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between the vinča and linearbandkeramik worlds: the diversity of practices and identities in the 54th-53rd centuries cal bc in southwest hungary and beyond.perhaps nowhere in european prehistory does the idea of clearly-defined cultural boundaries remain more current than in the initial neolithic, where the southeast-northwest trend of the spread of farming crosses what is perceived as a sharp divide between the balkans and central europe. this corresponds to a distinction between the vinča culture package, named for a classic site in serbia, with its characteristic pottery assemblage and absence of longhouses, and the linearbandkeramik (lbk), with ...201627746586
detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in lithuanian wild boar populations.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is recognized worldwide as an important and economically devastating pathogen in pig production. although prrsv is widespread in domestic swine, there is a lack of information regarding prrsv infection in european wild boars (sus scrofa). currently available information does not provide conclusive evidence that wild boars are a reservoir of prrsv. nevertheless, wild boars may be likely to become infected by domestic swine through occasi ...201627608974
copy number variation contributes to cryptic genetic variation in outbreak lineages of cryptococcus gattii from the north american pacific northwest.copy number variants (cnvs) are a class of structural variants (svs) and are defined as fragments of dna that are present at variable copy number in comparison with a reference genome. recent advances in bioinformatics methodologies and sequencing technologies have enabled the high-resolution quantification of genome-wide cnvs. in pathogenic fungi svs have been shown to alter gene expression, influence host specificity, and drive fungicide resistance, but little attention has focused specificall ...201627590805
wild and domestic pig interactions at the wildlife-livestock interface of murchison falls national park, uganda, and the potential association with african swine fever outbreaks.bushpigs (bps) (potamochoerus larvatus) and warthogs (whs) (phacochoerus africanus), which are widely distributed in eastern africa, are likely to cohabitate in the same environment with domestic pigs (dps), facilitating the transmission of shared pathogens. however, potential interactions between bp, wh, and dp, and the resulting potential circulation of infectious diseases have rarely been investigated in africa to date. in order to understand the dynamics of such interactions and the potentia ...201627148545
porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) increases the expression of endothelial adhesion/junction molecules.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus disease, a complex multisystem syndrome in domestic pigs. despite the significant economic losses caused by porcine circovirus disease, the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying the clinical findings remain largely unclear. as various reports have highlighted the potential key role of vascular lesions in the pathogenesis of porcine circovirus disease, the aim of this work was to investigate effects of pcv2 infe ...201627522934
molecular detection of torque teno sus virus and coinfection with african swine fever virus in blood samples of pigs from some slaughterhouses in nigeria.torque teno sus virus 1 (ttsuv1a/ttsuv1b) infection is present in pig herds worldwide. this study investigated the prevalence of ttsuv1a/ttsuv1b infections in domestic pigs from some slaughterhouses in nigeria as well as coinfection with african swine fever virus (asfv) and described the phylogeny in relation to global strains. one hundred and eighty-one (181) blood samples from four slaughterhouses were used for the study and viral nucleic acid detection was carried out by pcr. comparative sequ ...201627833640
effect of o. porcinus tick salivary gland extract on the african swine fever virus infection in domestic pig.african swine fever is a haemorrhagic disease in pig production that can have disastrous financial consequences for farming. no vaccines are currently available and animal slaughtering or area zoning to restrict risk-related movements are the only effective measures to prevent the spread of the disease. ornithodoros soft ticks are known to transmit the african swine fever virus (asfv) to pigs in farms, following the natural epidemiologic cycle of the virus. tick saliva has been shown to modulate ...201626828597
african swine fever virus transmission cycles in central europe: evaluation of wild boar-soft tick contacts through detection of antibodies against ornithodoros erraticus saliva antigen.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most complex viral diseases affecting both domestic and wild pigs. it is caused by asf virus (asfv), the only dna virus which can be efficiently transmitted by an arthropod vector, soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros. these ticks can be part of asfv-transmission cycles, and in europe, o. erraticus was shown to be responsible for long-term maintenance of asfv in spain and portugal. in 2014, the disease has been reintroduced into the european union, affecti ...201626728767
force per cross-sectional area from molecules to muscles: a general property of biological motors.we propose to formally extend the notion of specific tension, i.e. force per cross-sectional area-classically used for muscles, to quantify forces in molecular motors exerting various biological functions. in doing so, we review and compare the maximum tensions exerted by about 265 biological motors operated by about 150 species of different taxonomic groups. the motors considered range from single molecules and motile appendages of microorganisms to whole muscles of large animals. we show that ...201627493785
characterization of a pathogenic full-length cdna clone and transmission model for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain pc22a.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly pathogenic alphacoronavirus. in the united states, highly virulent pedv strains cause between 80 and 100% mortality in suckling piglets and are rapidly transmitted between animals and farms. to study the genetic factors that regulate pathogenesis and transmission, we developed a molecular clone of pedv strain pc22a. the infectious-clone-derived pedv (icpedv) replicated as efficiently as the parental virus in cell culture and in pigs, resulting i ...201626733065
onchocerciasis transmission in ghana: the human blood index of sibling species of the simulium damnosum complex.vector-biting behaviour is important for vector-borne disease (vbd) epidemiology. the proportion of blood meals taken on humans (the human blood index, hbi), is a component of the biting rate per vector on humans in vbd transmission models. humans are the definitive host of onchocerca volvulus, but the simuliid vectors feed on a range of animals and hbi is a key indicator of the potential for human onchocerciasis transmission. ghana has a diversity of simulium damnosum complex members, which are ...201627494934
