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[search for protective antigens in ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) salivary gland extracts].rt-pcr evaluation of the activity of eight ixodes persulcatus salivary gland genes shows clear distinctions in their expression depending of the stage of tick feeding. out of them, only salp 10 and salp 15 proteins may be regarded as candidates for protective antigens to develop anti-tick and anti-borrelia vaccines. firstly they play an important role in feeding a tick and modifying a host's immune response. secondly, the increasing expression of the salp 10 and salp 10 genes begins at early tic ...201020608183
tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in finland, russian karelia and buryatia.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a central nervous system infection caused by a flavivirus [tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev)], transmitted by ixodes ticks and endemic in a large region in eurasia. we collected 2411 ticks from finland and russia in 2003-2008, screened them for tbev by rt-pcr and isolated and analysed eight strains belonging to all three tbev subtypes; in addition, we obtained two european-subtype strains from human serum samples. tbev rna prevalence in unengorged ticks was ap ...201020660147
[detection of borrelia miyamotoi in ticks ixodes persulcatus from russia].unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks from five regions of russia were examined to analyze the distribution and diversity of borrelia miyamotoi. dna of b. miyamotoi was found in 1.8% of ticks from leningrad oblast, 2.9% from sverdlovsk, 4.5% from novosibirsk, 2.3% from irkutsk oblast, and 2.5% from khabarovsk krai. the molecular typing of the b. miyamotoi dna was based on the partial sequencing of the 16s rrna, p66, and glpq genes. the only genetic variant of b. miyamotoi was detected in all samp ...201020795483
[detection of babesia spp. dna in small mammals and ixodic ticks on the territory of north ural, west siberia and far east of russia].totally, 932 small mammals and 458 questing adult ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk and novosibirsk regions and khabarovsk territory, as well as 128 haemaphysalis japonica, 34 h. concinna and 29 dermacentor silvarum from khabarovsk territory were examined for the presence of babesia by nested pcr based on the 18s rrna gene. babesia microti dna was found in samples of small mammals from all the studied regions--in 36.2% of samples from sverdlovsk region, 5.3% of samples from novosibirsk region, ...201020886686
the complete mitochondrial genome of the citrus red mite panonychus citri (acari: tetranychidae): high genome rearrangement and extremely truncated trnas.the family tetranychidae (chelicerata: acari) includes ~1200 species, many of which are of agronomic importance. to date, mitochondrial genomes of only two tetranychidae species have been sequenced, and it has been found that these two mitochondrial genomes are characterized by many unusual features in genome organization and structure such as gene order and nucleotide frequency. the scarcity of available sequence data has greatly impeded evolutionary studies in acari (mites and ticks). informat ...201020969792
differentiation of medically important euro-asian tick species ixodes ricinus, ixodes persulcatus, ixodes hexagonus, and dermacentor reticulatus by polymerase chain reaction.abstract understanding epidemiology of the tick-borne pathogens requires the accurate identification of the vector ticks. morphological analysis of ticks is difficult and often leads to misidentification. molecular techniques offer an alternative approach of tick identification. to date, no practical and reliable molecular assays for discrimination of euro-asian ticks are available. our aim was to develop such an assay for discrimination between four euro-asian tick species of high medical impor ...201021028959
molecular identification and expression analysis of lipocalins from blood feeding taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus schulze.lipocalins have been known for their several biological activities in blood-sucking arthropods. recently, the identification and characterization of lipocalins from ixodes ricinus (lirs) have been reported and functions of lipocalins are well documented. in this study, we have characterized four ixodes persulcatus lipocalins that were discovered while analyzing i. persulcatus tick salivary gland est library. we show that the four i. persulcatus lipocalins, here after named lipers (lipocalin from ...201021036169
[estimation of the biological age in taiga tick females (ixodes persulcatus:ixodidae) by the fat reserves in organism].the method of estimation of the biological age in non-feeding tick females by the level of adipose inclusions in the cells of the midgut and fat body is developed. in order to estimate the fat reserves in non-feeding females, alive ticks were dissected and fragments of their internal were vitally stained with the pregnant solution of sudan iii in 70 % ethanol. three age-specific groups were established: i, young females whose intestines and fat body were filled with fat inclusions; ii, mature fe ...201021061588
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in china.we genotyped 102 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains isolated from ticks, animals, and patients in 11 provinces in china by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) amplification of 5s (rrf)-23s (rrl) rrna gene spacer amplicons and multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa). the results showed that borrelia garinii was the main genotype in china (65/102) and that it was distributed mainly in northern china. borrelia afzelii was the second most frequently found species (22/102), and i ...201021106783
chimeric tick-borne encephalitis/dengue virus is attenuated in ixodes scapularis ticks and aedes aegypti mosquitoes.abstract in an effort to derive an efficacious live attenuated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis, we generated a chimeric virus bearing the structural protein genes of a far eastern subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) on the genetic background of recombinant dengue 4 (den4) virus. introduction of attenuating mutations into the tbev envelope protein gene, as well as the den4 ns5 protein gene and 3' noncoding region in the chimeric genome, results in decreased neurovirulence and ...201021142950
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from northeastern china.thirty-two strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china from may to june in 2004 and 2005. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and sequence analysis of 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer revealed that 29 (90.6%) belonged to borrelia garinii, demonstrating b, c, and a unique pattern. the remaining three isolates (9.4%) were borrelia afzelii with pattern d. the phylogenetic analysis based on 5s-23s rrna int ...201021142958
molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle and ixodes persulcatus ticks.the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum (a. phagocytophilum), the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), is increasingly becoming a public health concern as an aetiological agent for emerging infectious disease. we found a. phagocytophilum infection in a pooled sample of field-collected ixodes persulcatus (i. persulcatus) ticks from one district in hokkaido, japan. thus, to further investigate the prevalence in field-collected ticks, we used pcr assays targeting the ...201021146335
