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development and evaluation of a host-targeted antiviral that abrogates herpes simplex virus replication through modulation of arginine-associated metabolic pathways.since their inception five decades ago, most antivirals have been engineered to disrupt a single viral protein or process that is essential for viral replication. this approach has limited the overall therapeutic effectiveness and applicability of current antivirals due to restricted viral specificity, a propensity for development of drug resistance, and an inability to control deleterious host-mediated inflammation. as obligate intracellular parasites, viruses are reliant on host metabolism and ...201627192555
performance of the hsv oligogen kit for the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2.pcr methods are nowadays between the most rapid and sensitive methods for screening and diagnosing herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and 2. the aim of this study was to analyze the reliability, accuracy, and usefulness of the new assay hsv oligogen kit in comparison with the roche lightcycler hsv ½ qual kit assay for the detection of hsv in clinical samples. for this analysis, a prospective study was designed for detection of hsv-1 and hsv-2 including 110 ulcer specimens, 48 urine, 48 endocervic ...201627185644
prevalence of intrathecal acyclovir resistant virus in herpes simplex encephalitis patients.herpes simplex encephalitis (hse) is a life-threatening complication of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection. acyclovir (acv) is the antiviral treatment of choice, but may lead to emergence of acv-resistant (acvr) hsv due to mutations in the viral ul23 gene encoding for the acv-targeted thymidine kinase (tk) protein. here, we determined the prevalence of intrathecal acvr-associated hsv tk mutations in hse patients and compared tk genotypes of sequential hsv isolates in paired cerebrospinal fluid ...201627171421
herpesvirus infections and risk of frailty and mortality in older women: women's health and aging studies.to examine the relationship between herpesvirus infections and mortality and incident frailty risks in community-dwelling older women.201627131018
database on natural polymorphisms and resistance-related non-synonymous mutations in thymidine kinase and dna polymerase genes of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.the use of genotypic resistance testing of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) is increasing because the rapid availability of results significantly improves the treatment of severe infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. however, an essential precondition is a broad knowledge of natural polymorphisms and resistance-associated mutations in the thymidine kinase (tk) and dna polymerase (pol) genes, of which the dna polymerase (pol) enzyme is targeted by the highly ef ...201626433780
hsv-2 δgd elicits fcγr-effector antibodies that protect against clinical isolates.a single-cycle herpes simplex virus (hsv) deleted in glycoprotein d (δgd-2) elicited high titer hsv-specific antibodies (abs) that (i) were rapidly transported into the vaginal mucosa; (ii) elicited antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity but little neutralization; (iii) provided complete protection against lethal intravaginal challenge; and (iv) prevented establishment of latency in mice. however, clinical isolates may differ antigenically and impact vaccine efficacy. to determine the bre ...201627536733
structural characterization and antiviral effect of a novel polysaccharide psp-2b from prunellae spica.in the present study, a novel polysaccharide, psp-2b, was isolated from aqueous extracts of prunellae spica by direct ultrafiltration membrane separation and gel chromatography purification. psp-2b is a partially sulphated polysaccharide with a molecular weight of approximately 32kda. its sulfate content is 10.59% by elemental analysis. the major sugars comprising psp-2b are arabinose, galactose and mannose, in addition to small amounts of glucose and uronic acids. the framework of psp-2b is spe ...201627516321
b virus (macacine herpesvirus 1) divergence: variations in glycoprotein d from clinical and laboratory isolates diversify virus entry strategies.b virus (macacine herpesvirus 1) can cause deadly zoonotic disease in humans. molecular mechanisms of b virus cell entry are poorly understood for both macaques and humans. here we investigated the abilities of clinical b virus isolates to use entry receptors of herpes simplex viruses (hsv). we showed that resistant b78h1 cells became susceptible to b virus clinical strains upon expression of either human nectin-2 or nectin-1. antibody against glycoprotein d (gd) protected these nectin-bearing c ...201627512063
an escalating dose study to assess the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a herpes simplex virus dna vaccine, cor-1.this paper describes a single site, open-label phase i clinical trial evaluating the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy volunteers of a herpes simplex polynucleotide vaccine that has previously been shown to enhance immunogenicity and protect against lethal herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) challenge in mice. five escalating doses of the vaccine, cor-1, were given by intradermal injection to hsv-1 and 2 seronegative healthy individuals. cor-1 was found to be safe and well-toler ...201627580249
adenovirus-mediated shrna interference against hsv-1 replication in vitro.the ul29 and ul28 proteins encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) are critical for its replication and packaging, respectively. research has demonstrated that synthesized sirna molecules targeting the ul29 gene are able to suppress hsv-2 replication and the ul28-null hsv-1 gene cannot form infectious viruses in vitro. silencing the ul28 and ul29 genes by rnai might lead to the development of novel antiviral agents for the treatment of hsv-1 infections. two kinds of short hairpin rnas (sh ...201627566181
seroprevalence and co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) among pregnant women in lokoja, north-central nigeria.herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is normally associated with orofacial (orolabial) infections and encephalitis, whereas hsv-2 usually causes genital infections and can be transmitted from infected mothers to neonates. the evidence suggesting that hsv is facilitating the spread of the global human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic and the risk posed by these synergies to neonates in developing countries informed this study.201628180012
erratum: increased expression of herpes virus-encoded hsv1-mir-h18 and hsv2-mir-h9-5p in cancer-containing prostate tissue compared to that in benign prostate hyperplasia tissue.[this corrects the article on p. 122 in vol. 20, pmid: 27377944.].201628043100
