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[clusters of respiratory tract infections and alert strategy in nursing homes].outbreaks of acute respiratory infections (ari) are common in institutions for elderly people. we had for objective to investigate clusters of cases (lower respiratory tract infection and influenza-like illness [lrti/ili]) in order to improve and validate alert strategies in these institutions.201121277131
rapid testing for respiratory syncytial virus in a paediatric emergency department: benefits for infection control and bed management.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is responsible for annual winter outbreaks of respiratory tract infection among children in temperate climates, placing severe pressure on hospital beds. cohorting of affected infants has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy in reducing nosocomial transmission of rsv, and may keep cubicles free for other patients who require them. testing of symptomatic children for rsv is standard practice, but unfortunately traditional laboratory testing is not rapid ...201121277648
palivizumab for immunoprophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in high-risk infants and young children: a systematic review and additional economic modelling of subgroup analyses.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a seasonal infectious disease, with epidemics occurring annually from october to march in the uk. it is a very common infection in infants and young children and can lead to hospitalisation, particularly in those who are premature or who have chronic lung disease (cld) or congenital heart disease (chd). palivizumab (synagis®, medimmune) is a monoclonal antibody designed to provide passive immunity against rsv and thereby prevent or reduce the severity of rsv ...201121281564
incidence and predisposing factors for severe disease in previously healthy term infants experiencing their first episode of bronchiolitis.to determine the incidence and predisposing factors for severe bronchiolitis in previously healthy term infants <12 months of age experiencing their first episode of bronchiolitis.201121284715
the relationship between rsv bronchiolitis and recurrent wheeze: the chicken and the egg.respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is the most frequent cause of infant hospitalization. rsv bronchiolitis is often followed by recurrent episodes of wheeze. pathogenesis of rsv bronchiolitis as well as post-bronchiolitis wheeze are incompletely understood. the aim of this review is to provide a brief overview of our current understanding of the complex pathogenesis of rsv bronchiolitis and post-bronchiolitis wheeze. two non-exclusive hypotheses exist, which are paraphrased for this revie ...201121295416
primary human mdc1, mdc2, and pdc dendritic cells are differentially infected and activated by respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes recurrent infections throughout life. vaccine development may depend upon understanding the molecular basis for induction of ineffective immunity. because dendritic cells (dcs) are critically involved in early responses to infection, their interaction with rsv may determine the immunological outcome of rsv infection. therefore, we investigated the ability of rsv to infect and activate primary mdcs and pdcs using recombinant rsv expressing green fluorescen ...201121297989
respiratory infections by hmpv and rsv are clinically indistinguishable but induce different host response in aged individuals.human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus can cause severe respiratory diseases, especially in infants, young children, and the elderly. so far it remains unclear why infections in the elderly become life threatening despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the serum, and to which extent double infections worsen the clinical course.201121298115
twelve years' detection of respiratory viruses by immunofluorescence in hospitalised children: impact of the introduction of a new respiratory picornavirus assay.direct immunofluorescence assays (dfa) are a rapid and inexpensive method for the detection of respiratory viruses and may therefore be used for surveillance. few epidemiological studies have been published based solely on dfa and none included respiratory picornaviruses and human metapneumovirus (hmpv). we wished to evaluate the use of dfa for epidemiological studies with a long-term observation of respiratory viruses that includes both respiratory picornaviruses and hmpv.201121299840
expression of defense genes and activities of antioxidant enzymes in rice resistance to rice stripe virus and small brown planthopper.the rice variety tai06-1 is resistant to rice stripe disease and xiushui63 is a highly susceptible rice variety to this disease. these two varieties were used to analyze the expression patterns of defense genes and antioxidant defense responses at the seedling stage, upon feeding with viruliferous small brown planthopper (sbph) and nonviruliferous sbph, respectively. the expression levels of cp (coat protein) gene of rice stripe virus (rsv) were higher upon feeding with viruliferous sbph in xius ...201121300551
cost-effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in various indications.to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of immunoprophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections with palivizumab based on actual cost and observed incidence rates in various pediatric risk groups.201121300647
biological challenges and technological opportunities for respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of respiratory disease causing high rates of hospitalizations in infants, significant morbidity in children and adults, and excess mortality in the elderly. major barriers to vaccine development include early age of rsv infection, capacity of rsv to evade innate immunity, failure of rsv-induced adaptive immunity to prevent reinfection, history of rsv vaccine-enhanced disease, and lack of an animal model fully permissive to human rsv infecti ...201121198670
myocarditis in the setting of rsv bronchiolitis.myocarditis in the pediatric population is commonly caused by viral pathogens, notably entero virus and adeno virus. respiratory syncytial virus, although widespread among this population, is rarely associated with myocarditis. the incidence of myocarditis is unknown due to the variability of clinical presentation and diagnostic limitations. data regarding prognosis is lacking in children. patients should be monitored in a pediatric intensive care unit secondary to the risk of hemodynamic compro ...201121204669
analysis of respiratory syncytial virus preclinical and clinical variants resistant to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies palivizumab and/or motavizumab.palivizumab is a us food and drug administration-approved monoclonal antibody for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory disease in high-risk infants. motavizumab, derived from palivizumab with enhanced antiviral activity, has recently been tested in humans. although palivizumab escape mutants have been generated in the laboratory, the development of resistant rsv in patients receiving palivizumab has not been reported previously.201121208913