multilocus sequence analysis of borrelia bissettii strains from north america reveals a new borrelia species, borrelia kurtenbachii.using multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa), we investigated the phylogenetic relationship of spirochaete strains from north america previously assigned to the genospecies borrelia bissettii. we amplified internal fragments of 8 housekeeping genes (clpa, clpx, nifs, pepx, pyrg, recg, rplb, and uvra) located on the main linear chromosome by polymerase chain reaction. phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the 8 loci showed that the b. bissettii clade consisted of 4 closely related clust ...201021157575
[study on the infection of taiga ticks with borrelia in the territory of novosibirsk scientific center sb pas].in our study, borrelia were revealed in the taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus collected on vegetation by flagging, as well as in the ticks removed from the people who asked for help in the vaccination center located in the novosibirsk scientific center of the siberian branch of russian academy of science (ns sb ras). by the isolation of borrelia on bsk-h medum, the occurrence of b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. miyamotoi was established in the territory of nsc. b. miyamotoi isolates were unstable and ...201021427963
[pcr detection of the causative agents of infections transmitted by ticks on the kamchatka peninsula].there has been recently a rise in referrals for ixodes tick bites in the spring and summer periods in the kamchatka territory. among the dominant tick species, there has been the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus habiting the extensive areas of the southern and central parts of the peninsula. examination of 84 i. persulcatus females collected from human beings and domestic animals in 2003 to 2007 detected dna of the pathogens of tick-borne borreliosis (b. burgdorferi sensu lato), rickettsiasis (r. t ...201021400710
differences in prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma spp. infection among host-seeking dermacentor occidentalis, ixodes pacificus, and ornithodoros coriaceus ticks in northwestern california.previous studies revealed that the pacific coast tick (dermacentor occidentalis) is infected occasionally with the agents of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) or human granulocytic anaplasmosis (anaplasma phagocytophilum) and that it is an inefficient experimental vector of b. burgdorferi. the relationship of the pajahuello tick (ornithodoros coriaceus) to each of these bacterial zoonotic agents has not been reported. the primary bridging vector of both bacterial zoonotic agents to humans is t ...201021359090
predominance of ehrlichia chaffeensis in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from kennel-confined dogs in limbe, cameroon.rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (n = 63) collected from five dogs (two adults and three puppies) housed in a kennel were screened for ehrlichial agents (ehrlichia canis, e. chaffeensis, and e. ewingii) using a species-specific multicolor real-time taqman pcr amplification of the disulphide bond formation protein (dsb) gene. ehrlichia chaffeensis dna was detected in 33 (56%) ticks, e. canis dna was detected in four (6%) ticks, and one tick was coinfected. the e. chaffeensis and e. canis nucleotide ...201019693681
variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus genome in the 5' noncoding region derived from ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi in western siberia.we report the prevalence of siberian and far eastern subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in ixodes persulcatus and ix. pavlovskyi ticks collected in tomsk and its suburbs during 2006-2008. the tbev was detected in 5.7% ticks collected in the city, where ix. pavlovskyi ticks were dominated and 7.5% ticks from suburban foci with prevalence ix. persulcatus ticks. genotyping of the virus showed that siberian subtype (89.5%) is predominant in individual ticks of tomsk suburbs; however, t ...201019877811
detection of anaplasma bovis and anaplasma phagocytophilum dna from haemaphysalis megaspinosa in hokkaido, japan.dna from 101 ticks, including haemaphysalis megaspinosa, haemaphysalis douglasi, haemaphysalis flava, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, collected by flagging in a pasture in hidaka district (hokkaido, japan) was examined for infection with anaplasma bovis and a. phagocytophilum by species-specific nested pcr. of the 48 h. megaspinosa nymphs, examined, 1 (2.1%) and 6 (12.5%) were positive for a. bovis and a. phagocytophilum, respectively. one of the 6 positive nymphs was dual positive for bot ...201019897306
the tick ixodes pavlovskyi as a host of spirochetes pathogenic for humans and its possible role in the epizootiology and epidemiology of borrelioses.the tick ixodes pavlovskyi is taxonomically, morphologically, and ecologically close to the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus, a major host and vector of borrelia spirochetes. the recent range of i. pavlovskyi is disjoined into the western siberian and far eastern parts, with this tick being almost always sympatric with i. persulcatus. a total of 56 unfed adult i. pavlovskyi ticks from the biotope where this species was absolutely dominant (within the city limits of tomsk, western siberia) and 50 i. ...201019929222
the natural history of anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum is the recently designated name replacing three species of granulocytic bacteria, ehrlichia phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, after the recent reorganization of the families rickettsiaceae and anaplasmataceae in the order rickettsiales. tick-borne fever (tbf), which is caused by the prototype of a. phagocytophilum, was first described in 1932 in scotland. a similar disease caused by a related granulocytic agent was first de ...201019811878
ticks (acari: ixodoidea: argasidae, ixodidae) of china.this paper presents results of an investigation and listing of tick species found in china during a survey in all 28 provinces. this will be a step towards a definitive list of tick species and their distribution. to date, the tick fauna of this area consists of 117 species in the following families: argasidae-argas (7 species), carios (4 species) and ornithodoros (2 species); ixodidae-amblyomma (8 species), anomalohimalaya (2 species), dermacentor (12 species), haemaphysalis (44 species), hyalo ...201020101443
[the ixodes tick fauna in orenburg region].a total of 2665 ticks were collected in 26 administrative districts of the orenburg region, which belonged to 4 genera and 5 species. the proportions of the species dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulates, hyalomma detrium, rhipicephalus rossicus, and ixodes persulcatus were 60.8, 21.6, 15.6, 1, and 1%, respectively. information is given on the species-specific composition and biodiversity of ixodidae in different landscape and geographical zones.201020361636
