545481
heavy metal and selenium levels in feathers of herring gulls (larus argentatus): differences due to year, gender, and age at captree, long island.	the concentrations of heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese) and selenium in the feathers of herring gulls (larus argentatus) from a nesting colony at captree, long island, new york were examined from 1989 to 1993 to determine if there were differences from year to year, and between males and females, adult and young, and dead versus live gulls. variation in metal levels in regression models was explained by age (all metals), year (all except manganese), and whether the feath ...	1995	24197911
heavy metal and selenium concentrations in eggs of herring gulls (larus argentatus): temporal differences from 1989 to 1994.	concentrations of five metals and selenium in the eggs of herring gulls (larus argentatus) were examined at a breeding colony on western long island, new york from 1989 to 1994. there were significant yearly differences in lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, chromium, and manganese. chromium and cadmium were significantly higher in 1993 compared to the other years. lead levels were highest in 1989, and were uniformly lower in the succeeding four years. manganese showed no clear pattern. selenium c ...	1995	7661629
growth and behavioral effects of early postnatal chromium and manganese exposure in herring gull (larus argentatus) chicks.	organisms in marine environments are exposed to chromium and manganese, yet little is known of the effects of these metals on physiology and behavior. in this article we examine the effects of chromium and manganese on early neurobehavioral development in herring gulls, larus argentatus. each of 36 2-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups to receive either chromium nitrate (25 mg/kg), manganese acetate (50 mg/kg), or a control dose of sterile saline so ...	1995	7617708
synchronous response of hydrophobic chemicals in herring gull eggs from the great lakes.		1995	22200284
behavior effects of lead exposure on different days for gull (larus argentatus) chicks.	lead exposure early in life affects behavioral, physiologic, and intellectual development in humans and other animals. in this article, we examine the effects of temporal differences in lead exposure on early development in herring gulls (larus argentatus). each of 72 1-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups to receive a lead nitrate concentration of 100 micrograms/g at age 2 or at age 6, a similar cumulative dose evenly divided on days 2, 4, and 6, or m ...	1995	7700961
behavioral impairments of lead-injected young herring gulls in nature.	lead is ubiquitous in the environment, and trace amounts enter the food chain and bioaccumulate in organisms high on the food chain. although lead levels have been examined in a variety of wild species, effects data are usually from laboratory studies. thus the relevance of effects to survival and fitness are not directly determined. in the field we compared the behavior of lead-injected young herring gulls (larus argentatus) to the behavior of their control siblings who received an injection wi ...	1994	7867907
temporal trends and sources of pcdds and pcdfs in the great lakes: herring gull egg monitoring, 1981-1991.		1994	22176318
geographical distribution of organochlorine contaminants and reproductive parameters in herring gulls on lake superior in 1983.	as part of the great lakes international surveillance plan, 1978-83, egg contaminant levels and reproductive output were determined for herring gull colonies on lake superior in 1983. since 1974, the herring gull has been widely used in the great lakes as a spatial and temporal monitor of organochlorine (oc) contaminant levels and associated biological effects. most eggs contained a wide range of ocs, the main compounds being dde, polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, o ...	1994	24221346
heavy metals in avian eggshells: another excretion method.	birds can rid their bodies of heavy metals through both excretion and deposition in feathers, and females can also eliminate heavy metals in the contents of their eggs. in this paper the levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, manganese, chromium) in the contents and shells of eggs of roseate terns (sterna dougallii) and herring gulls (larus argentatus) nesting at cedar beach, long island, are reported. for both species, metal concentrations were significantly higher in the con ...	1994	8301699
differences in mercury contamination and elimination during feather development in gull and tern broods.	eggs, feathers (down, body feathers from side/shoulder and back) and some dead chicks (liver) from broods of three species, herring full (larus argentatus), black-headed gull (larus ridibundus), and common tern (sterna hirundo) from the german north sea coast were collected to study intersibling differences in mercury contamination and elimination into the growing feathers. the mercury contamination in eggs, feathers, and liver of the terns was about four times that of the gulls; black-headed gu ...	1994	8060159
isolation and structural characterisation of herring gull (larus argentatus) pancreatic polypeptide.	pancreatic polypeptide (pp) has been isolated from pancreatic extracts of the herring gull (larus argentatus) using a radioimmunoassay employing an antiserum (pp 221), generated to the conserved c-terminal hexapeptide amide of mammalian pp. gel permeation and reverse-phase hplc fractionation of crude pancreatic extracts resolved a single molecular form of gull pp in each case. purification of gull pp to homogeneity indicated that the mammalian pp antiserum employed was only 4% cross-reactive wit ...	1994	8174930
herring gull eggs as bioindicators for chlorinated hydrocarbons (contribution to the german federal environmental specimen bank).	from its position in the marine food chain, the herring gull (larus argentatus) is a suitable indicator for the level of contamination of its habitats with lipophilic chemicals, especially the chlorinated hydrocarbons. the gull's utility as an indicator is demonstrated by investigations performed at trischen island in the elbe estuary and alte mellum island situated in the weser estuary, when judged by their ability to reflect variations in pollution levels. the use of the analysis technique dev ...	1993	8272843