ecological niches and blood sources of sand fly in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in jiuzhaigou, sichuan, china.sand fly phlebotomus chinensis is a principle vector for the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in china with a wide geographic distribution. jiuzhaigou, sichuan is a mountain type endemic area of vl in china. long term effective control efforts in the region have successfully reduced vl transmission. to assess the current status of the sand flies and their ecological aspects in the region, a survey was conducted in the summer of 2014 and 2015.201627075573
dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise.dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. it has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. it has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. its high adaptiveness gives an edge to th ...201627251148
evaluation of a microfluidic chip system for preparation of bacterial dna from swabs, air, and surface water samples.the detection of bacterial pathogens from complex sample matrices by pcr requires efficient dna extraction. in this study, a protocol for extraction and purification of dna from swabs, air, and water samples using a microfluidic chip system was established. the optimized protocol includes a combination of thermal, chemical and enzymatic lysis followed by chip-based dna purification using magnetic particles. the procedure was tested using gram-positive bacillus thuringiensis berliner var. kurstak ...201627520284
experimental challenge of atlantic cod (gadus morhua) with a brucella pinnipedialis strain from hooded seal (cystophora cristata).pathology has not been observed in true seals infected with brucella pinnipedialis. a lack of intracellular survival and multiplication of b. pinnipedialis in hooded seal (cystophora cristata) macrophages in vitro indicates a lack of chronic infection in hooded seals. both epidemiology and bacteriological patterns in the hooded seal point to a transient infection of environmental origin, possibly through the food chain. to analyse the potential role of fish in the transmission of b. pinnipediali ...201627415626
marine mammal brucella reference strains are attenuated in a balb/c mouse model.brucellosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution with numerous animal host species. since the novel isolation of brucella spp. from marine mammals in 1994 the bacteria have been isolated from various marine mammal hosts. the marine mammal reference strains brucella pinnipedialis 12890 (harbour seal, phoca vitulina) and brucella ceti 12891 (harbour porpoise, phocoena phocoena) were included in genus brucella in 2007, however, their pathogenicity in the mouse model is pending. herein this is ev ...201626959235
first pediatric case of tularemia after a coyote bite.bite-transmitted tularemia is a rare event in humans and most of the cases have been associated with cat bites. we report the first pediatric case of tularemia caused by a coyote (canis latrans) bite. coyotes can be healthy carriers of francisella tularensis and transmit this infectious agent through a bite. pediatricians should be aware of this risk after a carnivore bite and implement appropriate antibiotic therapy, as amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium (augmentin) may have prolonged the typica ...201626885419
a novel blocking elisa for detection of antibodies against hepatitis e virus in domestic pigs.hepatitis e virus (hev) infects both humans and animals, with an overall human mortality rate generally less than 1%, but as high as 20% among pregnant women. hev strains fall into 4 major genotypes. zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 associate with sporadic human and animal hev cases in many industrialized countries. to date, collective evidence implicates pigs as the main hev reservoir, justifying the importance of monitoring hev infection rates in pig herds to prevent human illness. due to the lack o ...201627023902
serologic and molecular survey of hepatitis e virus in german deer populations.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a human pathogen that is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route and causes a usually self-limiting acute viral hepatitis. the virus is endemic in developing countries of africa, asia, and latin america and is responsible for sporadic cases in industrialized countries. in western europe, an increasing number of autochthonous cases have been associated with zoonotic transmissions of hev from domestic and wild animals. in germany, animal reservoirs for hev have bee ...201626528571
hepatitis e: discovery, global impact, control and cure.hepatitis e was identified as an epidemic of non-a, non-b hepatitis from kashmir, india in 1978. hepatitis e virus (hev), the etiological agent is the sole member of family hepeviridae. the virus has marked heterogeneity and infects many animals like bats, camel, chicken, deer, boar, mongoose, pigs, rats, rabbit and cutthroat trout. hepatitis e is a disease with a major global impact and has two distinct epidemiological patterns. hepatitis e is an imperative health issue in developing nations, t ...201627610014
possible foodborne transmission of hepatitis e virus from domestic pigs and wild boars from corsica. 201627437570
[hepatitidis e virus].the number of detected cases of hepatitis e (he) shows an increasing trend in the czech republic, probably due the introduction of new diagnostic methods and greater awareness of he. in most cases, the source of infection has remained unconfirmed or entirely unclear. the causative agent, the hepatitis e virus (hev), belongs to the hepeviridae family. recently, many isolates from mammals, birds, and fish have been identified. hev is widespread among farm pigs and wild boar populations all over th ...201627246639
gastrointestinal helminths of wild hogs and their potential livestock and public health significance in jamaica.an investigation into the potential for transmission of gastrointestinal helminths from wild hogs to livestock and humans was prompted by concerns of recreational wild-hog hunting in the caribbean region and the recent practice, by livestock farmers in jamaica, of co-rearing wild and domesticated swine. thirty-one wild hogs from the hellshire hills, a dry limestone forest in southern jamaica, were necropsied during the period june 2004 to august 2006. thirteen of the captured animals were male a ...201626821705
