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the gatekeeper residue and beyond: homologous calcium-dependent protein kinases as drug development targets for veterinarian apicomplexa parasites.specific roles of individual cdpks vary, but in general they mediate essential biological functions necessary for parasite survival. a comparative analysis of the structure-activity relationships (sar) of neospora caninum, eimeria tenella and babesia bovis calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) together with those of plasmodium falciparum, cryptosporidium parvum and toxoplasma gondii was performed by screening against 333 bumped kinase inhibitors (bkis). structural modelling and experimental ...201424927073
infectious pathogens potentially transmitted by semen of the black variety of the manchega sheep breed: health constraints for conservation purposes.conservation of genetic resources from endangered breeds may be conducted through germinal banks. preservation of healthy samples is paramount to avoid preserving pathogens shed with germinal products. the black variety of manchega sheep (bms), and endangered breed endemic to south-central spain, is the subject of a conservation program; a germinal bank has been recently established. however, several pathogens circulating in bms flocks may be shed with semen and threaten bms preservation. theref ...201425066603
prevalence survey of selected bovine pathogens in water buffaloes in the north region of brazil.although the largest buffalo herd in the occident is in the north region of brazil, few studies have been conducted to assess the prevalence of selected parasitic diseases in buffalo herd. the present study was therefore conducted to investigate the epidemiological of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina, and babesia bovis in water buffaloes in the north region of brazil. a total of 4796 buffalo blood samples were randomly collected from five provinces and s ...201424563780
serosurveillance of infectious agents in equines of the central valley of costa rica.blood samples from 181 equines from the central valley of costa rica were collected in the year 2012 to determine the presence of antibodies against selected infectious agents in horses and to determine the risk factors associated with these agents. the presence of antibodies against equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), equine herpes virus 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4), west nile virus (wnv), influenza a virus (iav), equine viral arteritis virus (evav), babesia caballi, theileria equi, neospora ca ...201426623349
survey of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum, haemotropic mycoplasmas and other arthropod-borne pathogens in cats from albania.albania is a country on the western part of the balkan peninsula. the mediterranean climate is favourable for the stable development of many arthropod species, which are incriminated as vectors for various agents. recently, several papers have reported on epidemiological aspects of parasitic diseases including vector-borne disease agents of dogs with zoonotic characteristics in albania. however, data on the epidemiology of feline parasitic and bacterial agents in albania is scarce.201424517118
generation and characterization of the first immortalized alpaca cell line suitable for diagnostic and immunization studies.raising of alpacas as exotic livestock for wool and meat production and as companion animals is growing in importance in the united states, europe and australia. furthermore the alpaca, as well as the rest of the camelids, possesses the peculiarity of producing single-chain antibodies from which nanobodies can be generated. nanobodies, due to their structural simplicity and reduced size, are very versatile in terms of manipulation and bio-therapeutic exploitation. in fact the biotech companies i ...201425140515
pathogens at the livestock-wildlife interface in western alberta: does transmission route matter?in southwestern alberta, interactions between beef cattle and free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) may provide opportunities for pathogen transmission. to assess the importance of the transmission route on the potential for interspecies transmission, we conducted a cross-sectional study on four endemic livestock pathogens with three different transmission routes: bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 (predominantly direct transmission), mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (ma ...201424517283
inflammatory infiltration into placentas of neospora caninum challenged cattle correlates with clinical outcome of pregnancy.infection with neospora caninum stimulates host cell-mediated immune responses, which may be responsible for placental damage leading to bovine abortion. the aim of this study was to compare immune responses in the bovine placenta, following experimental infection in different stages of pregnancy. placentomes were examined by immunohistochemistry and inflammation in early gestation was generally moderate to severe, particularly in the placentas carrying non-viable foetuses, whereas it was milder ...201424484200
neospora caninum infection during early pregnancy in cattle: how the isolate influences infection dynamics, clinical outcome and peripheral and local immune responses.this work studies the influence of neospora caninum intra-species diversity on abortion outcome, infection dynamics in terms of parasite dissemination and peripheral-local immune responses in pregnant cattle. animals were intravenously inoculated at day 70 of pregnancy with 10⁷ tachyzoites of two isolates showing marked differences in virulence in vitro and in pregnant mouse models: nc-spain7, a high virulence isolate, and nc-spain8, a low-to-moderate virulence isolate. after inoculation, pregna ...201424479988
toxoplasma gondii infection in llama (llama glama): acute visceral disseminated lesions, diagnosis, and development of tissue cysts.clinical toxoplasmosis has been reported in many species of warm-blooded animals but is rare in camelids. here we report acute fatal systemic toxoplasmosis involving heart, thyroid gland, stomach, intestine, diaphragm, kidneys, adrenal glands, and liver of a 13-mo-old llama (llama glama). many toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were associated with tissue necrosis in multiple organs. death was attributed to severe myocarditis. ulcers associated with numerous tachyzoites were present in the c3 compart ...201424475973
assessment of experimental infection for dogs using gallus gallus chorioallantoic membranes inoculated with neospora caninum.the aim of this study was to evaluate parasitism kinetics and tissue lesions in the first week of infection by neospora caninum in dogs fed gallus gallus chorioallantoic membranes (cms) previously infected in ovo. five two-month-old pups were used. each dog was given five cms that were previously infected with n. caninum via the oral route. four animals were euthanized in the first week of infection. all four dogs had their stools examined one week prior to and up to the day they were euthanized ...201424473883
gamma interferon production and plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins 1 and 2 in gestating dairy cows naturally infected with neospora caninum.gamma interferon (ifn-γ) production and cross-breed pregnancy have been attributed a role in protecting dairy cows infected with neospora caninum against abortion. plasma levels of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins-1 (pag-1) are a marker of placental/foetal well-being and of pag-2 is an abortion risk indicator in chronically n. caninum-infected animals. the present study examines, in cross-breed pregnancies, interactions between ifn-γ production and levels of pag-1 and pag-2 in non-aborting nat ...201424456132