immunologic impact of nutrient depletion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is characterized by small airways, alveolar and systemic inflammation and remodeling causing airflow limitation and parenchymal destruction. mechanisms of oxidative stress include exposure to cigarette smoke and environmental stimuli that activate proinflammatory responses, stimulate alveolar neutrophils and macrophages and lead to apoptosis of endothelial and epithelial cells. copd may have origins in fetal and neonatal factors that affect intrauteri ...201121194406
correlations between clinical illness, respiratory virus infections and climate factors in a tropical paediatric population.summaryweekly (august 2003–december 2008) numbers of five common paediatric diseases and the incidence of respiratory viruses were obtained from a children's hospital in singapore and correlated with climate data using multivariate time-series techniques. upper respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with the incidences of influenza a, b, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza viruses (types 1–3 combined). lower respiratory tract infections were positively correl ...201121226981
recombinant sendai viruses expressing fusion proteins with two furin cleavage sites mimic the syncytial and receptor-independent infection properties of respiratory syncytial virus.cell entry by paramyxoviruses requires fusion between viral and cellular membranes. paramyxovirus infection also gives rise to the formation of multinuclear, fused cells (syncytia). both types of fusion are mediated by the viral fusion (f) protein, which requires proteolytic processing at a basic cleavage site in order to be active for fusion. in common with most paramyxoviruses, fusion mediated by sendai virus f protein (f(sev)) requires coexpression of the homologous attachment (hemagglutinin- ...201121228237
respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an rna virus that causes respiratory tract infections in children. in the north- ern hemisphere, the peak infection season is november through april. by two years of age, most children will have had an rsv infection. bronchiolitis, a lower respiratory tract infection, is often caused by rsv. an rsv infection is diagnosed based on patient history and physical examination. children typically present with cough, coryza, and wheezing. laboratory testing and chest ...201121243988
regulation of stat signaling in mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells by respiratory syncytial virus.dendritic cells (dcs) act as a portal for virus invasion as well as potent antigen-presenting cells (apcs) involved in the antiviral host response. interferons (ifns) are produced in response to bacterial and viral infection and activate innate immune responses to efficiently counteract and remove pathogenic invaders. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) could inhibit ifn-mediated signaling pathway in epithelial cells; however, the effects of rsv on ifn signaling in the dendritic cells (dcs) are st ...201121255624
differential sensitivities of retroviruses to integrase strand transfer inhibitors.integrase inhibitors are emerging anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) drugs, and multiple retroviruses and transposable elements were evaluated here for susceptibilities to raltegravir (ral) and elvitegravir (evg). all viruses, including primate and nonprimate lentiviruses, a betaretrovirus, a gammaretrovirus, and the alpharetrovirus rous sarcoma virus (rsv), were susceptible to inhibition by ral. evg potently inhibited all lentiviruses and intermediately inhibited betaretrovirus and gammare ...201121270168
simultaneous detection of influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial viruses and subtyping of influenza a h3n2 virus and h1n1 (2009) virus by multiplex real-time pcr.a multiplex real-time pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect and discriminate influenza a virus subtypes, including novel h1n1 (2009) and seasonal h3n2 virus, influenza b virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in a single test tube, with detection sensitivity and specificity of 99% and 100%, respectively, for the four pathogens.201121270233
soluble respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in the fully cleaved, pretriggered state is triggered by exposure to low-molarity buffer.the paramyxovirus fusion (f) glycoprotein is anchored in the virion membrane in a metastable, pretriggered form. once triggered, the f protein undergoes a dramatic conformational extension that inserts its hydrophobic fusion peptide into the target cell membrane, then folds back on itself to bring the membranes together and initiate fusion. unlike most other paramyxoviruses, the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f protein alone is sufficient to mediate membrane fusion and virus infection. to stu ...201121307202
exogenous administration of vascular endothelial growth factor prior to human respiratory syncytial virus a2 infection reduces pulmonary pathology in neonatal lambs and alters epithelial innate immune responses.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) affects thousands of children every year. vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is a regulator of vasculogenesis, pulmonary maturation, and immunity. in order to test the extent to which vegf may alter rsv infection, 4 groups of lambs received either human recombinant vegf (rhvegf) or phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) pretreatment followed by inoculation with human rsv strain a2 or sterile medium. lambs in each group were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 6 days p ...201121309731
health care-acquired viral respiratory diseases.health care-associated viral respiratory infections, common among hospitalized children, also occur among adults and institutionalized persons and result in increased patient morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. approximately 20% of patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia have viral respiratory infections, with 70% of these infections caused by adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). these infections typically reflect the level of vi ...201121316002
local innate and adaptive immune responses regulate inflammatory cell influx into the lungs after vaccination with formalin inactivated rsv.inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines tend to predispose for immune mediated enhanced disease, characterized by th2 responses and airway hypersensitivity reactions. we show in a c57bl/6 mouse model that the early innate response elicited by the challenge virus (rsv versus influenza virus) influences the outcome of the th1/th2 balance in the lung after intramuscular priming with inactivated vaccine. priming of cd4(+)/ifn-?(+) t cells by mature dendritic cells administered intrave ...201121316502
activation of lymphocytes induced by bronchial epithelial cells with prolonged rsv infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) preferentially infects airway epithelial cells,which might be responsible for susceptibility to asthma; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. this study determined the activation of lymphocytes and drift of helper t (th) subsets induced by rsv-infected human bronchial epithelial cells (hbecs) in vitro. hbecs had prolonged infection with rsv, and lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood were co-cultured with rsv-infected hbecs. four groups were ...201122216085