rapid detection and subtyping of european swine influenza viruses in porcine clinical samples by haemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-specific tetra- and triplex real-time rt-pcrs.a diversifying pool of mammalian-adapted influenza a viruses (iav) with largely unknown zoonotic potential is maintained in domestic swine populations worldwide. the most recent human influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by a virus with genes originating from iav isolated from swine. swine influenza viruses (siv) are widespread in european domestic pig populations and evolve dynamically. knowledge regarding occurrence, spread and evolution of potentially zoonotic siv in europe is poorly underst ...201627397600
a novel m2e-multiple antigenic peptide providing heterologous protection in mice.swine influenza viruses (swivs) cause considerable morbidity and mortality in domestic pigs, resulting in a significant economic burden. moreover, pigs have been considered to be a possible mixing vessel in which novel strains loom. here, we developed and evaluated a novel m2e-multiple antigenic peptide (m2e-map) as a supplemental antigen for inactivated h3n2 vaccine to provide cross-protection against two main subtypes of swivs, h1n1 and h3n2. the novel tetra-branched map was constructed by fus ...201627051342
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna and capsid protein in lymphoid tissues of convalescent pigs does not indicate existence of a carrier state.a systematic study was performed to investigate the potential of pigs to establish and maintain persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection. infectious virus could not be recovered from sera, oral, nasal or oropharyngeal fluids obtained after resolution of clinical infection with any of five fmdv strains within serotypes a, o and asia-1. furthermore, there was no isolation of live virus from tissue samples harvested at 28-100 days post-infection from convalescent pigs recovered from ...201624943477
pathogen presence in european starlings inhabiting commercial piggeries in south australia.the majority of bacterial diarrhea-causing illnesses in domestic pigs result from infection with escherichia coli, salmonella spp., or campylobacter spp. these bacterial enteropathogens also correspond with the most-common bacteria isolated from wild birds. additionally, viral pathogens such as avian influenza virus (aiv), west nile virus (wnv, including kunjin disease), and newcastle disease virus (ndv) may also be carried and transmitted by birds in australia. introduced european starlings (st ...201627309283
evaluating the risk of pathogen transmission from wild animals to domestic pigs in australia.wild animals contribute to endemic infection in livestock as well as the introduction, reintroduction and maintenance of pathogens. the source of introduction of endemic diseases to a piggery is often unknown and the extent of wildlife contribution to such local spread is largely unexplored. the aim of the current study was to quantitatively assess the probability of domestic pigs being exposed to different pathogens from wild animals commonly found around commercial piggeries in australia. spec ...201626711303
alteration of a second putative fusion peptide of structural glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus alters virus replication and virulence in swine.e2, the major envelope glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is involved in several critical virus functions, including cell attachment, host range susceptibility, and virulence in natural hosts. functional structural analysis of e2 based on a wimley-white interfacial hydrophobicity distribution predicted the involvement of a loop (residues 864 to 881) stabilized by a disulfide bond ((869)ckwggnwtcv(878), named fpii) in establishing interactions with the host cell membrane. this lo ...201627605674
antigenic characterization of classical swine fever virus yc11wb isolates from wild boar.classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar, has serious economic implications. the present study examined the virulence and transmission of strain yc11wb (isolated from a wild boar in 2011) in breeding wild boar. virulence in domestic pigs was also examined. based on the severe clinical signs and high mortality observed among breeding wild boar, the pathogenicity of strain yc11wb resembled that of typical acute csf. surprisingly, in contrast ...201627515269
the challenge of detecting classical swine fever virus circulation in wild boar (sus scrofa): simulation of sampling options.classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of domestic pigs ( sus scrofa domesticus) and wild boar ( sus scrofa ). for at least 4 decades, several european union member states were confronted with outbreaks among wild boar and, as it had been shown that infected wild boar populations can be a major cause of primary outbreaks in domestic pigs, strict control measures for both species were implemented. to guarantee early detection and to demonstrate freedom from diseas ...201627479901
different evolutionary patterns of classical swine fever virus envelope proteins.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, which is a highly contagious disease of the domestic pig as well as wild boar. the proteins e(rns), e1, and e2 are components of the viral envelope membrane. they are also implicated in virus attachment and entry, replication, and (or) anti-immune response. here, we studied the genetic variations of these envelope proteins in the evolution of csfv. the results reveal that the envelope proteins underwent different ...201626911308
evolution and molecular epidemiology of classical swine fever virus during a multi-annual outbreak amongst european wild boar.classical swine fever is a viral disease of pigs that carries tremendous socio-economic impact. in outbreak situations, genetic typing is carried out for the purpose of molecular epidemiology in both domestic pigs and wild boar. these analyses are usually based on harmonized partial sequences. however, for high-resolution analyses towards the understanding of genetic variability and virus evolution, full-genome sequences are more appropriate. in this study, a unique set of representative virus s ...201626684209
whole-genome mapping reveals a large chromosomal inversion on iberian brucella suis biovar 2 strains.optical mapping is a technology able to quickly generate high resolution ordered whole-genome restriction maps of bacteria, being a proven approach to search for diversity among bacterial isolates. in this work, optical whole-genome maps were used to compare closely-related brucella suis biovar 2 strains. this biovar is the unique isolated in domestic pigs and wild boars in portugal and spain and most of the strains share specific molecular characteristics establishing an iberian clonal lineage ...201627527786
brucella suis bacteremia misidentified as ochrobactrum anthropi by the vitek 2 system.ochrobactrum and brucella are genetically related genera of the family brucellaceae, sharing 98.8% rrna similarity. because of their phenotypic similarity, ochrobactrum can be miscoded as brucella by automated identification systems. the misidentification on blood cultures (bcs) of b. suis as o. anthropi by the vitek 2 system is herein described. a 67-year-old male with a prosthetic mitral valve and fever was admitted with bacteremia due to a gram-negative coccobacillus identified as o. anthropi ...201627131010