serologic screening for genital herpes infection: us preventive services task force recommendation statement.genital herpes is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the united states, occurring in almost 1 in 6 persons aged 14 to 49 years. infection is caused by 2 subtypes of the herpes simplex virus (hsv), hsv-1 and hsv-2. antiviral medications may provide symptomatic relief from outbreaks but do not cure hsv infection. neonatal herpes infection, while uncommon, can result in substantial morbidity and mortality.201627997659
the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection in iran: a meta-analysis.seroepidemiologic studies indicate a high prevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection. this infection leads to ophthalmic, dermatologic, oral, neurologic, vaginal and cervical problems. different studies have been carried out to estimate the hsv seroprevalence in iran. combining the results of these studies would be useful for health policy-making.201627921084
herpes simplex virus specific t cell response in a cohort with primary genital infection correlates inversely with frequency of subsequent recurrences.during the last decades, a changing epidemiological pattern of genital herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection has emerged. primary infection is now caused as often by hsv-1 as by hsv-2. once established, hsv can be reactivated leading to recurrent mucocutaneous lesions as well as meningitis. why some otherwise immune-competent individuals experience severe and frequent recurrences is not known, and the immunological mechanism underlying recurrent symptomatic hsv infection is not fully understood. ...201627903680
maternal antibodies to herpes virus antigens and risk of gastroschisis in offspring.gastroschisis risk is highest in offspring of young women and is increasing in prevalence, suggesting that exposures that are increasingly common among younger females may be causal. some infections by viruses in the herpes family are more common in the earlier childbearing years and have been increasing in prevalence over time. data from the finnish maternity cohort were linked to finnish malformation and birth registers (1987-2012) for this study, a nested case-control study of mothers of offs ...201627856447
associations between excessive adiposity and seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among us adults: a population-based age-period-cohort analysis.evidence on the association between herpes simplex virus (hsv) and excessive adiposity, such as obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2)) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference (wc) >102 or 88 cm), has been inconsistent. we sought to examine whether age-period-cohort (apc) effects could explain for the observed heterogeneities.201627798014
type-specific detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 using the cobas® hsv 1 and 2 test on the cobas® 4800 platform.hsv-1 and hsv-2 are among the most common causes of sexually transmitted infections (stis) globally. these infections are strongly associated with increased risk of hiv acquisition and rare, but devastating, neonatal disease. available treatment options can reduce hsv transmission and improve quality of life. accurate diagnosis early in disease can improve patient management. areas covered: this paper describes the clinical manifestations of hsv infection often used for clinical diagnostic purpo ...201627687862
α herpes virus infections among renal transplant recipients.the α herpes viruses hsv-1, hsv-2, and vzv often reactivate in the setting of immune suppression after solid organ transplantation. oral or genital mucocutaneous disease is the most common clinical manifestation of hsv disease while vzv manifests as varicella (or chickenpox) or reactivation herpes zoster, characterized by a diffuse rash, or a painful unilateral vesicular eruption in a dermatomal distribution, respectively. the diagnosis of hsv and vzv is primarily based on history and clinical p ...201627772619
multicenter evaluation of the luminex® aries® hsv 1&2 assay for the detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesion specimens.the aries® hsv 1&2 assay is a new fda cleared real-time pcr test for detection and differentiation of hsv-1 and hsv-2 dna from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions. the test is performed on the aries® system, an automated sample to answer real-time pcr instrument that provides a closed system and simple workflow for performing molecular testing. areas covered: this article reports the clinical performance of the aries® hsv 1&2 assay assessed on 1963 prospectively collected specimens. assay sensit ...201627771977
altered gene expression of glycosyltransferases and sialyltransferases and total amount of glycosphingolipids following herpes simplex virus infection.there is a case report of a patient with overlapping guillain-barré syndrome and bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis after infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), who carried high titers of serum anti-gq1b igg antibodies. several studies have linked viral infection to the modulation of ganglioside expression such as human t-lymphotropic virus to gd2 and simian virus 40 to gm3. also, enhancement of the expression of gm2 on the cell membrane after cytomegalovirus infection has been repo ...201627588895
the unexpected detection of varicella-zoster virus in genital specimens using the lyra™ direct hsv 1+2/vzv assay.the lyra™ direct hsv 1+2/vzv assay is a moderately complex, multiplex pcr assay that qualitatively detects the presence of hsv 1, hsv 2, and vzv dna in cutaneous and mucocutaneous specimens with a time-to-result of less than 60min.201627756008
anti-hsv activity of kuwanon x from mulberry leaves with genes expression inhibitory and hsv-1 induced nf-κb deactivated properties.six stilbene derivatives isolated from mulberry leaves including kuwanon x, mulberrofuran c, mulberrofuran g, moracin c, moracin m 3'-o-b-glucopyranoside and moracin m were found to have antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2) at different potencies except for mulberrofuran g. kuwanon x exhibited the greatest activity against hsv-1 15577 and clinical strains and hsv-2 strain 333 with ic50 values of 2.2, 1.5 and 2.5 µg/ml, respectively. further study revealed ...201627725444
distribution and effects of amino acid changes in drug-resistant α and β herpesviruses dna polymerase.emergence of drug-resistance to all fda-approved antiherpesvirus agents is an increasing concern in immunocompromised patients. herpesvirus dna polymerase (dnapol) is currently the target of nucleos(t)ide analogue-based therapy. mutations in dnapol that confer resistance arose in immunocompromised patients infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) and human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and to lesser extent in herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), varicella zoster virus (vzv) and human herpesvirus 6 (hhv ...201627694307