a transgenic neospora caninum strain based on mutations of the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene.neospora caninum is an apicomplexa parasite related to abortion and losses of fertility in cattle. the amenability of toxoplasma gondii and plasmodium to genetic manipulation offers several tools to determine the invasion and replication processes, which support posterior strategies related to the combat of these diseases. for plasmodium the use of pyrimethamine as an auxiliary drug on malaria treatment has been affected by the rise of resistant strains and the analyses on dihydrofolate reductas ...201424440296
molecular identification of neospora caninum from calf/foetal brain tissue and among oocysts recovered from faeces of naturally infected dogs in southern ethiopia.this study sought to confirm and investigate further recently published information regarding the occurrence of neospora caninum in cattle in ethiopia and investigate infection in dogs, the canine definitive host, in this region. faecal samples from 383 dogs in hawassa, ethiopia were examined by microscopy for neospora-like oocysts, and positive samples then analysed by a molecular approach (dna isolation, pcr and sequencing at the its1 gene). brain tissue samples from four late term aborted foe ...201424189135
oxidative stress in brain tissue of gerbils experimentally infected with neospora caninum.neospora caninum infection is generally latent and asymptomatic, and it results in the formation of dormant encysted bradyzoites that remain in the brain and other tissues of infected animals for life, causing major economic and pathological problems. the aim of this study was to assess the relation between infection by n. caninum and its damage to brain tissue through the evaluation of biomarkers of oxidative stress during the acute and chronic phases of the disease. sixteen gerbil (meriones un ...201424188248
neospora caninum tachyzoites inoculated by the conjunctival route are not vertically transmitted in pregnant cattle: a descriptive study.the aim of this study was to evaluate whether neospora caninum tachyzoites (nc-1) inoculated by the conjunctival route in pregnant cows were able to generate infection in their fetuses. group 1 contained 2 naturally infected cows; group 2 contained two cows inoculated intravenously with 2.5 × 10(8) tachyzoites, group 3 contained two cows inoculated with 2.5 × 10(8) tachyzoites by the conjunctival route, and group 4 contained two uninfected control cows. the four inoculated cows from groups 2 and ...201424184173
tracking neospora caninum parasites using chimera monoclonal antibodies against its surface antigen-related sequences (rncsrs2).neosporosis, an infectious disease of cattle and dogs, causes an abortion in cattle, which has a major damage on the dairy industry worldwide. tracking of neospora caninum parasite that is responsible for neosporosis is required for the prevention of this infectious disease. we developed three chimera monoclonal antibodies consist of variable regions of murine antibody and constant regions of human antibody against n. caninum. recombinant surface antigen-related sequence 2 (rncsrs2) of n. caninu ...201424103572
clinical outcome and vertical transmission variability among canine neospora caninum isolates in a pregnant mouse model of infection.we compared the clinical outcome and vertical transmission of six canine neospora caninum isolates using a pregnant balb/c model. four of the isolates were obtained from oocysts of naturally infected dogs (nc-ger2, nc-ger3, nc-ger6 and nc-6arg) and two were from diseased dogs with neurological signs (nc-bahia and nc-liv). the dams were inoculated with 2×106 tachyzoites of each isolate at day 7 of pregnancy. morbidity, mortality and the antibody responses were evaluated in both the dams and the o ...201424148606
protective effect of intranasal immunization with neospora caninum membrane antigens against murine neosporosis established through the gastrointestinal tract.neospora caninum is an apicomplexa parasite that in the last two decades was acknowledged as the main pathogenic agent responsible for economic losses in the cattle industry. in the present study, the effectiveness of intranasal immunization with n. caninum membrane antigens plus cpg adjuvant was assessed in a murine model of intragastrically established neosporosis. immunized mice presented a lower parasitic burden in the brain on infection with 5 × 10(7) tachyzoites, showing that significant p ...201424128071
detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in moose (alces alces): the first report in europe.neospora caninum dubey, carpenter, speer, topper et uggla, 1988 is a protozoan parasite originally reported as a major cause of bovine abortions worldwide. it is documented that the parasite is widely spread among non-carnivorous cervids. the purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of n. caninum in moose (alces alces linnaeus). blood samples collected in 2010 and 2012 in the northeastern poland were tested for antibodies to n. caninum by agglutination test (nat), a commercial ...201424684051
neospora caninum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 is an effective drug target for neosporosis therapy.despite the enormous economic importance of neospora caninum related veterinary diseases, the number of effective therapeutic agents is relatively small. development of new therapeutic strategies to combat the economic impact of neosporosis remains an important scientific endeavor. this study demonstrates molecular, structural and phenotypic evidence that n. caninum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (nccdpk1) is a promising molecular target for neosporosis drug development. recombinant nccdpk1 ...201424681759
control options for neospora caninum--is there anything new or are we going backwards?recent work has highlighted and enumerated the economic annual losses due to neospora caninum abortions worldwide, which should provide strong motivation for the control of bovine neosporosis. however, with the recent withdrawal from sale of the only commercially available vaccine, control options for n. caninum have become more restricted. while researchers continue to work on developing alternative efficacious vaccines, what are the control options presently available for the cattle industries ...201424667014
vaccines against neosporosis: what can we learn from the past studies?neospora caninum is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite, which is a leading cause of abortion in cattle; thus neosporosis represents an important veterinary health problem and is of high economic significance. the parasite can infect cattle via trans-placental transmission from an infected cow to its fetus (vertical transmission), or through the oral route via ingestion of food or water contaminated with oocysts that were previously shed with the feces of a canid definitive host (horizontal t ...201424602874
seroprevalences of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in pet rabbits in japan.the potential contamination of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum oocysts in the human environment is a concern from the public health viewpoint. however, estimation of their seroprevalences in humans cannot be performed in a manner that distinguishes between oocysts and tissue cysts as a source of infection. rabbits are considered popular pet animals in japan that can acquire natural infections by the aforementioned parasites only through the ingestion of oocysts. therefore, this study was ...201424584081
adaptation of a commercial elisa to determine the igg avidity in sheep experimentally and naturally infected with neospora caninum.recent reports indicate neospora caninum has a possible role in causing abortions in sheep in new zealand. knowledge about the epidemiology of neosporosis in sheep is limited. this study aimed to adapt and validate a commercially available elisa assay as an igg avidity assay to discriminate between acute (primary and re-inoculated) and chronic n. caninum infections in sheep. in addition, it was used to compare the antibody avidity values between lambs from ewes inoculated with n. caninum either ...201424582279