vaccine potential of two previously uncharacterized african swine fever virus isolates from southern africa and heterologous cross protection of an avirulent european isolate.african swine fever (asf) is a mostly fatal viral infection of domestic pigs for which there is no vaccine available. the disease is endemic to most of sub-saharan africa, causes severe losses and threatens food security in large parts of the continent. naturally occurring attenuated asf viruses have been tested as vaccine candidates, but protection was variable depending on the challenge virus. in this study, the virulence of two african isolates, one from a tick vector and the other from an in ...201625073549
incidence of ascaris suum-specific antibodies in austrian patients with suspected larva migrans visceralis (vlm) syndrome.the pig roundworm, ascaris suum, is commonly found in domestic pigs all over the world. the transmission to humans takes place by ingestion of infective a. suum eggs present in soil because pig manure is widely used as fertilizer. the possible role of a. suum in the human visceral larva migrans (vlm) syndrome has been discussed controversially during past decades, even though various case reports, particularly from japan document pulmonal, hepatic and even cerebral symptoms caused by migrating a ...201626637313
immunization of african indigenous pigs with attenuated genotype i african swine fever virus ourt88/3 induces protection against challenge with virulent strains of genotype i.the attenuated african swine fever virus genotype i strain ourt88/3 has previously been shown to induce protection of european breeds of domestic pigs against challenge with virulent isolates. to determine whether protective immune responses could also be induced in indigenous breeds of pigs from the kinshassa region in democratic republic of congo, we immunized a group of eight pigs with ourt88/3 strain and challenged the pigs 3 weeks later with virulent genotype i strain ourt88/1. four of the ...201625691347
investigation into the epidemiology of african swine fever virus at the wildlife - domestic interface of the gorongosa national park, central mozambique.an epidemiological study of african swine fever (asf) was conducted between march 2006 and september 2007 in a rural area adjacent to the gorongosa national park (gnp) located in the central mozambique. domestic pigs and warthogs were sampled to determine the prevalence of antibodies against asf virus and the salivary antigens of ornithodoros spp. ticks, while ticks collected from pig pens were tested for the presence of asfv. in addition, 310 framers were interviewed to gain a better understand ...201625483914
african swine fever diagnosis adapted to tropical conditions by the use of dried-blood filter papers.the performance of whatman 3-mm filter papers for the collection, drying, shipment and long-term storage of blood at ambient temperature, and for the detection of african swine fever virus and antibodies was assessed. conventional and real-time pcr, viral isolation and antibody detection by elisa were performed on paired samples (blood/tissue versus dried-blood 3-mm filter papers) collected from experimentally infected pigs and from farm pigs in madagascar and côte d'ivoire. 3-mm filter papers w ...201625430732
[african swine fever in russian federation].african swine fever (asf) is an infectious viral disease that causes high economic losses due to the necessity of depopulation of pigs in affected areas, sanitary measures, trade restrictions, etc. the virus (asfv) is relatively stable in the unprocessed meat products and environment. thus, large areas are at risk due to free movement of people and products. the asfv does not affect people and animals, except the wild and domestic pigs. some ticks can become infected and carry the virus for year ...201623248852
challenges for african swine fever vaccine development-"… perhaps the end of the beginning."african swine fever (asf), an acute, viral hemorrhagic disease in domestic swine with mortality rates approaching 100%, is arguably the most significant emerging disease threat for the swine industry worldwide. devastating asf outbreaks and continuing epidemic in the caucasus region and russia (2007-to date) highlight significance of this disease threat. there is no vaccine for asf, thus leaving animal slaughter the only effective disease control option. it is clear, however, that vaccination is ...201627756505
apigenin inhibits african swine fever virus infection in vitro.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most devastating diseases of domestic pigs for which no effective vaccines are available. flavonoids, natural products isolated from plants, have been reported to have significant in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against different viruses. here, we tested the antiviral effect of five flavonoids on the replication of asfv in vero cells. our results showed a potent, dose-dependent anti-asfv effect of apigenin in vitro. time-of-addition experime ...201627638776
induction of robust immune responses in swine by using a cocktail of adenovirus-vectored african swine fever virus antigens.the african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic swine, and at present no treatment or vaccine is available. natural and gene-deleted, live attenuated strains protect against closely related virulent strains; however, they are yet to be deployed and evaluated in the field to rule out chronic persistence and a potential for reversion to virulence. previous studies suggest that antibodies play a role in protection, but induction of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) ...201627628166
in vitro inhibition of african swine fever virus-topoisomerase ii disrupts viral replication.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a highly-contagious and fatal disease of domestic pigs, leading to serious socio-economic impact in affected countries. to date, neither a vaccine nor a selective anti-viral drug are available for prevention or treatment of african swine fever (asf), emphasizing the need for more detailed studies at the role of asfv proteins involved in viral dna replication and transcription. notably, asfv encodes for a functional type ii topoisomeras ...201627568922
companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals.companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ...201627522300
deletion of african swine fever virus interferon inhibitors from the genome of a virulent isolate reduces virulence in domestic pigs and induces a protective response.african swine fever virus (asfv) encodes multiple copies of mgf360 and mgf530/505 gene families. these genes have been implicated in the modulation of the type i interferon (ifn) response. we investigated the effect of modulating the ifn response on virus attenuation and induction of protective immunity by deleting genes mgf360 (mgf360-10l, 11l, 12l, 13l, 14l) and mgf530/505 (mgf530/505-1r, 2r and 3r) and interrupting genes (mgf360-9l and mgf530/505-4r) in the genome of the virulent asfv isolate ...201627521231
