Publications

characterization of projections from a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus in the spinal cord of adult green anoles.	male green anoles possess two copulatory organs (hemipenes), which are independently controlled by bilateral muscles: the transversus penis (tpn) and retractor penis magnus (rpm). adult females do not possess hemipenes or either of the two related muscles. motoneurons projecting to the tpn lie in spinal segments trunk 17 and sacral 1 (t17-s1). overall, motoneurons in this region are larger and more numerous in males than females. the present studies were designed to determine 1) whether motoneur ...	2004	14986311
the green anole (anolis carolinensis): a reptilian model for laboratory studies of reproductive morphology and behavior.	the green anol (anolis carolinensis) is an excellent reptilian model for studying reproductive behavior and the neural and muscular morphology that supports it. this lizard has been the subject of behavioral and ecological study for more than 100 yr, and a rich literature exists on its natural history. both courtship and copulatory behaviors reveal sex and seasonal differences, which allow for the study of mechanisms regulation naturally occurring variation in performance at multiple levels with ...	2004	14756155
serotonergic response to social stress and artificial social sign stimuli during paired interactions between male anolis carolinensis.	serotonergic activity is influenced by social status and manipulation of social signals. in the lizard anolis carolinensis, eyespot formation, i.e. darkening of postorbital skin from green to black, appears during stressful and agonistic situations, forming first in males that become dominant. to assess the effect of eyespots on central serotonergic activity during social interaction, males were paired by weight and painted postorbitally with green or black paint. manipulation of eyespot color i ...	2004	14751277
dominance status predicts response to nonsocial forced movement stress in the green anole lizard (anolis carolinensis).	we used changes in body color and eyespot formation, two somatic indices of stress controlled mainly by catecholamine activity, to compare the reactions of dominant and subordinate male green anole lizards (anolis carolinensis) to a nonsocial stressor, forced movement. individual males were pretested by subjecting them to 10 min of forced movement induced by chasing them around their home cage with a slender wooden stick. stress responses were assayed via changes in body color (progressive darke ...	2004	14741240
seasonal plasticity in the copulatory neuromuscular system of green anole lizards: a role for testosterone in muscle but not motoneuron morphology.	the copulatory system of green anoles is highly sexually dimorphic. males possess bilateral copulatory organs called hemipenes, each independently controlled by two muscles: the transversus penis (tpn) and retractor penis magnus (rpm). the tpn everts the hemipene through the cloaca and the rpm retracts it. adult females do not possess hemipenes or either of these two muscles. the spinal nucleus projecting to the tpn and rpm contains more and larger motoneurons in males than females. because anol ...	2004	15188267
comparison of long-term perifused pars intermedia of anolis carolinensis, rana pipiens and hyla chrysoscelis: their responses to dopamine.	pituitary pars nervosa-pars intermedia of anolis carolinensis, rana pipiens and hyla crysoscelis were perifused with synthetic medium 199 for up to 35 h. the pre- and post-perifused tissues were examined by electron microscopy. no neuronal endings were found in anolis tissue, but both rana and hyla had occasional synaptic end bulbs, which remained visible in the post-perifused tissue, although the synaptic vesicles appeared to cluster in the center of the end bulbs. exposure to dopamine hcl from ...	2004	15687732
basal ganglia systems in ritualistic social displays: reptiles and humans; function and illness.	complex, situation-specific territorial maintenance routines are similar across living terrestrial vertebrates (=amniotes). decades ago, paul maclean et al., at the laboratory of brain evolution and behavior of the national institute of mental health, postulated that these are evolutionarily conserved behaviors whose expression is mediated by the similarly conserved amniote basal ganglia and related brain systems (bg systems). therefore, they undertook studies in nonhuman primates and in small s ...	2003	12954439
interaction effects of corticosterone and experience on aggressive behavior in the green anole lizard.	aggressive encounters are accompanied by a release of stress hormone, and this corticosterone (cort) secretion could influence aggressive behavior in subsequent encounters. we investigated the modulating effects of cort on aggressive behavior in the context of a 5-day social experience in male green anole lizards. in experiment 1, we measured plasma cort levels in animals that were exposed for different times to aggressive males. in experiment 2, using metyrapone, a cort synthesis blocker, we te ...	2003	14609550
sex steroids in green anoles (anolis carolinensis): uncoupled maternal plasma and yolking follicle concentrations, potential embryonic steroidogenesis, and evolutionary implications.	the sex steroids testosterone (t) and estradiol-17beta (e2) play important roles in vertebrate reproduction and development. however, little is known about the relationship between plasma steroid levels (which can influence reproductive function) and yolk steroid levels (which can influence embryonic development) in oviparous species. therefore, we examined the extent to which t and e2 are coupled in plasma and yolking follicles in adult females and explored the dynamics of yolk and embryo stero ...	2003	14511980
sociality, stress, and the corpus striatum of the green anolis lizard.	the green anolis lizard, anolis carolinensis, is a uniquely convenient species with great potential for providing insights about the causes and consequences of social behavior from an evolutionary perspective. in this species, social interactions are mediated by visual displays in which specific units of behavior are combined in various ways to communicate several more-or-less specific messages. two related research programs that utilize this species converge in provocative ways to provide insig ...	2003	12954437
form emergence and fixation of head bobbing displays in the green anole lizard (anolis carolinensis): a reptilian model of signal ontogeny.	signal ontogeny was examined in green anoles (anolis carolinensis). from 1,246 head bob displays given by 114 juveniles, it was found that juveniles possessed all 3 display types (a, b, and c) described for adults and that c displays were present at hatching, but a and b displays appeared to emerge gradually from a common precursor. durations of the head bobs and pauses that make up juvenile displays tended to be more variable (i.e., less stereotyped) than those of adult displays. however, withi ...	2003	12856783
a biomechanical analysis of intra- and interspecific scaling of jumping and morphology in caribbean anolis lizards.	scaling models predict how functional variables change as animals grow or increase in size evolutionarily. however, few experimental studies have found support for the predictions of these models. here, we use a force plate to investigate the scaling of functional variables associated with jumping within (for three species) and across adults of 12 species of anolis lizards. both ontogenetically (with the exception of anolis carolinensis) and across the 12 species examined, limb dimensions increa ...	2003	12819270