lead and behavioral development in young herring gulls: effects of timing of exposure on individual recognition.	lead exposure early in life affects behavioral, physiological, and intellectual development in humans and other animals. recognition of parents or other caregivers and eventual bonding are essential aspects of behavioral development. in this paper young herring gulls, larus argentatus, were used to examine the effect of timing of lead exposure on individual recognition behavior and development. each of 60 1-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to a control group or to one of three t ...	1993	8405781
occurrence of oocysts of cryptosporidium sp. in larus spp. gulls.	between november 1990 and february 1991 101 gull faecal samples, collected in central scotland, and 50 cloacal lavages, from gulls captured at two refuse tips near durham, england were examined for the presence of cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. five of 101 (c 5%) of faecal samples and 11 of 50 (22%) of cloacal lavages contained oocysts, of which 64% and 83%, respectively were considered viable when examined with propidium iodide and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. since there is insufficient eviden ...	1993	8432317
the value of chick feathers to assess spatial and interspecific variation in the mercury contamination of seabirds.	in 1991 we compared eggs, down and body feathers of chicks of common terns, herring gulls and black-headed gulls in their utility to assess contamination with mercury. like eggs feathers distinctly show interspecific and intersite differences in contamination. highest levels were found in common terns, lowest in black-headed gulls. chicks hatched at the elbe had much higher mercury levels than those in other areas of the german north sea coast. conversion ratios between tissues have to be used w ...	1993	24221187
mercury levels in eggs, tissues, and feathers of herring gulls larus argentatus from the german wadden sea coast.	the relationships between mercury levels in eggs, tissues, and feathers of male and female herring gulls caught at their nests at a colony on the german wadden sea coast were investigated, and an assessment of mercury intake and excretion of these birds was made. samples of the liver, ovary, pectoral muscle, and body feathers, as well as the primary feather (in some cases), and eggs were taken from 37 adult herring gulls. analysis of total mercury in all samples showed that body-feather and tiss ...	1993	15091850
comparison of lead levels in bone, feathers, and liver of herring gull chicks (larus argentatus).	bone, feathers, and liver were analyzed for lead in herring gull chicks (larus argentatus) of two different ages. the highest levels were found in the bone, evidence of chronic exposure. no differences were found within the bones. differences occurred between different bones, with the ribs having twice the amount of lead than any other bone. these studies indicate that type of bone affects lead levels; thus researchers should clearly state which parts of which bones are examined. it is also sugg ...	1992	1574517
haematology and blood chemistry of healthy and clinically abnormal great black-backed gulls (larus marinus) and herring gulls (larus argentatus).	normal haematological values and cholesterol values (total, hdl-cholesterol, ldl-cholesterol) were determined in free-living herring and great black-backed gulls, taking into account species, age and sex. these figures were then used as a basis of comparison with findings on birds with apparent clinical abnormalities (the birds were either oiled, emaciated, extensively infested with endoparasites, had external injuries or organic abnormalities). species-specific differences were found only in ch ...	1992	18670934
heavy metal and metallothionein concentrations in atlantic canadian seabirds.	seabird tissues, collected during the 1988 breeding season from colonies on the atlantic coast of canada, were analyzed for toxic metals--cd, hg and pb--and 18 other trace elements. metallothionein (mt) was measured in kidney, and kidneys and livers underwent histopathological examination. levels of most essential trace elements appear to be closely regulated in seabird tissues; values were in good agreement with those previously reported in the published literature. liver-se concentrations in l ...	1992	1554255
occurrence of campylobacter spp. in young gulls, duration of campylobacter infection and reinfection by contact.	two groups of three week old herring gulls (larus argentatus) were held to observe the carrier state with campylobacter. all 27 birds of group i excreted campylobacter jejuni biotype iii when they were caught from their colony. four weeks later all but one were negative, indicating that the carrier state lasts until about the seventh week of life, with self-elimination if infection with another campylobacter species is prevented by housing in a closed environment as in this study. only one bird ...	1992	1621473
a modelling strategy for recovery data from birds ringed as nestlings.	in this paper we propose a strategy for analysing recovery data from birds ringed as nestlings. the approach advocated starts with a global model, involving calendar year dependence of both reporting and first-year survival rates, and age-dependence of survival rates for older birds. likelihood ratio tests are then used to choose between a range of submodels. the strategy is illustrated through application to three data sets, on mallards, herring gulls, and blue-winged teal. the effect of age-de ...	1992	1581486
[the occurrence of campylobacter spp. and salmonella spp. in gulls in northern germany].	out of a total of 207 gulls--20 black headed gulls, 185 herring gulls and 2 common gulls--128 (62%) and 23 (11%) birds, respectively, were infected with campylobacter spp. (c.) and salmonella spp. c. jejuni was predominant in gulls less than two years old (89%) and c. coli in older birds (75%). furthermore, the infection rate with campylobacters was depending on the habitats of the birds. the rate for c. jejuni and c. coli, respectively, was in gulls from regional garbage dumps 78% and 4%, from ...	1991	2065612
why do distress calls evoke interspecific responses? an experimental study applied to some species of birds.	distress calls of birds are well-known to elicit interspecific responses when they are broadcast to different species. we suggest that the interspecificity phenomenon results from the use of similar laws of decoding by all species. to support this hypothesis, we broadcast a simplified synthetic call to five species of birds (larus argentatus, l. ridibundus, vanellus vanellus, corvus frugilegus and sturnus vulgaris). this synthetic call was built by keeping all the parameters involved in the proc ...	1991	24897723