herpes simplex virus particles interact with chemokines and enhance cell migration.herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2, respectively) are among the most prevalent human pathogens, causing a variety of diseases. hsv modulation of the chemokine network remains poorly understood. we have previously identified secreted glycoprotein g (sgg) as the first viral chemokine-binding protein that enhances chemokine function as a novel viral immunomodulatory mechanism. however, gg is also present at the viral envelope and its role in the virus particle remains unknown. ...201627692045
hsv-2 enhances zikv infection of the placenta and induces apoptosis in first-trimester trophoblast cells.zika virus (zikv) has gained public concern for its association with microcephaly in infants born to zikv-infected mothers. to reach the fetus the virus must overcome the defense mechanisms provided by trophoblast cells. additionally, in the first trimester, the integrity of the placenta is critical for fetal protection as damage to differentiating trophoblast can affect placental formation and function. we sought to investigate the effect of zikv infection on trophoblast cells and the factors t ...201627613665
does place of service matter? a utilisation and cost analysis of sexually transmissible infection testing from 2012 claims data.background in this study, a previous study on the utilisation and cost of sexually transmissible infection (sti) tests was augmented by focusing on outpatient place of service for the most utilised tests.201626774890
parallel declines in hiv and hepatitis c virus prevalence, but not in herpes simplex virus type 2 infection: a 10-year, serial cross-sectional study in an inner-city emergency department.the johns hopkins hospital emergency department (jhhed) has served as an observational window on the hiv epidemic in a socioeconomically depressed, urban population. we previously reported that hiv incidence among jhhed patients is decreasing and that prevalence has declined from 11.4% in 2003-5.6% in 2013.201627232485
high prevalence of herpes simplex virus (hsv)- type 2 co-infection among hiv-positive women in ukraine, but no increased hiv mother-to-child transmission risk.over 3500 hiv-positive women give birth annually in ukraine, a setting with high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections. herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) co-infection may increase hiv mother-to-child transmission (mtct) risk. we explored factors associated with hsv-2 seropositivity among hiv-positive women in ukraine, and its impact on hiv mtct.201627121953
correlating flavivirus virulence and levels of intrinsic disorder in shell proteins: protective roles vs. immune evasion.computational analyses revealed correlations between the intrinsic disorder propensity of shell proteins and case fatality rates (cfrs) among flaviviruses and within at least two flavivirus species, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and dengue virus (denv). the shell proteins analyzed in this study are capsid (c) and membrane (prm, pr, and m) proteins. the highest correlations can be found when regression analyses were conducted using pr (flavivirus: r(2) = 0.78, p < 0.01) or m (flavi ...201627102744
comparison of follicular and luteal phase mucosal markers of hiv susceptibility in healthy women.the purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in vaginal immune cell populations, vaginal tissue gene expression, antimicrobial activity of the cervicovaginal (cv) lavage (cvl), vaginal flora, and p24 antigen production from cv tissues after ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection between follicular (fol) and luteal (lut) phases of the menstrual cycle. cv tissue biopsies, cv secretions, and blood samples were obtained as part of two longitudinal clinical trials of healthy wo ...201626750085
decrease in seroprevalence for herpesviruses among pregnant women in finland: cross-sectional study of three time points 1992, 2002 and 2012.maternal herpesvirus infections during pregnancy may cause fetal and neonatal infections. we investigated the seroprevalence of five herpesviruses: cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus (vzv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) in randomly selected samples from pregnant finnish women from the years 1992, 2002 and 2012. over 20 years, the seroprevalences decreased significantly for cmv from 84.5% to 71.5% (p = 0.007) and hsv-1 from 69.5% to 45% (p < 0.001). th ...201626654892
immunological signaling during herpes simplex virus-2 and cytomegalovirus vaginal shedding after initiation of antiretroviral treatment.vaginal proinflammatory cytokine expression during herpes virus reactivation was examined in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women before and after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (art). vaginal swabs were screened for levels of cytokines interleukin (il)-1β, il-2, il-4, il-6, il-8, il-10, il-12p70, il-13, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α, and interferon-γ. the relative risk (rr) of herpes simplex virus-2 or cytomegalovirus (cmv) shedding being associated with cytokine levels above the m ...201627191006
[immune system data in patients with persistent recurent herpes virus infections in dynamics of complex therapy].the positive clinical, serolgical and immunological effects of glutamyl-triptophan in patients on persistent herpes virus infections are shown. treatment resulted in the increase of avidity on hsv 1, hsv 2, cmv, ebv antibody, the levels of cd3+-, icd8+-, cd16+-, cd3+hla-dr+- (%, abs) and.cd3+cd25t-cells (%), that indicates the optimization of the immune systemdata. the data received allow to recommend bestim for patients with persistent herpes virus infections.201627089710
seroprevalence of cmv, hsv-2 and hbv among hiv-infected malawian children: a cross-sectional survey.little is known about viral co-infections in african human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected children. we examined the prevalence of seromarkers for cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infections among hiv-infected, antiretroviral treatment (art)-naïve children in lilongwe, malawi.201626884443
exposure to perinatal infections and bipolar disorder: a systematic review.bipolar disorder (bd) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder and a growing global public health issue. notwithstanding bd has been conceptualized as a neuroprogressive illness, there are some evidences to suggest a role for neurodevelopmental pathways in the patho-etiology of this disorder. evidences on the associations between perinatal infections and risk for bipolar disorder have been inconsistent across studies. here, we performed a systematic review of observational studies on the relations ...201626812921
