Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| vaccine and oncogenic strains of gallid herpesvirus 2 contain specific subtype variations in the 5' region of the latency-associated transcript that evolve in vitro and in vivo. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is the alphaherpesvirus responsible for marek's disease (md), a t-cell lymphoma of chickens. the virulence of the gahv-2 field strain is steadily increasing, but md is still controlled by the cvi988/rispens vaccine. we tried to determine distinguishing traits of the cvi988/rispens vaccine by focusing on the 5' end region of the latency-associated transcript (5'lat). it includes a variable number of 60-bp tandem repeats depending on the gahv-2 strain. by analyzing si ... | 2015 | 25298182 |
| imperfect vaccination can enhance the transmission of highly virulent pathogens. | could some vaccines drive the evolution of more virulent pathogens? conventional wisdom is that natural selection will remove highly lethal pathogens if host death greatly reduces transmission. vaccines that keep hosts alive but still allow transmission could thus allow very virulent strains to circulate in a population. here we show experimentally that immunization of chickens against marek's disease virus enhances the fitness of more virulent strains, making it possible for hyperpathogenic str ... | 2015 | 26214839 |
| outbreak of marek's disease in a vaccinated broiler breeding flock during its peak egg-laying period in china. | outbreaks of marek's disease (md), caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), primarily occur in 10-12-week-old hens. | 2015 | 26202662 |
| genomic deletions and mutations resulting in the loss of eight genes reduce the in vivo replication capacity of meleagrid herpesvirus 1. | meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (mehv-1 or turkey herpesvirus) has been widely used as a vaccine in commercial poultry. initially, these vaccine applications were for the prevention of marek's disease resulting from gallid herpesvirus 2 infections, while more recently mehv-1 has been used as recombinant vector for other poultry infections. the construction of herpesvirus infectious clones that permit propagation and manipulation of the viral genome in bacterial hosts has advanced the studies of herpesvi ... | 2015 | 26149791 |
| differential expression of marek's disease virus (mdv) late proteins during in vitro and in situ replication: role for pul47 in regulation of the mdv ul46-ul49 gene locus. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus that replicates in a highly cell-associated manner in vitro. production of infectious cell-free virus only occurs in feather follicle epithelial (ffe) cells of infected chicken skins. previously, we described differential expression for a core alphaherpesvirus protein, pul47 that was found to be abundantly expressed in ffe cells of infected chickens, while barely detectable during in vitro propagation. here, we further examined the d ... | 2015 | 26117307 |
| in vivo characterisation of two australian isolates of marek's disease virus including pathology, viral load and neuropathotyping based on clinical signs. | to evaluate the pathogenicity of australian marek's disease virus (mdv) isolate mpf23 (1985) against the reference strain mpf57 based on pathology, viral load and neuropathotyping on the basis of clinical signs. | 2015 | 26113349 |
| the inhibitory effects of gga-mir-199-3p, gga-mir-140-3p, and gga-mir-221-5p in marek's disease tumorigenesis. | marek's disease (md) is lymphoproliferative neoplastic disease in chickens, which is caused by marek's disease virus (mdv). our previous study profiled microrna (mirna) transcriptome in md lymphoma, and found that gga-mir-199-3p, gga-mir-140-3p, and gga-mir-221-5p were down-regulated in md lymphoma. in this study, we further investigated their differential expression between mdv-infected spleens and noninfected spleens at 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d postinfection (dpi) to elucidate whether deregulati ... | 2015 | 26112035 |
| marek's disease: genetic regulation of gallid herpesvirus 2 infection and latency. | gallid herpesvirus-2 (gahv-2) is an oncogenic α-herpesvirus that causes marek's disease (md), a t cell lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) of domestic fowl (chickens). the gahv-2 genome integrates by homologous recombination into the host genome and, by modulating expression of viral and cellular genes, induces transformation of latently infected cells. md is a unique model of viral oncogenesis. mechanisms implicated in the regulation of viral and cellular genes during gahv-2 infection operate at transcrip ... | 2015 | 26067852 |
| in vitro model for lytic replication, latency, and transformation of an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly t-cell lymphomas in chickens and serves as a natural small animal model for virus-induced tumor formation. in vivo, mdv lytically replicates in b cells that transfer the virus to t cells in which the virus establishes latency. mdv also malignantly transforms cd4+ t cells with a t(reg) signature, ultimately resulting in deadly lymphomas. no in vitro infection system for primary target cells of mdv has been available due to the ... | 2015 | 26039998 |
| marek's disease virus associated ocular lymphoma in roulroul partridges (rollulus rouloul). | two 1-year old roulroul partridges (rollulus rouloul), one male and one female, were presented because of eye problems and anorexia. twenty of the 30 roulroul partridges in the owner's collection had already died. the affected birds stopped eating, became thinner, and eventually died. antibiotic treatment, which started because of the suspicion of a septicaemic process, was unsuccessful. at clinical examination of the two partridges it was found that in both birds, one eye ball was filled with a ... | 2015 | 26021782 |
| addition of a ul5 helicase-primase subunit point mutation eliminates bursal-thymic atrophy of marek's disease virus ∆meq recombinant virus but reduces vaccinal protection. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus and the causative agent of marek's disease (md), characterized by immunosuppression, paralysis, nerve enlargement and induction of t-cell lymphomas in chickens. despite widespread usage of vaccines since the 1970s to control md, more virulent field strains of mdv have emerged that overcome vaccinal protection, necessitating the development of new and more protective md vaccines. the ∆meq virus, a recombinant md5 strain mdv lacking the ... | 2015 | 25968878 |
| detection of specific ul49 sequences of marek's disease virus cvi988/rispens strain using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | marek's disease (md) is a tumoral disease of chickens that can be controlled by vaccines based on non-pathogenic strains of turkey herpesvirus (hvt), sb-1 strain belonging to serotype 2, or the attenuated cvi988/rispens strain belonging to serotype 1 of marek's disease virus (mdv). currently, the 'gold standard' in md prophylaxis is the rispens strain-based vaccine which protects against very virulent mdv and disease onset. previous studies have shown that loop-mediated isothermal amplification ... | 2015 | 25920566 |
| histone modifications induced by mdv infection at early cytolytic and latency phases. | marek's disease (md) is a highly contagious, lymphomatous disease of chickens induced by a herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv) that is the cause of major annual losses to the poultry industry. md pathogenesis involves multiple stages including an early cytolytic phase and latency, and transitions between these stages are governed by several host and environmental factors. the success of vaccination strategies has led to the increased virulence of mdv and selective breeding of naturally resi ... | 2015 | 25896894 |