the ep152r orf of african swine fever virus strain georgia encodes for an essential gene that interacts with host protein bag6.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal disease of domestic pigs that has significant economic consequences for the swine industry. the viral genome encodes for more than 150 genes, and only a select few of these genes have been studied in some detail. here we report the characterization of open reading frame ep152r that has a predicted complement control module/scr domain. this domain is found in vaccinia virus proteins that are involved in blo ...201627497620
development of a duplex lateral flow assay for simultaneous detection of antibodies against african and classical swine fever viruses.classical swine fever (csf) and african swine fever (asf) are both highly contagious diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar and are clinically indistinguishable. for both diseases, antibody detection is an integral and crucial part of prevention and control measures. the purpose of our study was to develop and initially validate a duplex pen-side test for simultaneous detection and differentiation of specific antibodies against csf virus (csfv) and asf virus (asfv). the test was based on the ma ...201627400954
recombinant protein p30 for serological diagnosis of african swine fever by immunoblotting assay.this article is devoted to the development and evaluation of the immunoblotting test system for serological diagnosis of african swine fever (asf), based on the highly purified recombinant p30 of asf virus (asfv) strain stavropol 01/08 (stavropol 2008), representative of the asfv currently circulating in the russian federation. the main project stages are as follows: (i) cloning of the central hydrophilic region of the asfv gene cp204l (p30) into a prokaryotic vector; (ii) expression and chromat ...201627390151
diagnosis and genotyping of african swine fever viruses from 2015 outbreaks in zambia.in early 2015, a highly fatal haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs resembling african swine fever (asf) occurred in north western, copperbelt, and lusaka provinces of zambia. molecular diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction targeting specific amplification of p72 (b646l) gene of asf virus (asfv) was conducted. fourteen out of 16 domestic pigs from the affected provinces were found to be positive for asfv. phylogenetic analyses based on part of the p72 and the complete p54 (e183l) genes revealed ...201627247062
identification of a new genotype of african swine fever virus in domestic pigs from ethiopia.african swine fever (asf) is an important emerging transboundary animal disease (tad), which currently has an impact on many countries in africa, eastern europe, the caucasus and the russian federation. the current situation in europe shows the ability of the virus to rapidly spread, which stands to threaten the global swine industry. at present, there is no viable vaccine to minimize spread of the disease and stamping out is the main source of control. in february 2011, ethiopia had reported it ...201627211823
african swine fever virus georgia isolate harboring deletions of 9gl and mgf360/505 genes is highly attenuated in swine but does not confer protection against parental virus challenge.african swine fever virus (asfv) produces a contagious disease of domestic pigs that results in severe economic consequences to the swine industry. control of the disease has been hampered by the unavailability of vaccines. we recently reported the development of two experimental vaccine strains (asfv-g-δ9gl and asfv-g-δmgf) based on the attenuation of the highly virulent and epidemiologically relevant georgia2007 isolate. deletion of the 9gl gene or six genes of the mgf360/505 group produced tw ...201627182007
african swine fever virus undergoes outer envelope disruption, capsid disassembly and inner envelope fusion before core release from multivesicular endosomes.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a nucleocytoplasmic large dna virus (ncldv) that causes a highly lethal disease in domestic pigs. as other ncldvs, the extracellular form of asfv possesses a multilayered structure consisting of a genome-containing nucleoid successively wrapped by a thick protein core shell, an inner lipid membrane, an icosahedral protein capsid and an outer lipid envelope. this structural complexity suggests an intricate mechanism of internalization in order to deliver the vi ...201627110717
african swine fever virus introduction into the eu in 2014: experience of latvia.african swine fever (asf) virus was introduced in latvia in june 2014. thirty-two outbreaks in domestic pigs and 217 cases in wild boar were notified in 2014. twenty-eight outbreaks (87.5%) were primary outbreaks. the contagiosity within pig herds was low. failure to use simple biosecurity measures to reduce the chance of virus introduction, for example by inadvertent feeding of locally produced virus contaminated fodder were the main causes for the outbreaks in backyard holdings. the infection ...201627033903
recombinant newcastle disease virus expressing african swine fever virus protein 72 is safe and immunogenic in mice.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease that affects wild and domestic swine. the etiological agent of asf is african swine fever virus (asfv). since the first case was described in kenya in 1921, the disease has spread to many other countries. no commercial vaccines are available to prevent asf. in this study, we generated a recombinant newcastle disease virus (rndv) expressing asfv protein 72 (p72) by reverse genetics and evaluated its humoral and cellular immunogenicity in a ...201626980334
african swine fever virus: current state and future perspectives in vaccine and antiviral research.african swine fever (asf) is among the most significant of swine diseases for which no effective vaccines and antivirals are available. the disease, which is endemic in africa, was introduced to trans-caucasian countries and the russian federation in 2007, where it remains prevalent today among domestic pigs and wild boars. although some measures were implemented, asf continues to pose a global risk for all countries, and thereby highlighting the importance of vaccine and antiviral research. in ...201626931386
deletion of the thymidine kinase gene induces complete attenuation of the georgia isolate of african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal viral disease of domestic pigs. there are no vaccines to control africa swine fever (asf). experimental vaccines have been developed using genetically modified live attenuated asfvs obtained by specifically deleting virus genes involved in virulence, including the thymidine kinase (tk) gene. tk has been shown to be involved in the virulence of several viruses, including asfv. here we report the constructio ...201626656424