pathological observations of lung inflammation after administration of ip-10 in influenza virus- and respiratory syncytial virus-infected mice.pneumonia is a common complication of influenza virus infection and a common cause of death of patients. the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (ip-10) is an important chemokine in the development of airway inflammation caused by certain viruses. mice were infected with influenza virus after administration of murine ip-10 and the severity of pneumonia was compared with the group which was infected with influenza virus alone. another mice group was ...201122969848
[acute bronchiolitis: a prospective study].bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory infection in children under 2 years old. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequently involved etiologic agent.201122849929
epidemiology, aetiology and management of childhood acute community-acquired pneumonia in developing countries--a review.childhood acute community-acquired pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. in children who have not received prior antibiotic therapy, the main bacterial causes of clinical pneumonia in developing countries are streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), and the main viral cause is respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), but estimates of their relative importance vary in different settings. the only vaccines for the prevention o ...201122783679
[ppargamma agonists against respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro study].to search the effect of ppargamma agonists for infection of rsv in vitro.201122734242
structural analysis of mhc alleles in an rsv tumour regression chicken using a bac library.the chicken major histocompatibility complex (mhc-b locus) has a strong association with resistance and susceptibility to numerous diseases. we have found a b haplotype designated wla that associated with the regression of tumours caused by rous sarcoma virus j strain (rsv-j). haplotype wla was identical to the regressive b6 haplotype when partial genotyping was performed (poultry science, 89, 2010, 651). we then constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library from a wla homozygote c ...201122486511
respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in special populations: is it something worth considering in cystic fibrosis and immunosuppression?respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis is the leading cause of infant hospitalization in the united states. prophylaxis with palivizumab is effective in reducing rsv hospitalizations in premature infants and in infants or children with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease. patients with cf or those who are immunocompromised may be at increased risk for rsv infection-related complications; hence, prophylaxis may prove beneficial to these populations. the extent of palivizumab ...201122477829
a challenge to appropriate antibiotic use in children with respiratory infections: a 5-year single-institution experience.we have studied the rate of emergence of antibiotic-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae (s. pneumoniae) and haemophilus influenzae (h. influenzae) and the subsequent antibiotic use in host patients of those isolates at the department of pediatrics, soma general hospital, fukushima. moreover, we carried out several studies investigating the risks and benefits of antibiotic-free treatment for children with respiratory infections. in this report, we summarize our research and suggest better treatmen ...201122353649
[three years surveillance of viral etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children from 2007 to 2010].viruses are common pathogens of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alrti) in children. there are few studies on consecutive monitoring of viral pathogens of alrti in a larger cohort during the past several years. the aim of this study was to investigate the viral pathogens of alrti in children of different age groups and to outline the epidemic feature of different viruses.201122321179
antiviral activities of diarylheptanoids isolated from alpinia officinarum against respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus, measles virus, and herpes simplex virus type 1 in vitro.alpinia officinarum has been used as a folk medicine and contains diarylheptanoids that have various biological activities. however, their antiviral activities are less elucidated. we examined the antiviral activities of nine diarylheptanoids isolated from a. officinarum against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), poliovirus, measles virus, and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) using a plaque reduction assay. the 50% inhibitory concentrations of seven of the nine diarylheptanoids for rsv were m ...201122312729
is chronic rhinosinusitis caused by persistent respiratory virus infection?many chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) patients recall an upper respiratory tract infection as the inciting event of their chronic illness. viral infections have been shown to cause obstruction of the osteomeatal complex, which is likely to be a critical step in the development of crs. there is clear overlap between the pathogenesis of crs and asthma. infections with respiratory viruses in childhood increase the risk of subsequently developing asthma. viral infections in established asthmatics are as ...201122287325
respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with neuromuscular impairment.clinically obvious reasons why children with neurological impairment (nmi) may be more severely affected in case of a viral respiratory tract infection include reduced vital capacity due to muscular weakness or spastic scoliosis, disturbed clearance of respiratory excretions (weak coughing and dysphagia), inability to comply actively with physiotherapeutic interventions, recurrent micro-aspirations (gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting related to coughing), a history of frequent exposure to ...201122262988
risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection.rsv infection is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection, especially in high-risk infants with a history of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd), congenital heart disease (chd), neuromusculair impairment, immunodeficiency, and down syndrome. host related risk factors that have been identified to be associated with severe rsv related lower respiratory tract infection include young age below 6 months at the beginning of rsv season, multiple birth, male sex, low socioeconomic ...201122262987
epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in preterm infants.this review focuses on the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in preterm infants with and without chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, bpd). the year-to-year and seasonal variations in rsv activity are key aspects of rsv epidemiology, and knowledge/monitoring of local rsv activity is mandatory for guidance of prophylaxis with the monoclonal antibodies palivizumab and in the near future motavizumab. morbidity expressed in rates of hospitalizations attributable to r ...201122262986
diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important pathogen causing severe lower respiratory tract infections in all age groups often requiring hospitalization. rapid laboratory diagnosis of rsv infection significantly decreases the use of antibiotics, additional laboratory testing and is associated with shorter hospitalization periods. the specific diagnosis of rsv infection is based on the detection of virus or viral antigens or virus specific nucleic acid sequences in respiratory ...201122262985
effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on regulated on activation, normal t-cells expressed and secreted production in a murine model of asthma.synthesis of regulated on activation, normal t-cells expressed and secreted (rantes) in the airway has previously been shown to be elevated after respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. however, since few studies have examined whether rsv-infected asthma patients express a higher level of rantes than do normal individuals, we used a murine model of asthma to address this question.201122253642
wheezing in infancy.several population-based birth cohort studies documented that 30% of children suffer from wheezing during respiratory infections before their third birthday. infants are prone to wheeze because of anatomic factors related to the lung and chest wall in addition to immunologic and molecular influences in comparison to older children. viral infections lead to immunologic derangements that cause wheezing both in immunocompetent and immunodeficient infants. anatomic causes of wheeze may be extrinsic ...201123282443
[development and characterization of a stable cell line expressing respiratory syncytial virus non-structural protein ns1].to develop a stable cell line that could express the rsv ns1, the full-length rsv ns1 gene was generated by rt-pcr amplification from respiratory syncytial virus. ns1 gene was ligated with pbabe-puro to construct the recombinant retroviral expression plasmid pbabe-ns1, which was cotransfected into 293ft packaging cells with pik packaging plasmid by calcium phosphate co-precipitation. the supernatant of 293ft was collected to infect hep-2 cells, the resulting cell clones stably expressing ns1 wer ...201122263272
antiviral activity in vitro of two preparations of the herbal medicinal product sinupret® against viruses causing respiratory infections.sinupret(®), a herbal medicinal product made from gentian root, primula flower, elder flower, sorrel herb, and verbena herb is frequently used in the treatment of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis and respiratory viral infections such as common cold. to date little is known about its potential antiviral activity. therefore experiments have been performed to measure the antiviral activity of sinupret(®) oral drops (hereinafter referred to as "oral drops") and sinupret(®) dry extract (hereinafter r ...201122112724
whole genome sequencing and evolutionary analysis of human respiratory syncytial virus a and b from milwaukee, wi 1998-2010.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory-tract infections in infants and young children worldwide. despite this, only six complete genome sequences of original strains have been previously published, the most recent of which dates back 35 and 26 years for rsv group a and group b respectively.201121998661
Respiratory viral infections in hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients.Respiratory viral infections (RVIs) are common causes of mild illness in immunocompetent children and adults with rare occurrences of significant morbidity or mortality. Complications are more common in the very young, very old, and those with underlying lung diseases. However, RVIs are increasingly recognized as a cause of morbidity and mortality in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) and solid organ transplants (SOTs). Diagnostic techniques for respiratory syncytial virus ...201121858751
a crystal structure of the catalytic core domain of an avian sarcoma and leukemia virus integrase suggests an alternate dimeric assembly.integrase (in) is an important therapeutic target in the search for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inhibitors. this enzyme is composed of three domains and is hard to crystallize in its full form. first structural results on in were obtained on the catalytic core domain (ccd) of the avian rous and sarcoma virus strain schmidt-ruppin a (rsv-a) and on the ccd of hiv-1 in. a ribonuclease-h like motif was revealed as well as a dimeric interface stabilized by two pairs of α-helices (α1/α5, α ...201121857987
natural polymorphisms and resistance-associated mutations in the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): effects on rsv susceptibility to palivizumab.specific mutations in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein can cause palivizumab resistance. we assessed the incidence of sequence polymorphisms and palivizumab resistance in clinical rsv isolates collected from immunoprophylaxis-naive subjects. polymorphisms were identified at low frequency, and only polymorphic mutations in antigenic site a (<1% of all polymorphisms) conferred palivizumab resistance.201122184728
reduced inflammation and altered innate response in neonates during paramyxoviral infection.abstract: background: human infants are frequently hospitalized due to infection with the paramyxovirus respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). however, very little is known about the neonatal response to paramyxoviral infection. here, a neonatal model of paramyxoviral infection is developed using the mouse pathogen sendai virus (sev). results: adult mice infected with sev developed a predominantly neutrophilic inflammatory cell influx and a concomitant reduction in lung function, as determined by ...201122185352
viral-bacterial interactions and risk of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract infection.acute otitis media (aom) is a common complication of upper respiratory tract infection whose pathogenesis involves both viruses and bacteria. we examined risks of acute otitis media associated with specific combinations of respiratory viruses and acute otitis media bacterial pathogens. data were from a prospective study of children ages 6 to 36 months and included viral and bacterial culture and quantitative pcr for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human bocavirus, and human metapneumovirus. r ...201121900518
partial depletion of natural cd4⁺cd25⁺ regulatory t cells with anti-cd25 antibody does not alter the course of acute influenza a virus infection.foxp3⁺cd4⁺ regulatory t cells represent a t cell subset with well-characterized immunosuppressive effects during immune homeostasis and chronic infections, and there is emerging evidence to suggest these cells temper pulmonary inflammation in response to acute viral infection. recent studies have demonstrated treatment with pc61 cd25-depleting antibody potentiates inflammation in a murine model of rsv infection, while paradoxically delaying recruitment of cd8⁺ t cells to the site of inflammation ...201122125630