| expression levels of mhc class i molecules are inversely correlated with promiscuity of peptide binding. | highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules are at the heart of adaptive immune responses, playing crucial roles in many kinds of disease and in vaccination. we report that breadth of peptide presentation and level of cell surface expression of class i molecules are inversely correlated in both chickens and humans. this relationship correlates with protective responses against infectious pathogens including marek's disease virus leading to lethal tumours in chickens and h ... | 2015 | 25860507 |
| isolation and full-genome sequence of two reticuloendotheliosis virus strains from mixed infections with marek's disease virus in china. | reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), classified as a gammaretrovirus, has a variety of hosts, including chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and wild birds. rev causes a series of pathological syndromes, especially the immunosuppression of the host, which may lead to an increased susceptibility to other pathogens, thus greatly damaging the poultry industry. mixed infections of rev and marek's disease virus (mdv) have been reported in many countries, including china. previous reports revealed that mdv ... | 2015 | 25850423 |
| temporal expression and dna hypomethylation profile of cd30 in marek's disease virus-infected chicken spleens. | marek's disease (md) is a viral neoplastic disease of chickens caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), which is serious threat to worldwide poultry industry. our previous studies showed that the cd30 gene was hypomethylated in md lymphoma. in this study, we further analyzed differential expression patterns and methylation levels of the cd30 gene between mdv-infected and noninfected spleens at 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d postinfection (dpi). the results showed that the expression of cd30 in mdv-infecte ... | 2015 | 25840961 |
| absolute quantification of a very virulent marek's disease virus dynamic quantity and distributions in different tissues. | chickens infected with marek's disease virus (mdv) carry the virus consistently for a long time, which increases the incidence and rate of virus-induced multi-organ tumors and increases its potential for horizontal transmission. there is a positive correlation between very virulent (vv) mdv quantity and the pathology. the purpose of this study was to determine the vvmdv loads dynamics in different phases, and the correlation between the viral quantity and tumor development. we used a sybr green ... | 2015 | 25834249 |
| characterizing in vivo stability and potential interactions of a ul5 helicase-primase mutation previously shown to reduce virulence and in vivo replication of marek's disease virus. | the unpredictable yet recurrent emergence of more virulent field strains of marek's disease virus (mdv) in marek's disease (md) vaccinated flocks of chickens has prompted concerns regarding the sustainability of md vaccines. a single non-synonymous point mutation (i682r) within the ul5 helicase-primase unit was shown to reduce virulence by over 90%. considering in vitro attenuation is commonly used to generate md vaccines, this result prompted further characterization of this mutation, particula ... | 2015 | 25828576 |
| pathogenic characteristics of marek's disease virus field strains prevalent in china and the effectiveness of existing vaccines against them. | the virulence of marek's disease virus (mdv) is continuously evolving, and more virulent mdv pathotypes are emerging, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the existing vaccines. in this study, feather pulps were collected from diseased chickens in commercial chicken flocks in china that presented significant md visceral tumors in 2011 and were inoculated into a monolayer of duck embryo fibroblasts (defs). three field isolates of mdv were obtained by plaque cloning and identified as mdv via pcr ... | 2015 | 25770895 |
| [comparison of immunoprotection between vaccination with meq-deleted marek's disease virus and vaccine strain cvi988/rispens]. | to evaluate and compare the immunoprotection between a meq-deleted marek's disease virus (mdv) and cvi988/rispens against mdv very virulent strain gx0101. | 2014 | 25752142 |
| experimental pathological studies of an indian chicken anaemia virus isolate and its detection by pcr and fat. | chicken infectious anaemia virus (ciav) is one of the potent immunosuppressive and economically important agents affecting poultry industry worldwide. recent reports indicate the emergence of this virus in the poultry flocks of the country. the present study aimed to investigate the pathogenic potential of a recent isolate of ciav obtained from poultry flock of uttaranchal state, india. twenty first day-old age specific pathogen free (spf) chicks were inoculated intramuscularly with 10(4.5) medi ... | 2014 | 26035953 |
| role of the short telomeric repeat region in marek's disease virus replication, genomic integration, and lymphomagenesis. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a cell-associated alphaherpesvirus that causes generalized polyneuritis and t-cell lymphomas in chickens. mdv is able to integrate its genome into host telomeres, but the mechanism of integration is poorly understood. the mdv genome harbors two arrays of telomeric repeats (tmr) at the ends of its linear genome: multiple telomeric repeats (mtmr), with a variable number of up to 100 repeats, and short telomeric repeats (stmr), with a fixed number of 6 repeats. the mt ... | 2014 | 25275118 |
| [isolation and characterization of a non-pathogenic marek's disease virus with a naturally inserted rev ltr sequence]. | marek's disease virus (mdv), gd06 strain, was isolated from healthy three-yellow chickens without md vaccine. in this study, we characterized gd06 strain. | 2014 | 25272816 |
| genetic variation within the mx gene of commercially selected chicken lines reveals multiple haplotypes, recombination and a protein under selection pressure. | the mx protein is one of the best-characterized interferon-stimulated antiviral mediators. mx homologs have been identified in most vertebrates examined; however, their location within the cell, their level of activity, and the viruses they inhibit vary widely. recent studies have demonstrated multiple mx alleles in chickens and some reports have suggested a specific variant (s631n) within exon 14 confers antiviral activity. in the current study, the complete genome of nine elite egg-layer type ... | 2014 | 25244433 |
| replication kinetics and shedding of very virulent marek's disease virus and vaccinal rispens/cvi988 virus during single and mixed infections varying in order and interval between infections. | vaccination is thought to contribute to an evolution in virulence of the marek's disease virus (mdv) as vaccines prevent disease but not infection. we investigated the effects of co-infections at various intervals between rispens/cvi988 vaccine virus (rispens) and very virulent mdv (vvmdv) on the replication and shedding of each virus. the experiment used 600 isa brown layer chickens in 24 isolators with all treatments replicated in two isolators. chickens were vaccinated with rispens and/or cha ... | 2014 | 25213229 |
| efficient marek's disease virus (mdv) and herpesvirus of turkey infection of the qm7 cell line that does not contain latent mdv genome. | marek's disease virus (mdv; also known as gallid herpesvirus 2, mdv-1) causes oncogenic disease in chickens producing clinical signs that include lymphomas, visceral tumours, nerve lesions, and immunosuppression. mdv vaccines are widely used and mostly produced using primary cells: chicken embryo fibroblast cells, duck embryo fibroblast cells, chicken embryo kidney cells or chicken kidney cells. an immortalized cell line that can be used to manufacture the virus has long been desired. in this re ... | 2014 | 25204414 |