common infections with polyomaviruses and herpesviruses and neuropsychological development at 4 years of age, the rhea birth cohort in crete, greece.viral infections of the central nervous system may have detrimental effects for the developing brain, but the effects of less virulent common infections are unclear. we aim to investigate the impact of common viral infections of early childhood on neuropsychological performance of children at age four.201627334233
shedding of hsv-1, hsv-2, cmv, and ebv in the saliva of hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients at fundación homi - hospital de la misericordia, bogotá, d.c.hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients is an alternative treatment for different diseases. the conditioning regimen for transplant predisposes recipients to the development of infections. viral infections by herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1), herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), human cytomegalovirus (cmv), and epstein-barr virus (ebv), are the most common, and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among these patients. these viruses lie dormant in various cell types and th ...201627622810
the role of human papilloma virus and herpes viruses in the etiology of nasal polyposis.the aim of this study was to investigate the etiological role of human papilloma virus (hpv), herpes simplex virus (hsv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and human herpes virus-6 (hhv-6) and -7 (hhv-7) in the occurrence of nasal polyposis.201627511490
simultaneous quantification of the 8 human herpesviruses in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.human herpesviruses may cause severe complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). however, the impact of some of these infections on transplant outcomes is still unclear. a prospective survey on the incidence and clinical features of herpesviruses infections after hsct has not yet been conducted in brazilian patients, and the impact of these infections on hsct outcome remains unclear.201626555946
immunohistochemistry is rarely justified for the diagnosis of viral infections.to determine the utility of immunohistochemistry (ihc) for the diagnosis of viral infections in surgical pathology specimens lacking characteristic viral cytopathic effects.201628007703
oral shedding of human herpesviruses in patients undergoing radiotherapy/chemotherapy treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.opportunistic infections may affect the oral mucosa of patients undergoing radio/chemotherapy through exacerbation of oral mucositis. the aim of this study is to evaluate the oral shedding of all eight human herpesviruses and its possible association with oral mucositis.201627966015
prevalence and correlates of trichomonas vaginalis infection among female sex workers in a city in yunnan province, china.sexual transmission is the fastest growing route of hiv transmission in china, and trichomonas vaginalis(tv) can facilitate hiv transmission and acquisition. our goal was to determine the prevalence and correlates of tv infection among female sex workers (fsws). this cross-sectional study was conducted in a city of yunnan province in southern china, with confidential face-to-face interviews and laboratory tests for tv (wet mount) and other sexually transmitted infections. a total of 734 fsws par ...201625957327
laryngopharyngeal reflux and herpes simplex virus type 2 are possible risk factors for adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (prospective case-control study).the human papillomavirus (hpv) causes recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (rrp). although hpv prevalence is high, the incidence of papillomatosis is low. thus, factors other than hpv infection probably contribute to rrp. this study investigated whether patients with papillomatosis are more often infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 and chlamydia trachomatis (cht) and whether laryngopharyngeal reflux (lpr) occurs in this group of patients more often.201627759910
etiology of genital ulcer disease in male patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: first assessment in cuba.sexually transmitted diseases (stds) and in particular genital ulcer disease (gud) have a major impact on morbidity and mortality in developing countries. the world health organization recommends the use of syndromic guidelines for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in resource-constrained countries. surveillance of autochthonous etiologies provides epidemiological information contributing to the prevention and treatment of stis. we investigated the etiology and factors asso ...201627419816
prevalence and risk factors of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis and other sexually transmissible infections among women attending antenatal clinics in three provinces in papua new guinea: a cross-sectional survey.background: papua new guinea (png) is estimated to have among the highest prevalences of hiv and sexually transmissible infections (stis) of any asia-pacific country, and one of the highest burdens of maternal syphilis globally. the prevalence of curable stis, such as chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv), among pregnant women in png is relatively unknown. methods: a cross-sectional bio-behavioural survey to investigate the epidemiology of ct, ng, ...201627248708
the influence of hormonal factors on the risk of developing cervical cancer and pre-cancer: results from the epic cohort.in addition to hpv, high parity and hormonal contraceptives have been associated with cervical cancer (cc). however, most of the evidence comes from retrospective case-control studies. the aim of this study is to prospectively evaluate associations between hormonal factors and risk of developing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (cin3)/carcinoma in situ (cis) and invasive cervical cancer (icc).201626808155
hiv/sexually transmitted infection prevention messaging: targeting root causes of sexual risk behavior.sexual risk behaviors (srbs) often lead to sexually transmitted infections (sti), yet little is known about what drives srb and whether this differs by sex.201626760178
multiplex pcr testing for nine different sexually transmitted infections.current sexually transmitted infection (sti) testing is not optimal due to delays in reporting or missed diagnoses due to a lack of comprehensive testing. the filmarray® (biofire diagnostics, llc, salt lake city, utah) is a user-friendly, fully automated, multiplex pcr system that is being developed for rapid point-of-care use. a research-use-only sti panel including multiple pcr primer sets for each organism was designed to detect chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, treponema pallidum ...201626538551