comparison of differing cytopathic effects in human airway epithelium of parainfluenza virus 5 (w3a), parainfluenza virus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus.parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) infects a wide range of animals including dogs, pigs, cats, and humans; however, its association with disease in humans remains controversial. in contrast to parainfluenza virus 3 (piv3) or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), piv5 is remarkably non-cytopathic in monolayer cultures of immortalized epithelial cells. to compare the cytopathology produced by these viruses in a relevant human tissue, we infected an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium and mea ...201121986028
nanobodies® specific for respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein protect against infection by inhibition of fusion.despite the medical importance of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections, there is no vaccine or therapeutic agent available. prophylactic administration of palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal rsv fusion (f) protein-specific antibody, can protect high-risk children. previously, we have demonstrated that rsv can be neutralized by picomolar concentrations of a camelid immunoglobulin single-variable domain that binds the rsv protein f (f-vhhb nanobodies). here, we investigated the mechanism b ...201121998474
sequences in gibbon ape leukemia virus envelope that confer sensitivity to hiv-1 accessory protein vpu.hiv-1 efficiently forms pseudotyped particles with many gammaretrovirus glycoproteins, such as friend murine leukemia virus (f-mlv) env, but not with the related gibbon ape leukemia virus (galv) env or with a chimeric f-mlv env with a galv cytoplasmic tail domain (ctd). this incompatibility is modulated by the hiv-1 accessory protein vpu. because the galv env ctd does not resemble tetherin or cd4, the well-studied targets of vpu, we sought to characterize the modular sequence in the galv env ctd ...201121917962
respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein g interacts with dc-sign and l-sign to activate erk1 and erk2.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) interaction with epithelial and dendritic cells (dcs) is known to require divalent cations, suggesting involvement of c-type lectins. rsv infection and maturation of primary human dcs are reduced in a dose-dependent manner by edta. therefore, we asked whether rsv infection involves dc-sign (cd209) or its isoform l-sign (cd299) (dc-sign/r). using surface plasmon resonance analysis, we demonstrated that the attachment g glycoprotein of rsv binds both dc- and l-sig ...201122090124
Structures of respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein from two crystal forms: details of potential packing interactions in the native helical form.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequent cause of respiratory illness in infants, but there is currently no vaccine nor effective drug treatment against this virus. The RSV RNA genome is encapsidated and protected by a nucleocapsid protein; this RNA-nucleocapsid complex serves as a template for viral replication. Interest in the nucleocapsid protein has increased owing to its recent identification as the target site for novel anti-RSV compounds. The crystal structure of human respiratory ...201122102022
progress in respiratory virus vaccine development.viral respiratory infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in infants and young children as well as in at-risk adults and the elderly. although many viral pathogens are capable of causing respiratory disease, vaccine development has to focus on a limited number of pathogens, such as those that commonly cause serious lower respiratory illness (lri). whereas influenza virus vaccines have been available for some time (see the review by clark and lynch in this issue), vaccines against ot ...201121858754
Wheezing lower respiratory disease and vaccination of premature infants.Premature infants are at increased risk of wheezing in association with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus infections. We assess possible associations between wheezing and routine vaccinations of premature infants.201121875634
quinoline tricyclic derivatives. design, synthesis and evaluation of the antiviral activity of three new classes of rna-dependent rna polymerase inhibitors.in this study three new classes of linear n-tricyclic compounds, derived by condensation of the quinoline nucleus with 1,2,3-triazole, imidazole or pyrazine, were synthesized, obtaining triazolo[4,5-g]quinolines, imidazo[4,5-g]quinolines and pyrido[2,3-g]quinoxalines, respectively. title compounds were tested in cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against rna viruses representative of the three genera of the flaviviridae family, that is bvdv (pestivirus), yfv (flavivirus) a ...201122047799
RSV infection modulates IL-15 production and MICA levels in respiratory epithelial cells.The cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and MHC class I chain-related proteins (MIC) A and B (MICA/B) are involved in cellular immune responses to virus infections but their role in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has not been studied. We aimed to determine how RSV infection modulates IL-15 production, MHC class I and MICA expression in respiratory epithelial cells, the molecular pathways implicated in virus-induced IL-15 producti ...201121852331
suppression of ns3 and mp is important for the stable inheritance of rnai-mediated rice stripe virus (rsv) resistance obtained by targeting the fully complementary rsv-cp gene.rice stripe virus (rsv) is a viral disease that seriously impacts rice production in east asia, most notably in korea, china, and japan. highly rsv-resistant transgenic japonica rice plants were generated using a dsrnai construct designed to silence the entire sequence region of the rsv-cp gene. transgenic rice plants were inoculated with a population of viruliferous insects, small brown planthoppers (sbph), and their resistance was evaluated using elisa and an infection rate assay. a correlatio ...201122134721
[Antibody responses induced by mucosal DNA vaccine encoding the codon-optimized F protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) delivered with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium].In order to investigate antibody responses by musosal DNA vaccines encoding the codon-optimized F protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) delivered with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aroA strain SL7207 (SL7207) via intranasal or intragastric routes.201122043798
il-13 regulates th17 secretion of il-17a in an il-10-dependent manner.il-13 is a central mediator of airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus expression, both hallmarks of asthma. il-13 is found in the sputum of patients with asthma; therefore, il-13 is an attractive drug target for treating asthma. we have shown previously that il-13 inhibits th17 cell production of il-17a and il-21 in vitro. th17 cells are associated with autoimmune diseases, host immune responses, and severe asthma. in this study, we extend our in vitro findings and determine that il-13 increases i ...201122210911
effect of glucocorticoid in mice of asthma induced by ovalbumin sensitisation and rsv infection.to investigate the inflammatory changes and the airway hyper-responsiveness in the asthma mouse model infected by respiratory syncytial virus and elucidate the relationship between the infection and the effect of glucocorticoid.201121980833