| the relationship between the alternative exon 7 splice variant of the bf gene and mhc-related marek's disease resistance in chickens. | the study was to analyse the relationship between the alternative exon 7 splice variant of the bf gene and mhc-related marek's disease (md) resistance in chickens. the experiment first determined whether or not the cocks of xiayan chickens have alternative splicing-out of the exon 7 of the bf gene from peripheral blood leucocytes (pbls). then, selected two groups: group k included the offspring of the selected cocks which have no alternative splicing-out of the exon 7 of the bf gene; group y inc ... | 2014 | 25124506 |
| marek's disease virus influences the core gut microbiome of the chicken during the early and late phases of viral replication. | marek's disease (md) is an important neoplastic disease of chickens caused by the marek's disease virus (mdv), an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. in this study, dysbiosis induced by mdv on the core gut flora of chicken was assessed using next generation sequence (ngs) analysis. total fecal and cecum-derived samples from individual birds were used to estimate the influence of mdv infection on the gut microbiome of chicken. our analysis shows that mdv infection alters the core gut flora in the total f ... | 2014 | 25065611 |
| correlation between marek's disease virus pathotype and replication. | marek's disease (md) virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes md, a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens. pathotyping has become an increasingly important assay for monitoring shifts in virulence of field strains; however, it is time-consuming and expensive, and alternatives are needed to provide fast answers in the face of current outbreaks. the purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in virus replication between pathotypes that have been reported using a small numbe ... | 2014 | 25055634 |
| marek's disease virus-induced transient cecal tonsil atrophy. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens that is caused by a highly cell-associated oncogenic alpha-herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv). mdv replicates in chicken lymphocytes and establishes a latent infection within cd4+ t cells. md is characterized by bursal and thymic atrophy and rapid onset of t cell lymphomas that infiltrate lymphoid tissues, visceral organs, and peripheral nerves with severe clinical symptoms that include transient paralysis, anemia, ... | 2014 | 25055631 |
| detection and differentiation of cvi988 (rispens vaccine) from other serotype 1 marek's disease viruses. | the serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv) is the causative agent for marek's disease (md), a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens of great concern to the poultry industry. cvi988 (rispens vaccine), an attenuated serotype 1 mdv, is currently the most efficacious commercially available vaccine for preventing md. however, it is difficult to detect and differentiate cvi988 when other serotype 1 mdvs are present. to facilitate the detection of cvi988, we developed two sets of primers for a mismat ... | 2014 | 25055627 |
| transcriptional activity comparison of different sites in recombinant marek's disease virus for the expression of the h9n2 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin gene. | over the last two decades, much attention has been paid to mdv-vectored recombinant vaccines. many factors have influenced their protective efficacy, and insertion site has been among the main influential factors for the expression of foreign genes in recombinant marek's disease virus (rmdv). to compare the transcriptional activity of different sites of rmdv, an h9n2 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin gene (aiv-h9n2-ha) expression cassette that used the bi-directional promoter of serotype 1 mdv ... | 2014 | 25034124 |
| a virulent bioluminescent and fluorescent dual-reporter marek's disease virus unveils an alternative spreading pathway in addition to cell-to-cell contact. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a growing threat for the poultry industry. unfortunately, despite successful vaccination against the disease, mdv remains in circulation within vaccinated flocks, leading to the selection of increasingly virulent pathotypes. detailed knowledge of the virus biology and the host-virus interaction is required to improve the vaccine efficiency. in the present study, i engineered an original, dual-reporter mdv to track and quantify virus replication in vitro and in vivo ... | 2014 | 25031355 |
| generation, transmission and infectiosity of chicken mdv aerosols under experimental conditions. | to further investigate the airborne infection mechanism of marek's disease virus (mdv), a mdv aerosol infection model was established, and the generation, transmission and infectiosity of mdv aerosols were monitored in this study. two positive/negative pressure isolators, in which spf chickens were raised, were connected with a closed conduit. two repetitive trials, trial 1 (t1) and trial 2 (t2) were carried out for objective assessment. air samples were collected using the agi-30 sampler. viral ... | 2014 | 24999232 |
| direct detection of marek's disease virus in poultry dust by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a serious concern for poultry production and represents a unique herpesvirus model. mdv can be shed by doubly infected chickens despite vaccination. the fully infectious mdv particles are produced in the feather follicle epithelium (ffe), and mdv remains infectious for many months in fine skin particles and feather debris. molecular biology methods including pcr and real-time pcr have been shown to be valuable for the detection of mdv dna in farm dust. recently, lo ... | 2014 | 24986718 |
| cell cycle modulation by marek's disease virus: the tegument protein vp22 triggers s-phase arrest and dna damage in proliferating cells. | marek's disease is one of the most common viral diseases of poultry affecting chicken flocks worldwide. the disease is caused by an alphaherpesvirus, the marek's disease virus (mdv), and is characterized by the rapid onset of multifocal aggressive t-cell lymphoma in the chicken host. although several viral oncogenes have been identified, the detailed mechanisms underlying mdv-induced lymphomagenesis are still poorly understood. many viruses modulate cell cycle progression to enhance their replic ... | 2014 | 24945933 |
| screening compounds of chinese medicinal herbs anti-marek's disease virus. | marek's disease (md) seriously threatens the world poultry industry and has resulted in great economic losses. chinese medicinal herbs are a rich source for lead compounds and drug candidates for antiviral treatments. | 2014 | 24920229 |
| gga-mir-26a targets nek6 and suppresses marek's disease lymphoma cell proliferation. | microrna (mirna) are a class of highly conserved, small noncoding rna that emerge as key posttranscriptional regulators in various neoplastic transformations. our previous study profiling the mirna transcriptome in marek's disease virus (mdv)-induced lymphoma revealed many novel and differentially expressed mirna, including gga-mir-26a, which was downregulated in mdv-infected spleens of chickens. in this study, differential expression of gga-mir-26a between mdv-infected and noninfected spleens a ... | 2014 | 24795301 |
| distinct expression pattern of mirnas in marek's disease virus infected-chicken splenic tumors and non-tumorous spleen tissues. | micrornas (mirnas) are small rna molecules that regulate gene expression. emerging evidence suggests that differential mirna expression is associated with viral infection and tumorigenesis. recently discovered micrornas in the marek's disease virus (mdv) genome have been suggested to have regulatory roles during mdv oncogenesis. to gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms of the tumorigenesis of mdv, we used microarrays to screen host and viral mirnas that were sensitive to infection by m ... | 2014 | 24794245 |