[molecular detection of sexually transmitted agents in a symptomatic group of men and its relationship with sexual behavior].sexually transmitted infections (stis) affect sexual and reproductive health of millions of men. pathogens such as human papillomavirus (hpv), herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 y hsv-2), chlamydia trachomatis,mycoplasmagenitalium,mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum are associated with stis.201628112332
herpes simplex virus (hsv) modulation of staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans initiation of hela 299 cell-associated biofilm.although herpes simplex virus type-1 (hsv-1), and type-2 (hsv-2), staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans co-habit the oral and genital mucosa, their interaction is poorly understood. we determined the effect hsv has on bacterial and/or fungal adherence, the initial step in biofilm formation. hela229 cells were infected with hsv-1 (kos) gl86 or hsv-2 (kos) 333gj (-) at a multiplicity of infection (moi) of 50 and 10. s. aureus (atcc 25923) and/or c. albicans (yeast forms or germ tube forms) we ...201626758707
bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoprotein k (gk) interacts with ul20 and is required for infectious virus production.we have previously shown that the hsv-1 gk and ul20 proteins interact and function in virion envelopment, membrane fusion, and neuronal entry. alignment of the predicted secondary structures of gks encoded by bohv-1, hsv-1, hsv-2, ehv-1 and vzv indicated a high degree of domain conservation. two bohv-1 gk-null mutant viruses were created by either gk gene deletion or stop codon insertion. in addition, a v5 epitope-tag was inserted at the carboxyl terminus of gk gene to detect gk. the engineered ...201627661734
commercial sex and risk of hiv, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus-2 among men who have sex with men in six chinese cities.men who have sex with men (msm) are at high risk of hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stis) in china and globally. engaging in commercial sex put them at even greater risk. this study estimated the prevalence of hiv/stis among three subgroups of msm: msm who sold sex (msm-selling), msm who bought sex (msm-buying), and non-commercial msm (nc-msm) and evaluated the relationship between commercial sex and hiv/stis.201628003032
prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection and associated risk factors in a cohort of hiv negative women in durban, south africa.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (stis) worldwide and is a risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of other stis, including hiv. we determined the prevalence and predictors of hsv-2 infection among women screened for a hiv prevention trial in durban, south africa. univariate and multivariate logistic and cox regression models were used to determine the correlates and predictors of hsv-2 infection at enrolment and seroconversion dur ...201627955706
high hiv incidence epidemic among men who have sex with men in china: results from a multi-site cross-sectional study.recent upsurge of new hiv infections among men who have sex with men (msm) is a major concern in china. paucity of national-level information regarding the burden and predictors of this progressive epidemic of new infections called for a multi-centric, timely and comprehensive investigation.201627593703
incidence of and temporal relationships between hiv, herpes simplex ii virus, and syphilis among men who have sex with men in bangkok, thailand: an observational cohort.high hiv incidence has been detected among men who have sex with men (msm) in thailand, but the relationship and timing of hiv, herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), and syphilis is unknown. this analysis measures incidence, temporal relationships, and risk factors for hiv, hsv-2, and syphilis among at-risk msm in the bangkok msm cohort study.201627449012
prevalence of sexually transmitted viral and bacterial infections in hiv-positive and hiv-negative men who have sex with men in toronto.hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis c (hcv) and other sexually transmitted infections (stis) have been associated with hiv transmission risk and disease progression among gay men and other men who have sex with men (msm), but the frequency and distribution of stis in this community in canada has not been extensively studied.201627391265
increased expression of herpes virus-encoded hsv1-mir-h18 and hsv2-mir-h9-5p in cancer-containing prostate tissue compared to that in benign prostate hyperplasia tissue.previously, we reported the presence of virus-encoded micrornas (mirnas) in the urine of prostate cancer (cap) patients. in this study, we investigated the expression of two herpes virus-encoded mirnas in prostate tissue.201627377944
the association between cervical human papillomavirus infection and subsequent hiv acquisition in tanzanian and ugandan women: a nested case-control study.this study was performed to analyze the associations between cervical human papillomavirus (hpv) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) acquisition, using cervical samples from previous studies in tanzania and uganda.201626951818
chlamydial pre-infection protects from subsequent herpes simplex virus-2 challenge in a murine vaginal super-infection model.chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) genital tract co-infections have been reported in humans and studied in vitro but the clinical consequences are unknown. limited epidemiologic evidence suggests that these co-infections could be more severe than single infections of either pathogen, but the host-pathogen interactions during co-infection remain uncharacterized. to determine whether disease progression and/or pathogen shedding differs between singly-infected and super-infect ...201626726882
complement opsonization promotes herpes simplex virus 2 infection of human dendritic cells.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections globally, with a very high prevalence in many countries. during hsv-2 infection, viral particles become coated with complement proteins and antibodies, both present in genital fluids, which could influence the activation of immune responses. in genital mucosa, the primary target cells for hsv-2 infection are epithelial cells, but resident immune cells, such as dendritic cells (dcs), are also infected. dcs ar ...201626937039
first description of herpes simplex virus type 1 epididymo-orchitis: a new clinical form of herpes simplex virus infection during septic shock?genital herpes is increasingly caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), but recurrences are less frequent than with hsv-2. distinguishing between primary genital infection and reactivation can be difficult, but hsv-1 more often causes severe primary infections and fewer recurrences. however, as virus reactivation is common during septic shock, a severe form of hsv-1 reactivation can occur in locations other than the lungs, which remain the most common site. the case of a 79-year-old caucas ...201627672563