productivity, diet, and environmental contaminants in bald eagles nesting near the wisconsin shoreline of lake superior.	bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) nesting in the apostle islands national lakeshore and along the wisconsin shoreline of lake superior produced an average of 0.8 young/occupied nest and had an average nest success of 57% during 1983-1988, compared to 1.3 young/occupied nest and 77% nest success in inland wisconsin. contaminant levels in nestling bald eagle carcasses collected from nests near lake superior were higher than those collected inland, suggesting local contamination. prey remains ...	1991	1996910
great lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (glemeds) in colonial fish-eating birds: similarity to chick-edema disease.	several species of colonial fish-eating birds nesting in the great lakes basin, including herring gulls, common terns and double-crested cormorants, have exhibited chronic impairment of reproduction. in addition to eggshell thinning caused by high levels of ddt and metabolites, the reproductive impairment is characterized by high embryonic and chick mortality, edema, growth retardation, and deformities, hence the name great lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (glemeds). the h ...	1991	1875430
configuration of the medial and lateral segments of duck (anas platyrhynchos) salt glands.	salt glands of the domestic duck anas platyrhynchos differ from those of the herring gull larus argentatus and other birds. in ducks, each salt gland consists of distinct medial and lateral segments. centrally located drainage ducts that extend along the entire length of these medial and lateral segments collect hypertonic fluid secreted by an array of lobules. each lobule is formed by a single mass of branched tubules in which the direction of capillary blood flow is opposite to that of the sec ...	1991	29865521
behavioral effects of early postnatal lead exposure in herring gull (larus argentatus) chicks.	lead exposure early in life affects behavioral and intellectual development in humans. in this paper, i use the herring gull, larus argentatus, as an animal model to examine effects of lead exposure on early development. like humans, birds rely mainly on visual and vocal, rather than olfactory, modes of communication. each of 24 one-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups to receive a lead nitrate solution at a concentration of 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/g. th ...	1990	2315373
tissue levels of lead in experimentally exposed herring gull (larus argentatus) chicks.	two-day-old herring gull (larus argentatus) chicks were injected with either 0.1 or 0.2 mg lead/g body mass and were sacrificed at 45 d of age. control birds were injected with sterile water. we examined lead and cadmium levels in blood, kidney, liver, muscle, salt glands, breast feathers, and bone. in control birds lead levels were highest in bone, feathers, salt gland, and kidney, and lowest in blood, muscle, and brain. in experimental birds lead levels were highest in bone, liver, kidney, and ...	1990	2299695
geographical distribution of contaminants and productivity measures of herring gulls in the great lakes: lake erie and connecting channels 1978/79.	the distribution and size of colonies, residue levels of dde, ddt, hcb, dieldrin, mirex and pcbs in eggs, productivity and eggshell thickness were determined for herring gulls at 14 sites in lake erie and connecting channels. the centre of distribution for breeding herring gulls was the western basin where approximately 90% of the 6200 nests in the study area were located. seven of 22 colonies showed an average annual population increase of 48.3%. most of the increase in breeding herring gulls o ...	1990	2108495
the laboratory maintenance of diphyllobothrium dendriticum (nitzsch, 1824).	a protocol for the routine laboratory maintenance of the life-cycle of diphyllobothrium dendriticum, using herring gulls (larus argentatus), cyclops abyssorum and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss ( = salmo gairdneri) as the definitive, first and second intermediate hosts respectively, is described.	1990	2235071
[circulation of the influenza a virus of h13 serosubtype among seagulls in the northern caspian (1979-1985)].	the results of seven-year ecologo-virological studies (1979-1985) of laridae colonies on the island zhemchuzhnyi, northern kaspian sea, showed annual isolation of influenza a viruses. altogether, 95 hemagglutinating agent have been isolated. strains with 4 different combinations of surface antigens were identified: h5n2, h13n2, h13n3, h13n6. the possibility of transovarial transmission is confirmed by the fact of isolation of an influenza virus strain a/black-headed herring gull/astrakhan/458/85 ...	1989	2531497
erve virus, a probable member of bunyaviridae family isolated from shrews (crocidura russula) in france.	an apparently new agent, provisionally named erve virus, was isolated in 1982 from tissues of three white toothed shrews, crocidura russula, trapped near saulges village in western france. results of virological and ultrastructural studies suggest that this virus belongs to the bunyaviridae family and is a bunyavirus-like agent. serosurveys indicate that erve virus had apparently a large geographical distribution in france and infects rodents, insectivores, wild boars (sus scrofa), red deer (cer ...	1989	2570514
[cestode egg production dynamics and fertility in diphyllobothrium dendriticum (cestoda, pseudophyllidea)].	dynamics of egg production of the tapeworm diphyllobothrium dendriticum has been estimated experimentally in nestlings of the herring gull larus argentatus per day and per reproductive period. the number of eggs in strobiles has been estimated for the maturation period. mean egg production of the tapeworm per day (10.43 +/- 2.72 mln) is two orders of magnitude as high as the maximum number of eggs in a mature strobile (0.206 +/- 0.007). it is proposed to estimate coefficient of reproduction inte ...	1989	2748199
[the occurrence and characterization of campylobacter spp. in silver gulls (larus argentatus), three-toed gulls (rissa tridactyla) and house sparrows (passer domesticus)].	altogether 16 campylobacter (c.) isolates could be recovered from 65 herring gulls: 5 x c. laridis, 2 x c. jejuni biovar 1, 4 x c. jejuni biovar 2 and 5 x c. coli. campylobacter spp. were isolated from 15 out of 51 samples from kittiwakes: 2 x c. jejuni biovar 1 and 13 x c. laridis. all c. coli isolates grew on agar containing 1.5% nacl. two campylobacter isolates from 50 house sparrows differed from all other isolates by a distinct beta-hemolysis and other phenotypic characteristics and could n ...	1989	2750361