| small rna cloning and sequencing strategy affects host and viral microrna expression signatures. | the establishment of the microrna (mirna) expression signatures is the basic element to investigate the role played by these regulatory molecules in the biology of an organism. marek's disease virus 1 (mdv-1) is an avian herpesvirus that naturally infects chicken and induces t cells lymphomas. during latency, mdv-1, like other herpesviruses, expresses a limited subset of transcripts. these include three mirna clusters. several studies identified the expression of virus and host encoded mirnas fr ... | 2014 | 24746587 |
| interactions between marek's disease virus rispens/cvi988 vaccine strain and adenovirus field strain in chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cultures. | the aim of the study was to determine the influence of adenovirus infection on the replication of marek's disease virus vaccine strain rispens/cvi988 during in vitro co-infection studies. adenovirus field strain jn-5/10j was isolated from sick chickens. the study was conducted in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures (cef). monolayers of cefs were infected with rispens strain and field adenovirus strain jn-5/10j with different doses (10(1.0)-10(3.0) tcid50) in the following manner: a) simultaneousl ... | 2014 | 24724464 |
| differential protein analysis of chicken skin infected with marek΄s disease virus. | the skin and feather follicle epithelia of birds infected with marek's disease virus (mdv) are the sites of infectious virus particle formation and shedding. however, the host responses and protein networks involved in the production of virus particles in the skin of mdv-infected chickens are poorly understood. this current study aimed to analyze the differential protein expression patterns in skin between mdv-infected and uninfected specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens 28 days post infection ( ... | 2014 | 24717028 |
| marek's disease virus and skin interactions. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious herpesvirus which induces t-cell lymphoma in the chicken. this virus is still spreading in flocks despite forty years of vaccination, with important economical losses worldwide. the feather follicles, which anchor feathers into the skin and allow their morphogenesis, are considered as the unique source of mdv excretion, causing environmental contamination and disease transmission. epithelial cells from the feather follicles are the only known ce ... | 2014 | 24694064 |
| molecular evolution of marek's disease virus (mdv) field strains in a 40-year time period. | marek's disease (md) presents a serious threat in poultry production. the disease has been limited for over 40 yr by protective vaccination. the widely applied vaccination against md is also one of the factors causing evolutionary pressure onto field marek's disease virus (mdv) virulent strains. molecular evolution of mdv genes involved in oncogenesis may increase the pathogenicity of mdv virulent strains. the goal of the presented study was to sum up the molecular evolution of mdv field strains ... | 2014 | 25618999 |
| characterizing the molecular basis of attenuation of marek's disease virus via in vitro serial passage identifies de novo mutations in the helicase-primase subunit gene ul5 and other candidates associated with reduced virulence. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by the oncogenic gallid herpesvirus 2, commonly known as marek's disease virus (mdv). md vaccines, the primary control method, are often generated by repeated in vitro serial passage of this highly cell-associated virus to attenuate virulent mdv strains. to understand the genetic basis of attenuation, we used experimental evolution by serially passing three virulent mdv replicates generated from an infectious bacterial arti ... | 2014 | 24648463 |
| expression analysis of programmed death ligand 2 in tumors caused by the avian oncovirus marek's disease virus. | pd-l2 is a ligand of the immunoinhibitory receptor pd-1. here, we report functional and expression analyses of pd-l2 in tumor lesions and spleens from chickens infected with gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2, marek's disease virus), which induces malignant lymphomas in chickens. we show that the expression of ifn-γ protein was decreased in pbmcs and splenocytes co-cultured with pd-l2-expressing cells and that the expression of pd-l2 mrna was significantly higher in the spleens of infected chickens in ... | 2014 | 24623086 |
| sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate inhibits the meq, ul49 and vp22 expression of marek's disease virus. | our previous studies have demonstrated that sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate (sts), a natural compound derived from salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma (danshen), could effectively inhibit marek's disease virus (mdv) infection both in vitro and in vivo, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. the main objective of the study was to explore the effect of sts on the meq, ul49 and vp22 expression of mdv in vitro. | 2014 | 24621515 |
| differential expression of toll-like receptor pathway genes in chicken embryo fibroblasts from chickens resistant and susceptible to marek's disease. | the toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling pathway is one of the innate immune defense mechanisms against pathogens in vertebrates and invertebrates. however, the role of tlr in non-mhc genetic resistance or susceptibility to marek's disease (md) in the chicken is yet to be elucidated. chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cells from md susceptible and resistant lines were infected either with marek's disease virus (mdv) or treated with polyionosinic-polycytidylic acid, a synthetic analog of dsrna, and th ... | 2014 | 24604847 |
| construction of recombinant marek's disease virus (rmdv) co-expressing aiv-h9n2-na and ndv-f genes under control of mdv's own bi-directional promoter. | to qualitatively analyze and evaluate a bi-directional promoter transcriptional function in both transient and transgenic systems, several different plasmids were constructed and recombinant mdv type 1 strain gx0101 was developed to co-express a neuraminidase (na) gene from avian influenza virus h9n2 strain and a fusion (f) gene from the newcastle disease virus (ndv). the two foreign genes, ndv-f gene and aiv-na gene, were inserted in the plasmid driven in each direction by the bi-directional pr ... | 2014 | 24599338 |
| marek's disease virus may interfere with t cell immunity by tlr3 signals. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly oncogenic alpha-herpesvirus that causes t cell immune suppression and malignant lymphomas in chickens. toll-like receptor (tlr) plays a dominant role in antiviral t cell immunity. however, it is unclear whether mdv induced t cell immunity is associated with tlr-mediated immunity. in this study, the expression of 28 host genes that are involved in tlr-mediated immunity and mhc-medicated t cell immunity was evaluated in chicken thymus at 7, 14, 21 and 28 day ... | 2014 | 24585377 |
| the effects of administration of ligands for toll-like receptor 4 and 21 against marek's disease in chickens. | ligands for toll-like receptors (tlrs) are known to stimulate immune responses, leading to protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. here, we aimed to examine the effects of various tlr ligands on the development of marek's disease in chickens. specific-pathogen free chickens were treated with a series of tlr ligands that interact with tlr3, tlr9 and tlr21. in a pilot study, it was determined that tlr4 and tlr21 ligands are efficacious, in that they could reduce the incidence of marek's ... | 2014 | 24530927 |