medroxyprogesterone acetate and levonorgestrel increase genital mucosal permeability and enhance susceptibility to genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (dmpa) is a hormonal contraceptive especially popular in areas with high prevalence of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections (sti). although observational studies identify dmpa as an important sti risk factor, mechanisms underlying this connection are undefined. levonorgestrel (lng) is another progestin used for hormonal contraception, but its effect on sti susceptibility is much less explored. using a mouse model of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 ( ...201627007679
bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. since the initial work of leopoldo in 1953 and gardner and dukes in 1955, researchers have not been able to identify the causative etiologic agent of bv. there is increasing evidence, however, that bv occurs when lactobacillus spp., the predominant species in healthy vaginal flora, are replaced by anaerobic bacteria, such as gardenella vaginalis, mobiluncus curtisii, m. mulieris, other anaerobic bacteria and/or m ...201626877884
etiologies and management of aseptic meningitis in patients admitted to an internal medicine department.several studies have focused on the clinical and biological characteristics of meningitis in order to distinguish between bacterial and viral meningitis in the emergency setting. however, little is known about the etiologies and outcomes of aseptic meningitis in patients admitted to internal medicine.the aim of the study is to describe the etiologies, characteristics, and outcomes of aseptic meningitis with or without encephalitis in adults admitted to an internal medicine department.a retrospec ...201626765411
clinical and corneal microbial profile of infectious keratitis in a high hiv prevalence setting in rural south africa.the purpose of this investigation was to determine the clinical and corneal microbial profile of infectious keratitis in a high human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevalence setting in rural south africa. data in this cross-sectional study were collected from patients presenting with symptoms of infectious keratitis (n = 46) at the ophthalmology outpatient department of three hospitals in rural south africa. corneal swabs were tested for herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2), varicel ...201627236644
ifn-ε protects primary macrophages against hiv infection.ifn-ε is a unique type i ifn that is not induced by pattern recognition response elements. ifn-ε is constitutively expressed in mucosal tissues, including the female genital mucosa. although the direct antiviral activity of ifn-ε was thought to be weak compared with ifn-α, ifn-ε controls chlamydia muridarum and herpes simplex virus 2 in mice, possibly through modulation of immune response. we show here that ifn-ε induces an antiviral state in human macrophages that blocks hiv-1 replication. ifn- ...201627942584
herpes simplex encephalitis: an uncommon presentation.herpes simplex virus (hsv) encephalitis is an uncommon illness, with about 2 cases per 250,000 per year. most are caused by hsv-1, with 10% having hsv-2 as the aetiologic factor. we present a case of herpes simplex type1encephalitis in a 70 year old male with an uncommon presentation. the patient was a known case of endogenous depression with no medical records and on no treatment for the same, reported with acute changes in mental state for the past five days. he was talking irrelevantly, had h ...201627437286
pharmacokinetics of the antiviral lectin griffithsin administered by different routes indicates multiple potential uses.griffithsin (grft) is a red alga-derived lectin with demonstrated broad spectrum antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), hepatitis c virus (hcv), and herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2). however, its pharmacokinetic profile remains largely undefined. here, sprague dawley rats were administered a single dose of grft at 10 or 20 mg/kg by intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous routes, respectively, ...201627999325
evaluation of a transcription mediated amplification assay for detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 mrna in clinical specimens.herpes simplex viruses (hsv) are double-stranded dna human herpesviruses (hhvs) that have the capacity to cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. like hhv5 (cytomegalovirus) and hhv8 (kaposi's sarcoma virus), hsv type 1 (hsv-1), and hsv type 2 (hsv-2) (hhv1, hhv2) selectively package certain viral messenger rnas inside mature virions, as well as expressing those mrnas in infected cells.201627175478
antimicrobial activity of biocompatible microemulsions against aspergillus niger and herpes simplex virus type 2.microemulsions (mes), which consist of oil, water, surfactants, and cosurfactants, have recently generated considerable interest as antimicrobial agents.201627800146
bacterial exopolysaccharide of shallow marine vent origin as agent in counteracting immune disorders induced by herpes virus.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is responsible of the continuously increasing viral infections in humans. in a previous study we demonstrated that the exopolysaccharide produced by bacillus licheniformis strain b3-15 (eps-b3-15), was able to hinder the hsv-2 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and this antiviral activity appear to be related to a significant stimulation of the th1-cytokines. in this study we analyse the role of eps-b3-15 on th2 cytokine production by pbm ...201626674976
high expression level of antioxidants and pharmaceutical bioactivities of endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum jn711454.in order to maximize antioxidant activity of pharmaceutical bioactive endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum jn711454 during fermentation process, designed fermentation experiments of culture media for three levels of eight culture factors were performed using a taguchi orthogonal array (oa) design with layout l18 (2(1) × 3(7)). the agitation and the potato extract were the most significant affecting factors, and their interaction contributed significantly to fungus activity. the production of an ...201625569373
acyclovir prophylaxis reduces the incidence of herpes zoster among hiv-infected individuals: results of a randomized clinical trial.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons have higher rates of herpes zoster than hiv-uninfected individuals. we assessed whether twice daily treatment with 400 mg of oral acyclovir reduces the incidence of herpes zoster in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among 3408 persons coinfected with hiv and herpes simplex virus type 2. during 5175 person-years of follow-up, 26 cases of herpes zoster occurred among those assigned acyclovir, compared with 69 cases among those ...201626142452