Phase 1 Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Live, Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Vaccine in Seronegative Children.BACKGROUND:: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) are important causes of lower respiratory tract illness and hospitalization in young children. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV or PIV3. METHODS:: In this randomized, phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating study, 49 healthy RSV/PIV3-seronegative children 6 to <24 months of age were randomized 2:1 to receive 3 doses (at 104, 105, or 106 median tissue culture infective dose [ ...201121926667
the anti-apoptotic effect of respiratory syncytial virus on human peripheral blood neutrophils is mediated by a monocyte derived soluble factor.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes annual epidemics of respiratory disease particularly affecting infants. the associated airway inflammation is characterized by an intense neutrophilia. this neutrophilic inflammation appears to be responsible for much of the pathology and symptoms. previous work from our group had shown that there are factors within the airways of infants with rsv bronchiolitis that inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. this study was undertaken to determine if rsv can directly a ...201122046209
respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), an enveloped rna virus in the paramyxovirus family, is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, accounting for ~100,000 pediatric hospitalizations and 250 deaths annually in the united states. despite primarily being recognized as a pediatric pathogen, rsv reinfection causes substantial disease in all adult populations, including healthy young persons, old and frail individuals, those with chronic obstructive ...201121858747
respiratory syncytial virus infection and the tight junctions of nasal epithelial cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) primarily infects upper respiratory tract cells, mainly nasal epithelial cells. the tight junctions of nasal epithelial cells are thought to perform important innate immune function against foreign materials including respiratory viruses. we investigated in vitro the relationship of rsv infection and the tight junctions of primary nasal epithelial cells which had been transfected with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (htert) to prolong cell life. nasal epi ...201121865717
impact of respiratory syncytial virus: the nurse's perspective.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a highly contagious virus, and is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and toddlers worldwide. rsv infection poses serious health risks to young children during the first 2 years of life. several infant populations have been classified as high risk, and additional risk factors are known to increase the likelihood of severe rsv infection. treatment for active rsv infection is limited to the symptoms of infection rather than the unde ...201121902285
the hiv-1 nucleocapsid protein does not function as a transcriptional activator on its own cognate promoter.the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nucleocapsid (nc) is a multifunctional, zinc finger-containing protein known to be involved in almost every step of the viral life cycle. we therefore examined the effects of nc in vivo as a transcription activator on the basal transcriptional activity of the hiv-1 u3 and rous sarcoma virus (rsv) promoters, as well as hiv-1 long terminal repeats (ltrs) such as the u3r and u3ru5 regions, using promoter-fused reporter gene assays, western blot analys ...201122119402
relationship between the population incidence of febrile convulsions in young children in sydney, australia and seasonal epidemics of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, 2003-2010: a time series analysis.in 2010, intense focus was brought to bear on febrile convulsions in australian children particularly in relation to influenza vaccination. febrile convulsions are relatively common in infants and can lead to hospital admission and severe outcomes. we aimed to examine the relationships between the population incidence of febrile convulsions and influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasonal epidemics in children less than six years of age in sydney australia using routinely collected s ...201122029484
impact of influenza during the post-pandemic season: epidemiological picture from syndromic and virological surveillance.following the observation that 1 or 2 pandemic peak due to the circulation ofahinlv had occurred in most countries and in most world health organization (who) regions, who declared on august 10"h, 2010 that the world was moving into the post-pandemic period, whose surveillance presents considerable interest both from epidemiological and clinical point of view. we described the epidemiological picture emerged from syndromic and virological surveillance during the post-pandemic season in liguria, ...201122010543
serosurvey of bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens among deployed u.s. service members.respiratory illnesses can cause substantial morbidity during military deployments. bordetella pertussis, chlamydia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, adenovirus, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are hypothesized causes.201122099233
relationship between lower respiratory tract infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus and subsequent development of asthma in japanese children.several studies in western countries have found that lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in infancy may subsequently trigger the development of asthma. in this study, we enrolled 262 infants under the age of 3 who had been admitted to our hospital with lrti between september 2002 and august 2003. rsv infection was diagnosed in these patients using an rsv rapid diagnostic kit and by measuring antibody titers in paired serum samples. in march ...201121937828
The insertion of fluorescent proteins in a variable region of respiratory syncytial virus L polymerase results in fluorescent and functional enzymes but with reduced activities.The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Large protein L is the catalytic subunit of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex. Currently, no structural information is available for RSV L. Sequence alignments of L protein from human and bovine strains of RSV revealed the existence of two variable regions, VR1 and VR2. Following comparison with morbillivirus and rhabdovirus L genes, VR2, which is located between domains V and VI, was chosen as an insertion site for sequences encoding the epitope tag ...201121966341
[Etiology survey on virus of acute respiratory infection in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009].To investigate the pathogens of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2009.201122177307
comparison of the filmarray respiratory panel and prodesse real-time pcr assays for detection of respiratory pathogens.we compared the diagnostic performance and overall respiratory pathogen detection rate of the premarket version of the filmarray respiratory panel (rp) multiplex pcr assay (idaho technology, inc., salt lake city, ut) with those of the food and drug administration (fda)-cleared prodesse proflu+, profast+, proparaflu+, pro hmpv+, and proadeno+ real-time pcr assays (gen-probe, san diego, ca). the assays were performed on a panel of 192 nasopharyngeal-secretion specimens collected from 81 children u ...201121998418