rapid glucocorticoid stimulation and gabaergic inhibition of hippocampal serotonergic response: in vivo dialysis in the lizard anolis carolinensis.	central serotonin (5-ht) is activated during stressful situations and aggressive interactions in a number of species. glucocorticoids secreted peripherally during stressful events feed back on central systems and may affect 5-ht mediation of stress-induced behavioral events. to test the neuromodulatory effect of stress hormone secretion, serotonin overflow was measured from the hippocampus of the lizard anolis carolinensis. microdialysis was used to collect repeated samples from anesthetized liz ...	2003	12614656
temporal patterns of limbic monoamine and plasma corticosterone response during social stress.	dominant and subordinate males respond differently to the stress of social interaction. after an hour of social interaction, subordinate male anolis carolinensis have elevated serotonergic activity in hippocampus, but dominant males do not. in other species, and using other stressors, the activation of hippocampal serotonergic activity is much more rapid than one hour. to elucidate early stress responsiveness, adult male a. carolinensis were divided into four groups: isolated controls, and pairs ...	2003	12559110
yolk testosterone varies with sex in eggs of the lizard, anolis carolinensis.	in the green anole (anolis carolinensis), a lizard with genotypic sex determination, yolk testosterone (t) concentration is greater in male-producing than female-producing eggs at oviposition, but the source and potential effects were not clear from previous studies. if yolk t levels are also sex-specific before eggs are laid, a period during which embryonic steroidogenesis is unlikely, it would strongly suggest that the difference in yolk t is maternally derived. we collected yolk samples from ...	2003	12541305
social interaction over time, implications for stress responsiveness.	behavioral interaction during social situations is a continuum of action, response, and reaction. the temporal nature of social interaction creates a series of stressful situations, such as aggression, displacement from resources, and the variable psychological challenge of adapting to dynamic social hierarchies. the ebb and flow of neurochemical and endocrine secretions during social stress provide a unique tool for understanding individualized responses to stress. each social station is an ada ...	2002	21708755
ethological aspects of stress in a model lizard, anolis carolinensis.	research on the stress response in reptiles can provide a useful comparative perspective for understanding how the constituent elements of the response can be put into service of diverse behavioral adaptations. a summary of the neural and endocrine causes and consequences of specific behavioral patterns seen in the small diurnal lizard, anolis carolinensis, has provided a model for the exploration of the dynamics of autonomic and neurohormonal contributions to adaptive behavior. in this species, ...	2002	21708748
visual pigments and oil droplets in diurnal lizards: a comparative study of caribbean anoles.	we report microspectrophotometric (msp) data for the visual pigments and oil droplets of 17 species of caribbean anoline lizard known to live in differing photic habitats and having distinctly different dewlap colors. the outgroup polychrus marmoratus was also examined to gain insight into the ancestral condition. except for anolis carolinensis, which is known to use vitamin a(2) as its visual pigment chromophore, all anoline species examined possessed at least four vitamin-a(1)-based visual pig ...	2002	11916989
distribution of androgen receptor mrna expression and immunoreactivity in the brain of the green anole lizard.	male courtship and copulation are androgen dependent in the green anole lizard, and female receptivity can be facilitated by testosterone. however, only a few, and relatively large, regions in the brain have been implicated in the control of these behaviours. in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were therefore used to determine in detail where androgens are likely to act in the brains of breeding males and females. a 697-bp fragment of the anole androgen receptor (ar) was cloned from t ...	2002	11903809
seasonal and sexual dimorphisms in the green anole forebrain.	during the breeding season, male green anole lizards extend a throat fan (dewlap) in courtship. this behavior is facilitated by testosterone (t). females extend a much smaller dewlap less often, even with the same dose of t. during the nonbreeding season when t is low, dewlap extension is reduced. to determine if parallels exist between structure and function, we investigated neuron soma size and density in the preoptic area (poa) and ventromedial nucleus of the amygdala (amy), which are involve ...	2002	12018934
ability of structurally diverse natural products and synthetic chemicals to induce gene expression mediated by estrogen receptors from various species.	the ability of 14 structurally diverse estrogenic compounds to induce reporter gene expression mediated by estrogen receptors (ers) from different species was examined. mcf-7 cells were transiently transfected with a gal4-regulated luciferase reporter gene (17m5-g-luc) and gal4-er chimeric receptors containing the d, e and f domains of the human alpha (gal4-heralphadef), mouse alpha (gal4-meralphadef), mouse beta (gal4-merbetadef), chicken (gal4-ceralphadef), green anole (gal4-aeralphadef), xeno ...	2002	12477484
manipulation of visual sympathetic sign stimulus modifies social status and plasma catecholamines.	darkening of postorbital skin (eyespots) in anolis carolinensis occurs during stressful situations via adrenal catecholaminergic activation of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors. the eyespots form more rapidly in dominant males during social interaction. it was hypothesized that eyespot darkening from green to black is a social signal that communicates disposition, resulting from sympathetic activation and determines social hierarchy. to assess the value of the eyespot as a signal influencing social d ...	2002	12392689
relationships between hormones and aggressive behavior in green anole lizards: an analysis using structural equation modeling.	we investigated the relationship between aggressive behavior and circulating androgens in the context of agonistic social interaction and examined the effect of this interaction on the androgen-aggression relationship in response to a subsequent social challenge in male anolis carolinensis lizards. individuals comprising an aggressive encounter group were exposed to an aggressive conspecific male for 10 min per day during a 5-day encounter period, while controls were exposed to a neutral stimulu ...	2002	12367572
sexual dimorphisms in a copulatory neuromuscular system in the green anole lizard.	sexual dimorphisms in neuromuscular systems have been investigated in several vertebrate groups, but data on reptiles are limited. the present studies were designed to establish the copulatory neuromuscular system of the green anole lizard (anolis carolinensis) as an appropriate model. like mammals, male reptiles have copulatory organs. however, each individual has two "hemipenes" that are controlled by bilateral sets of muscles. first, the anatomy of the hemipenes and associated muscles was des ...	2002	11807838
sexual dimorphism in neuromuscular junction size on a muscle used in courtship by green anole lizards.	the green anole lizard exhibits seasonal courtship behavior that is sexually dimorphic. this courtship consists of the extension of a bright red throat fan (dewlap) associated with head-bobbing display behavior. while males extend their dewlaps in aggressive encounters as well as in courtship, females use their considerably smaller dewlaps much less frequently and mainly in agonistic encounters. in parallel, a number of components of the neuromuscular system controlling dewlap extension are grea ...	2002	11748630