[tick-bite in penile skin : a case report].a 42-year-old man who had no local or systemic symptoms presented with a yellowish tumor in the foreskin of his penis. he had travelled to hokkaido to harvest insects, and recognized this tumor after returning home. since it did not disappear after several days, he visited our hospital. the tumor was suspected to be due to an arthropod. en bloc resection including the arthropod was performed. pathological findings demonstrated that the arthropod was ixodes persulcatus. there were no symptoms aft ...201020372050
emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration.abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ...201020377873
"candidatus anadelfobacter veles" and "candidatus cyrtobacter comes," two new rickettsiales species hosted by the protist ciliate euplotes harpa (ciliophora, spirotrichea).the order rickettsiales (alphaproteobacteria) is a well-known group containing obligate endocellular prokaryotes. the order encompasses three families (rickettsiaceae, anaplasmataceae, and holosporaceae) and a fourth, family-level cluster, which includes only one candidate species, "candidatus midichloria mitochondrii," as well as several unnamed bacterial symbionts. the broad host range exhibited by the members of the "candidatus midichloria" clade suggests their eventual relevance for a better ...201020435776
human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma (anaplasmataceae). human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the united states. ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir ...201020513551
lyme disease.lyme disease, caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in the united states. the clinical presentation varies depending on the stage of the illness: early disease includes erthyma migrans, early disseminated disease includes multiple erythema migrans, meningitis, cranial nerve palsies, and carditis; late disease is primarily arthritis. the symptoms and signs of infection resolve in most patients after treatment with appropriate antimicrobials for 2 t ...201020513553
quantum of infection of francisella tularensis tularensis in host-seeking dermacentor variabilis.the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis, is fundamental to the perpetuation of francisella tularensis tularensis on martha's vineyard, massachusetts, u.s.a. although infected ticks are relatively common on the island, human cases deriving from tick bite are rare. it may be that the quantum of bacteria within these naturally infected ticks is frequently too small to cause disease. accordingly, we quantified the amount of f.t. tularensis bacteria in host-seeking ticks from the island. contra ...201020563231
[estimation of the biological age in females of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus by changes in the body shape and surface of cuticle].a method of visual estimation of the biological age of living hungry tick females by visible changes in the depth of marginal groove and the structure of the alloscutum cuticle during natural ageing is developed. in recently activated individuals, the body is convex and the marginal groove is exposed, demonstrating distinctly visible cuticular microfolds (figs 1-4). in attenuated ticks, the body is flattened and marginal fold overlays the marginal groove, concealing cuticular microfolds (figs 5- ...200920198961
delineation of a new species of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, borrelia americana sp. nov.analysis of borrelia isolates collected from ticks, birds, and rodents from the southeastern united states revealed the presence of well-established populations of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia bissettii, borrelia carolinensis, and borrelia sp. nov. multilocus sequence analysis of five genomic loci from seven samples representing borrelia sp. nov. isolated from nymphal ixodes minor collected in south carolina showed their close relatedness to california strains known as genomospec ...200919846628
molecular identification of salp15, a key salivary gland protein in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes, from ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae).salp15 is a multifunctional protein, vital to the tick in its need to obtain vertebrate host blood without stimulating a host inflammatory and immune response. the salpl5 protein from both ixodes scapularis say and ixodes ricinus (l.), the principal vectors of the lyme disease spirochete in eastern north america and europe, respectively, have been well characterized and found to bind the murine cd4 receptor, dc-sign, and the ospc protein of borrelia burgdorferi. in the current study, we characte ...200919960697
niche partitioning of borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia miyamotoi in the same tick vector and mammalian reservoir species.the lyme borreliosis agent borrelia burgdorferi and the relapsing fever group species borrelia miyamotoi co-occur in the united states. we used species-specific, quantitative polymerase chain reaction to study both species in the blood and skin of peromyscus leucopus mice and host-seeking ixodes scapularis nymphs at a connecticut site. bacteremias with b. burgdorferi or b. miyamotoi were most prevalent during periods of greatest activity for nymphs or larvae, respectively. whereas b. burgdorferi ...200919996447
molecular and clinical evidence of ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in cameroonian patients with undifferentiated febrile illness.in the u.s.a., human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme) caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis is an emerging tick-transmitted zoonosis. in cameroon, where e. canis, e. chaffeensis and e. ewingii have recently been detected in dogs and/or ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus), the potential exists for human infections. patients from the coastal region of cameroon who had acute fevers of unknown aetiology were therefore checked for ehrlichial infection, using a real-time pcr that amplifies part of a genus-spe ...200920030996
chapter 4. recent epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis an effect of climate change?consideration is given to the opinion of some specialists that the rise in tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) morbidity at the turn of the century has been accounted for by new features of tbe epidemiology as well as by global climate change. it is shown that neither the reputed current expansion of the ranges of main tbe vectors, the taiga (ixodes persulcatus) and sheep (ixodes ricinus) ticks, nor the significant rise of their abundance and tbe virus prevalence in them are confirmed by any objective ...200919698897
structural analysis of a p44/msp2 expression site of anaplasma phagocytophilum in naturally infected ticks in japan.anaplasma phagocytophilum, an agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, infects neutrophils and causes an emerging tickborne febrile disease. the genome of this bacterium contains a large number of p44/msp2-related genes encoding 44 kda major outer-membrane proteins, and it is known that a specific p44/msp2 gene is predominantly transcribed from a single expression locus. this study successfully characterized the genomic expression site for p44/msp2 (3.8 kb) in uncultured a. phagocytophilum from ...200919713360