comparative study for the detection of antibodies to neospora caninum in milk and sera in dairy cattle in southern romania.the study aimed to assess the within-herd neospora caninum exposure in dairy cattle in southern romania, based on the detection of specific antibodies in milk and serum. a total of 104 paired samples of milk and serum were collected from four dairy farms. individual samples were analyzed for n. caninum antibodies by elisa: idexx neospora ab (idx) (three farms: a, b, c; n = 60) and id-vet lab (idv) (farm d; n = 44). additionally, four pooled milk samples, one per each farm (a, b, c) and a compose ...201424570044
pcr detection of neospora caninum in water buffalo foetal tissues.the seroprevalence of neospora caninum was surveyed by an elisa kit on two water buffalo herds of southern italy. seropositive samples were detected in 47% and 59% of individuals, respectively, thus indicating high level of exposure to the parasite even if the possibility of vertical transmission cannot be excluded. tissue samples collected from three aborted fetuses from the same herds were investigated for n. caninum presence by pcr assays targeting the 18s and the nc5 dna sequences, respectiv ...201424570043
pathogenicity of nc-bahia and nc-1 strains of neospora caninum in experimentally infected cows and buffaloes in early pregnancy.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite known as an important cause of bovine abortion worldwide. little is currently known about how different strains of n. caninum vary in their pathogenicity. in this study, we compared a brazilian strain, nc-bahia, with the first isolate of this coccidian, nc-1. eight cows and seven buffaloes were submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination protocols for a better control of pregnancy. group 1 was inoculated with nc-bahia (n = 8; five cows and three buffa ...201424562816
transmission paths of neospora caninum in a dairy herd of crossbred cattle in the northeast of brazil.the aim of this study was to determine the transmission paths of neospora caninum in a dairy herd of crossbred cattle. two hundred and ninety animals were grouped according to the year of their birth to verify the distribution of infection according to age. the blood of 196 cattle was collected thrice, with an average interval of 210 days, to evaluate the existence of horizontal transmission in the herd. to evaluate vertical transmission, the blood of 64 calves was collected prior to ingestion o ...201424560936
infection by toxoplasma gondii specifically induces host c-myc and the genes this pivotal transcription factor regulates.toxoplasma gondii infection has previously been described to cause dramatic changes in the host transcriptome by manipulating key regulators, including stats, nf-κb, and micrornas. here, we report that toxoplasma tachyzoites also mediate rapid and sustained induction of another pivotal regulator of host cell transcription, c-myc. this induction is seen in cells infected with all three canonical types of toxoplasma but not the closely related apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum. coinfection of ...201424532536
characterization of immune cell infiltration in the placentome of water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) infected with neospora caninum during pregnancy.neospora caninum infection in cattle stimulates host immune responses, which may be responsible for placental damage leading to abortion. susceptibility of water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) to neosporosis is not well understood, although vertical transmission and fetal death have been documented. the aim of this study was to characterize the immune response in the placentome of water buffalo following experimental infection in early gestation with the nc-1 strain of n. caninum. placentomes were ...201424529512
isolation of viable neospora caninum from brains of wild gray wolves (canis lupus).neospora caninum is a common cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. canids, including the dog and the dingo (canis familiaris), the coyote (canis latrans), and the gray wolf (canis lupus) are its definitive hosts that can excrete environmentally resistant oocysts in the environment, but also can act as intermediate hosts, harboring tissue stages of the parasite. in an attempt to isolate viable n. caninum from tissues of naturally infected wolves, brain and heart tissue from 109 wolves from minne ...201424522164
reproductive implications of exposure to toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in western grey kangaroos (macropus fuliginosus ocydromus).australian marsupials are thought to be particularly vulnerable to pathologic impacts of toxoplasma gondii, and they may be similarly affected by neospora caninum. pathology due to either organism could be expressed as reduced female reproductive performance. we studied adult female western grey kangaroos (macropus fuliginosus ocydromus) from suburban perth, western australia, between may 2006 and october 2008. we used indirect fluorescent antibody tests to look for evidence of exposure to t. go ...201424506426
differential induction of tlr3-dependent innate immune signaling by closely related parasite species.the closely related protozoan parasites toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum display similar life cycles, subcellular ultrastructure, invasion mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and genome organization, but differ in their host range and disease pathogenesis. type ii (γ) interferon has long been known to be the major mediator of innate and adaptive immunity to toxoplasma infection, but genome-wide expression profiling of infected host cells indicates that neospora is a potent activator of the typ ...201424505488
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum seroprevalences in domestic south american camelids of the peruvian andes.the objective of this study was to investigate the presence of toxoplasma gondii- and neospora caninum-specific antibodies in domestic south american camelids (sac) (llamas and alpacas) from the peruvian andes through a cross-sectional study. a wide panel of serum samples collected from 1,845 llamas and 2,874 alpacas from the two main sac production areas of peru was selected. immunofluorescence antibody technique was employed to detect and titrate specific anti-t. gondii and anti-n. caninum imm ...201424859240
seroprevalence of neospora caninum in cats from the czech republic.sera of 414 cats coming from different parts of the czech republic were tested for n. caninum antibodies. sera samples were collected during years 2002-2011. n. caninum antibodies were detected by a commercial competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) with cut off ≥30% inhibition. samples positive in celisa were confirmed by an indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat); titre ≥50 was considered positive. in total, 137 (33%) cats reacted positively in celisa; n. caninum a ...201424827111
seroprevalence of neospora caninum infection in dairy cows in northern provinces, thailand.neospora caninum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of neosporosis, recognized as a major cause of bovine abortion around the world. thailand is a developing agricultural country located in southeast asia. livestock developments particularly in dairy cows of this country have been hampered by low productivity including milk and slow growth rate due to the impact of many pathogens including n. caninum. currently, there is no effective method for control of neosp ...201424827103