risk factors for incident hsv-2 infections among a prospective cohort of hiv-1-discordant couples in china.identification of risk factors is essential for developing herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) prevention interventions that could also reduce hiv-1 transmission, particularly among hiv-1-discordant couples.201626139205
vaginal douching and association with sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in a prefecture of yunnan province, china.summaryvaginal douching is a common practice and has been hypothesised to increase a woman's risk for human of contracting hiv and sexually transmitted infections (stis). our objective was to assess the prevalence of douching and its association with stis, genital symptoms and hiv/sti knowledge among female sex workers (fsws). we conducted a cross-sectional study of 837 fsws with interviews and laboratory tests for hiv/stis in a prefecture of yunnan province in southern china. vaginal douching w ...201626016725
overexpression and purification of hsv-2 glycoprotein d in suspension cho cells with serum-free medium and immunogenicity analysis.glycoprotein d (gd2) is the most important candidate antigen for herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) vaccine development. establishment of a stable eukaryotic cell line to overexpress gd2 and an efficient purification process to purify is essential for the development of subunit vaccine against hsv-2. the dna sequence of the extracellular epitope-rich fragment of gd2 was optimized, chemically synthesized, and cloned into plasmid pmd902. the recombinant plasmid pmd902-gd was stably transfected in ...201625906680
coping strategies and behavioural changes following a genital herpes diagnosis among an urban sample of underserved midwestern women.this study focused on understanding the coping strategies and related behavioural changes of women who were recently diagnosed with herpes simplex virus type 2. in particular, we were interested in how coping strategies, condom use, and acyclovir uptake evolve over time. twenty-eight women screening positive for herpes simplex virus type 2 were recruited through a public health std clinic and the indianapolis community court. participants completed three semi-structured interviews with a woman r ...201625792549
herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) genital shedding in hsv-2-/hiv-1-co-infected women receiving effective combination antiretroviral therapy.the dynamics of genital shedding of hsv-2 dna was assessed in hiv-1-infected women taking combination antiretroviral therapy (cart). hiv-1 rna, hiv-1 dna and hsv dna loads were measured during 12-18 months using frozen plasma, pbmc and cervicovaginal lavage samples from 22 hiv-1-infected women, including 17 women naive for antiretroviral therapy initiating cart and 5 women with virological failure switching to a new regimen. nineteen (86%) women were hsv-2-seropositive. among hsv-2-/hiv-1-co-inf ...201625769886
progesterone augments cell susceptibility to hiv-1 and hiv-1/hsv-2 co-infections.in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected women, oral or injectable progesterone containing contraceptive pills may enhance hiv-1 acquisition in vivo, and the mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. in developing countries, herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) co-infection has been shown to be a risk for increase of hiv-1 acquisition and, if co-infected women use progesterone pills, infections may increase several fold. in this study, we used an in vitro cell culture ...201627538988
could zinc oxide tetrapod nanoparticles be used as an effective immunotherapy against hsv-2? 201627527812
transient increase in herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2)-associated genital ulcers following initiation of antiretroviral therapy in hiv/hsv-2-coinfected individuals.immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons beginning antiretroviral therapy (art) has been incompletely characterized for herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2).201626704611
genital herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding among adults with and without hiv infection in uganda.despite the high prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in sub-saharan africa, the natural history of infection among africans is not well characterized. we evaluated the frequency of genital hsv shedding in hiv-seropositive and hiv-seronegative men and women in uganda.201626486633
differences in risk behaviours and hiv/sti prevalence between low-fee and medium-fee female sex workers in three provinces in china.to better understand risk behaviours and factors associated with low-fee female sex workers (fsw) and support hiv/sexually transmitted infections (sti) epidemic control among this key population in china.201626474599
the cholestanol-conjugated sulfated oligosaccharide pg545 disrupts the lipid envelope of herpes simplex virus particles.herpes simplex virus (hsv) and many other viruses, including hiv, initiate infection of host cells by binding to glycosaminoglycan (gag) chains of cell surface proteoglycans. although gag mimetics, such as sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides, exhibit potent antiviral activities in cultured cells, the prophylactic application of these inhibitors as vaginal microbicides failed to protect women upon their exposure to hiv. a possible explanation for this failure is that sulfated oligo- and polysacch ...201626643323
antiviral action of diphenyl diselenide on herpes simplex virus 2 infection in female balb/c mice.diphenyl diselenide, (phse)2 , is an organoselenium compound with pharmacological actions mostly related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. the study investigated its antiviral and virucidal actions against herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) infection in vitro and in a vaginal infection model in mice. the plaque reduction assay indicated that (phse)2 showed virucidal and antiviral actions reducing infectivity in 70.8% and 47%, respectively. the antiviral action of (phse)2 against hsv-2 ...201626639776
protection from genital herpes disease, seroconversion and latent infection in a non-lethal murine genital infection model by immunization with an hsv-2 replication-defective mutant virus.viral vaccines have traditionally protected against disease, but for viruses that establish latent infection, it is desirable for the vaccine to reduce infection to reduce latent infection and reactivation. while seroconversion has been used in clinical trials of herpes simplex virus (hsv) vaccines to measure protection from infection, this has not been modeled in animal infection systems. to measure the ability of a genital herpes vaccine candidate to protect against various aspects of infectio ...201626609935