| host genetic resistance to marek's disease sustains protective efficacy of herpesvirus of turkey in both experimental and commercial lines of chickens. | marek's disease (md) remains a continual threat to the poultry industry worldwide as the md virus continues evolving in virulence. md has been controlled primarily by intensive use of vaccines since 1969. based on the antigenic and pathogenic differences of the viruses that the vaccines were derived from, commercially available md vaccines are classified into three categories, mdv-1, -2, and -3 vaccines. this study was designed to compare the protective efficacy of mdv-1 (cvi988/rispens) and mdv ... | 2014 | 24530405 |
| analysis of the mrna targetome of micrornas expressed by marek's disease virus. | marek's disease virus 1 (mdv-1), an oncogenic α-herpesvirus that induces t-cell lymphomas in chickens, serves as model system to study transformation by lymphotropic herpesviruses. like the oncogenic human γ-herpesviruses kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv), mdv-1 encodes several viral micrornas (mirnas). one mdv-1 mirna, mir-m4, shares the same "seed" targeting sequence with both a kshv mirna, mir-k11, and cellular mir-155. importantly, mir-m4 plays a cri ... | 2014 | 24449754 |
| in vitro and in vivo broad antiviral activity of peptides homologous to fusion glycoproteins of newcastle disease virus and marek's disease virus. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) of paramyxovirus and marek's disease virus (mdv) of herpesvirus, two of the most serious threats to the poultry industry, can give rise to complex co-infections that hinder diagnosis and prevention. in the current study, two different peptides, derived from the mdv gh (ghh2l) and gb (gbh3), respectively, exhibit antiviral activity against ndv in vitro. the potent inhibitory effect of heptad repeat 2 from fusion glycoprotein of the ndv on mdv infection also has been ... | 2014 | 24412629 |
| molecular detection of avian pathogens in poultry red mite (dermanyssus gallinae) collected in chicken farms. | poultry red mite (prm, dermanyssus gallinae) is a blood-sucking ectoparasite as well as a possible vector of several avian pathogens. in this study, to define the role of prm in the prevalence of avian infectious agents, we used polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to check for the presence of seven pathogens: avipox virus (apv), fowl adenovirus (fadv), marek's disease virus (mdv), erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (er), salmonella enterica (se), mycoplasma synoviae (ms) and mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). ... | 2014 | 25649939 |
| construction of recombinant marek's disease virus (mdv) lacking the meq oncogene and co-expressing aiv-h9n2 ha and na genes under control of exogenous promoters. | to develop a recombinant marek's disease virus (rmdv1) co-expressing the hemagglutinin gene (ha) and neuramidinase gene (na) from a low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) h9n2 strain and lacking the meq oncogene that shares homology with the jun/fos family of transcriptional factors, a wild strain of mdv gx0101 was used as parental virus, the ha and na genes co-expression cassette under control of the cmv and sv40 early promoters was inserted at two meq sites of gx0101 to form a new meq kn ... | 2014 | 24709399 |
| avian oncogenic virus differential diagnosis in chickens using oligonucleotide microarray. | avian oncogenic viruses include the avian leukosis virus (alv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and marek's disease virus (mdv). multiple oncogenic viral infections are frequently seen, with even marek's disease vaccines reported to be contaminated with alv and rev. the gross lesions caused by avian oncogenic viruses often overlap, making differentiation diagnosis based on histopathology difficult. the objective of this study is to develop a rapid approach to simultaneously differentiate, subg ... | 2014 | 25286179 |
| avian gyrovirus 2 and avirulent newcastle disease virus coinfection in a chicken flock with neurologic symptoms and high mortalities. | a disease with severe neurologic symptoms caused 100% mortality in a small broiler operation in the gauteng province, south africa in late march 2013. routine diagnostic pcr testing failed to identify a possible cause of the outbreak; thus, samples were submitted for virus isolation, serology, and bacteriology. an avirulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) strain isolated was identified as a v4-like genotype 1 strain, by dna sequencing, with a cleavage site of 112gkqgr decrease l117. real-time reve ... | 2014 | 24758119 |
| role of virus-encoded micrornas in avian viral diseases. | with total dependence on the host cell, several viruses have adopted strategies to modulate the host cellular environment, including the modulation of microrna (mirna) pathway through virus-encoded mirnas. several avian viruses, mostly herpesviruses, have been shown to encode a number of novel mirnas. these include the highly oncogenic marek's disease virus-1 (26 mirnas), avirulent marek's disease virus-2 (36 mirnas), herpesvirus of turkeys (28 mirnas), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (10 mir ... | 2014 | 24662606 |
| skin involvement in lymphomas caused by marek's disease virus infection in silkie chickens. | the silkie is a typical chinese breed of chicken. in 2012, batches of silkies were found to have diffuse tumor-like nodules on their skin after feather removal, when they were slaughtered at about 60 days old. gross examination showed no visible neoplastic lesions on the visceral organs and peripheral nerves, except slight splenomegaly in individual chickens. the disease was prevalent, with high condemnation rates for skin lesions, which caused great economic losses to the company. tissues, incl ... | 2014 | 24583947 |
| lack of evidence that avian oncogenic viruses are infectious for humans: a review. | chickens may be infected with three different oncogenic viruses: avian leukosis virus (alv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and marek's disease herpesvirus (mdv). several epidemiological studies have suggested a link between these viruses and different types of cancer in people working in poultry processing plants and with multiple sclerosis. in this article, we analyze the epidemiological evidence that these viruses are causative agents for human cancer, followed by description of the relev ... | 2014 | 25518427 |
| herpesvirus genome integration into telomeric repeats of host cell chromosomes. | it is well known that numerous viruses integrate their genetic material into host cell chromosomes. human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) and oncogenic marek's disease virus (mdv) have been shown to integrate their genomes into host telomeres of latently infected cells. this is unusual for herpesviruses as most maintain their genomes as circular episomes during the quiescent stage of infection. the genomic dna of hhv-6, mdv, and several other herpesviruses harbors telomeric repeats (tmrs) that are identic ... | 2014 | 26958721 |
| virus-encoded mir-155 ortholog is an important potential regulator but not essential for the development of lymphomas induced by very virulent marek's disease virus. | the microrna (mirna) mdv1-mir-m4, a functional mir-155 ortholog encoded by oncogenic marek's disease virus (mdv), has previously been suggested to be involved in mdv pathogenesis. using the technique of bacterial artificial chromosome mutagenesis, we have presently evaluated the potential role of mdv1-mir-m4 in the oncogenesis of the very virulent (vv) mdv strain gx0101. unexpectedly, deletions of the meq-cluster or mdv1-mir-m4 alone from the viral genome strongly decreased rather than abolished ... | 2014 | 24314636 |