[the "diseased" or "dead" guillemots (uria aalge), three-toed gulls (rissa tridactyla), silver gulls (larus argentatus) and laughing gulls (larus ridibundus) found in the area of the german bay, 1982-1985].	between 1982 and 1985 the cadavers of 50 guillemots (uria aalge), 41 kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), 26 herring gulls (larus argentatus) and 34 black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) were examined pathological, bacteriological and virological. the probable cause of death was established. parasitosis were particularly prevalent in herring gulls (49%), where the main infection--as in black-headed gulls--was with cestoides. in kittiwakes and guillemots mainly spiruroideae were recorded. the commonest ...	1989	2752934
dynamics of egg production of the cestode diphyllobothrium dendriticum (nitzsch, 1824) (cestoda: pseudophyllidea) and the concept of fecundity in helminths.	the dynamics of egg production of the tapeworm d. dendriticum has been estimated experimentally in nestlings of the herring gull larus argentatus per day and per reproductive period. numbers of eggs in strobilae have been estimated for the maturation period. mean egg production, of one tapeworm per day (10.42 +/- 2.72 mln) is two orders of magnitude as high as the maximal number of eggs in a mature strobila (0.206 +/- 0.007). it is proposed to estimate the coefficient of reproduction intensity a ...	1989	2767550
organochlorine contaminants in eggs of common terns from the canadian great lakes, 1981.	to determine if contaminant levels in common terns had changed over the last decade, we collected and analyzed eggs from four nesting colonies on the three lower great lakes during 1981. dde and pcbs were detected in every egg from the four colonies. dieldrin, mirex and trans-nonachlor were detected in more than 45% of the eggs. seven other organochlorine contaminants (ddd, ddt, hexachlorobenzene, oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor and toxaphene) were detected in less than 25% of the egg ...	1989	15092410
an assessment of pollutants in eggs of audouin's gull (larus audouinii), a rare species of the mediterranean sea.	audouin's gull (larus audouinii) is a very rare species endemic to the mediterranean basin. a sub-population of an estimated 130 pairs is breeding in the tuscan archipelago, an area heavily polluted by mercury and chlorinated hydrocarbons. here we present the data from 5 years spent monitoring the contaminant levels in the eggs of this species. mercury, selenium, polychlorobiphenyls (pcbs) and dde concentrations are two to five times higher than in similar species, such as the yellow-legged herr ...	1989	2497516
[hematologic and hematochemical characteristics of the herring gull (larus argentatus) and the buzzard (buteo buteo)].	some hematological and hematochemical parameters in eight herring gulls (larus argentatus) and in six buzzards (buteo buteo) were checked. the buzzards were fed with ovine meat exclusively, while the herring gulls were fed with fish and ovine meat. considerable differences between the two species were noted, particularly as far as the hematological and lipidic parameters are concerned. these differences are probably related to the aquatic life of the herring gull.	1989	2627341
organochlorines and heavy metals in herring gull (larus argentatus) eggs and chicks from the same clutch.		1989	2743002
seasonal variations in aldrin epoxidase (mfo) activity of yellow-legged herring gulls: the relationship to breeding and pcb residues.		1988	3146357
long term monitoring of pollutants in eggs of yellow-legged herring gull from capraia island (tuscan archipelago).	chlorinated hydrocarbons (hexachlorobenzene, lindane, pp'dde, polychlorinated biphenyls) and trace elements (hg, se, cd, pb) were determined in eggs of yellow-legged herring gull (larus cachinnans) collected in an island of the tyrrhenian sea during the period 1981-1986. pcbs levels vary on the average between 30.4μg g(-1) d.w. in 1981 to 56.1 μg g(-1) d.w. in 1983. the capillary chromatograms revealed the presence of about 30 somers of pcbs without significant variations in the eggs of the same ...	1988	24248526
skull deformity in a herring gull chick (larus argentatus).	a skull deformity resulting in death of a herring gull chick (larus argentatus) is described in detail. the bones of the skull and upper jaw were twisted, asymmetrical and of unusual size or absent. the lower jaw had an almost "spoon-like" external appearance and lacked normal articular surfaces.	1988	3352082
measurement of growth rates: the effect of sampling time on weight in a seabird.	in most field studies on growth rates of birds, chicks are weighed in the "morning" or whenever it is convenient. i found that weight of laboratory-reared young herring gulls (larus argentatus) varied significantly depending on the time of day it was measured. chicks were always lighter at daybreak before they had eaten. however, mean weight at other times of the day was less variable. these results suggest that it is important to always weigh chicks at the same time each day, and to appreciate ...	1988	3203978
effects of lead on growth in young herring gulls (larus argentatus).	one-day-old herring gulls (larus argentatus) were injected intraperitoneally with lead nitrate solution (0.1 or 0.2 mg pb/g) or sterile saline to examine differences in growth rates. despite the low levels of lead exposure, by d 8 there were significant differences in growth rates as a function of treatment. there were also, by d 8, significant differences in bill length, tarsus length, and wing bone length. except for bill length, these differences persisted for the duration of the study. devel ...	1988	3172274
eimeria wobeseri sp. n. and eimeria goelandi sp. n. (protozoa: apicomplexa) in the kidneys of herring gulls (larus argentatus).	eimeria wobeseri sp. n. and e. goelandi sp. n. from the kidneys of nestling herring gulls (larus argentatus) are reported. species descriptions are based on the morphology of sporulated oocysts. oocysts of one or both species were recovered from 90 to 100 gulls. nine of 16 gulls rigorously examined were found infected simultaneously with both species. meronts, gamonts and zygotes were observed histologically in epithelial cells of distal tubules, collecting ducts and ureters. sporulated oocysts ...	1988	3411711