red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in romania are carriers of toxoplasma gondii but not neospora caninum.brain samples from 182 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from romania were examined using a standard pcr technique. results provide evidence of toxoplasma gondii (11 foxes=6.0%) and neospora caninum (1 fox=0.5%) dna in red foxes from romania. no coinfections were found.201424807364
neospora caninum serostatus is affected by age and species variables in cohabiting water buffaloes and beef cattle.the aim of this study was to investigate how neospora caninum serostatus may be affected by variables such as host species (water buffaloes or cattle) and age in animals cohabiting in the same ranch. a convenience cross-sectional study was performed on four ranches in the northeast of argentina, where water buffalo are cohabitating with beef cattle. blood samples were collected from 1350 female water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) and 880 female beef cattle (bos taurus and bos indicus crossbreeds) ...201424792747
neospora caninum versus brucella spp. exposure among dairy cattle in ethiopia: a case control study.this case-control study aimed at assessing the relative association of neospora caninum and brucella species exposure with reproductive disorders. the study was carried out between october 2011 and june 2012 on 731 dairy cows sampled from 150 dairy farms in selected 17 conurbations of ethiopia. two hundred sixty-six of the cows were categorized as cases based on their history of abortion or stillbirth while the remaining 465 were controls. the presence of antibody to n. caninum was screened usin ...201424781154
association of antibodies against neospora caninum in mares with reproductive problems and presence of seropositive dogs as a risk factor.sera from 112 mares from 5 horse-breeding farms was examined for the presence of antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat), as well as from dogs and cattle present on these properties for the presence of antibodies to n. caninum. among the 112 mares, 35 had a history of reproductive problems in the last breeding season and 77 had no reproductive problems. the rates of seroprevalence of n. caninum in mares with and without a history of re ...201424731383
comparison of an elisa assay for the detection of adhesive/invasive neospora caninum tachyzoites.neospora caninum belongs to the phylum apicomplexa, the causative agent of neosporosis, which leads to economic impacts on cattle production. a common feature among apicomplexan parasites is the invasive process driven mostly by the parasite. as a first evaluation of candidate molecules that play a possible role by interfering in this invasive process, the in vitro invasion assay is a fast and direct way to screen future agonists or antagonists. this work involved the development of a new cell c ...201424728359
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in slaughtered pigs from northeast, brazil.the aims of this study were to evaluate the presence of anti-toxoplasma gondii and anti-neospora caninum antibodies, to identify associated risk factors and to isolate t. gondii from slaughtered pigs in paraíba state, brazil. a total of 190 pigs from public slaughterhouses were used in the study. an indirect immunofluorescence test was used to detect antibodies, and the isolation of t. gondii was performed with a bioassay in mice based on tissues from seropositive animals. a total of 50 g of bra ...201424703253
changes in purine levels associated with cellular brain injury in gerbils experimentally infected with neospora caninum.the present study was carried out in order to assess the possible alterations in purine levels of brain, associated neuronal lesions in gerbils experimentally infected with neospora caninum. for that, gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) were inoculated with nc-1 strain of n. caninum, composing two different experiments: experiment i (ei) and experiment ii (eii), where purine levels were measured along with the histopathologic study, on days 7 (ei), 15 and 30 (eii), post-infection (pi). as a result, ...201424702899
comparison of different serological methods to detect antibodies specific to neospora caninum in bovine and canine sera.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for paresis in dogs and abortion in cattle worldwide. dogs serve as a definitive host, while cattle serve as intermediate host. many different methods have been developed to detect specific antibodies present in cattle and dog serum. in the present study, the dense granule protein ncgra6 was incorporated in a latex beads agglutination test (lat), and compared to other serological methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the di ...201424398907
diagnostic potential of anti-rncp-43 polyclonal antibodies for the detection of neospora caninum.neosporosis is a disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum, which is closely related to toxoplasma gondii. n. caninum infection represents an important cause of reproductive failure in sheep, goats, horses, and cattle worldwide. the diagnosis of neosporosis is based on the detection of pathogen-specific antibodies in animal sera or the presence of tissue cysts. however, morphological similarities and serological cross-reactivity between n. caninum and t. gondii can result in t ...201424310934
neospora caninum is a cause of perinatal mortality in axis deer (axis axis).neospora caninum is a worldwide distributed protozoan that may cause neuromuscular disease in dogs and reproductive failure in domestic and wild ruminants. one axis fawn (axis axis) and four neonates from the same deer herd died at a zoo in argentina within a four-month period. the fawn presented with dilatation of the anal sphincter at birth and incontinence, developed weakness and ataxia and died at 14 days of age. at necropsy, a mega formation of the distal large intestine was observed. micro ...201424295954
neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii: relationship between hepatic lesions, cytological and biochemical analysis of the cavitary liquid during the acute phase of the diseases in experimental models.the objective of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of ascites in mice infected with toxoplasma gondii and gerbils infected with neospora caninum during the acute phase disease. for that, 12 gerbils [experiment i: not infected/control (n=6) and infected (n=6)] and 12 mice [experiment ii: control (n=6) and infected (n=6)] were used. infected gerbils and mice showed marked ascites on days 5-7 post-infection (pi), while the not-infected animals had not ascites. peritoneal liquid was collec ...201424275558
neospora caninum dna detection by taqman real-time pcr assay in experimentally infected pregnant heifers.neosporosis has been considered the main cause of abortion between the first and the second trimester of pregnancy in cattle. therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the presence of neospora caninum dna obtained from experimental models based on the evaluation of different areas of the fetal nervous system and organs from heifers previously inoculated with nc-1 after or before insemination. this study was performed with hereford × nelore (n=29) heifers and all animals were conside ...201424269161
a survey of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infecting house mice from a hybrid zone.toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum are closely related coccidian parasites infecting a wide range of wild and domestic animals as intermediate hosts, and rodents serve as important reservoir hosts during the life cycles of these parasites. the present study is aimed at identifying t. gondii and n. caninum infection in 360 wild house mice (mus musculus) collected across the czech-german border, where 2 genetically distinct mouse subspecies meet and hybridize. toxoplasma gondii or n. caninum d ...201423927367