mammalian interspecies substitution of immune modulatory alleles by genome editing.we describe a fundamentally novel feat of animal genetic engineering: the precise and efficient substitution of an agronomic haplotype into a domesticated species. zinc finger nuclease in-embryo editing of the rela locus generated live born domestic pigs with the warthog rela orthologue, associated with resilience to african swine fever. the ability to efficiently achieve interspecies allele introgression in one generation opens unprecedented opportunities for agriculture and basic research.201626898342
evaluation of a newly developed piezo actuator-driven pulsed water jet system for liver resection in a surviving swine animal model.preservation of the hepatic vessels while dividing the parenchyma is key to achieving safe liver resection in a timely manner. in this study, we assessed the feasibility of a newly developed, piezo actuator-driven pulsed water jet (adpj) for liver resection in a surviving swine model.201626809992
persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in domestic and wild small ruminants and camelids including the mountain goat (oreamnos americanus).bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a pestivirus best known for causing a variety of disease syndromes in cattle, including gastrointestinal disease, reproductive insufficiency, immunosuppression, mucosal disease, and hemorrhagic syndrome. the virus can be spread by transiently infected individuals and by persistently infected animals that may be asymptomatic while shedding large amounts of virus throughout their lifetime. bvdv has been reported in over 40 domestic and free-ranging species, an ...201626779126
absence of nucleolus formation in raccoon dog-porcine interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos results in embryonic developmental failure.interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt) can be a solution for preservation of endangered species that have limited oocytes. it has been reported that blastocyst production by iscnt is successful even if the genetic distances between donors and recipients are large. in particular, domestic pig oocytes can support the development of canine to porcine iscnt embryos. therefore, we examined whether porcine oocytes may be suitable recipient oocytes for korean raccoon dog iscnt. we investiga ...201627064112
experimental pig-to-pig transmission dynamics for african swine fever virus, georgia 2007/1 strain.african swine fever virus (asfv) continues to cause outbreaks in domestic pigs and wild boar in eastern european countries. to gain insights into its transmission dynamics, we estimated the pig-to-pig basic reproduction number (r 0) for the georgia 2007/1 asfv strain using a stochastic susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (seir) model with parameters estimated from transmission experiments. models showed that r 0 is 2·8 [95% confidence interval (ci) 1·3-4·8] within a pen and 1·4 (95% ci 0·6- ...201625989921
brain mass and encephalization quotients in the domestic industrial pig (sus scrofa).in the present study we examined the brain of fetal, newborn, and adult pigs raised for meat production. the fresh and formalin-fixed weights of the brain have been recorded and used, together with body weight, to calculate the encephalization quotient (eq). the weight of the cerebellum has been used to calculate the cerebellar quotient (cq). the results have been discussed together with analogue data obtained in other terrestrial cetartiodactyla (including the domestic bovine, sheep, goat, and ...201627351807
microbial biofilm community variation in flowing habitats: potential utility as bioindicators of postmortem submersion intervals.biofilms are a ubiquitous formation of microbial communities found on surfaces in aqueous environments. these structures have been investigated as biomonitoring indicators for stream heath, and here were used for the potential use in forensic sciences. biofilm successional development has been proposed as a method to determine the postmortem submersion interval (pmsi) of remains because there are no standard methods for estimating the pmsi and biofilms are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. we soug ...201627681897
cross-reactivity of porcine immunoglobulin a antibodies with fecal immunoglobulins of wild boar (sus scrofa) and other animal species.fecal samples obtained from wild boar habitats are useful for the surveillance of diseases in wild boar populations; however, it is difficult to determine the species of origin of feces collected in natural habitats. in this study, a fecal iga elisa was evaluated as a method for identifying the porcine species from fecal samples. both domestic pigs (sus scrofa domestica) and wild boars (sus scrofa coreanus) showed significantly higher levels of fecal iga than other animal species. additionally, ...201627340389
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation improves survival in a novel 24-hour pig model of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) is increasingly being used to treat severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). however, there is limited clinical evidence about how to optimize the technique. experimental research can provide an alternative to fill the actual knowledge gap. the purpose of the present study was to develop and validate an animal model of acute lung injury (ali) which resembled severe ards, and which could be successfully supported with ecmo. eighteen pigs were r ...201627398166
reconstructing jaw defects with mscs and plga-encapsulated growth factors.cell and growth factor-based tissue engineering has shown great potentials for skeletal regeneration. this study tested its feasibility in reconstructing large mandibular defects and compared the efficacy of varied construction materials and sealing methods. bilateral mandibular critical-size (5-cm(3)) defects were created on six 4-month-old domestic pigs, and grafted with β-tricalcium phosphate (βtcp) only (group-a), βtcp with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bm-mscs) (gro ...201627398152
honest signaling in domestic piglets (sus scrofa domesticus): vocal allometry and the information content of grunt calls.the information conveyed in acoustic signals is a central topic in mammal vocal communication research. body size is one form of information that can be encoded in calls. acoustic allometry aims to identify the specific acoustic correlates of body size within the vocalizations of a given species, and formants are often a useful acoustic cue in this context. we conducted a longitudinal investigation of acoustic allometry in domestic piglets (sus scrofa domesticus), asking whether formants of grun ...201627059064