respiratory syncytial virus--united states, july 2007-june 2011.each year in the united states, an estimated 75,000-125,000 hospitalizations related to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)occur among children aged <1 year, and rsv infection results in approximately 1.5 million outpatient visits among children aged <5 years. in the united states, rsv season begins in the fall, peaks in winter, and ends in the late winter and early spring. however, the exact timing and duration vary from year to year and by geographic region. to describe trends in rsv seasonality ...201121900874
local interleukin-10 production during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is associated with post-bronchiolitis wheeze.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. following rsv bronchiolitis, 50% of children develop post-bronchiolitis wheeze (pbw). animal studies have suggested that interleukin (il)-10 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of rsv bronchiolitis and subsequent airway hyperresponsiveness. previously, we showed that ex vivo monocyte il-10 production is a predictor of pbw. additionally, heterozygosity of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) rs180087 ...201121910858
tumorigenesis related to retroviral infections.retroviral infections are considered important risk factors for cancer development in humans since approximately 15-20% of cancer worldwide is caused by an infectious agent. this report discusses the most established oncogenic retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), human t-cell leukemia virus (htlv-1 and -2), rous sarcoma virus (rsv), abelson murine leukemia virus (a-mulv), moloney murine leukemia virus (m-mulv), murine mammary tumor virus (mmtv), bovine leukemia virus, (blv ...201122112727
Cost-effectiveness of Palivizumab for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in High-risk Children, Based on Long-term Epidemiologic Data From Austria.: To assess the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), in infants at high risk for severe RSV lower respiratory tract infection, such as premature infants, infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and those with congenital heart disease, based on long-term epidemiologic data from Austria.201121960187
human metapneumovirus inhibits ifn-β signaling by downregulating jak1 and tyk2 cellular levels.human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, inhibits type i interferon (ifn) signaling by an unidentified mechanism. in this study, we showed that infection of airway epithelial cells with hmpv decreased cellular level of janus tyrosine kinase (jak1) and tyrosine kinase 2 (tyk2), due to enhanced proteosomal degradation and reduced gene transcription. in addition, hmpv infection also reduced the surface expression of type i ifn receptor (ifnar). these ...201121949722
sendai virus-based rsv vaccine protects african green monkeys from rsv infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a serious disease of children, responsible for an estimated 160,000 deaths per year worldwide. despite the ongoing need for global prevention of rsv and decades of research, there remains no licensed vaccine. sendai virus (sev) is a mouse parainfluenza virus-type 1 which has been previously shown to confer protection against its human cousin, human parainfluenza virus-type 1 in african green monkeys (agm). here is described the study of a rsv vaccine (sevrsv) ...201122119594
the prophylaxis and treatment with antiviral agents of respiratory syncytial virus infections.in this review, we consider recent advances in the discovery and development of antiviral agents for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections. a background to the various manifestations of human rsv infection and current treatments is provided. the technical, clinical and commercial issues surrounding the development of such antiviral agents are discussed.201122182737
Label-free quantitative proteomics reveals regulation of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) and 5'-3'-exoribonuclease 2 (XRN2) during respiratory syncytial virus infection.ABSTRACT: A large quantitative study was carried out to compare the proteome of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infected versus uninfected cells in order to determine novel pathways regulated during viral infection. RSV infected and mock-infected HEp2 cells were lysed and proteins separated by preparative isoelectric focussing using offgel fractionation. Following tryptic digestion, purified peptides were characterized using label-free quantitative expression profiling by nano-ultra performanc ...201121933386
mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infections among greek children.background: m. pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections (rtis) of variable severity especially in children. new diagnostic techniques offered more reliable information about the epidemiology of infection by this pathogen.aim: the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of acute m. pneumoniae infections among greek children hospitalized for rtis using more advanced techniques.material and methods: the study included 225 greek children hospitalized ...201122110297
natural killer cells are involved in acute lung immune injury caused by respiratory syncytial virus infection.it is known that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the main cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children. rsv infection often leads to severe acute lung immunopathology, but the underlying immune mechanisms are less elucidated. here, we found that rsv infection induced severe acute lung immune injury and promoted the accumulation and activation of lung natural killer (nk) cells at the early stage of infection in balb/c mice. activated lung nk cells highly expressed activating recept ...201122171263
inosine-containing rna is a novel innate immune recognition element and reduces rsv infection.during viral infections, single- and double-stranded rna (ssrna and dsrna) are recognized by the host and induce innate immune responses. the cellular enzyme adar-1 (adenosine deaminase acting on rna-1) activation in virally infected cells leads to presence of inosine-containing rna (ino-rna). here we report that ss-ino-rna is a novel viral recognition element. we synthesized unmodified ssrna and ssrna that had 6% to16% inosine residues. the results showed that in primary human cells, or in mice ...201122028885
resveratrol-mediated gamma interferon reduction prevents airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus-infected immunocompromised mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of severe, lower respiratory tract infections in infants, and rsv infections have been associated with chronic wheezing and asthma during childhood. however, the mechanism of rsv-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr) is poorly understood. furthermore, there are presently neither effective vaccines nor drugs available for the prevention or treatment of rsv infections. in this study, we investigated the effect ...201121937650