the role of monoaminergic nuclei during aggression and sympathetic social signaling.	a social sign stimulus that is sympathetically induced affects aggressive approaches and influences serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity in the brainstem nuclei of anolis carolinensis. darkening of postorbital skin via sympathetic activation of adrenal catecholamines and beta(2)-adrenergic receptors provides a visual signal that forms more rapidly in dominant than subordinate males during social interactions. this signal limits aggressive interactions. males were painted postorb ...	2001	11713386
maternal plasma and egg yolk testosterone concentrations during embryonic development in green anoles (anolis carolinensis).	sex steroids of presumably maternal origin have been found in avian, crocodilian, and chelonian egg yolks, and they can affect offspring morphology and behavior. the present study reports testosterone (t) levels to which embryos are potentially exposed in the green anole (anolis carolinensis), a lizard with genotypic sex determination. we documented plasma and yolk t concentrations in adult females, in their developing follicles and eggs, and in freshly oviposited and incubating eggs. plasma t w ...	2001	11703087
mechanisms for quick and variable responses.	dominant and subordinate males produce neuroendocrine stress responses during aggressive social interaction. in addition, stress responsiveness has both acute and chronic temporal components. a neurochemical marker that distinguishes social status and aggression by temporal and regional differentiation is the activity of serotonergic nuclei and terminals. a unique model for distinguishing the relationships among the neuroendocrine machinery of stress, social status and behavior is the lizard ano ...	2001	11641564
brain mediation of anolis social dominance displays. ii. differential forebrain serotonin turnover, and effects of specific 5-ht receptor agonists.	serotonin (5-ht) functions are associated with social dominance status in diverse species, but to date the brain regions wherein 5-ht exerts such effects are uncertain. here, we indexed 5-ht turnover in male anolis carolinensis as the ratio of 5-ht to its metabolite, 5-hydroxy-indol-acetic acid, and also as the accumulation of the in vivo tracer 14c-alpha-methyl-tryptophan (14c-amt). after patching one eye, displaying dominant animals increased both measures of 5-ht turnover in the forebrain hem ...	2001	11641557
brain mediation of anolis social dominance displays. i. differential basal ganglia activation.	ritualistic displays of aggressive intent are important social signals, often obviating physically dangerous engagement. to date, however, brain regions mediating such behaviors are not established. here we used male anolis carolinensis together with an in vivo 14c-2-deoxyglucose method to determine patterns of brain activation during elicitation of this animal's dominance displays vs. other behaviors. by patching one eye regional brain activation in the hemisphere receiving display-evocative vi ...	2001	11641556
molecular evolution of the cone visual pigments in the pure rod-retina of the nocturnal gecko, gekko gekko.	we have isolated a full-length cdna encoding a putative ultraviolet (uv)-sensitive visual pigment of the tokay gecko (gekko gekko). this clone has 57 and 59% sequence similarities to the gecko rh2 and mws pigment genes, respectively, but it shows 87% similarity to the uv pigment gene of the american chameleon (anolis carolinensis). the evolutionary rates of amino acid replacement are significantly higher in the three gecko pigments than in the corresponding chameleon pigments. the accelerated ev ...	2001	11591478
androgen metabolism in the brain of the green anole lizard (anolis carolinensis): effects of sex and season.	courtship behavior in male green anoles is partly mediated by the 5alpha-reductase enzyme, which converts testosterone (t) to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. this study aimed to determine whether the activity of 5alpha-reductase is enhanced in breeding males compared to females and nonbreeding males who do not normally display masculine behaviors. in some cases, aromatase, which converts t to 17beta-estradiol, also was assessed to determine whether the pattern of its activity in anoles is similar to ...	2001	11352552
suspected hypovitaminosis a in a colony of captive green anoles (anolis carolinensis).	in a colony of 18 green anoles (anolis carolinensis), 3 animals experienced focally thickened lips, ulcerative cheilitis, lethargy, depression, and weight loss over a 5-month period. in addition to crickets fed fresh fruit and leafy green vegetables, the diet of the green anoles consisted of a supply of mealworms that had been dusted with a commercial liquid vitamin supplement. the history, clinical findings, and histopathologic lesions were suggestive of hypovitaminosis a, which is known to cau ...	2001	11300682
characterization of gastrointestinal chitinase in the lizard sceloporus undulatus garmani (reptilia: phrynosomatidae).	most studies on chitinase activity in lizards have been concerned with palaearctic (european) and laurasian (middle eastern and asian) taxa. several genera of old world lizards, anguis, uromastix, chamaeleo and lacerta, have been shown to possess chitinolytic activity. to date, only one new world lizard, anolis carolinensis, has been reported to exhibit chitinolytic activity. in the present study, chitinase activity was characterized in a second new world taxon, sceloporus undulatus garmani, a n ...	2001	11290449
serotonin reverses dominant social status.	social stress from aggressive interaction is expressed differently in specific brain regions of dominant and subordinate male anolis carolinensis. prior to aggressive behavior, the outcome is predictable via the celerity of postorbital coloration: dominant males exhibit more rapid eyespot darkening. serotonergic activation is manifest rapidly (1 h) in hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and brainstem of subordinate males, and is expressed more rapidly in dominant males. amygdalar serotonergic activat ...	2001	11275287
development of a sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system involved in green anole courtship behavior.	during courtship and aggression, adult male green anoles (anolis carolinensis) extend a large red throat fan called a dewlap. adult females have a very small dewlap; they rarely use it during agonistic encounters and never during courtship. the motoneurons, nerve, muscle fibers, neuromuscular junctions, and cartilage pieces responsible for dewlap extension are all larger in adult males than females, parallel to the behavioral dimorphisms. however, the general developmental pattern of these struc ...	2001	12016355
non-ltr retrotransposons encoding a restriction enzyme-like endonuclease in vertebrates.	all autonomous non-long terminal repeat (non-ltr) retrotransposons reported to date in vertebrates encode an apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-like enzyme necessary for target sequence cleavage and subsequent target-primed reverse transcription. we describe here vertebrate non-ltr retrotransposons encoding another type of endonuclease more related to type iis restriction enzymes. such retrotransposons have been detected until now only in trypanosomes, nematodes, and arthropods. the retrotranspo ...	2001	11343131
resistance of a lizard (the green anole, anolis carolinensis; polychridae) to ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression.	the green anole (anolis carolinensis) is the most northerly distributed of its neotropical genus. this lizard avoids a winter hibernation phase by the use of sun basking behaviors. inevitably, this species is exposed to high doses of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation (uvr). increases in terrestrial ultraviolet-b (uv-b) radiation secondary to stratospheric ozone depletion and habitat perturbation potentially place this species at risk of uvr-induced immunosuppression. daily exposure to subinfla ...	2001	11460536