identification of bapa in strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from wild animals kept in captivity in sinaloa, mexico.bapa, previously named stm2689, encodes the bapa protein, which, along with cellulose and fimbriae, constitutes biofilms. biofilms are communities of microorganisms that grow in a matrix of exopolysaccharides and may adhere to living tissues or inert surfaces. biofilm formation is associated with the ability to persist in different environments, which contributes to the pathogenicity of several species. we analyzed the presence of bapa in 83 strains belonging to 17 serovars of salmonella enteric ...201627379195
foraging choices of vampire bats in diverse landscapes: potential implications for land-use change and disease transmission.in latin america, the common vampire bat desmodus rotundus is the primary reservoir of rabies, a zoonotic virus that kills thousands of livestock annually and causes sporadic and lethal human rabies outbreaks. the proliferation of livestock provides an abundant food resource for this obligate blood-feeding species that could alter its foraging behaviour and rabies transmission, but poor understanding of the dietary plasticity of vampire bats limits understanding of how livestock influences rabie ...201627499553
elemental analysis of bone, teeth, horn and antler in different animal species using non-invasive handheld x-ray fluorescence.mineralized tissues accumulate elements that play crucial roles in animal health. although elemental content of bone, blood and teeth of human and some animal species have been characterized, data for many others are lacking, as well as species comparisons. here we describe the distribution of elements in horn (bovidae), antler (cervidae), teeth and bone (humerus) across a number of species determined by handheld x-ray fluorescence (xrf) to better understand differences and potential biological ...201627196603
the relationship between mitochondrial dna haplotype and the reproductive capacity of domestic pigs (sus scrofa domesticus).the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome encodes key proteins of the electron transfer chain, which produces the vast majority of cellular atp. mitochondrial dna (mtdna) present in the mature oocyte acts as a template for all mtdna that is replicated during development to meet the specific energy requirements of each tissue. individuals that share a maternal lineage cluster into groupings known as mtdna haplotypes. mtdna haplotypes confer advantages and disadvantages to an organism and this ...201627188709
diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus infection: a systematic review and data synthesis.canine distemper virus (cdv) is the etiological agent of one of the most infectious diseases of domestic dogs, also known as a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of carnivores and posing a conservation threat to endangered species around the world. to get a better panorama of cdv infection in different orders, a retrospective and documental systematic review of the role of cdv in different non-dog hosts was conducted. the bibliographical data were collected from medline/pubmed and scopus ...201627170307
abstract: prs psrc podium proofs 2016. 201627867775
an mrna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein induces protection against lethal infection in mice and correlates of protection in adult and newborn pigs.rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease of the central nervous system (cns). in unvaccinated or untreated subjects, rabies virus infection causes severe neurological symptoms and is invariably fatal. despite the long-standing existence of effective vaccines, vaccine availability remains insufficient, with high numbers of fatal infections mostly in developing countries. nucleic acid based vaccines have proven convincingly as a new technology for the fast development of vaccines against newly emer ...201627336830
meiotic recombination analyses in pigs carrying different balanced structural chromosomal rearrangements.correct pairing, synapsis and recombination between homologous chromosomes are essential for normal meiosis. all these events are strongly regulated, and our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in this regulation is increasing rapidly. chromosomal rearrangements are known to disturb these processes. in the present paper, synapsis and recombination (number and distribution of mlh1 foci) were studied in three boars (sus scrofa domestica) carrying different chromosomal rearrangements. one (t34he) ...201627124413
molecular microevolution and epigenetic patterns of the long non-coding gene h19 show its potential function in pig domestication and breed divergence.the domestic pig sus scrofa domesticus originated from the wild boar s. scrofa about 10,000 years ago. during domestication, drastic morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes developed between domestic pigs and wild boars through artificial and natural selection. the long non-coding rna (lncrna) h19, which is located within the imprinting gene cluster h19-igf2, plays an important role in regulating muscle development in humans and mice. this study systematically analyzed the molecular ...201627107967
screening of bcl-2 associated x protein gene polymorphism associated with scrotal hernia in domesticated swine using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.this study was conducted to screen scrotal hernia in domesticated swine from selected breeders in the philippines. this defect is associated with a cytosine to thymine mutation in the bcl-2 associated x protein (bax) gene of swine.201627165023
pharmacokinetics of heroin and its metabolites in vitreous humor and blood in a living pig model.vitreous humor (vh) is an alternative matrix for drug analysis in forensic toxicology. however, little is known about the distribution of xenobiotics, such as opioids, into vh in living organisms. the aim of this study was to simultaneously measure heroin and metabolite concentrations in blood and vh after injection of heroin in a living pig model. six pigs were under non-opioid anesthesia during the surgical operation and experiment. ocular microdialysis was used to acquire dialysate from vh, a ...201627660664
changes in vocal parameters with social context in humpback whales: considering the effect of bystanders.many theories and communication models developed from terrestrial studies focus on a simple dyadic exchange between a sender and receiver. during social interactions, the "frequency code" hypothesis suggests that frequency characteristics of vocal signals can simultaneously encode for static signaler attributes (size or sex) and dynamic information, such as motivation or emotional state. however, the additional presence of a bystander may result in a change of signaling behavior if the costs and ...201627217614