| temporal kinetics of marek's disease herpesvirus: integration occurs early after infection in both b and t cells. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is an oncogenic α-herpesvirus that induces marek's disease characterized by fatal lymphomas in chickens. here, we explored the timing during pathogenesis when the virus integrates into the host genome, the cell type involved, the role of viral integration on cellular transformation, and tumor clonality. three immune organs of chicken (thymus, bursa, and spleen) were extracted following infection with either an oncogenic or a non-oncogenic strain of mdv. using molecula ... | 2014 | 25402709 |
| poly(a) binding protein 1 enhances cap-independent translation initiation of neurovirulence factor from avian herpesvirus. | poly(a) binding protein 1 (pabp1) plays a central role in mrna translation and stability and is a target by many viruses in diverse manners. we report a novel viral translational control strategy involving the recruitment of pabp1 to the 5' leader internal ribosome entry site (5l ires) of an immediate-early (ie) bicistronic mrna that encodes the neurovirulence protein (pp14) from the avian herpesvirus marek's disease virus serotype 1 (mdv1). we provide evidence for the interaction between an int ... | 2014 | 25503397 |
| sequence variations of the mhc class i gene exon 2 and exon 3 between infected and uninfected chickens challenged with marek's disease virus. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) among chickens has been well established as being associated with disease resistance and pathogens infection, but the genetic differences in mhc between chickens susceptible to certain infections and those chickens that remain uninfected have not been sufficiently determined. in this study, we sought the genetic basis that may underlie differences in susceptibility to infection among chickens by challenging four groups of broilers with marek's disease v ... | 2014 | 24200589 |
| marek's disease virus and skin interactions. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious herpesvirus which induces immunosuppression and t-cell lymphoma in chicken. this virus still circulates in flocks despite forty years of vaccination, with important economical losses at the world level. the feather follicles, which allow feathers morphogenesis and their anchor into the skin, are the unique known source of mdv excretion. this tissue causes environment contamination and mdv bird-to-bird transmission. epithelial cells from the feat ... | 2014 | 33065877 |
| a genome-wide snp scan reveals two loci associated with the chicken resistance to marek's disease. | marek's disease (md) is a neoplastic disease in chickens, caused by the marek's disease virus (mdv). to investigate host genetic resistance to md, we conducted a genome-wide association study (gwas) on 67 mdv-infected chickens based on a case and control design, including 57 susceptible chickens in the case group and 10 resistant chickens as controls. after searching 38 655 valid genomic markers, two snps were found to be associated with host resistance to md. one snp, rs14527240, reaching chrom ... | 2013 | 22812605 |
| the oncogenic microrna oncomir-21 overexpressed during marek's disease lymphomagenesis is transactivated by the viral oncoprotein meq. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes t lymphoma in chicken. gahv-2 encodes a basic leucine zipper (bzip) protein of the ap-1 family, meq. upon formation of homo- or heterodimers with c-jun, meq may modulate the expression of viral and cellular genes involved in lymphomagenesis. gahv-2 also encodes viral micrornas (mirnas) involved in latency and apoptosis escape. however, little is known about cellular mirna deregulation during the development of gahv-2-associate ... | 2013 | 23055556 |
| characterization of cytotoxicity-related gene expression in response to virulent marek's disease virus infection in the bursa of fabricius. | cell-mediated cytotoxic responses are critical for control of marek's disease virus (mdv) infection and tumour development. however, the mechanisms of virus clearance mediated by cytotoxic responses in the bursa of fabricius of chickens during mdv infection are not fully understood. in this study, the host cytotoxic responses during mdv infection in the bursa were investigated by examining the expression of genes in the cell lysis pathways. partial up-regulation existed in the expression of the ... | 2013 | 23164636 |
| the effectiveness of mass vaccination on marek's disease virus (mdv) outbreaks and detection within a broiler barn: a modeling study. | marek's disease virus (mdv), a poultry pathogen, has been increasing in virulence since the mid twentieth century. since multiple vaccines have been developed and widely implemented, losses due to mdv have decreased. however, vaccine failure has occurred in the past and vaccine breakthroughs remain a problem. failure of disease control with current vaccines would have significant economic and welfare consequences. nevertheless, the epidemiology of the disease during a farm outbreak is not well u ... | 2013 | 24267877 |
| transcriptional profiling of meq-dependent genes in marek's disease resistant and susceptible inbred chicken lines. | marek's disease (md) is an economically significant disease in chickens caused by the highly oncogenic marek's disease virus (mdv). understanding the genes and biological pathways that confer md genetic resistance should lead towards the development of more disease resistant commercial poultry flocks or improved md vaccines. mdv meq, a bzip transcription factor, is largely attributed to viral oncogenicity though only a few host target genes have been described, which has impeded our understandin ... | 2013 | 24205146 |
| incidence of parvoviruses in chickens infected with marek's disease virus. | the aim of the study was to determine co-occurrence of marek's disease virus (mdv) and chicken parvovirus (chpv) co-occurrence in field chicken flocks. the materials for the study derived from 115 broiler chickens or layer hens originated from 23 farms with suspicion of marek's disease (md). dual infection with mdv and chpv was found in 23 (20%) examined chickens. the results obtained suggest a possibility of influence of chpv infection on efficacy of the md vaccines. | 2013 | 24195296 |
| vaccination-challenge interval markedly influences protection provided by rispens cvi988 vaccine against very virulent marek's disease virus challenge. | the rispens (cvi988) vaccine is widely used to vaccinate chickens worldwide. we tested the protective effects of the rispens vaccine against challenge with very virulent marek's disease virus (vvmdv) at various intervals at, before or after vaccination. the experiment used commercial isa brown layers and vvmdv isolate 02lar. the protective index (pi) was measured for vaccination challenge intervals (vci) of -10, -5, 0, 5 and 10 days, with the negative values indicating challenge prior to vaccina ... | 2013 | 24098951 |
| detection of integrated herpesvirus genomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). | fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) is widely used to visualize nucleotide sequences in interphase cells or on metaphase chromosomes using specific probes that are complementary to the respective targets. besides its broad application in cytogenetics and cancer research, fish facilitates the localization of virus genomes in infected cells. some herpesviruses, including human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) and marek's disease virus (mdv), have been shown to integrate their genetic material into host ... | 2013 | 23996255 |
| expression kinetics of chicken β2-microglobulin and class i mhc in vitro and in vivo during marek's disease viral infections. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly cell-associated herpesvirus that causes a disease in chickens characterized by tumor formation and immunosuppression. the changes of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) expression in different mdv-infected cells are not completely understood. in this study, we investigated the expression of the class i mhc and β2-microglobulin (β2m) genes in response to mdv infection at different time points by real-time pcr. in both in vitro and in vivo, the expression ... | 2013 | 23918553 |