the molecular genetics and evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates.	to better understand the evolution of red-green color vision in vertebrates, we inferred the amino acid sequences of the ancestral pigments of 11 selected visual pigments: the lws pigments of cave fish (astyanax fasciatus), frog (xenopus laevis), chicken (gallus gallus), chameleon (anolis carolinensis), goat (capra hircus), and human (homo sapiens);and the mws pigments of cave fish, gecko (gekko gekko), mouse (mus musculus), squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), and human. we constructed these ancest ...	2001	11545071
experimental studies of adaptive differentiation in bahamian anolis lizards.	populations of the lizards anolis carolinensis and a. sagrei were experimentally introduced onto small islands in the bahamas. less than 15 years after introduction, we investigated whether the populations had diverged and, if so, whether differentiation was related to island vegetational characteristics or propagule size. no effect of founding population size was evident, but differentiation of a. sagrei appears to have been adaptive, a direct relationship existed between how vegetationally dif ...	2001	11838778
developmental effects of testosterone on behavior in male and female green anoles (anolis carolinensis).	this study addressed the role of testosterone (t) in the development of sexually dimorphic behavior in the green anole lizard, anolis carolinensis. we documented the pattern of endogenous t concentrations during ontogeny and we determined the behavioral effects of experimentally elevated t in juvenile males and females. t concentrations were measured in the plasma of hatchlings from eggs incubated in the laboratory, in juveniles of all sizes sampled in the field, and in the yolks of freshly laid ...	2001	11243741
descriptions of the mature spermatozoa of the lizards crotaphytus bicinctores, gambelia wislizenii (crotaphytidae), and anolis carolinensis (polychrotidae) (reptilia, squamata, iguania).	the spermatozoa of crotaphytus bicinctores and gambelia wislizenii (crotaphytidae), and anolis carolinensis (polychrotidae) exhibit the squamate autapomorphies of a single perforatorium extending anteriorly from the apical tip of the paracrystalline subacrosomal cone, the presence of an epinuclear electron-lucent region, and extension of the fibrous sheath into the midpiece. crotaphytid sperm differ from those of polychrotids in several respects, including: the structure of the perforatorium, th ...	2001	11223926
tasty on the outside, but toxic in the middle: grasshopper regurgitation and host plant-mediated toxicity to a vertebrate predator.	regurgitation by arthropods is often considered to be a rudimentary form of defense against predators. in phytophagous insects, regurgitate composition will vary with diet, and plant secondary compounds from host plants can contribute to the effectiveness of regurgitate deterrence. regurgitation in response to predator attack is particularly common in grasshoppers. however, there is little empirical evidence in favor of grasshopper regurgitation as an effective antipredator mechanism in natural ...	2001	24549911
visible sympathetic activity as a social signal in anolis carolinensis: changes in aggression and plasma catecholamines.	darkening of postorbital skin in anolis carolinensis occurs during stressful situations and is stimulated by sympathetic activation of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors via adrenal catecholamines. this eyespot forms more rapidly in dominant males during social interaction. eyespot darkening (green to black) appears to function as a social signal communicating sympathetic activation and limiting aggressive interaction. to assess the value of the eyespot as a social signal, males were painted postorbit ...	2000	11038294
differential binding affinities of pcbs, ho-pcbs, and aroclors with recombinant human, rainbow trout (onchorhynkiss mykiss), and green anole (anolis carolinensis) estrogen receptors, using a semi-high throughput competitive binding assay.	a comparative study was undertaken to assess the ability of 44 polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), 9 hydroxylated pcbs (ho-pcbs), and 8 aroclors at concentrations ranging from 1 nm to 10 microm to compete with [3h]17beta-estradiol (e2) for binding to bacterially expressed fusion proteins using a semi-high throughput competitive-binding assay. the fusion proteins consisted of the d, e, and f domains of human (alpha), cloned reptilian (anolis carolinensis) and recloned rainbow trout (onchorhynkiss m ...	2000	10696781
differential estrogen receptor binding of estrogenic substances: a species comparison.	the study investigated the ability of 34 natural and synthetic chemicals to compete with [3h]17beta-estradiol (e2) for binding to bacterially expressed glutathione-s-transferase (gst)-estrogen receptors (er) fusion proteins from five different species. fusion proteins consisted of the er d, e and f domains of human alpha (gst-heralphadef), mouse alpha (gst-meralphadef), chicken (gst-cerdef), green anole (gst-aerdef) and rainbow trout ers (gst-rterdef). all five fusion proteins displayed high aff ...	2000	11162928
mammal-like striatal functions in anolis. ii. distribution of dopamine d(1) and d(2) receptors, and a laminar pattern of basal ganglia sub-systems.	we used in situ autoradiographic ligand binding methods to determine the occurrence and distribution of dopamine d(1) and d(2) receptor sub-types in the anole lizard, anolis carolinensis. both were present and exhibited pharmacological specificity characteristics similar to those described for mammals. however, unlike in mammals where in the neostriatum [outside the nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle complex (na/ot)] these receptors exhibit only slight dorsolateral (d(2) high, d(1) low) to ven ...	2000	11251317
mammal-like striatal functions in anolis. i. distribution of serotonin receptor subtypes, and absence of striosome and matrix organization.	serotonin (5-ht) 5-ht(2a) and 5-ht(2c) receptors are thought to play important roles in the mammalian striatum. as basal ganglia functions in general are thought highly conserved among amniotes, we decided to use in situ autoradiographic methods to determine the occurrence and distribution of pharmacologically mammal-like 5-ht(2a) and 5-ht(2c) receptors in the lizard, anolis carolinensis, with particular attention to the striatum. we also determined the distributions of 5-ht(1a), 5-ht(1b/d), 5 h ...	2000	11251316
monoaminergic activities of limbic regions are elevated during aggression: influence of sympathetic social signaling.	a visual social signal inhibiting aggression is coincident with limiting serotonergic and noradrenergic activity in subiculum, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, medial amygdala, but not lateral amygdala, septum, and hypothalamus. darkening of postorbital skin in the lizard anolis carolinensis is stimulated by sympathetic activation of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors via adrenal catecholamines, and occurs more rapidly in dominant males during social interaction. eyespot darkening functions as a social ...	2000	10869515
stress induces rapid changes in serotonergic activity: restraint and exertion.	rapid activation of central serotonergic systems occurs in response to the social stress of aggression in dominant lizards. the most rapid expression of serotonergic activity occurs in nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and brainstem. to compare previously measured responses induced by social stressors with those provoked by physical stress, serotonergic activity was examined following restraint stress (handling) and forced physical exertion. after handling, some male anolis carolinensis were placed ...	2000	10840134