non-hemagglutinating flaviviruses: molecular mechanisms for the emergence of new strains via adaptation to european ticks.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) causes human epidemics across eurasia. clinical manifestations range from inapparent infections and fevers to fatal encephalitis but the factors that determine disease severity are currently undefined. tbev is characteristically a hemagglutinating (ha) virus; the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes tentatively reflects virion receptor/fusion activity. however, for the past few years many atypical ha-deficient strains have been isolated from patients and also ...200919802385
[abundance of larvae and nymphs of the taiga tick ixodes persuicatus (acari: ixodidae) on small mammals in the cut-over lands of the middle taiga subzone of karelia].data of long-term investigations (1998-2004) on the abundance of the taiga tick larvae and nymphs in the cut-over lands of different age in the middle taiga subzone of karelia (62 degrees 04's; 33 degrees 55'w) are presented. the investigation was carried out on three model cut-over lands of different age: 1) "young" cut-over land; age of cut-over in the beginning of investigation is 7 years; betula-deschampsia cespitosa-agrostis tenuis; 2) "middle" cut-over land; age of cut-over is 12 years; sa ...200919807045
identification of a complex peptidergic neuroendocrine network in the hard tick, rhipicephalus appendiculatus.neuropeptides are crucial regulators of development and various physiological functions but little is known about their identity, expression and function in vectors of pathogens causing serious diseases, such as ticks. therefore, we have used antibodies against multiple insect and crustacean neuropeptides to reveal the presence of these bioactive molecules in peptidergic neurons and cells of the ixodid tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus. these antibodies have detected 15 different immunoreactive ...200919082627
rrp1, a cyclic-di-gmp-producing response regulator, is an important regulator of borrelia burgdorferi core cellular functions.two-component systems (tcs) are universal among bacteria and play critical roles in gene regulation. our understanding of the contributions of tcs in the biology of the borrelia is just now beginning to develop. borrelia burgdorferi, a causative agent of lyme disease, harbours a tcs comprised of open reading frames (orfs) bb0419 and bb0420. bb0419 encodes a response regulator designated rrp1, and bb0420 encodes a hybrid histidine kinase-response regulator designated hpk1. rrp1, which contains a ...200919210621
characterization of p44/msp2 multigene family of anaplasma phagocytophilum from two different tick species, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ovatus, in japan.anaplasma phagocytophilum, which belongs to the order rickettsiales, is an obligate intracellular bacterium and causes an emerging, tickborne, and febrile infectious disease, anaplasmosis, in humans and other mammals. this bacterium expresses a variety of 44-kda immunodominant proteins encoded by the p44/msp2 multigene family on the surface for the purpose of avoiding the host immune defense due to the antigenic variation. in japan, little is known about the molecular and biological features of ...200919305056
[changes in the expression of salivary gland genes in ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) depending on the stage of tick feeding].by using the guanidine-isothiocyanate test, the authors isolated a summary rna preparation from ixodes persulcatus salivary gland extracts. activity products of the genes responsible for the expression of some salivary proteins were first identified using the rt-pcr. it has been shown that, firstly, i. persulcatus synthesizes at least 3 transcripts homologous to the respective salivary components of the related species i. scapularis, the translation product of which is likely to be immunodominan ...200919348314
tick-borne encephalitis virus - a review of an emerging zoonosis.during the last 30 years, there has been a continued increase in human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in europe, a disease caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev). tbev is endemic in an area ranging from northern china and japan, through far-eastern russia to europe, and is maintained in cycles involving ixodid ticks (ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus) and wild vertebrate hosts. the virus causes a potentially fatal neurological infection, with thousands of cases reported annua ...200919420159
identification of spotted fever group rickettsia species by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the sca4 gene.dna samples from four rickettsial species in japan--r. japonica aoki, r. asiatica io-1, r. helvetica ip-1, and rickettsia tamurae at-1--were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) in which a portion of the sca4 gene was amplified and restriction digested with the mspi enzyme. each spotted fever group rickettsial species exhibited unique restriction profiles after mspi digestion. to examine the possibility of applying pcr-rflp analysis to field s ...200919485769
identification and characterization of antimicrobial peptide, defensin, in the taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus.ixodes persulcatus is the primary vector for human tick-borne diseases in japan. a cdna library was constructed from whole body homogenates of fed nymphs of i. persulcatus. from this library, one cdna encoding defensin-like antimicrobial peptide was identified. the amino-acid sequence showed high similarity to those of the defensins of other ticks and arthropods. i. persulcatus defensin mrna transcripts were detected at all life cycle stages of fed ticks and found to be predominantly expressed i ...200919604312
current management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and ehrlichia ewingii ehrlichiosis.anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii are emerging tick-borne pathogens and are the causative agents of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and e. ewingii ehrlichiosis, respectively. collectively, these are referred to as human ehrlichioses. these obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of the family anaplasmataceae are transmitted by ixodes spp. or amblyomma americanum ticks and infect peripherally circulating leukocytes to cause inf ...200919681699
horizontal and vertical movements of host-seeking ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs in a hardwood forest.the nymph of the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus) is an important bridging vector of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) to humans in the far-western united states. the previously unknown dispersal capabilities of this life stage were studied in relation to logs, tree trunks, and adjacent leaf-litter areas in a mixed hardwood forest using mark-release-recapture methods. in two spatially and temporally well-spaced trials involving logs, the estimated mean distances that ...200920352083
[the reaction of taiga ticks to an attractant. ii. the rates of removing ticks from a population].catching ticks on the attractant-moistened napkins and on the flag (control) under field conditions during 5 days has demonstrated that a population of taiga ticks on the treated areas can be killed within 1-2 weeks when attractive-acaricidal granules are applied.20099182195