sensitivity of embryos from duck, goose, herring gull, and various chicken breeds to 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.	yolks in embryonated eggs from duck, goose, herring gull, and various breeds of chicken were injected with 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (tcb). hens' eggs were injected after 4 days of incubation and eggs from the other species were injected after 5 days of incubation. all breeds of chicken tested were very sensitive to tcb. at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg egg the death rate in chick embryos ranged from 70 to 100% at the end of the experiment by day 18 of incubation. liver lesions, hydropericardiu ...	1988	3131755
uptake of 226ra by established vegetation and black cutworm larvae, agrotis ipsilon (class insecta: order lepidoptera), on u mill tailings at elliot lake, canada.	radium-226 levels in samples from an inactive u tailings site at elliot lake, ontario, canada, were: 9,140 +/- 500 mbq g-1 dry weight in the substrate; 62 +/- 1 mbq g-1 dry weight in rye, secale cereale, and less than 3.7 mbq g-1 dry weight in oats, avena sativa, the dominant species established by revegetation of the tailings; and 117 +/- 7 mbq g-1 dry weight in washed and unwashed black cutworm larvae. concentration ratios were: vegetation to tailings 0.001-0.007; black cutworms to vegetation ...	1988	3391775
mixed-function oxidase activity in seabirds and its relationship to oil pollution.	1. the hepatic activity of epoxide hydrolase, aldrin epoxidase, aminopyrine n-demethylase, 7-ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase, benzo(a)pyrene 3-hydroxylase and udp glucuronyl transferase was determined in adult herring gulls (larus argentatus) at various stages of the breeding season. 2. mfo activity was measured for adult leach's storm-petrels (oceanodroma leucorhoa), guillemot (uria aalge) and atlantic puffins (fratercula arctica). for most assays the values were highest for the puffin. 3. mfo act ...	1987	2890477
color pattern polymorphism in the lake erie water snake, nerodia sipedon insularum.	populations of the water snake, nerodia sipedon, on islands in western lake erie are polymorphic for color pattern. these populations include banded, intermediate, and unbanded morphs while surrounding mainland populations consist solely of the banded morph. the hypothesis that this polymorphism is maintained by strong selection and migration pressures is widely accepted. unbanded morphs are apparently more cryptic along island shorelines while banded morphs are more cryptic on the mainland. mig ...	1987	28568759
postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the vascular system of the herring gull, larus argentatus.	the nature of the vascular alpha-adrenoceptors has been studied in the herring gull, larus argentatus. in the anaesthetized herring gull, both phenylephrine and clonidine elicited dose-dependent increases in arterial blood pressure. the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin was a better antagonist of phenylephrine than were the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists yohimbine and rauwolscine. yohimbine and rauwolscine were better antagonists of clonidine than was prazosin. the maximum response to p ...	1986	2879594
ionic alkylleads in herring gulls from the great lakes region.		1986	22257404
on being the right size: natural selection and body size in the herring gull.		1986	28556212
nitrite poisoning in herring gulls (larus argentatus) and ring-billed gulls (larus delawarensis).	landfill disposal of a fertilizer manufacturing waste product was associated with a die-off of gulls in new hanover county, north carolina. an estimated 250 herring and ring-billed gulls were found dead at the site following the initial disposal of this material. chemical analyses revealed that the fertilizer waste contained predominately calcium (12.0 to 22.2%) and nitrite (3.0 to 15.2%). contents of the proventriculi and gizzards of dead gulls also contained calcium (3.0 to 10.9%) and nitrite ...	1986	3016349
organochlorine chemical residues in herring gulls, ring-billed gulls, and common terns of western lake superior.		1986	3729548
a quantitative assessment of thyroid histopathology of herring gulls (larus argentatus) from the great lakes and a hypothesis on the causal role of environmental contaminants.	thyroids from 213 adult herring gulls of both sexes were collected during incubation from nine colonies in the great lakes basin of eastern north america between 1974 and 1983, and from a single colony in the bay of fundy from 1977 to 1982. qualitative and quantitative histological assessment revealed that the majority of the gulls from the great lakes basin suffered from goiter. these thyroids had a greater mass than those from the bay of fundy, and were microfollicular and frequently hyperplas ...	1986	3951063
renal excretion in gull chicks: effect of parathyroid hormone and calcium loading.	renal clearance experiments were performed on herring gull (larus argentatus) and great black-backed gull chicks (l. marinus) to test the importance of parathyroid hormone (pth), parathyroidectomy (ptx), and calcium loading on excretion patterns of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate. ptx reduced the relative clearance of phosphate to near zero within 2 h. conversely, pth stimulated net secretion of phosphate within 40 min. calcium loading caused a drop in phosphate excretion identical to ...	1986	3942252
lead, mercury, cadmium and selenium in two species of gull feeding on inland dumps, and in marine areas.	the influence of the foraging area on the intake of trace elements was evaluated in tissues of two species of gull: the black-headed gull (larus ridibundus) and the herring gull (larus argentatus). mercury levels were higher in birds from the coastal environment than in those caught on inland dumps; birds found at one dump site showed high levels of lead. interspecific differences in the levels of mercury and cadmium are discussed.	1986	3810137
clinical, gross, and histological findings in herring gulls and atlantic puffins that ingested prudhoe bay crude oil.	oral doses of 0, 1, 4, 5, 10, or 20 ml of prudhoe bay crude oil/kg body weight/day were given to herring gull and atlantic puffin nestlings for 5 to 7 consecutive days. gulls defecated substantial amounts of oil within 10 to 15 minutes after receiving a dose. clinical signs and lesions occurred only in birds given greater than or equal to 10 ml oil/kg body weight/day. gulls consumed less food and lost weight. two categories of lesions were observed: those considered secondary to a primary toxic ...	1986	3727312
morphological lesions in red blood cells from herring gulls and atlantic puffins ingesting prudhoe bay crude oil.	red blood cells from nestling herring gulls and atlantic puffins that had ingested 10 ml or more of a prudhoe bay crude oil/kg body weight/day for four to five days were examined by light and electron microscopy. in stained smears, red blood cells from oil-dosed birds were characterized by anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, reticulocytosis, and heinz body formation. in transmission electron micrographs, affected cells had intracytoplasmic and intranuclear heinz bodies, a variety of abnormal cytoplasm ...	1985	2412333