effect of vaccination of cattle with the low virulence nc-spain 1h isolate of neospora caninum against a heterologous challenge in early and mid-gestation.live vaccines have emerged as one of the most potentially cost-effective measures for the control of bovine neosporosis. previous studies have shown that nc-spain 1h is a naturally attenuated isolate of neospora caninum and that immunisation with live nc-spain 1h tachyzoites generated a protective immune response in mice. the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of immunisation in cattle. n. caninum-seronegative heifers were immunised subcutaneously twice with 107 live nc-sp ...201324180373
on the efficacy and safety of vaccination with live tachyzoites of neospora caninum for prevention of neospora-associated fetal loss in cattle.infection of cattle with neospora caninum may result in abortion or the birth of a congenitally infected calf. vaccination with live n. caninum protects against experimental infection of cattle and mice, and the naturally attenuated nc-nowra strain of n. caninum is of particular interest as a potential vaccine candidate. vaccination of heifers prior to breeding with live nc-nowra tachyzoites by either the subcutaneous or the intravenous route reduced the rate of abortion and the presence of the ...201323175289
phenotypic characterisation of the cellular immune infiltrate in placentas of cattle following experimental inoculation with neospora caninum in late gestation.despite neospora caninum being a major cause of bovine abortion worldwide, its pathogenesis is not completely understood. neospora infection stimulates host cell-mediated immune responses, which may be responsible for the placental damage leading to abortion. the aim of the current study was to characterize the placental immune response following an experimental inoculation of pregnant cattle with n. caninum tachyzoites at day 210 of gestation. cows were culled at 14, 28, 42 and 56 days post ino ...201323876124
neospora caninum and wildlife.bovine neosporosis caused by neospora caninum is among the main causes of abortion in cattle nowadays. at present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. serological evidence in domestic, wild, and zoo animals indicates that many species have been exposed to this parasite. however, many aspects of the life cycle of n. caninum are unknown and the role of wildlife in the life cycle of n. caninum is still not completely elucidated. in north america, there are data consistent with a sylvatic cyc ...201327335866
toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and tick-transmitted bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in one selected goat farm in slovakia.parasitic diseases of livestock together with poor welfare conditions can negatively affect the health status and production of small ruminants. protozoan parasites and tick-borne infectious agents are common threat of livestock including small ruminants mostly during the pasture season. therefore the priority of the study was to analyse the circulation and presence of two protozoan parasites toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum as well as tick-transmitted bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum i ...201324338316
evaluation of a real-time pcr assay based on the single-copy sag1 gene for the detection of toxoplasma gondii.real-time pcr-based detection of toxoplasma gondii is very sensitive and convenient for diagnosing toxoplasmosis. however, the performance of the pcr assays could be influenced by the target gene chosen. here we evaluate a real-time pcr assay using double-stranded dna dyes (sybr(®) green i assay) with a new set of primers targeting the sag1 gene for the fast and specific detection of t. gondii. the assay showed higher sensitivity than conventional pcr protocols using t. gondii dna as template. t ...201323867074
library of apicomplexan metabolic pathways: a manually curated database for metabolic pathways of apicomplexan parasites.the library of apicomplexan metabolic pathways (lamp, http://www.llamp.net) is a web database that provides near complete mapping from genes to the central metabolic functions for some of the prominent intracellular parasites of the phylum apicomplexa. this phylum includes the causative agents of malaria, toxoplasmosis and theileriosis-diseases with a huge economic and social impact. a number of apicomplexan genomes have been sequenced, but the accurate annotation of gene function remains challe ...201323193253
seroprevalence rates of antibodies against leishmania infantum and other protozoan and rickettsial parasites in dogs.canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) is caused by the protozoan leishmania infantum, which infects dogs and humans in many regions of brazil. the present study involved an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) to analyze l. infantum, ehrlichia spp., babesia canis, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection rates in serum samples from 93 dogs in a rural settlement in ilha solteira, sp, brazil. the seroprevalence rates of anti-l. infantum, anti-ehrlichia, anti-b. canis, anti-t. gondii and ...201324252965
babesia divergens and neospora caninum apical membrane antigen 1 structures reveal selectivity and plasticity in apicomplexan parasite host cell invasion.host cell invasion by the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites, including plasmodium (malaria) and toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), requires a step-wise mechanism unique among known host-pathogen interactions. a key step is the formation of the moving junction (mj) complex, a circumferential constriction between the apical tip of the parasite and the host cell membrane that traverses in a posterior direction to enclose the parasite in a protective vacuole essential for intracellular survival ...201323169033
the absence of zoonotic agents in invasive bullfrogs (lithobates catesbeianus) in belgium and the netherlands.exotic invasive bullfrogs (lithobates catesbeianus) are considered to exert a considerable negative impact on native amphibian communities. this can be due to competition and predation, but they are also a notorious source of the infectious diseases chytridiomycosis and ranavirosis, affecting amphibian populations globally. little is known regarding their carriage of other microbial agents that might be transferred to humans or other animals. in this study we determined the occurrence of the amp ...201324162797
detection of antibodies against brucella abortus, leptospira spp., and apicomplexa protozoa in water buffaloes in the northeast of argentina.water buffalo industry has become a profitable activity worldwide, including the northeast of argentina (nea). however, research on diseases affecting this species is scarce. the aim of the present study was to detect antibodies against brucella abortus, leptospira spp., neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii, and sarcocystis spp. in 500 water buffalo cows from five ranches (100 animals each) in the nea. serum samples were tested for b. abortus by fluorescence polarization assay, leptospira spp. by ...201323765549
serologic survey of infectious diseases in populations of maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus) and crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous) from aguas emendadas ecological station, brazil.domestic dogs are reservoirs for many infectious diseases and may represent a potential source of infection for wild canid populations. a serologic investigation of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, brucella abortus, and leptospira spp. was conducted on three maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) and seven crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous), all free-living, at the aguas emendadas ecological station (esecae), federal district, brazil, between february and october 2006. out of th ...201323505716