[the reaction of taiga ticks to an attractant. iii. the use of attractant-acaricidal granules in a field experiment].on june 15, a total of 300 granules were placed at 1-m intervals on the sides of a concrete-covered road located along the steep slope of a valley. the number of ticks on 300-m plots decreased from 557 (before the experiment) to 55 on june 24 and to 11 on june 27. on the 200-m control plot there were 256, 280 and 168 ticks, respectively, in the same periods of time. thus, the efficiency of tick eradication was 91 and 97% on days 9 and 12, respectively.20099036276
prevention of lyme disease and other tick-borne infections.prevention is the best method for avoiding potentially serious complications of lyme and other tick-borne diseases. in this article, we discuss preventative measures that can be used by individuals or communities. among the topics discussed are personal protective measures, tick reduction, reservoir reduction, and vaccination. additionally, new preventative measures that are in development-including new lyme disease vaccines, antitick vaccines, and reservoir-targeted vaccination-are discussed.200818755380
[spatial and temporal variability of ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus infection with the lyme disease agent in moscow region].analysis of long-term data on the infection rated of the taxonomic complex borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus from moscow region is carried out. more than 14 000 tick specimens were examined by dark-field microscopy and 704 specimens were investigated by pcr. two borrelia genospicies, b. afzelii (6.3%) and b. garinii (20%) proved the most prevalent. the genospecies could form a mixtinfection (11%). borrelia miyamotoi, b. valaisiana, and b. burgdorferi s. s. were also ...200819198169
competitive exclusion between piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis agents within cattle. 200818225951
greek goat encephalitis virus strain isolated from ixodes ricinus, greece.a strain of greek goat encephaltitis virus was isolated from engorged ixodes ricinus ticks that had fed on goats in northern greece. the strain was almost identical to the prototype strain isolated 35 years ago.200818258134
establishment of a laboratory colony of taiga tick ixodes persulcatus for tick-borne pathogen transmission studies.ixodes persulcatus schulze (i. persulcatus) is distributed in russia and far east asia including japan, and has been implicated as the vector of several human pathogens. in particular, i. persulcatus acts as the only tick vector for human lyme borreliosis in japan. in order to elucidate the mechanism of transmission of i. persulcatus-borne pathogens, we developed a laboratory colony of i. persulcatus. ticks were fed on syrian hamster and engorged ticks that had dropped off the animals were colle ...200818318110
rnai-mediated gene silencing in tick synganglia: a proof of concept study.progress in generating comprehensive est libraries and genome sequencing is setting the stage for reverse genetic approaches to gene function studies in the blacklegged tick (ixodes scapularis). however, proving that rnai can work in nervous tissue has been problematic. developing an ability to manipulate gene expression in the tick synganglia likely would accelerate understanding of tick neurobiology. here, we assess gene silencing by rna interference in the adult female black-legged tick synga ...200818366768
[organization of acaricidal treatments in two districts of the irkutsk region].in the irkutsk suburbs (a relatively southern area of the irkutsk region of the nosoarea of a natural tick-borne encephalitis focus), ixodes persulcatus imagoes begin its activity in the first 10 days of april and usually finishes it in september. in 1996-2006, there was a trend for an increase in the number of the tick's bites in human beings, as well as three-year cycles of fluctuation of this index. in the bratsk suburbs (a relatively northern area), the imago becomes active only in late apri ...200818368717
insight into the sialome of the castor bean tick, ixodes ricinus.in recent years, there have been several sialome projects revealing transcripts expressed in the salivary glands of ticks, which are important vectors of several human diseases. here, we focused on the sialome of the european vector of lyme disease, ixodes ricinus.200818489795
rickettsial seroepidemiology among farm workers, tianjin, people's republic of china.high seroprevalence rates for anaplasma phagocytophilum (8.8%), coxiella burnetii (6.4%), bartonella henselae (9.6%), and rickettsia typhi (4.1%) in 365 farm workers near tianjin, people's republic of china, suggest that human infections with these zoonotic bacteria are frequent and largely unrecognized. demographic features of seropositive persons suggest distinct epidemiology, ecology, and risks.200818507907
transmission of bartonella henselae by ixodes ricinus.bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria associated with several emerging diseases in humans and animals. b. henselae causes cat-scratch disease and is increasingly associated with several other syndromes, particularly ocular infections and endocarditis. cats are the main reservoir for b. henselae and the bacteria are transmitted to cats by cat fleas. however, new potential vectors are suspected of transmitting b. henselae, in particular, ixodes ricinus, the most abundant ixodid ti ...200818598628
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and its coinfection with borrelia afzelii in ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks inhabiting tver province (russia) - a sympatric region for both tick species.human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) and lyme borreliosis (lb) are tick-borne infectious diseases caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species, respectively. in this study, p44/msp2 paralogues specific to a. phagocytophilum and 5s-23s rrna gene-intergenic spacers specific to b. burgdorferi sensu lato species were detected by pcr in ticks collected in two regions, tver (kalinin) and konakovo, of the tver (kalinin) province located 150 km north-west of moscow. t ...200818628500
rickettsia felis in fleas, germany.among 310 fleas collected from dogs and cats in germany, rickettsia felis was detected in all specimens (34) of archaeopsylla erinacei (hedgehog flea) and in 9% (24/226) of ctenocephalides felis felis (cat flea). r. helvetica was detected in 1 ceratophyllus gallinae (hen flea).200818680660
[characteristic analysis of e protein genes of new strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated from china].in order to determine the characteristics and genotypes of e protein genes of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus strains dxal-5, 12,13,16,18, 21 isolated from ixodes persulcatus in the northeast of china, cdna synthesis of e protein genes of the six dxal strains was performed using rt-pcr, and the e protein genes were cloned and sequenced. the results showed that the nucleotide sequence of e protein gene of the six dxal strains was 1488 bp in length respectively and the length of predicted prot ...200818683557