| prevalence of marek's disease virus in different chicken populations in iraq and indicative virulence based on sequence variation in the ecori-q (meq) gene. | a cross-sectional survey was conducted in six provinces in southern iraq to determine the point prevalence of marek's disease virus (mdv) in different chicken populations followed by sequencing the meq gene for phylogenetic analysis and virulence-associated polymorphisms. a total of 109 samples from unvaccinated flocks were analyzed comprising 52 dust and 30 spleen samples from commercial broiler farms and 27 spleens from local layer chickens purchased in the town markets. the overall prevalence ... | 2013 | 23901776 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of marek's disease virus from clinical cases of marek's disease in egypt. | in spite of the intensive vaccination policy against the marek's disease virus (mdv) in egypt, the egyptian poultry flocks are still suffering from several tumor and paralysis cases. to investigate if mdv is the possible cause, feather follicle and tumor samples were collected during 2011 from 30 vaccinated chicken flocks experiencing nervous signs, emaciation, and tumor lesions. the samples were screened by pcr amplification of the meq full-length gene. only five of 30 flocks were positive for ... | 2013 | 23901775 |
| development, application, and results of routine monitoring of marek's disease virus in broiler house dust using real-time quantitative pcr. | results are presented from four studies between 2002 and 2011 into the feasibility of routinely monitoring marek's disease virus serotype 1 (mdv-1) in broiler house dust using real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) measurement. study 1 on two farms showed that detection of mdv-1 occurred earlier on average in dust samples tested using qpcr than standard pcr and in spleen samples from five birds per shed assayed for mdv-1 by qpcr or standard pcr. dna quality following extraction from dust had no effec ... | 2013 | 23901774 |
| comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification and pcr for the detection and differentiation of marek's disease virus serotypes 1, 2, and 3. | the previously conducted study on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) has shown its usefulness for the detection of marek's disease virus (mdv) virulent field strains. the current study improves the previously designed lamp method with an additional pair of loop primers, which accelerates the reaction, and describes two other lamp procedures for the specific detection of fc126 strain of turkey herpesvirus and nonpathogenic sb-1 strain. the developed lamp procedures were also confirmed ... | 2013 | 23901773 |
| a deletion in the glycoprotein l (gl) gene of u.s. marek's disease virus (mdv) field strains is insufficient to confer increased pathogenicity to the bacterial artificial chromosome (bac)-based strain, rb-1b. | marek's disease (md) is a highly transmissible, herpesvirus-associated malignancy of chickens and turkeys caused by marek's disease virus (mdv). md is currently controlled through the use of nonsterilizing vaccines composed of antigenically related, apathogenic herpesviruses mardivirus 2 (mdv-2), meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (herpesvirus of turkeys, hvt), or attenuated mdv-1 strain cvi988 (rispens). since the mid-1960s, field strains of mdv have increased in virulence, due, in part, to the widespread ... | 2013 | 23901769 |
| importance of differential expression of marek's disease virus gene pp38 for the pathogenesis of marek's disease. | the role of pp38 in the pathogenesis of marek's disease (md) has not been fully elucidated. previously, we reported the presence of two splice variants (spl a and spl b) for pp38. we also reported that the wild-type pp38 (wt), as well as the mutated pp38 (mut), altered the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in infected cells. to determine whether the different forms of pp38 are important for the pathogenesis of md, we generated rb-1b-based bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones expressing p ... | 2013 | 23901768 |
| application of a new bivalent marek's disease vaccine does not interfere with infectious bronchitis or newcastle disease vaccinations and proves efficacious. | a possible interference after marek's disease (md) vaccination using an experimental bivalent vaccine, consisting of a redesigned cvi-988/rispens-type mdv-1 strain and herpesvirus of turkeys, with vaccination against infectious bronchitis (ib) virus (ibv) or newcastle disease (nd) virus (ndv) was examined. day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were concomitantly vaccinated with the bivalent md vaccine (either intramuscularly or subcutaneously) and with commercially available vaccines against nd ... | 2013 | 23901767 |
| properties of a meq-deleted rmd5 marek's disease vaccine: protection against virulent mdv challenge and induction of lymphoid organ atrophy are simultaneously attenuated by serial passage in vitro. | we have previously shown that deletion of the meq gene from the genome of cosmid-cloned rmd5 strain of marek's disease virus (mdv-1) resulted in loss of transformation and oncogenic capacity of the virus. the rmd5deltameq (meq null) virus has been shown to be an excellent vaccine in maternal antibody positive (mab+) chickens challenged with a very virulent plus (vv+) strain of mdv, 648a. the only drawback was that it retained its ability to induce bursa and thymus atrophy (bta) like that of the ... | 2013 | 23901766 |
| the influence of host genetics on marek's disease virus evolution. | since the first report of a polyneuritis in chickens by joseph marek in 1907, the clinical nature of the disease has changed. over the last five decades, the pathogenicity of the marek's disease virus (mdv) has continued to evolve from the relatively mild strains observed in the 1960s to the more severe strains labeled very virulent plus currently observed in today's outbreaks. to understand the influence of host genetics, specifically the major histocompatibility complex (mhc), on virus evoluti ... | 2013 | 23901764 |
| cloning of a very virulent plus, 686 strain of marek's disease virus as a bacterial artificial chromosome. | bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) vectors were first developed to facilitate propagation and manipulation of large dna fragments. this technology was later used to clone full-length genomes of large dna viruses to study viral gene function. marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly oncogenic herpesvirus that causes rapid induction of t-cell lymphomas in chickens. based on the virus's ability to cause disease in vaccinated chickens, mdv strains are classified into pathotypes, with the most viru ... | 2013 | 23901763 |
| deletion of marek's disease virus large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase impairs virus growth in vitro and in vivo. | marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly cell-associated lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus, is the causative agent of a neoplastic disease in domestic chickens called marek's disease (md). in the unique long (ul) region of the mdv genome, open reading frames ul39 and ul40 encode the large and small subunits of the ribonucleotide reductase (rr) enzyme, named rr1 and rr2, respectively. mdv rr is distinguishable from that present in chicken and duck cells by monoclonal antibody t81. using recombinant dna ... | 2013 | 23901762 |