contaminant levels in colonial waterbirds from green bay and lake michigan, 1975-80.	residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), polybrominated biphenyls (pbbs), polychlorinated styrenes (pcss), and mercury were measured in the eggs of 10 species of colonial waterbirds nesting in areas around green bay or lake michigan from 1975 to 1980. residues also were measured in the carcasses and brains of black-crowned night-herons (nycticorax nycticorax). the highest residues were of pcbs, dde, mercury, and dieldrin; for some species, levels of these chemical ...	1985	24258029
long-term preservation of egg and tissue homogenates for determination of organochlorine compounds: freezing versus freeze-drying.	storage of wet egg homogenates at temperatures from -18 degrees to -28 degrees c was more suitable for long-term preservation than freeze-drying. changes in residue levels of heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene,p,p'-dde, mirex, and pcbs were not significant over a 3-year period in fresh herring gull egg homogenates stored at -18 degrees to -28 degrees c. compounds with gas chromatographic retention times shorter than hexachlorobenzene vaporized during freeze-drying at a ...	1985	3980402
blood chemistry changes in food-deprived herring gulls.	blood chemistry changes caused by food-stress was measured in fledgling herring gulls (larus argentatus). increases of corticosterone, t3, free fatty acids, glucose, cholesterol and alpha-amino n-butyric acid were observed. significant decreases were found in the concentrations of 14 of the 26 free amino acids studied.	1985	2863080
the isolation of meaban virus, a new flavivirus from the seabird tick ornithodoros (alectorobius) maritimus in france.	seven strains of a new flavivirus, for which the name of meaban virus is proposed, were isolated from the seabird tick ornithodoros (a.) maritimus collected during 1981 and 1982 in nests of herring gulls (larus argentatus) on islands of south brittany, france. the new virus was compared serologically with 65 other flaviviruses including tyuleniy virus and was found to be most closely related to, but different from saumarez reef virus, an agent previously isolated in australia and tasmania. some ...	1985	2982352
hemograms and microscopic lesions of herring gulls during captivity.	herring gulls (larus argentatus) kept in captivity for a maximum of 28 days developed marked heterophilia and nonregenerative anemia. these hematologic findings remained abnormal throughout captivity. concurrently, severe amyloid deposition was seen in vessel walls of the spleen and in other tissues, and vacuolar degeneration of catecholamine-producing cells of the adrenal glands was found in gulls necropsied at various intervals. behavioral signs of stress were seen in the early stages of capti ...	1985	4077622
biochemical and functional disturbances in red blood cells of herring gulls ingesting prudhoe bay crude oil.	heinz body hemolytic anemia developed in herring gull (larus argentatus) nestlings given oral doses of 10 ml of prudhoe bay crude oil per kilogram of body weight per day for 5 days. associated disturbances in red blood cells were increased amounts of reduced glutathione (gsh), peroxidation of membrane lipids, an increase in membrane permeability, and a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of cyanomethemoglobin-convertible hemoglobin. among groups of gulls given different cumulative doses of ...	1985	4049418
effects of ingestion of hibernia and prudhoe bay crude oils on hepatic and renal mixed function oxidase in nestling herring gulls (larus argentatus).	oral administration of prudhoe bay crude or hibernia crude to nestling herring gulls increased the hepatic cytochrome p-450 content 4-fold. concomitantly, there was an increase in various mixed-function oxidase and phase ii enzyme activities. 7-ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase was elevated 19-fold, benzo(a)pyrene 3-hydroxylase 6-fold, aniline hydroxylase 3-fold, and aminopyrine n-demethylase and uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase 2-fold. there was no change in reduced glutathione s-transfera ...	1985	3967642
the blood vascular system in the head of the herring gull (larus argentatus).	the structure and development of the blood vascular system in the head of the herring gull (larus argentatus) have been studied using injection techniques and histological sections. three different but interconnected divisions of the arterial system are recognized in the adult: the cerebral carotid artery system, the external ophthalmic artery system, and the external carotid artery system. embryologically, the arterial system is characterized by changes in the relative development of these divi ...	1984	6538908
[1st observations of the pathogenicity of ichthyophonus in birds. 2 cases of natural infection].	two cases of ichthyophoniasis (ichthyosporidiosis) are reported for the first time in fish-eating birds, heron and herring gull. the lesions were mainly in the heart, liver, spleen and kidney. the fungus was isolated from them, cultivated and found identical to a strain previously obtained from a sea-fish. it was able to grow at 40 degrees c. attention is drawn on the potential hazard for human health resulting from the ingestion of raw fish.	1984	6541443
adenovirus-like agent in the bursa of fabricius of herring gulls (larus argentatus pontoppidan) from newfoundland, canada.		1984	6092730
avian wildlife reservoir of campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, yersinia spp., and salmonella spp. in norway.	cloacal swabs from 540 wild-living birds were cultured for campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, yersinia spp., and salmonella spp. the carrier rates detected were as follows: c. fetus subsp. jejuni, 28.4%; yersinia spp., 1.2%; and salmonella spp., 0.8%. all birds were apparently healthy when captured. c. fetus subsp. jejuni was isolated from 11 of the 40 bird species examined. among birds inhabiting the city of oslo, the highest isolation rate was found in crows (corvus corone cornix) (89.8%), fol ...	1983	6338824