babesia microti-like rodent parasites isolated from ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) in heilongjiang province, china.a babesia microti-like rodent parasite was isolated from the tick, ixodes persulcatus, collected from the northern forest area of heilongjiang province, china. the collected i. persulcatus were allowed to feed on specific pathogen-free scid mice and red blood cells from the mice were used to isolate babesia spp. with the microareophilous stationary-phase culture technique. paired and tetrad forms of merozoites were observed by light microscope in red blood cells of scid mice. in vitro growth of ...200818718720
[detection of the west nile virus and its genetic typing in ixodid ticks (parasitiformes: ixodidae) in tomsk city and its suburbs].four tick species, ixodes persulcatus, i. pavlovskyi, i. trianguliceps, and dermacentor reticulatus, were found in tomsk and its suburbs in 2006. the species i. pavlovskyi was found to be dominant in the localities situated in tomsk city, and i. persulcatus was dominant in its suburbs. viral rna and viral antigen of the west nile virus (wnv) were detected in the ticks i. pavlovskyi and i. persulcatus collected in the city and its suburbs by the rt pcr method and enzyme immunoassay with monoclona ...200818727366
[microorganisms of the order rickettsiales in taiga tick (ixodes persulcatus sch.) from the pre-ural region].the pcr and sequence analysis revealed dna ehrlichia muris, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp. in the i. persulcatus ticks and blood samples from a patients with acute febrile illness occurring after a tick bite, registered in the seasonal peak of the tick activity of one of the highly endemic areas of russia (perm region). these data confirmed the validity a diagnosis of hme and hga, which were made earlier on the basis of the clinical-serologic survey. in 10.0% of the tested taiga ...200818756787
detection of francisella tularensis in ticks and identification of their genotypes using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis.tularemia was reported in china over 50 years ago, however, many epidemical characteristics remain unclear. in the present study, the prevalence of francisella tularensis in ticks was investigated during an epidemiological surveillance in china and then we measured their genetic diversity by conducting multiple-locus variable- number tandem repeat analysis (mlva).200818798995
phylogenetic analysis of the species theilovirus: emerging murine and human pathogens.the cardiovirus genus of the family picornaviridae includes two distinct species, encephalomyocarditis virus and theilovirus. we now report the complete nucleotide sequences of three theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (tmev) strains (to yale, tob15, and vie 415htr) and of vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus (vhev). this information, together with the recently reported sequences of divergent theiloviruses (theiler's-like rat virus [trv] and saffold viruses 1 and 2 [safv-1 and safv-2]), e ...200818815294
[current characteristics of natural nidality of tick-borne encephalitis: new or well forgotten?].a number specialists' opinion as to which the rise in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis at the turn of the centuries is due to the new features of the epidemiology of this infection and to global climatic changes is analyzed. there are no objective evidence suggesting the ongoing expansion of a natural habitat of the major vectors--taiga (ixodes persulcatus) and wood (i. ricinis) ticks and the noticeable increase in their size and virus infection rates. the notion of the recent penetratio ...200818822502
[variability of the life cycle duration in the taiga tick from mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the udmurt republic].seasonal cohorts of the unfed ixodes persulcatus imago in the study area were found to consist of the ticks passed through three-, four-, and five-year life cycles, in the ratio 72.6, 26.4, and 2.0% respectively, on the base of mean long-term values. such ratio is established if 91.7% of larvae and 79.9% of nymphs develop without diapause, while the rest of larvae and nymphs develop with diapause. mean duration of the tick generation is 3.3 years, with the fluctuations in certain of the years wi ...200818825917
evaluation of the recombinant vlse-based liaison chemiluminescence immunoassay for detection of borrelia burgdorferi and diagnosis of lyme disease.recent efforts to improve the serologic diagnosis of lyme disease have included the use of a synthetic peptide (c6) that reproduces the sequence of invariable region 6 of vlse, the variable surface antigen of borrelia burgdorferi. in the present study, the diagnostic performance of diasorin's recombinant vlse-based chemiluminescence immunoassay in 1,947 human serum samples was evaluated. sensitivity was determined using two serum panels from the cdc. for panel i, we observed sensitivities of 68. ...200818945880
characterization of 'candidatus neoehrlichia lotoris' (family anaplasmataceae) from raccoons (procyon lotor).recently, a novel ehrlichial organism was isolated from a raccoon (procyon lotor) and the isolate (rac413) was infectious to two naïve raccoons but not laboratory mice, rats or rabbits. in this study, amplification and sequencing of four gene targets (16s rrna gene, groesl, glta and rpob) confirmed that the novel ehrlichial organism was a member of the family anaplasmataceae and was most closely related to, but distinct from, 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis' tk4456(r) and is58. rac413 shared ...200819060060
detection of borrelia garinii, borrelia tanukii and borrelia sp. closely related to borrelia valaisiana in ixodes ticks removed from dogs and cats in japan.ticks removed from 1136 dogs and 134 cats all over japan were examined for borrelia infection by pcr and sequencing. the 5s-23s rdna intergenic spacer of borrelia was detected from two ixodes persulcatus ticks from two dogs and two unidentified ixodes spp. from another two dogs in hokkaido, and two ixodes granulatus ticks from two cats in okinawa. additional 2 i. granulatus from the same cats also showed positive. sequence analysis of the pcr products revealed that the one from hokkaido was simi ...200717049744
outer surface protein b is critical for borrelia burgdorferi adherence and survival within ixodes ticks.survival of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks and mammals is facilitated, at least in part, by the selective expression of lipoproteins. outer surface protein (osp) a participates in spirochete adherence to the tick gut. as ospb is expressed on a bicistronic operon with ospa, we have now investigated the role of ospb by generating an ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi and examining its phenotype throughout the spirochete life cycle. similar to wild-type isolates, the ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi were ab ...200717352535
high-resolution genetic fingerprinting of european strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum by use of multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis.anaplasma phagocytophilum is a widely distributed tick-borne pathogen of humans, livestock, and companion animals. we used in silico methods to identify 10 variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) loci within the genome sequence of the a. phagocytophilum hz strain and used these data to develop a multilocus vntr-based typing scheme for the species. having confirmed the stability of four of the loci in replicates of the a. phagocytophilum strain that had been subjected to different numbers of passage ...200717442796