contribution of leptospira, neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus to fetal loss of beef cattle in new zealand.the profitability of beef breeding farms in new zealand depends principally on optimal reproductive performance. the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of four major pathogens, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), neospora caninum (n. caninum), leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo (hardjo), and leptospira interrogans serovar pomona (pomona), on rates of fetal loss in commercial beef breeding herds. farms reporting fetal loss were recruited, and a blood sample from aborting cows (cas ...201323932894
a transversal study on antibodies against selected pathogens in dromedary camels in the canary islands, spain.the canary islands contain the most important dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) population in the european union and are the main export point of dromedaries to continental europe and latin america. we investigated the presence of antibodies against relevant disease agents in 100 canarian camel sera. selected blood samples of the same animals were also tested by pcr. sera were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus (btv; 0%), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv; 0%), camelpox virus (c ...201323992795
evaluation of cross immunity and histopathological findings in experimentally infected balb/c mice with neospora caninum and besnoitia caprae.caprine besnoitiosis is an economically important disease of goats. neospora caninum, another coccidian parasite of worldwide distribution, infects several animal species and is a major cause of abortion in cattle. combined infections of n. caninum and besnoitia caprae can occur in geographical areas endemic for both species of parasite in goats. this experiment was conducted to investigate the possible cross-immunity between these two infections in experimentally infected balb/c mice.201323682267
combination of monoclonal antibodies improves immunohistochemical diagnosis of neospora caninum.histological analysis is commonly used for a conclusive diagnosis of neosporosis. immunohistochemistry (ihc) using monoclonal (mab) and polyclonal (pab) antibodies can improve diagnosis; however, the use of pab may induce cross-reactivity with other related parasites. the aims of this study were to compare the performance of mabs and their combinations with that of pab in ihc and evaluate the usefulness of mab to identify neospora caninum infection in aborted bovine fetal tissues. for this purpo ...201323927916
novel tools for the diagnosis and differentiation of acute and chronic bovine besnoitiosis.diagnosis of acute bovine besnoitiosis is a major diagnostic problem. we developed diagnostic tests to serologically diagnose and differentiate acute and chronic cases of bovine besnoitiosis using affinity purified antigens of besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites in immunoblots and in both, a conventional elisa and an avidity elisa. sera of acutely and chronically infected cattle were investigated using these tests. acutely infected cattle initially recognised an antigen of 74 kda relative molecular m ...201323160022
simultaneous detection of chlamydia spp., coxiella burnetii, and neospora caninum in abortion material of ruminants by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction.chlamydia spp., coxiella burnetii, and neospora caninum are responsible for reproductive diseases and are closely linked with high abortion rates in ruminants. furthermore, c. burnetii and chlamydia spp. have zoonotic potential. a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of chlamydia spp., c. burnetii, and n. caninum. the detection of beta-actin as internal control in the same pcr reaction provides additional information about sample quality by ...201323942900
geographical distribution modelling for neospora caninum and coxiella burnetii infections in dairy cattle farms in northeastern spain.maximum entropy ecological niche modelling and spatial scan statistic were utilized to predict the geographical range and to investigate clusters of infections for neospora caninum and coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle farms in catalonia, northeastern spain, using the maxent and satscan programs, respectively. the geographical distribution of neospora and coxiella with the highest level of probability (p > 0·60) covers central catalonia and spreads towards northeastern catalonia which contains a ...201322370223
fecal shedding of toxocara canis and other parasites in foxes and coyotes on prince edward island, canada.knowledge of parasites shed by wild canids can assist in recognizing risk to human and domestic animal health. our aim was to estimate the prevalence of patent infections with toxocara canis and other parasites in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) in prince edward island, canada. identification of parasite species was based on microscopic examination of feces, with the use of a sucrose fecal flotation method. sample collection was performed in winter on carcasses of 271 and 185 h ...201323568915
characterization of neospora caninum macrophage migration inhibitory factor.the present study is the first characterization of neospora caninum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (ncmif). blast-n analysis of ncmif revealed high similarity (87%) to the toxoplasma gondii mif. ncmif was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli in 3 forms, ncmif (mature protein), ncmifm (mutation of proline-2 to glycine), and ncmifhis (addition of a polyhistidine tag at the n-terminus). none of these recombinant ncmifs (rncmif) had tautomerase, oxidoreductase, or immunologic regulatory ...201323850997
cloning, nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatics study of ncsrs2 gene, an immunogen from iranian isolate of neospora caninum.neosporosis is caused by an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa neospora caninum which infect variety of hosts. ncsrs2 is an immuno-dominant antigen of n. caninum which is considered as one of the most promising targets for a recombinant or dna vaccine against neosporosis. as no study has been carried out to identify the molecular structure of n. caninum in iran, as first step, we prepared a scheme to identify this gene in this parasite in iran.201323682269
neospora caninum surface antigen (p40) is a potential diagnostic marker for cattle neosporosis.neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan that infects domestic and wild canids as well as many warm-blooded animals as shown by the isolation of viable parasites. the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for detecting specific antibodies against n. caninum is hampered by potential cross-reaction with other coccidia. so, there is currently an urgent need for a sensitive and specific diagnostic assay for detecting n. caninum in animals. the n. caninum 40-kd surface antigen (p40), similar to ncs ...201323435920
gene cloning and characterization of the protein encoded by the neospora caninum bradyzoite-specific antigen gene bag1.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes repeated abortion and stillbirth in cattle. the aim of this study was to clone the gene encoding the n. caninum orthologue (ncbag1) of the toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite-specific protein tgbag1 and characterize its expression pattern in the parasite. isolation of the full-length 684-bp gene revealed that it shared 78.3% sequence similarity with tgbag1. ncbag1 encodes a predicted protein of 227 amino acids with 80.3% similarity to tgbag1. a p ...201323245337