mutagenicity studies on herring gulls from different locations on the great lakes. ii. mutagenic evaluation of extracts of herring-gull eggs in a battery of in vitro mammalian and microbial tests.	herring-gull (larus argentatus) eggs were collected from five locations on the great lakes and from one colony on the atlantic coast for organochlorine analysis and mutagenesis testing. the great lakes colonies were chosen for their different contaminant levels, while the atlantic coast colony was used as a relatively clean control. the eggs were homogenized and extracted, and the extracts were tested in the salmonella/mammalian microsome assay for induction of point mutations and in chinese ham ...	1983	6361273
[gymnophallus rebecqui n. sp. (syn. parvatrema sp. 1, j. rebecq, 1964) (digenea: gymnophallidae), an intestinal parasite of ducks from camargue (france)].	gymnophallus rebecqui n. sp. replace parvatrema sp. 1 j. rebecq, 1964. metacercariae are described. they occur free in the extrapallial space of cerastoderma glaucum and abra ovata, at the central part of the valves. pallial epithelium hypertrophy is induced by metacercariae and damages are produced at the inner face of the shell of abra ovata. adults have been reared in laboratory hosts (aythya ferina, a. fuligula, anas platyrhynchos, tadorna tadorna and larus argentatus michaellis). natural ad ...	1983	6614742
the herring gull larus argentatus as a carrier of salmonella.	the proportion of salmonella carriers among town-nesting herring gulls increased significantly from 2.1% in 1975-6 to 8.4% in 1979. the range of serotypes carried by herring gulls was similar to that causing infection in man, and it is likely that the gulls ingest these serotypes when feeding at untreated sewage outfalls on the coast. this is supported by the proportion of salmonella carriers being higher among first-year birds (9.7%) than among older birds (2.0%), as it is known that higher pro ...	1983	6663058
the herring gull larus argentatus as a likely transmitting agent of salmonella montevideo to sheep and cattle.	this paper presents evidence for the involvement of herring gulls (larus argentatus) as vectors in the recent outbreaks of salmonella montevideo in sheep and cattle in scotland and suggests that the transfer can take place over considerable distances. the breeding area in scotland of herring gulls which overwinter in n.e. england is remarkably similar to the geographical distribution of the outbreaks. this pattern, together with the feeding behaviour of herring gulls on farmland, the presence of ...	1983	6663059
[bacterial and fungal digestive flora of herring gulls (larus argentatus) in the camargue].	the bacterial and fungal digestive flora of herring gulls (larus argentatus michahellis) has been studied in camargue, france. of 107 cloacal swab samples, one was found to contain salmonellae. the incidence of escherichia coli and faecal streptococcus was sufficiently high to suggest that greater attention should be paid to the environmental impact of this gull species.	1983	18766771
heinz-body hemolytic anemia from the ingestion of crude oil: a primary toxic effect in marine birds.	hemolytic anemia developed in young herring gulls and atlantic puffins given daily oral doses of a prudhoe bay crude oil. anemia developed 4 to 5 days after the initiation of oil ingestion and was accompanied by heinz-body formation and a strong regenerative response. the data evince a toxic effect on circulating red blood cells involving an oxidative biochemical mechanism and the first clear evidence of a primary mechanism of toxicity from the ingestion of crude oil by birds.	1983	6844918
behavioural responses to human intruders of herring gulls (larus argentatus ) and great black-backed gulls (l. marinus ) with varying exposure to human disturbance.	this study examined differences in response to humans approaching the nest for incubating herring and great black-backed gulls with varying amounts of prior exposure to humans. gulls nesting in frequently disturbed areas sat more tenaciously, responded more slowly, and returned to the nest more quickly following the intruder's retreat, than birds nesting in less disturbed areas. the species differed in their responses in different areas. stage of incubation had little effect, except that late in ...	1983	24897679
mediation and mechanisms of the hypotensive effect of l-dopa in the sea-gull: larus argentatus.	we have investigated the mediation of the hypotensive action of l-dopa after peripheral dopa decarboxylase (dc) inhibition in the sea-gull, larus argentatus. vagotomy prevented the bradycardia and hypotension occurring after l-dopa in birds pretreated with an inhibitor of peripheral dc. l-dopa alone, given to intact birds, resulted in a slight increase in blood pressure (bp), accompanied by a tendency to bradycardia. spinal transection in combination with vagotomy reversed the bradycardia and re ...	1983	6873183
cardiovascular and biochemical effects of l-dopa in the sea-gull, larus argentatus.	we have investigated the effects of l-dopa alone and in combination with three different inhibitors of l-aromatic aminoacid decarboxylase (dc), carbidopa, benserazid and alpha-monofluoromethyldopa (mfmd) on blood pressure (bp) and catecholamine content in conscious or anaesthetized sea-gulls, larus argentatus. the results show that l-dopa, given i.p., is taken up and decarboxylated to dopamine (da) in brain and heart. carbidopa inhibits the peripheral synthesis of da from exogenous l-dopa while ...	1983	6852101
toxicity of prudhoe bay crude oil and its aromatic fractions to nestling herring gulls.		1982	7067677
antibodies against eds-76 avian adenovirus in bird species before 1975.	a retrospective serological survey was performed to demonstrate hi antibodies against eds-76 virus in sera collected between 1964 to 1975 from domesticated and wild birds. no antibody to eds virus was detected in the chicken, pheasant and turkey sera. however, hi antibodies to eds-76 virus could be demonstrated in sera from domestic ducks (60%), wild ducks (59%), geese (70%) and herring gulls (20%). the presence of antibodies indicates that the eds-76 virus existed in waterfowls prior to 1975. t ...	1982	18770213
antigenic and genetic characterization of a novel hemagglutinin subtype of influenza a viruses from gulls.	influenza a virus isolates from ring-billed, franklin, blackback, and herring gulls in the united states possess a hemagglutinin (ha) distinct from the 12 reference ha subtypes. serological assays (hemagglutination inhibition and double-immunodiffusion) with specific antisera to reference strains and to a representative gull isolate showed that the ha of the gull virus was not antigenically related to that of any known subtype. the gull virus did not replicate in ducks or chickens but did replic ...	1982	7097861