status of haemaphysalis tick infestation in domestic ruminants in iran.the geographical distribution and ecological preferences of haemaphysalis in domestic animals in iran were studied 4 times a year from april 2003 to march 2005. a total of 1,622 ixodid tick specimens were collected from 3 different zones. among them, 108 (6.7%) haemaphysalis ticks, consisting of 6 species, were identified; h. punctata (3.4%), h. parva (0.5%), h. sulcata (0.6%), h. choldokovskyi (1.7%), h. concinna (0.06%) and haemaphysalis sp. (0.6%). h. punctata was the most abundant species, w ...200717570976
[investigation on the vectors of borrella burgdorferi and on the identification of the isolates along china-russia border in eastern heilongjiang province, china].to explore the fact that the east border of heilongjiang had been a lyme disease natural focus,we investigated the species and distribution of ticks and isolated bacteria from ticks and identified genomic species of borrelia burdorferi sensu lato. this study provided evidence for prevention and control of lyme disease.200717575937
prevalence of tick-borne rickettsia and ehrlichia in ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ovatus in tokachi district, eastern hokkaido, japan.dna from 111 ticks collected by flagging in tokachi district, eastern hokkaido, japan were examined for infection with rickettsia and ehrlichia, by pcr and sequencing methodology. for rickettsia, analysis of the partial sequence of the citrate synthase gene was successfully performed on 11 dna samples from i. persulcatus, and 7 of them showed 99.8% identical with rickettsia helvetica while the other 4 showed 99.8% identical with ;candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae'. for ehrlichia, a partial seq ...200717611367
detection of "rickettsia sp. strain uilenbergi" and "rickettsia sp. strain davousti" in amblyomma tholloni ticks from elephants in africa.to date, 6 tick-borne rickettsiae pathogenic for humans are known to occur in africa and 4 of them were first identified in ticks before being recognized as human pathogens.200717683629
detection and identification of bacterial agents in ixodes persulcatus schulze ticks from the north western region of russia.ixodes persulcatus schultze ticks are traditionally associated with transmission of lyme disease, babesiosis, and tick-borne encephalitis. here we compared the prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi, and rickettsial and ehrlichial agents in i. persulcatus ticks collected in different locations of the north western administrative region of russia. altogether, 27.7% of ticks were infected with at least one organism, while the dna of two or more bacteria was found in 11.8% of ticks teste ...200717767409
anaplasma phagocytophilum-borrelia burgdorferi coinfection enhances chemokine, cytokine, and matrix metalloprotease expression by human brain microvascular endothelial cells.borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum coinfect and are transmitted by ixodes species ticks. clinical indicators suggest that a. phagocytophilum coinfection contributes to the severity, dissemination, and, possibly, sequelae of lyme disease. previous in vitro studies showed that spirochete penetration through human brain microvascular endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier is facilitated by endothelial cell-derived matrix metalloproteases (mmps). a. phagocytophilum-infected neu ...200717898182
[evolution of tick-borne encephalitis and a problem of evolution of its causative agent].the evolution of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is marked by the expanded nosological area, the transformation of landscapes, the formation of anthropurgic foci, the change of environmental systems, the increase of mortality rate mainly among urban dwellers, as well as pathomorphism. the evolution of natural tbe virus (tbev) populations was studied in eastern and western siberia, middle urals, and the european part of the nosological area. the paper first describes the types of evolutionary trans ...200718041219
case report: borrelia valaisiana infection in a japanese man associated with traveling to foreign countries.a 78-year-old japanese man who had clinical symptoms and a flu-like illness with fever, chills, diarrhea, and arthralgia had traveled to cambodia and khabarovsk, russia, before the onset of symptoms and illness. he had been bitten by an ixodes persulcatus tick in which the dna of borrelia valaisiana was detected. the patient's symptoms improved rapidly after treatment with minocycline. serologic examination detected antibodies to lyme disease borrelia. an flab polymerase chain reaction with the ...200718165534
ultrastructural evidence of the ehrlichial developmental cycle in naturally infected ixodes persulcatus ticks in the course of coinfection with rickettsia, borrelia, and a flavivirus.ehrlichiae are small gram-negative obligately intracellular bacteria that multiply within vacuoles of their host cells and are associated for a part of their life cycle with ticks, which serve as vectors for vertebrate hosts. two morphologically and physiologically different ehrlichial cell types, reticulate cells (rc) and dense-cored cells (dc), are observed during experimental infection of cell cultures, mice, and ticks. dense-cored cells and reticulate cells in vertebrate cell lines alternate ...200718171109
the complete mitochondrial genome of pseudocellus pearsei (chelicerata: ricinulei) and a comparison of mitochondrial gene rearrangements in arachnida.mitochondrial genomes are widely utilized for phylogenetic and population genetic analyses among animals. in addition to sequence data the mitochondrial gene order and rna secondary structure data are used in phylogenetic analyses. arachnid phylogeny is still highly debated and there is a lack of sufficient sequence data for many taxa. ricinulei (hooded tickspiders) are a morphologically distinct clade of arachnids with uncertain phylogenetic affinities.200717961221
novel genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma bovis, anaplasma centrale, and a novel ehrlichia sp. in wild deer and ticks on two major islands in japan.wild deer are one of the important natural reservoir hosts of several species of ehrlichia and anaplasma that cause human ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis in the united states and europe. the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether and what species of ehrlichia and anaplasma naturally infect deer in japan. blood samples obtained from wild deer on two major japanese islands, hokkaido and honshu, were tested for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma by pcr assays and sequencing of ...200616461655
far eastern tick-borne rickettsiosis: identification of two new cases and tick vector.we recently reported the first documented cases of a new rickettsial disease caused by rickettsia heilongjiangensis in the russian far east (far eastern tick-borne rickettsiosis). here we report the amplification of dna of r. heilongjiangensis from both the skin biopsy of an acutely ill patient and the tick removed from him prior to the disease development. the tick has been identified as haemaphysalis spp. the clinical picture was that of a spotted fever group rickettsiosis and a seroconversion ...200617114683