arborization of dewlap motoneurons in the green anole lizard (anolis carolinensis) is not sexually dimorphic.	male anoles extend a bright red throat fan, called a dewlap, during both courtship and aggressive encounters. female anoles perform this behavior less often than males and only in aggression towards both sexes. the cartilage, muscle fibers, and motoneuron somata controlling the display are larger in males than females. in the present study, we used the golgi technique in an effort to characterize more completely the morphology of these dewlap motoneurons, and to investigate whether the dendritic ...	2000	10704756
serotonergic responses to corticosterone and testosterone in the limbic system.	glucocorticoids secreted peripherally during stressful events act on central monoaminergic systems. in particular, serotonergic mediation of social behavior, such as aggression and reproduction, may be affected by glucocorticoids. this study was undertaken to determine if systemically administered corticosterone would rapidly affect central monoaminergic activity. male anolis carolinensis (n = 8 each group) were injected intraperitoneally with 10 or 100 micrograms corticosterone, 10 micrograms t ...	2000	10620431
potassium-induced secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the melanotrophs of the neurointermediate lobe of the lizard anolis carolinensis.	secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh) from the melanotrophs of the neurointermediate lobe (nil) of the lizard anolis carolinensis was studied to investigate the role of membrane potential and extracellular calcium ions in the control of secretion in this species. msh secretion was monitored from perifused nils which had been in organ culture for 7-14 days prior to experiment to allow the nerve terminals present in the tissue to degenerate. elevation of the k(+) concentration in the p ...	1999	10603277
sexual dimorphisms in avian and reptilian courtship: two systems that do not play by mammalian rules.	sexual dimorphisms in the central nervous system exist in numerous vertebrate species, and in many cases these structural differences between males and females parallel differences in the display of reproductive behaviors. often both the behavioral and anatomical differences are controlled by exposure to gonadal steroid hormones, either during ontogeny or in adulthood. this article reviews some of the evidence supporting the hypothesis that in mammals, testosterone or its metabolites regulate th ...	1999	10516401
the temperature sensitivity of miniature endplate currents is mostly governed by channel gating: evidence from optimized recordings and monte carlo simulations.	the temperature dependence of miniature endplate current (mepc) amplitude (a(c)), 20-80% rise time (t(r)), and 90-33% fall-time (t(f)) was determined for lizard (anolis carolinensis) intercostal muscle using broadband extracellular (ec) and voltage clamp (vc) recordings. voltage clamp methods were optimized for the fast mepc rising phase using custom electronics. from 0-43 degrees c, a(c) increased by approximately 4.2-fold, while t(r) and t(f) decreased by approximately 3.6- and approximately 9 ...	1999	10423463
sexual dimorphisms in a neuromuscular system regulating courtship in the green anole lizard: effects of season and androgen treatment.	during the breeding season, male green anoles (anolis carolinensis) court females by extending a red throat fan called a dewlap. motoneurons controlling this sexually dimorphic behavior are located in two portions of the brain stem: (a) the vagal portion of nucleus ambiguus (ambx), and (b) the region containing the glossopharyngeal portion of nucleus ambiguus and the ventral motor nucleus of the facial nerve (ambix/viimv). these motoneurons project to the ceratohyoideus muscle via the ramus phar ...	1999	10413450
identification of renal podocytes in multiple species: higher vertebrates are vimentin positive/lower vertebrates are desmin positive.	we sought to characterize podocytes in the kidneys of numerous species from amphibians to mammals because of the pivotal function of these cells in renal diseases. for this purpose, intermediate filament (if) proteins of podocytes were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against vimentin, cytokeratins, and desmin. these staining patterns were then compared to those of parietal cells of bowman's capsule and tubular cells of the first portion of the proximal tubule from the ...	1999	10090571
the molecular genetics of red and green color vision in mammals.	to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of red-green color vision in mammals, we have cloned and sequenced the red and green opsin cdnas of cat (felis catus), horse (equus caballus), gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and guinea pig (cavia porcellus). these opsins were expressed in cos1 cells and reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. the purified visual pigments of the cat, horse, squirrel, deer, and guinea pig have lambdamax values at 553, 545, 532, 531 ...	1999	10511567
effects of serotonergic drugs on lateralized aggression and aggressive displays in anolis carolinensis.	previous work demonstrated that the brains of many reptiles, including the american chameleon anolis carolinensis (a. carolinensis), are functionally 'split'. because the left eye in this species projects predominantly to the right hemisphere, and vice versa, inferences about lateralized brain functioning can be made in a. carolinensis by observation of eye use during behavioral encounters. using this model, past work suggested that territorial aggression in anolis is under the preferential cont ...	1998	9806442
3h-estradiol, 3h-testosterone and 3h-dihydrotestosterone localization in the brain of the lizard anolis carolinensis: an autoradiographic study.	the presence and the neuroanatomical topography of sex hormone concentrating cells in the brain of the american chameleon, anolis carolinensis have been demonstrated by these experiments. after 3h-estradiol administration large numbers of hormone concentrating cells were found in the amygdala, septum, medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, the ventromedial and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary. in addition, labelled cells were found in the torus semici ...	1998	500856
aromatase activity and regulation of sexual behaviors in the green anole lizard.	sexual behaviors in green anoles are regulated by steroid hormones. androgens activate the display of masculine courtship and copulatory behaviors, and estradiol activates feminine receptivity. testosterone can also facilitate receptivity in females. the present study was conducted to test the role of converting testosterone to estradiol (aromatization) in the regulation of sexual and aggressive behaviors. adult males and females were gonadectomized and implanted with a silastic capsule containi ...	1998	9817587
lateralized effects of ethanol on aggression and serotonergic systems in anolis carolinensis.	the lateralized effects of ethanol (etoh) upon behavior and monoamine biochemistry in the lizard, anolis carolinensis, were examined. eight adult male anoles consumed solutions of 19% ethanol (etoh) twice daily over the course of 18 days, while controls consumed water. etoh decreased the use of the left eye/right hemisphere, but not the right eye/left hemisphere, during territorial aggression (p<0.05). during crossover (i.e., etoh to water and vice versa) this effect was reversible and replicabl ...	1998	9756991