| viral kinetics, shedding profile, and transmission of serotype 1 marek's disease vaccine rispens/cvi988 in maternal antibody-free chickens. | probably the most effective current vaccine against marek's disease is the live rispens (cvi988) attenuated serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv). it is unknown whether the currently available rispens vaccines transmit effectively between chickens. to investigate the kinetics and shedding of three commercially available strains of this virus and the extent of lateral transmission, we measured the shedding rate in dander and the viral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) and feather tips ... | 2013 | 23901761 |
| efficacy and safety of cell-associated vaccines against marek's disease virus grown in qt35 cells or jbj-1 cells. | the marek's disease virus (mdv) vaccine strain cvi 988 usually is grown in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs). we found that the strains could be grown also in the qt35 and jbj-1 cell lines to titers in the same range as in the cefs. both cell lines are fibroblast-like cell lines, which can be grown in flat-bottomed tissue-culture flasks, roller bottles, and on microcarriers. for growth in qt35 cells it was necessary to adapt the virus to the cell line; for growth in jbj-1 cells this was ... | 2013 | 23901760 |
| relationship between levels of very virulent mdv in poultry dust and in feather tips from vaccinated chickens. | to assess the effect of various vaccine strains on replication and shedding of virulent marek's disease virus from experimentally infected chickens, quantitative pcr (q-pcr) methods were developed to accurately quantify viral dna in infected chickens and in the environment in which they were housed. four groups of 10 chickens, kept in poultry isolators, were vaccinated at 1 day old with one of four vaccines covering each of the three vaccine serotypes, then challenged with very virulent mdv stra ... | 2013 | 23901759 |
| insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into the genome of cvi988 strain of marek's disease virus results in enhanced growth and protection. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by serotype 1 md virus (mdv). vaccination of commercial poultry has drastically reduced losses from md, and the poultry industry cannot be sustained without the use of vaccines. retrovirus insertion into herpesvirus genomes is an efficient process that alters the biological properties of herpesviruses. rm1, a virus derived from the virulent jm strain of mdv, by insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis (rev) long terminal repe ... | 2013 | 23901756 |
| inhibition of toll-like receptor 2-mediated nf-kappab activation in vero cells with herpesvirus of turkeys. | in a previous study, vaccination with a live bivalent vaccine consisting of herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) and sb-1 was found to be associated with distinct cytokine expression patterns and the modulation of cytokine responses in the spleen. this vaccine could play a role in mediating protection against infection with the rb1b strain of marek's disease virus. in the present study, vectors for chicken toll-like receptor 1 (chtlr1) and 2 (chtlr2) expression were constructed and transfected into vero ... | 2013 | 23901754 |
| identification and characterization of the genomic termini and cleavage/packaging signals of gallid herpesvirus type 2. | herpesvirus replication within host cells results in concatemeric genomic dna, which is cleaved into unit-length genomes and packaged into the capsid by a complex of proteins. the sites of cleavage have been identified for many herpesviruses, and conserved signaling sequences involved in cleavage and packaging have been characterized. the cleavage/packaging motifs pac-1, pac-2, and dr1 and two distinct groups of telomeric repeat sequences (static trs and variable trs) have been identified. by se ... | 2013 | 23901753 |
| genome-wide association study for marek's disease mortality in layer chickens. | a genome-wide association study (gwas) using bayesian variable selection was performed to determine genomic regions associated with mortality due to marek's disease virus (mdv) infection in layers. mortality (%) under experimental disease challenge (500 plaque-forming units of a very virulent plus mdv strain) was recorded for progeny groups (average 15.5 birds; range 3 to 30) of 253 genotyped sires from four generations of a brown-egg layer line. an additional generation of 43 sires with progeny ... | 2013 | 23901752 |
| identification of a neurovirulence factor from marek's disease virus. | in addition to tumors, marek's disease (md) virus (mdv) can induce a variety of syndromes linked to the central nervous system. in fact, early descriptions of md suggested that it was a condition affecting mainly the nervous system. cytokines and other immune-related genes have been suggested to play a crucial role in mdv-mediated neuropathology, but the mechanisms behind the viral-induced neurologic dysfunction are still poorly understood. in the present study we have used reverse genetic strat ... | 2013 | 23901751 |
| dna methylation down-regulates egfr expression in chickens. | the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr), a growth-factor-receptor tyrosine kinase, is up-regulated in numerous tumors, which provides a good target for cancer therapy. although it has been documented that oncoviruses are responsible for the activation of egfr in tumors, the impact of marek's disease virus (mdv) infection on egfr has not yet been studied. we performed quantitative reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr to check egfr expression and found that it was significantly down-regulated after ... | 2013 | 23901748 |
| latency and tumorigenesis in marek's disease. | despite the remarkable progress in our understanding of marek's disease (md) and the causative marek's disease virus (mdv) biology, a number of major features of this complex viral disease remain unknown. significant information on critical aspects of virus latency in lymphoid cells, and the virus-host interaction in mdv-induced lymphoma, remains to be identified. moreover, the nature of the unique milieu of the feather follicle epithelial cell that allows cytolytic infection to continue, despit ... | 2013 | 23901747 |
| proteomics applied to avian herpesviruses. | proteomics is the application of rapidly evolving high-throughput technologies that enable analysis of proteins on a large scale. recent advances in instrumentation have allowed detection, identification, and quantification of proteins with unparalleled precision and reproducibility, and this, in combination with novel bioinformatics tools, has helped to move proteomics from the simple cataloging of expressed proteins toward discovery of operating mechanisms in the biological systems. proteomics ... | 2013 | 23901746 |
| marek's disease virus morphogenesis. | marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious virus that induces t-lymphoma in chicken. this viral infection still circulates in poultry flocks despite the use of vaccines. with the emergence of new virulent strains in the field over time, mdv remains a serious threat to the poultry industry. more than 40 yr after mdv identification as a herpesvirus, the visualization and purification of fully enveloped infectious particles remain a challenge for biologists. the various strategies used to d ... | 2013 | 23901745 |
| current state of marek's disease virus microrna research. | microrna (mirna) is a major family of small rnas that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. small rna profiling studies have revealed that some viruses, particularly large dna viruses, such as marek's disease virus (mdv), encode their own set of mirnas. there are currently 406 viral mirnas in mirbase, of which 392 are encoded by herpesviruses. to date, 26 mdv-1 mirnas, 36 mdv-2 mirnas, and 28 herpesvirus of turkeys mirnas have been identified. interestingly, herpesvirus mirnas appear t ... | 2013 | 23901744 |