first isolation of hammondia heydorni from dogs in china.fecal samples of 945 dogs were examined microscopically in 2 refuge facilities in china from march 2010 to november 2011. in 8 dogs, oocysts, 9-14 μm in size, were found. their morphology was similar to those of hammondia heydorni and neospora caninum. sporulated hammondia/neospora-like oocysts were fed to 2 dogs, 2 gerbils, 2 guinea pigs, and 2 km mice; tissues from these inoculated animals were then fed to coccidia-free dogs to determine species susceptibility to these oocysts. oocysts were no ...201323731857
characterisation of full-length mitochondrial copies and partial nuclear copies (numts) of the cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit i genes of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, hammondia heydorni and hammondia triffittae (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae).genomic dna was extracted from three oocyst isolates of hammondia triffittae from foxes and two oocyst isolates of hammondia heydorni from dogs, as well as from cell culture-derived tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii (rh strain) and neospora caninum (nc-liverpool strain), and examined by pcr with primers targeting the cytochrome b (cytb) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (cox1) genes in order to characterise both genes and, if possible, the remainder of the mitochondrial genome of these speci ...201323358734
encephalitozoon cuniculi, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infection in invasive eastern cottontail rabbits sylvilagus floridanus in northwestern italy.sylvilagus floridanus is a lagomorph introduced for hunting purposes from north america to europe where, in certain areas like northern italy, its population reached high densities. brain, kidney and skeletal muscle of 144 eastern cottontail rabbits s. floridanus were examined by pcr for encephalitozoon cuniculi, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum. dna of e. cuniculi was found with a prevalence of 9.72% (ci 95% 0.058-0.156). t. gondii and n. caninum dna was detected in 2.08% (ci 95% 0.0071-0 ...201323747104
structural and evolutionary adaptation of rhoptry kinases and pseudokinases, a family of coccidian virulence factors.the widespread protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii interferes with host cell functions by exporting the contents of a unique apical organelle, the rhoptry. among the mix of secreted proteins are an expanded, lineage-specific family of protein kinases termed rhoptry kinases (ropks), several of which have been shown to be key virulence factors, including the pseudokinase rop5. the extent and details of the diversification of this protein family are poorly understood.201323742205
temporal trends in bulk milk antibodies to salmonella, neospora caninum, and leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in irish dairy herds.bulk milk samples were collected from 309 irish dairy herds at four time points during 2009 and tested for antibodies to salmonella spp., n. caninum, and l. hardjo, three abortifacient agents in irish dairy herds. of the 312 study herds, 49% vaccinated against salmonella and 76% vaccinated against l. hardjo. in unvaccinated herds, the overall prevalence of antibody positive herds was 49% for salmonella, 19% for n. caninum and 86% for l. hardjo. there was no association between both testing posit ...201323117041
t and b lymphocytes in the brains of dogs with concomitant seropositivity to three pathogenic protozoans: leishmania chagasi, toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum.visceral leishmaniasis is a disease with great variability regarding the clinical manifestations in humans and dogs. chronically infected dogs may develop neurological disorders, however, there are few reports that characterize the lesions and make clear the pathogenesis of the canine cerebral leishmaniasis. concomitant with leishmania chagasi, dogs may be infected by opportunistic pathogens, such as toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum, which may contribute to the occurrence of lesions in the ...201323758819
seroprevalence of neospora caninum antibodies in chicken samples from delta egypt using a recombinant ncsag1 protein-based elisa.neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes abortion and economic loss in the cattle industry. this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anti-n. caninum antibodies in chicken using elisa methods based on the surface antigen 1 of n. caninum (ncsag1t). the overall prevalence of n. caninum in chicken was 15.51%. the seroprevalence was high in qalyoubiya, minufiya, kafr el-shaykh, gharbiya, dakahlia provinces; (34%, 17.39%, 14.75%, 14.29%, and 12.25% respectively). in co ...201323888555
first report of antibodies to neospora caninum in nigerian cattle. 201323857393
gc/ms analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography fractions from sophora flavescens and torilis japonica extracts and their in vitro anti-neosporal effects on neospora caninum.we analyzed alcoholic extracts of herbs possessing anti-neosporal activity against neospora (n.) caninum. to identify the chemical components of sophora (s.) flavescens and torilis (t.) japonica associated with anti-neosporal activity, specific fractions were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). in vitro activity of the fractions against n. caninum was then assessed. gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (gc/ms) was used to identify and quantify specific anti-neosporal mole ...201323820198
detection of neospora caninum dna in semen of experimental infected rams with no evidence of horizontal transmission in ewes.recent reports from new zealand indicate neospora caninum has a possible role in causing abortions in sheep. transmission of n. caninum via semen has been documented in cattle. this study aimed to investigate if horizontal transmission through semen was also possible in sheep. initially, 6-month old crossbred ram lambs (n=32), seronegative to n. caninum, were divided into 4 equal groups. group 1 remained uninoculated whilst the remainder were inoculated with n. caninum tachyzoites intravenously ...201323819894
prevalence and dynamics of antibodies against ncsag1 and ncgra7 antigens of neospora caninum in cattle during the gestation period.bovine abortion caused by the apicomplexan parasite neospora caninum is a major economic problem in the livestock industry worldwide. our study measured the prevalence and temporal changes in levels of antibodies specific for two n. caninum derived antigens, ncsag1 and ncgra7, to determine an appropriate strategy for serodiagnosis. using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), blood samples showed that 71 cows out of 129 were positive for anti-ncsag1 antibodies and that only nine cows were ...201323782543
first molecular detection of neospora caninum in european brown bear (ursus arctos).neospora caninum is an important intracellular protozoan parasite with an affinity to the central nervous system of many animals and a major causative agent of repeated abortions in cattle. in total, 45 muscle, liver, or spleen samples of brown bear sampled in different locations of central slovakia were examined by pcr. genotyping of n. caninum was based on amplification of nc-5 gene and its1 rrna fragments and subsequent sequencing. presence of n. caninum dna was confirmed in 24.4% (11/45) of ...201323770068
molecular cloning and characterization of ncrop2fam-1, a member of the rop2 family of rhoptry proteins in neospora caninum that is targeted by antibodies neutralizing host cell invasion in vitro.recent publications demonstrated that a fragment of a neospora caninum rop2 family member antigen represents a promising vaccine candidate. we here report on the cloning of the cdna encoding this protein, n. caninum rop2 family member 1 (ncrop2fam-1), its molecular characterization and localization. the protein possesses the hallmarks of rop2 family members and is apparently devoid of catalytic activity. ncrop2fam-1 is synthesized as a pre-pro-protein that is matured to 2 proteins of 49 and 55 k ...201323743240