δpk oncolytic activity includes modulation of the tumour cell milieu.oncolytic virotherapy is a unique cancer therapeutic that encompasses tumour cell lysis through both virus replication and programmed cell death (pcd) pathways. nonetheless, clinical efficacy is relatively modest, likely related to the immunosuppressive tumour milieu. our studies use the herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2)-based oncolytic virus δpk that has documented anti-tumour activity associated with virus replication, pcd and cancer stem cell lysis. they are designed to examine whether δpk- ...201626602205
multipurpose prevention approaches with antiretroviral-based formulations.we compared the preclinical safety and efficacy of tenofovir (tfv) 1% gel with that of mzc gel [containing 50 μm miv-150, 14 mm zn(o2cch3)2(h2o)2, and 3% carrageenan] through a series of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays. the two gels showed good antiviral therapeutic indexes (50% cytotoxic concentration/50% effective concentration ratios; range, >25 to 800). mzc showed greater anti-simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (shiv-rt) activity than tfv 1% gel in rhesus macaque ...201626596943
effect of condom use on per-act hsv-2 transmission risk in hiv-1, hsv-2-discordant couples.the efficacy of condoms for protection against transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) has been examined in a variety of populations with different effect measures. often the efficacy has been assessed as change in hazard of transmission with consistent vs inconsistent use, independent of the number of acts. condom efficacy has not previously measured on a per-act basis.201626578538
hexagonal-shaped chondroitin sulfate self-assemblies have exalted anti-hsv-2 activity.the initial step in mucosal infection by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) requires its binding to certain glycosaminoglycans naturally present on host cell membranes. we took advantage of this interaction to design biomimetic supramolecular hexagonal-shaped nanoassemblies composed of chondroitin sulfate having exalted anti-hsv-2 activity in comparison with native chondroitin sulfate. nanoassemblies were formed by mixing hydrophobically-modified chondroitin sulfate with α-cyclodextrin in w ...201626572336
a novel hsv-2 subunit vaccine induces gla-dependent cd4 and cd8 t cell responses and protective immunity in mice and guinea pigs.there is currently no licensed prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine for hsv-2 infection.201626571309
current concepts for genital herpes simplex virus infection: diagnostics and pathogenesis of genital tract shedding.herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is a dna virus that is efficiently transmitted through intimate genital tract contact and causes persistent infection that cannot be eliminated. hsv-2 may cause frequent, symptomatic self-limited genital ulcers, but in most persons infection is subclinical. however, recent studies have demonstrated that the virus is frequently shed from genital surfaces even in the absence of signs or symptoms of clinical disease and that the virus can be transmitted during these p ...201626561565
multiple strokes associated with herpes simplex virus type-2 infection: case report.herpes simplex virus (hsv) type-2 is known to cause meningitis and usually runs a benign course. association of such infection with vasculitis of the central nervous system is not well known. presented here is a case initially diagnosed as aseptic meningitis that subsequently evolved as stroke and exhibited angiographic evidence of widespread vasculitis of the intracranial vessels in association with a positive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for hsv-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf).201626443565
multipurpose prevention technologies for sexual and reproductive health: mapping global needs for introduction of new preventive products.worldwide, women face sexual and reproductive health (srh) risks including unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (stis) including hiv. multipurpose prevention technologies (mpts) combine protection against two or more srh risks into one product. male and female condoms are the only currently available mpt products, but several other forms of mpts are in development. we examined the global distribution of selected srh issues to determine where various risks have the greatest ge ...201626385588
painful and multiple anogenital lesions are common in men with treponema pallidum pcr-positive primary syphilis without herpes simplex virus coinfection: a cross-sectional clinic-based study.chancres, the hallmark of primary syphilis, are classically described as single, painless ulcers at the site of treponema pallidum inoculation. we aimed to determine the frequency of painful or multiple anogenital lesions of primary syphilis among men, whether there was concurrent herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection and whether hiv status altered clinical presentations.201626378262
correlates to seroprevalent herpes simplex virus type 2 among rural appalachian drug users.herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease and, along with substance abuse, an important hiv risk factor. therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine hsv-2 seroprevalence in a sample of drug users in rural appalachia. rural appalachian individuals age 18 or older reporting non-medical use of prescription opioids, heroin, crack/cocaine, or methamphetamine in the past 6 months (n = 499) were included. behavioral, demographic, and sexual network da ...201626288383
effects of a traditional chinese medicine, longdanxiegan formula granule, on toll-like receptor pathway in female guinea pigs with recurrent genital herpes.the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of longdanxiegan formula granule (ldxgfg), a chinese traditional medicine on toll-like receptor (tlr) pathway in recurrent genital herpes.201627125405
prevalence and risk factors of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis and other sexually transmissible infections among women attending antenatal clinics in three provinces in papua new guinea: a cross-sectional survey.background papua new guinea (png) is estimated to have among the highest prevalences of hiv and sexually transmissible infections (stis) of any asia-pacific country, and one of the highest burdens of maternal syphilis globally. the prevalence of curable stis, such as chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv), among pregnant women in png is relatively unknown.201628636866
food insecurity is associated with hiv, sexually transmitted infections and drug use among men in the united states.to examine the population-level association between food insecurity, hiv risk factors, and hiv serostatus among men, the group representing the majority of hiv diagnoses in the united states.201626990632
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