low degree of isozyme variation within and between herring gull (larus argentatus), lesser black-backed gull (larus fuscus) and their british and swedish subspecies.		1981	7298349
cardiovascular effects of clonidine in an avian species, larus argentatus.	blood pressure and heart rate were recorded in the sea gull, larus argentatus, under light pentibarbitone anaesthesia. clonidine 10(-7) and 10(-8) mol . kg-1 (27 and 2.7 microgram . kg-1) i.v. produced a biphasic effect on blood pressure, a brief initial increase being followed by a prolonged hypotensive response. there was an immediate reduction in heart rate rate which persisted throughout the hypotensive phase. after spinal transection at the level of c4, clonidine administration elicited hyp ...	1981	6120470
total organically-bound chlorine and bromine in lake ontario herring gull eggs, 1977, by instrumental neutron activation and chromatographic methods.	in order to determine the extent to which organically-bound chlorine in herring gull eggs from lake ontario can be accounted for by gas chromatographic analysis, comparison was made with values obtained for total chlorine using instrumental neutron activation analysis (inaa). total chlorine and bromine (mg/kg fresh weight of egg) was determined by inaa on crude extract (cl, 65 +/- 35; br, 1.03 +/- 1.00), florisil-chromatography treated extracts (cl, 46 +/- 10; br, 0.93 +/- 0.82) and h2so4-treate ...	1981	7323806
the comparative distribution of zinc, cadmium and mercury in selected tissues of the herring gull (larus argentatus).		1981	6108830
immunoelectrophoretical comparison of sera from herring gull (larus argentatus) and lesser black-backed gull (larus fuscus) (aves).		1980	7380657
[comments on the exchangeability of herring-gull chicks (larus argentatus) after the 1st week of life].	in the biville chalk cliff area the herring gulls nest both in slope and ground colonies and on cliff ledges. like the kittiwake (cullen 1957), the cliff-nesting pairs still accept other chicks after the 1st week of life. gulls in slope and ground colonies, however, attack those chicks older than 4 days in close proximity to their nests (tinbergen 1936).	1978	696024
behavioral thermoregulation: orientation toward the sun in herring gulls.	orientation toward the sun combined with postural changes minimized the net radiation gain on the adult herring gull during the breeding season. the decrease in absorbed solar radiation was due to reduced surface area exposed to direct sunlight and to reduced absorptivity since, when the bird orients toward the sun, the angle of incidence is such that only the white surfaces receive direct sunlight. at low wind velocities (0 to 0.6 meter per second) and ambient temperatures above the lower criti ...	1978	635577
ingestion of crude oil: sublethal effects in herring gull chicks.	a single small oral dose of kuwait or south louisiana crude oil caused cessation of growth, osmoregulatory impairment, and hypertrophy of hepatic, adrenal, and nasal gland tissue in herring gull chicks living in a simulated marine environment. these findings suggest that ingesting crude oil causes multiple sublethal effects that might impair a bird's ability to survive at sea.	1978	145655
effects of telemetry transmitter weight on breeding success in herring gulls.	dummy ratio-tracking transmitters weighing 10, 30 and 50 g were attached to randomly chosen pairs of breeding herring gulls (larus argentatus). breeding success was measured as a function of eggs hatched and chicks fledged. fewer clutches survived if patients were subjected to more severe treatments (p less than 0.02). component effects (catching pairs of gulls or increased transmitter weight) were not singularly significant in decreasing clutch success.	1978	754822
the breeding biology of two lake erie herring gull colonies.		1977	871991
the transmission of s livingstone to cattle by the herring gull (larus argentatus).		1977	878252
stereoscan studies of cercariae, metacercariae, and adults of cryptocotyle lingua (creplin 1825) fischoeder 1903 (trematoda: heterophyidae).	the cercaria of cryptocotyle lingua has simple pointed spines all over the body. four pointed modified spines occur dorsally in the mouth, and similar spines surround the openings of the penetration glands. the modified spines are shed shortly after penetration and encystment in the fish host. less than a week after encystment, cytoplasmic folds develop all over the tegument. after about 4 weeks the cytoplasmic folds have disappeared and the spines are now flattened and serrated. the external su ...	1977	915613
the ornithodoros (alectorobius) capensis group (acarina: ixodoidea: argasidae) of the palearctic and oriental regions. o. (a.) maritimus: identity, marine bird hosts, virus infections, and distribution in western europe and northwestern africa.	in 1967, vermeil and marguet described ornithodoros coniceps maritimus from larvae reared from larvae taken from marine birds on dumet island (atlantic ocean), basse bretagne, france. we collected o. (a.) coniceps canestrini, 1890, from the type locality (venice, italy) and determined that the taxons coniceps and maritimus each require full species status. we selected a lectotype and paralectotypes for the taxon maritimus from the original dumet island material. the larva of maritimus is redescr ...	1976	978368
[the life cycle of maritrema misenensis (a. palombi, 1940), n. comb. (trematoda: microphallidae, travassos, 1920) from french mediterranean coast (author's transl)].	the life cycle of maritrema misenensis (a. palombi, 1940) n. comb. is described with illustrations. the sporocysts parasite the digestive gland of the prosobranch snail cerithium mediterraneum. the cercariae are the same as cercaria misenensis, a. palombi, 1940 described from italian coast. the adults have been obtained by artificial infestations of larus argentatus michaellis. their morphological features are same as those of the caribbean species maritrema patulus w.h. coil, 1955. when the lif ...	1976	984671
soldado virus from ornithodoros (alectorobius) maritimus (ixodoidea: argasidae) infesting herring gull nests on puffin island, northern wales.	three strains of soldado (sol) virus (hughes serogroup) were isolated from nymphal and adult ornithodoros (alectorobius) maritimus vermeil et marguet collected in and near nests of the herring gull, larus a. argentatus pontoppidan, on puffin island, northern wales. reciprocal complement fixation (cf) titration results demonstrated recovered virus strains to be sol virus and antigenically distinct from other hughes serogroup members. all isolates killed mice and guinea pigs, and 1-2 day old domes ...	1976	9805
salmonella infection in the herring gull (lans argentatus).		1976	769297