oligomannose-coated liposome-entrapped dense granule protein 7 induces protective immune response to neospora caninum in cattle.neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes abortion in cows. vaccination is an important strategy for control of neosporosis, and a safe and effective vaccine suitable for cattle is required. dense granule protein 7 of n. caninum (ncgra7) is a secretory protein with high antigenicity in hosts. we demonstrated previously that ncgra7 entrapped in liposomes coated with mannotriose (m3-ncgra7) could induce a parasite-specific t-helper type 1 immune response and produce humor ...201323742998
sag2a protein from toxoplasma gondii interacts with both innate and adaptive immune compartments of infected hosts.toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that causes relevant clinical disease in humans and animals. several studies have been performed in order to understand the interactions between proteins of the parasite and host cells. sag2a is a 22 kda protein that is mainly found in the surface of tachyzoites. in the present work, our aim was to correlate the predicted three-dimensional structure of this protein with the immune system of infected hosts.201323735002
gra 14, a novel dense granule protein from neospora caninum. 201323722878
generation and immunity testing of a recombinant adenovirus expressing ncsrs2-ncgra7 fusion protein of bovine neospora caninum.neospora caninum is the etiologic agent of bovine neosporosis, which affects the reproductive performance of cattle worldwide. the transmembrane protein, ncsrs2, and dense-granule protein, ncgra7, were identified as protective antigens based on their ability to induce significant protective immune responses in murine neosporosis models. in the current study, ncsrs2 and ncgra7 genes were spliced by overlap-extension pcr in a recombinant adenovirus termed ad5-ncsrs2-ncgra 7, expressing the ncsrs2- ...201323710096
dose-dependent immunogenicity of a soluble neospora caninum tachyzoite-extract vaccine formulated with a soy lecithin/β-glucan adjuvant in cattle.mice immunized with a soluble extract of neospora caninum tachyzoites (sncag) formulated with providean-avec, an aqueous soy-based adjuvant, are fully protected from n. caninum multiplication. here we evaluated the dose-dependent immunogenicity of this vaccine formulation in cattle. cattle (n=3 per group) were immunized with two applications (30 days apart) of formulations containing providean-avec and different payloads of sncag (100, 50 and 10 μg), that were five to fifty times lower than the ...201323692926
comparison of use of vero cell line and suspension culture of murine macrophage to attenuation of virulence of neospora caninum.in this study the tachyzoite yields of neospora caninum were compared in two cell lines: vero (african green monkey kidney) and suspension culture of murine macrophage (j774) cell lines. then, n. caninum were continuously passaged in these cell lines for 3 months and the effect of host cells on virulence of tachyzoites was assessed by broiler chicken embryonated eggs. inoculation was performed in the chorioallantoic (ca) liquid of the embryonated eggs with different dilutions (0.5 × 10(4), 1.0 × ...201323684321
expression of neospora caninum ncsrs2 surface protein in pichia pastoris and its application for serodiagnosis of neospora infection.neospora caninum is considerd a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. the antigenic domain of ncsrs2 in n. caninum is an important surface antigen present in the membrane of this parasite. in the present study, the pichia pastoris expression system proved to be a useful tool for the production of recombinant protein. the truncated ncsrs2 gene (by removal of the n-terminal hydrophobic sequence), was cloned in the vector ppiczalphab, and integrated on the genome of the methylotrophic yeast ...201323683365
neospora caninum nc-6 argentina induces fetopathy in both serologically positive and negative experimentally inoculated pregnant dams.neospora caninum infection is a major cause of abortion in cattle. the objectives of this study were to genetically characterize the n. caninum nc-6 argentina isolate using a multilocus microsatellite analysis approach and to study its biological behavior by experimental inoculations into seronegative and seropositive pregnant cattle, evaluating the humoral and cellular immune response elicited and the occurrence of transplacental transmission and fetopathy. pregnant cows (65 days of gestation) ...201323666227
parasiticidal activity of a novel synthetic peptide from the core α-helical region of nk-lysin.nk-lysin is an anti-microbial peptide that plays a critical role in innate immunity against infectious pathogens through its selective membrane disruptive property. we previously expressed and purified a full-length chicken nk-lysin (cnkl) recombinant protein, and demonstrated its in vitro anti-parasitic activity against the apicomplexan protozoan, eimeria, the etiologic agent of avian coccidiosis. this study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo anti-parasitic properties of a synthetic peptide (cn ...201323664157
bovine neosporosis: clinical and practical aspects.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite with a wide host range but with a preference for cattle and dogs. since the description of n. caninum as a new genus and species in 1988, bovine neosporosis has become a disease of international concern as it is among the main causes of abortion in cattle. at present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. this review focuses on the epidemiology of the disease and on prospects for its control in cattle. finally, based on the implications of clinical f ...201323659742
neospora caninum: infection induces high lysosomal activity.neospora caninum is a protozoan that causes abortion in cattle and neuromuscular lesions in dogs, making it an important target of veterinary medicine. lysosomes are cellular organelles responsible for important biological functions as cellular defense mechanisms. the aim of this work was to evaluate the lysosomal stability of rat gliocytes infected in vitro with n. caninum. rat glial cultures were infected at a ratio of 1:1 (cell/parasite). the enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase (orthophosp ...201323648665
a novel dense granule protein, gra22, is involved in regulating parasite egress in toxoplasma gondii.the intracellular protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii is capable of invading any nucleated cell and replicates within a parasitophorous vacuole (pv). this microenvironment is modified by secretory proteins from organelles named rhoptries and dense granules. in this report, we identify a novel dense granule protein, which we refer to as gra22. gra22 has no significant homology to any other known proteins. gra22 possesses a signal peptide at the n-terminal end which is responsible for dense granu ...201323623919
congenital transmission of neospora caninum in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).neosporosis is an important cause of bovine abortion worldwide. many aspects of transmission of neospora caninum in nature are unknown. the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) is considered one of the most important wildlife reservoirs of n. caninum in the usa. during the hunting seasons of 2008, 2009, and 2010, brains of 155 white-tailed deer fetuses were bioassayed in mice for protozoal isolation. viable n. caninum (ncwtdmn1, ncwtdmn2) was isolated from the brains of two fetuses by bioa ...201323566408
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