regional and temporal separation of serotonergic activity mediating social stress.	stressful aggressive interaction stimulates central serotonergic activation in telencephalon as well as brainstem. social roles can be distinguished by monoamine activity following aggression. pairs of male lizards, anolis carolinensis, were allowed to fight and form dominant/subordinate relationships. in micropunched regions of telencephalon, the greatest serotonergic changes occur in subordinate males. in hippocampal cortex and nucleus accumbens, subordinate males have increased 5-hydroxyindol ...	1998	9740407
sexual dimorphisms in the brainstem of the green anole lizard.	male green anoles (anolis carolinensis) court females by extending a bright red throat fan, called a dewlap. the dewlap is larger in males than in females who do not display the structure in the context of courtship. the ceratohyoid muscle and second ceratobranchial cartilage which control dewlap extension are significantly larger in male than in female anoles. neurons innervating the ceratohyoid muscle were retrogradely labeled by injecting the muscle with fast blue and were found to be located ...	1998	9667808
functional characterization of visual and nonvisual pigments of american chameleon (anolis carolinensis).	using only 11-cis 3, 4-dehydroretinal as a chromophore in the pure-cone retina, american chameleon (anolis carolinensis) detects a wide range of color from ultraviolet (uv) to infrared. we previously characterized its visual opsin genes sws1ac, sws2ac, rh1ac, rh2ac, and lwsac that encode sws1ac, sws2ac, rh1ac, rh2ac, and lwsac opsins, respectively, and the pineal gland-specific opsin (pac) gene. here we present the light absorption profiles of the visual pigments obtained by expressing these ops ...	1998	9474373
hemispheric control of territorial aggression in anolis carolinensis: effects of mild stress.	previous work has demonstrated that the brain of anolis carolinensis is functionally split, in that the left and right eyes project predominantly to the contralateral hemisphere, and as there are minimal connections between the left and right hemispheres. using this model, the current experiment examined the effect of mild acute stress on hemispheric regulation of territorial aggression. thirteen adult male anolis were paired with an antagonistic males, and eye use and behavioral responses were ...	1998	9435969
ultrastructural contributions to an understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in lizard skin shedding with comments on the function and evolution of a unique lepidosaurian phenomenon.	previous reports on the fine structure of lizard epidermis are confirmed and extended by sem and tem observations of cell differentiation and the form of shed material from the american anole anolis carolinensis. attention is drawn to two issues: 1) the tips of the spinules arising from the mature oberhautchen are markedly curved; this morphology can be seen during differentiation; 2) the median keels of scales from all parts of the body show "naked" oberhautchen cells that lack characteristic s ...	1998	29852669
female social reproductive roles affect central monoamines.	central monoamines display a variety of activation patterns in different social groups, and among males and females. we addressed three social conditions for female lizards of the species anolis carolinensis: isolated, paired with a mate, and in a group of 5 competing for one mate. among those in a group, only 1 or 2 females exhibited recrudescing ovaries. individuals paired with a mate (for one month) exhibited ovarian growth, isolated animals (initial controls) had quiescent ovaries. reproduct ...	1997	9367258
unilateral ovariectomy influences hypothalamic monoamine asymmetries in a lizard (anolis) that exhibits alternation of ovulation.	the lizard anolis carolinensis alternates ovulation, and the resultant ovarian asymmetry correlates with alternating asymmetry of hypothalamic catecholamines. unilateral and bilateral ovariectomies of cycling females were performed to determine if ovarian manipulations influence hypothalamic catecholamine asymmetries. during the middle of the ovarian cycle, we removed the larger ovary, i.e., the next one to ovulate an egg (n = 9), the smaller ovary with its corpus luteum (n = 8), or both ovaries ...	1997	9356226
effects of alcohol consumption on lateralized aggression in anolis carolinensis.	previous work has suggested that the lizard anolis carolinensis, like many other reptiles, has a functionally split brain. specifically, the left eye of this species projects primarily to the right hemisphere (and vice versa), there is no corpus callosum, and the physical placement of the eyes restricts their field(s) of vision to one region of hemispace. the current experiment used this preparation to examine the effect of alcohol administration and withdrawal on lateralized brain functioning d ...	1997	9187319
immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrhir) is associated with vestibular structures in the green anole (anolis carolinensis).	the distribution of immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrhir) in relation to endocrine and behavioral pathways is not well established for lizards. to more completely understand the gnrhir distribution and its possible function in a lizard, we investigated the brain of anolis carolinensis, a species whose visual courtship displays, mating postures and gonadal cycles are well known. using antisera that recognize multiple gnrh forms, we observed no gnrhir cells or fibers in the forebr ...	1997	9288413
androgen metabolism in the brain of the green anole lizard (anolis carolinensis).	activities of the steroid metabolizing enzymes aromatase and 5 alpha-reductase have been documented in species ranging from fish to humans, yet relatively little work has been done in this area in reptiles. in the green anole lizard, anolis carolinensis, steroid hormones are critical to the display of both masculine and feminine sexual behaviors. for example, dihydrotestosterone and testosterone can stimulate both masculine courtship and copulatory behaviors, and estrogen and testosterone facili ...	1997	9126473
comparative biological activities of alpha-msh antagonists in vertebrate pigment cells.	we have previously reported that melatonin was an effective lightening agonist in the teleost synbranchus marmoratus, the amphibians rana pipiens and bufo ictericus, and in the lizard anolis carolinensis. the hormone, previously applied to the preparations, effectively inhibited alpha-msh darkening activity in a dose-independent manner, and was also able to reverse msh-induced darkening. we presently describe the inhibitory effect of the indoleamine on the murine melanoma cell proliferation. int ...	1997	9073503
expression of visual and nonvisual opsins in american chameleon.	we previously characterized five visual opsin genes of american chameleon (anolis carolinensis). here we report its nonvisual opsin gene orthologous to the chicken pineal gland-specific opsin (p-opsin) gene. in the pure-cone american chameleon retina, all visual opsins including rod opsin are expressed. in both pineal and parietal eye, three visual opsins as well as p-opsin are expressed. although opsins are detected in the pineal glands of a wide variety of vertebrates, southern analysis sugges ...	1997	9274772
immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) is detected only in the form of chicken gnrh-ii within the brain of the green anole, anolis carolinensis.	the presence of multiple forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) within a single brain is common among vertebrate species. in previous studies of reptiles, two forms of gnrh were isolated from the brain of alligators and the primary structure was determined to be that of chicken (c)gnrh-i and cgnrh-ii. gnrh has also been detected by indirect methods in other reptiles including turtles, lizards, and snakes. we used a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and radioimm ...	1997	9356220