clinical diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis.tick-borne rickettsiae in the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma are intracellular bacteria that infect wild and domestic mammals and, more recently, man. the increased desire of humans for recreational activities outdoors has increased the exposure to potential human pathogens that previously cycled almost exclusively within natural, nonhuman enzootic hosts. anaplasma phagocytophilum causes an acute, nonspecific febrile illness of humans previously known as human granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hge ...200617114714
prevalence of bacterial agents in ixodes persulcatus ticks from the vologda province of russia.the prevalence of rickettsiae, ehrlichiae, and the rickettsia-like endosymbiont called montezuma relative to that of borrelia was determined in questing ixodes persulcatus (i. persulcatus) ticks collected in 2002-2003 from vologda province, russia. ehrlichia muris, anaplasma phagocytophilum, montezuma, and new spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the first time in this area. the rickettsiae were all candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae, the furthest ...200617114724
[ultrastructural aspects of saliva production by the granule-secreting acini of the tick ixodes persulcatus females].fine structure of salivary glands was investigated in the tick ixodes persulcatus females. ultrastructure of ii and iii acini in unfed and feeding females is described. changes in size and structure of the secretory products during feeding are demonstrated.200617144404
[investigation on borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents collected in da xing-an mountains forest areas of china].to detect and study the types of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents from da xing-an mountains forest areas of china.200617172108
siberian subtype tickborne encephalitis virus, finland.we isolated 11 siberian subtype tickborne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains from ixodes persulcatus ticks from a tbev-endemic focus in the kokkola archipelago, western finland. thus i. persulcatus and the siberian tbev are reported in a focus considerably northwest of their previously known range in eastern europe and siberia.200617176574
[detection of dna of borrelia circulating in novosibirsk region].detection of dna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was performed by pcr in taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus, in blood samples and skin bioptates of small forest mammals, and in blood and urine samples of humans after attaching of ticks events. in novosibirsk region both in natural reservoir and in patients with ixodes ticks-borne borreliosis dna of borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii are detected. dna of these borrelia were detected in 8 from 72 of taiga ticks, in 36 from 298 of blood and skin ...200617297875
molecular identification of a collection of spotted fever group rickettsiae obtained from patients and ticks from russia.thirty-one rickettsial isolates from ticks or patients in north asian tick typhus (natt) foci from the ural region to the russian far east were obtained at the omsk research institute of natural foci infections between 1954 and 2001. using citrate synthase (glta) and outermenbrane protein a (ompa) gene sequencing, we identified these isolates as rickettsia sibirica sensu stricto (25 isolates), r. sibirica strain bj-90 (2 isolates), r. slovaca (1 isolate), and r. heilongjiangensis (3 isolates). w ...200616525104
natural tick-borne encephalitis virus infection among wild small mammals in the southeastern part of western siberia, russia.infestation of small mammals, including common shrews sorex araneus l., field mice apodemus agrarius pallas, and red voles clethrionomus rutilus schreber, with immature ixodes persulcatus ticks and their infection with tickborne encephalitis virus (tbev) were studied in the forest-steppe habitat in the vicinity of novosibirsk, russia. larval ticks parasitize all three host species, but virtually all nymphs were found only on field mice and red voles. detection of the viral rna using reverse tran ...200616584325
physiological age of field-collected female taiga ticks, ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae), and their infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.in some studies the prevalence of tick infection (infection rate) and the intensity of infection are negatively correlated with unfed tick age (in the broad sense of this term). however, no special research has been carried out to consider the phenomenon thoroughly. the infection indices of the female taiga ticks, ixodes persulcatus, infected with borrelia burgdorferi s.l. were related to tick physiological age, an index that more precisely reflects tick physiological state than the time of tick ...200616596353
the emerging diversity of rickettsia.the best-known members of the bacterial genus rickettsia are associates of blood-feeding arthropods that are pathogenic when transmitted to vertebrates. these species include the agents of acute human disease such as typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever. however, many other rickettsia have been uncovered in recent surveys of bacteria associated with arthropods and other invertebrates; the hosts of these bacteria have no relationship with vertebrates. it is therefore perhaps more appropriate t ...200616901827
confirmation of tick bite by detection of antibody to ixodes calreticulin salivary protein.ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. people who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. in order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne i ...200616928887
tick-borne rickettsial pathogens in ticks and small mammals in korea.in order to investigate the prevalence of tick-borne infectious agents among ticks, ticks comprising five species from two genera (hemaphysalis spp. and ixodes spp.) were screened using molecular techniques. ticks (3,135) were collected from small wild-caught mammals or by dragging/flagging in the republic of korea (rok) and were pooled into a total of 1,638 samples (1 to 27 ticks per pool). from the 1,638 tick samples, species-specific fragments of anaplasma phagocytophilum (1 sample), anaplasm ...200616957192
[study on the coinfection status of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and spotted fever group rickettsia in ticks from hunchun, jilin province].to understand the coinfection status of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b.b.s.l) and spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr) in hunchun of jilin province, china.200616981329
natural anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of ticks and rodents from a forest area of jilin province, china.polymerase chain reaction integrated with sequence analysis was carried out to investigate the natural anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks and rodents from a forest area of jilin province, china. four (4.0%) of 100 ixodes persulcatus and 2 (0.7%) of 286 dermacentor silvarum ticks collected by flagging vegetation were positive. nine (8.8%) of 102 rodents were infected, as well as 2 (2.8%) of 71 i. persulcatus parasitizing on 25 rodents. the nucleotide sequences of 1442-bp a. phagocytophi ...200617038691
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