down syndrome and hospitalizations due to respiratory syncytial virus: a population-based study.objective: to assess the risk estimates for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization in children with down syndrome (ds) and the clinical features and severity of rsv lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in hospitalized children. study design: statewide hospitalization data for children with ds for 1995 through 2006 from the colorado health and hospital association database were combined with birth data from the colorado department of public health and environment to obtain populati ...201122177993
immunoprotectivity of hla-a2 ctl peptides derived from respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in hla-a2 transgenic mouse.identification of hla-restricted cd8+ t cell epitopes is important to study rsv-induced immunity and illness. we algorithmically analyzed the sequence of the fusion protein (f) of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and generated synthetic peptides that can potentially bind to hla-a*0201. four out of the twenty-five 9-mer peptides tested: peptides 3 (f33-41), 13 (f214-222), 14 (f273-281), and 23 (f559-567), were found to bind to hla-a*0201 with moderate to high affinity and were capable of inducin ...201121980478
Cholesterol-rich Microdomains as Docking Platforms for Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major causes of respiratory infections in children and it is the main pathogen causing bronchiolitis in infants. The binding and entry mechanism by which RSV infects respiratory epithelial cells has not yet been determined. In this study, the earliest stages of RSV infection in normal human bronchial epithelial cells were probed by tracking virions with fluorescent lipophilic dyes in their membranes. Virions colocalized with cholesterol-containing ...201122090136
identification of potential human respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus t cell epitopes using computational prediction and mhc binding assays.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (mpv) are two of the most common causes of serious viral lower respiratory tract illness in humans. cd8+ t cells have been shown to be important in animal models and human clinical studies for the clearance of viral infection, and they may contribute in part to protection against severe disease during reinfections. precise enumeration and accurate phenotyping of rsv- or mpv-specific cd8+ t cells in humans is currently limited by t ...201121854782
juxtaposition of two distant, serine-arginine-rich protein-binding elements is required for optimal polyadenylation in rous sarcoma virus.the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) polyadenylation site (pas) is very poorly used in vitro due to suboptimal upstream and downstream elements, and yet ∼85% of viral transcripts are polyadenylated in vivo. the mechanisms that orchestrate polyadenylation at the weak pas are not completely understood. it was previously shown that serine-arginine (sr)-rich proteins stimulate rsv pas use in vitro and in vivo. it has been proposed that viral rna polyadenylation is stimulated through a nonproductive splice c ...201121849435
The first two nucleotides of the respiratory syncytial virus antigenome RNA replication product can be selected independently of the promoter terminus.There is limited knowledge regarding how the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of the nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses initiate genome replication. In a previous study of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA replication, we found evidence that the polymerase could select the 5'-ATP residue of the genome RNA independently of the 3' nucleotide of the template. To investigate if a similar mechanism is used during antigenome synthesis, a study of initiation from the RSV leader (Le) promoter was ...201121878549
The post-infection outcomes of influenza and acute respiratory infection in patients above 50 years of age in Japan: an observational study.Please cite this paper as: Ikematsu et al. (2011) The post-infection outcomes of influenza and acute respiratory infection in patients above 50 years of age in Japan: an observational study. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00296.x. Objectives Influenza can be a serious illness, especially for older people, and reducing the impact of influenza in elderly is important. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and postinfection outcomes of in ...201121985038
respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract viral disease in infants and young children. presently, there are no explicit recommendations for rsv treatment apart from supportive care. the virus is therefore responsible for an estimated 160,000 deaths per year worldwide. despite half a century of dedicated research, there remains no licensed vaccine product. herein are described past and current efforts to harness innate and adaptive immune potentials to comb ...201121988307
Viral aetiology of influenza-like illness in Belgium during the influenza A(H1N1)2009 pandemic.The purpose of this investigation was to determine the proportion of influenza-like illness (ILI) attributable to specific viruses during the influenza A(H1N1)2009 pandemic and to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of ILI due to respiratory viruses in Belgium. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from ILI patients by general practitioners (GPs) and paediatricians (PediSurv) and analysed for viruses. Of 139 samples collected from children <5 years of age by PediSurv, 86 were pos ...201121901635
CT of viral lower respiratory tract infections in adults: comparison among viral organisms and between viral and bacterial infections.We retrospectively compared the CT findings of consecutive viral and bacterial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) to determine their imaging appearance and any definable differences among the causative viruses and between the viral and bacterial infections.201122021500
Evidence for a causal relationship between respiratory syncytial virus infection and asthma.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects all children early in life, is the most common cause of infant lower respiratory tract infections, and causes disease exacerbations in children with asthma. Episodes of lower respiratory tract infection in early life are associated with asthma development. Whether RSV infection early in life directly causes asthma or simply identifies infants who are genetically predisposed to develop subsequent wheezing is debatable. Recent studies suggest that these tw ...201121905783
dp2 (crth2) antagonism reduces ocular inflammation induced by allergen challenge and respiratory syncytial virus.background: allergic conjunctivitis is characterized by itchy, watery and swollen eyes which occur in response to exposure to seasonal or environmental allergens. the early phase reaction of allergic conjunctivitis is primarily mediated by mast cell degranulation while the late phase reaction is driven by th2 cells and eosinophils. prostaglandin d(2) (pgd(2)), released from mast cells, is present in allergic conjunctival tears and may elicit classical allergic responses via interaction with the ...201122042170
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