molecular differentiation of two new world saurian plasmodium species in different host species using the polymerase chain reaction.	several isolates of plasmodium floridense obtained from naturally infected anolis carolinensis and anolis sagrei, and 2 isolates of plasmodium chiricahuae obtained from sceloporus jarrovi were characterized at the ribosomal dna (rdna) locus using the polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. enzymatic amplification of the rdna locus from both plasmodium species resulted in the generation of a 590-base pair (bp) dna fragment. the results obtained with all isolates of p. floridens ...	1996	8604124
reservoir competence of the southeastern five-lined skink (eumeces inexpectatus) and the green anole (anolis carolinensis) for borrelia burgdorferi.	the reservoir competence of two lizard species, the southeastern five-lined skink (eumeces inexpectatus) and the green anole (anolis carolinesis), for borrelia burgdorferi was evaluated. skinks and anoles were exposed by needle inoculation or tick bite to b. burgdorferi. xenodiagnosis with larval ixodes scapularis and culture of tissues were used to asses infection and the ability of infected lizards to infect attached ticks. both lizard species were susceptible to b. burgdorferi by both routes ...	1996	8651379
phylogenetic relationships among short wavelength-sensitive opsins of american chameleon (anolis carolinensis) and other vertebrates.	the vertebrate opsins have been classified into four major phylogenetic groups. one of them, a short wavelength-sensitive (sws) opsin group, is further divided into two subgroups, sws-i and sws-ii, having the wavelengths of maximal absorption of about 420 and 450 nm, respectively. here we report the dna sequences of the sws-i and sws-ii genes from the lizard anolis carolinensis. the shorter wavelengths of absorption by the two sws subgroup opsins seem to be achieved by different sets of amino ac ...	1996	8917783
protamines of reptiles.	we have characterized for the first time the complete primary structure of the main protamine components of the sperm from four reptiles: chrysemys picta (turtle), elaphe obsoleta (snake), anolis carolinensis (lizard), and alligator mississipiensis (crocodilian). these species were chosen to represent one of each of the main phylogenetic branches of this taxonomic group. comparison of these protamine sequences with those already available from other vertebrate groups allows us to define properly ...	1996	8798564
observations on proliferating sheath cells in the regenerating nerves of lizard.	the proliferation of sheath cells (schwann and endoneurium) of growing nerves has been studied by autoradiography after 3h-thymidine administration to lizards (anolis carolinensis and lampropholis delicata) with regenerating tails. schwann cells of regenerating nerves derive from the multiplication of resident cells within the growing nerves, but labelled schwann cells derived from the regenerative blastema also appear to ensheath the new axons. endoneurium cells of growing nerves derive from th ...	1996	8930638
behavioral changes in anolis carolinensis following injection with fluoxetine.	eight adult male lizards of the genus and species anolis carolinensis were used in this experiment. in order to induce aggressive responding, animals were caged separately and daily underwent pairing with another male, during which aggressive responses and changes in skin color were measured. after obtaining a baseline measure of aggressive responding, animals were injected either with fluoxetine or vehicle-controls in a cross-over design. subjects were then exposed to five more days of (non dru ...	1996	8864049
light perception in the vertebrate brain: an ultrastructural analysis of opsin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons in iguanid lizards.	recent biochemical and immunocytochemical evidence indicates that a population of circadian and reproductive rhythm-entraining photoreceptors lies in the basal diencephalon of iguanid lizards. here, we report the results of correlated light and electron microscopy of opsin-immunoreactive cells in the basal brain, and we discuss their ultrastructural relationship to known photoreceptors. cerebrospinal fluid (csf)-contacting bipolar neurons in the lizards anolis carolinensis and iguana iguana were ...	1996	8731227
vitamin d target systems in the brain of the green lizard anolis carolinensis.	autoradiographic mapping criteria were employed to identify and localize specific high affinity binding sites (receptors) for the steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 (1,25-d3) in the brain of anolis carolinensis. in female and male lizards binding of tritiated 1,25-d3 occurred in identical regions of the fore-, mid-, and hindbrain, similar to findings in other species. there was a band of intensely labeled neurons forming a continuum from the n. accumbens, n. striae terminalis, the striatum ...	1996	8742055
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 binding sites in the eye and associated tissues of the green lizard anolis carolinensis.	receptor autoradiography was used for the demonstration of specific binding of the tritiated steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 in the eyes and associated tissues of anolis carolinensis. a 100-fold excess of non-labelled 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 abolished specific nuclear binding of tracer. nuclear [3h]-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 binding was present in all animals in the retina stratum ganglionare and stratum nuclear externum as well as in the cornea; however, binding was absent in the optic ...	1995	7591844
development of the axial cartilaginous skeleton in the regenerating tail of lizards.	in order to study the pattern of growth of regenerating cartilage, h3-thymidine was injected in individuals of the lizards anolis carolinensis and lampropholis delicata during advanced stages of tail regeneration. light and electron microscopic autoradiographical analysis showed that the regenerating cartilaginous tube was mostly derived from the interstitial proliferation of chondroblasts. appositional growth is limited during the initial stages of cartilage formation. later, after the differen ...	1995	7640411
activation of central biogenic amines following aggressive interaction in male lizards, anolis carolinensis.	many stimuli, including social aggression, activate endocrine stress mechanisms, presumably mediated or modulated by central neurotransmitters. to determine the effects of aggression on central neurochemistry, reproductively active male anolis carolinensis were paired and allowed to establish social dominance relationships. while combatants cohabited, the fight losers invariably became socially subordinate and displayed darker color, selection of lower perch sites, and lower body posture than th ...	1995	7663963
paralogous origin of the rhodopsinlike opsin genes in lizards.	rhodopsinlike opsins constitute a distinct phylogenetic group (yokoyama 1994, mol. biol. evol. 11:32-39). this rh2 group includes the green-sensitive opsins in chicken and goldfish and the blue-sensitive opsin in a nocturnal lizard gecko. in the present study, we isolated and sequenced the genomic dna clones for the rh2 opsin gene, rh2ac, of the diurnal lizard anolis carolinensis. this single-copy gene spans 18.3 kb from start to stop codons, making it the longest opsin gene known in vertebrates ...	1995	7643409
cloning of the rhodopsin-encoding gene from the rod-less lizard anolis carolinensis.	the rhodopsin (rh) of the lizard anolis carolinensis has only been detected in the pineal gland which controls circadian rhythms [foster et al., j. comp. physiol. (1993) 33-45]. in the present study, we isolated and sequenced a genomic dna clone for the a. carolinensis rh gene. the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence revealed six a. carolinensis-specific replacements in conserved aa residues among vertebrate rhs. four out of these six replacements (s22n, n199h, e232a and t319m) reside outside the t ...	1994	7959000
melatonin deacetylase activity in the pineal gland and brain of the lizards anolis carolinensis and sceloporus jarrovi.	melatonin modulates a variety of rhythmic processes in vertebrates, and is synthesized in both the retina and pineal gland. we have shown previously that retinal melatonin is deacetylated generating 5-methoxytryptamine, which is then deaminated by monoamine oxidase, producing 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid and 5-methoxytryptophol. this process occurs within the eyes of a variety of vertebrates including the iguanid lizard anolis carolinensis. to determine whether melatonin deacetylase activity also ...	1994	7530349
melanotropes of the lizard, anolis carolinensis, lack n-acetylating mechanisms for both alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin.	in order to determine whether anolis carolinensis intermediate pituitary cells have the capacity to n-acetylate either acth(1-13)nh2 or beta-endorphin during secretion, individual intermediate pituitary explants were incubated in dmem/co2 for 24 h at 28 degrees c. although alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-msh)- and beta-endorphin-related products were spontaneously released into the medium, none of these forms were n-acetylated. it appears that unlike most gnathostomes, a. carolinensi ...	1994	8084383
an analysis of the proopiomelanocortin systems in the pituitary of the squamate reptile lacerta galloti.	acid extracts of the pars intermedia of the squamate reptile lacerta galloti were screened for immunoreactive forms of proopiomelanocortin (pomc)-related end products following sephadex g-50 column chromatography. alpha-msh-sized end products were detected with a val-nh2, c-terminal-specific ria, and beta-endorphin-sized end products were detected with a separate c-terminal-directed ria. five peaks of alpha-msh-related immunoreactivity were isolated following fractionation by reversed-phase hplc ...	1994	8194743
somatic correlates of adrenergic activity during aggression in the lizard, anolis carolinensis.	aggressive interactions in anolis carolinensis result in increased circulating levels of epinephrine (epi) and norepinephrine (ne) and conspicuous color changes. this activation of the adrenergic component of an acute stress response is externally represented by the darkening of the postorbital eyespot of a. carolinensis. in adult males, this site darkens in response to stressful physical stimulation (trauma, passive restraint) or psychological stimuli, most notably the sight of an aggressively ...	1994	8034280
melatonin receptor distribution in the brain and retina of a lizard, anolis carolinensis.	melatonin binding sites were identified in the brain and retina of the lizard anolis carolinensis using in vitro autoradiography. radioactive labeling was observed in areas which receive primary, secondary, and tertiary visual input: the superficial layers of the optic tectum, lateral geniculate nucleus, nucleus rotundus, dorsal ventricular ridge, and striatum. other areas that demonstrated binding included the left medial habenular nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus, medial cortex, dorsal cor ...	1994	8306189
gaba and glycine in retinal amacrine cells: combined golgi impregnation and immunocytochemistry.	golgi-impregnated amacrine cells in the all-cone lizard retina (anolis carolinensis) were characterized on the bases of dendritic and somatic criteria. four major cell categories, comprising 23 types were identified: three non-stratified, 13 monostratified, five bistratified, and two tristratified types. four of the cell types comprised two to four subtypes based on stratification of their dendrites within the inner plexiform layer (ipl). golgi impregnation strongly favoured monostratified amacr ...	1993	7509492
presence and foveal enrichment of rod opsin in the "all cone" retina of the american chameleon.	the retinal photoreceptors of the eye of the american chameleon, anolis carolinensis, have been considered to be exclusively cones. its retina is unusual for possessing two foveas (areas associated with heightened visual acuity), with the major, central fovea deeply incised and very densely packed with photoreceptors. immunoblotting and light- and electron microscopic-immunocytochemistry, using several opsin monoclonal antibodies previously found specific for rods, demonstrated the presence and ...	1993	8291682
effects of nightbreak, t-cycle, and resonance lighting schedules on the pineal melatonin rhythm of the lizard anolis carolinensis: correlations with the reproductive response.	experiments were conducted to determine if a correlation exists between any aspect of the pineal melatonin rhythm (such as its duration or phase) in the lizard anolis carolinensis and the reproductive response to photoperiod. the rhythm of pineal melatonin content was determined in anoles exposed to nightbreak lighting protocols (10l:5d:1l:8d, 10l:10d:1l:3d), resonance lighting cycles (ld 11:13, ld 11:25), and t-cycle lighting protocols (ld 11:7, ld 11:9, ld 11:13, ld 11:15, ld 11:19) and compar ...	1993	8283387
vitamin a2-based photopigments within the pineal gland of a fully terrestrial vertebrate.	fully terrestrial vertebrates were previously thought to exclusively employ vitamin a1 to generate visual pigments. however, recent studies on the visual system of the lizard anolis carolinensis have shown that its visual pigments are vitamin a2-based. this unexpected result prompted an investigation of the pineal photopigments in this species [13]. hplc analysis has shown that this extraretinal photoreceptor also exclusively utilizes a vitamin a2-derived chromophore. the adaptive significance o ...	1993	8377952
central and endocrine aspects of tongue-flicking and exploratory behavior in anolis carolinensis.	tongue-flicking in reptiles is frequently seen to increase in novel habitats and is presumed to involve the acquisition of chemical information. like most behavioral patterns, however, tongue-flicking has both multiple causes and multiple functions, only some of which involve chemosensation. this paper describes units of exploratory behavior, including use of the tongue, in a microsmatic lizard, the green anole, anolis carolinensis. this species employs its tongue in a manner suggestive of chemo ...	1993	8477342
peptides containing multiple photolabels: a new tool for the analysis of ligand-receptor interactions. reversible long-lasting stimulation and inhibition of msh receptors by multiple photocrosslinks with alpha-msh.	crosslinking of msh receptors on melanophores of the lizard anolis carolinensis with analogues of alpha-msh containing a photoreactive group in position 1, 7, 9 or 13 leads to long-lasting receptor stimulation. reversibility of this long-lasting stimulation is obtained by employing a disulfide-containing photoreactive group which can be cleaved from the receptor by thiol reagents [ref. 3]. when two photoreactive groups are simultaneously present on the alpha-msh molecule (e.g in positions 1 + 9; ...	1993	8383756
3h-gaba administration during tail regeneration of lizards and autoradiographical localization.	thirteen lizards (anolis carolinensis and scincella lateralis) were injected with 3h-gaba (tritiated gamma-aminobutyric acid) in order to study its localization inside the regenerating tail spinal cord (sc) by means of light and electron microscopic autoradiography. one and three hours after intraperitoneal injection, the radioactivity was essentially localized in regenerating nerves and pale cells, mostly contacting the central canal of the sc as typical cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting-neurons ( ...	1993	8376756