a decade of pig genome sequencing: a window on pig domestication and evolution.insight into how genomes change and adapt due to selection addresses key questions in evolutionary biology and in domestication of animals and plants by humans. in that regard, the pig and its close relatives found in africa and eurasia represent an excellent group of species that enables studies of the effect of both natural and human-mediated selection on the genome. the recent completion of the draft genome sequence of a domestic pig and the development of next-generation sequencing technolog ...201627025270
topotecan delivery to the optic nerve after ophthalmic artery chemosurgery.extraocular retinoblastoma is a major challenge worldwide, especially in developing countries. current treatment involves the administration of systemic chemotherapy combined with radiation, but there is a clear need for improvement of chemotherapy bioavailability in the optic nerve. our aim was to study the ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (oac) local route for drug delivery assessing ocular and optic nerve exposure to chemotherapy and to compare it to exposure after intravenous infusion (iv) of ...201626959658
taxonomic separation of hippocampal networks: principal cell populations and adult neurogenesis.while many differences in hippocampal anatomy have been described between species, it is typically not clear if they are specific to a particular species and related to functional requirements or if they are shared by species of larger taxonomic units. without such information, it is difficult to infer how anatomical differences may impact on hippocampal function, because multiple taxonomic levels need to be considered to associate behavioral and anatomical changes. to provide information on ana ...201627013984
identification, localization, and functional analysis of the homologues of mouse cabs1 protein in porcine testis.previously, we have identified a calcium-binding protein that is specifically expressed in spermatids and localized to the flagella of the mature sperm in mouse, so-called mcabs1. however, the physiological roles of cabs1 in the male reproductive system have not been fully elucidated yet. in the current study, we aimed to localize and clarify the role of cabs1 in porcine (pcabs1). we determined for the first time the full nucleotides sequence of pcabs1 mrna. pcabs1 protein was detected on sds-pa ...201626960363
investigating the metabolic syndrome: contributions of swine models.the metabolic syndrome (mets), a cluster of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes and an important contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, occurs in nearly 35% of adults and 50% of the aging population in the united states. however, the underlying mechanisms by which mets orchestrates and amplifies cardiovascular events remain elusive. furthermore, traditional therapeutic strategies addressing lifestyle modifications and individual components of mets are often unsuccessful in d ...201626933085
structural classification of wild boar (sus scrofa) vocalizations.determining whether a species' vocal communication system is graded or discrete requires definition of its vocal repertoire. in this context, research on domestic pig (sus scrofa domesticus) vocalizations, for example, has led to significant advances in our understanding of communicative functions. despite their close relation to domestic pigs, little is known about wild boar (sus scrofa) vocalizations. the few existing studies, conducted in the 1970s, relied on visual inspections of spectrogram ...201627065507
establishing the volatile profile of pig carcasses as analogues for human decomposition during the early postmortem period.following a mass disaster, it is important that victims are rapidly located as the chances of survival decrease greatly after approximately 48 h. urban search and rescue (usar) teams may use a range of tools to assist their efforts but detector dogs still remain one of the most effective search tools to locate victims of mass disasters. usar teams can choose to deploy human scent dogs (trained to locate living victims) or human remains detection (hrd) dogs (trained to locate deceased victims). h ...201627441249
low-dose lithium stabilizes human endothelial barrier by decreasing mlc phosphorylation and universally augments cholinergic vasorelaxation capacity in a direct manner.lithium at serum concentrations up to 1 mmol/l has been used in patients suffering from bipolar disorder for decades and has recently been shown to reduce the risk for ischemic stroke in these patients. the risk for stroke and thromboembolism depend not only on cerebral but also on general endothelial function and health; the entire endothelium as an organ is therefore pathophysiologically relevant. regardless, the knowledge about the direct impact of lithium on endothelial function remains poor ...201627999548
the habitat of coccidioides spp. and the role of animals as reservoirs and disseminators in nature.coccidioidomycosis, a potentially fatal fungal infection, is considered an emergent mycotic disease because of the increased incidence of fungal infections registered over recent years. infection occurs through the inhalation of arthroconidia from two main species of coccidioides: coccidioides immitis and c. posadasii, which are both endemic to arid and semi-arid regions of north america. coccidioides species not only infect humans but can also infect other mammals (land, aquatic, wild or domest ...201627724885
the impact of proteolytic pork hydrolysate on microbial, flavor and free amino acids compounds of yogurt.the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of proteolytic pork hydrolysate (pph) on yoghurt production by lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus. fresh lean pork was cut into pieces and mixed with deionized water and dealt with protease, then the resulting pph was added to milk to investigate the effects of pph on yoghurt production. the fermentation time, the viable cell counts, the flavor, free amino acids compounds, and sensory evaluation of yog ...201627621698
cerebral autoregulation real-time monitoring.cerebral autoregulation is a mechanism which maintains constant cerebral blood flow (cbf) despite changes in mean arterial pressure (map). assessing whether this mechanism is intact or impaired and determining its boundaries is important in many clinical settings, where primary or secondary injuries to the brain may occur. herein we describe the development of a new ultrasound tagged near infra red light monitor which tracks cbf trends, in parallel, it continuously measures blood pressure and co ...201627571474
validation of a fecal glucocorticoid assay to assess adrenocortical activity in meerkats using physiological and biological stimuli.in mammals, glucocorticoid (i.e. gc) levels have been associated with specific life-history stages and transitions, reproductive strategies, and a plethora of behaviors. assessment of adrenocortical activity via measurement of glucocorticoid metabolites in feces (fgcm) has greatly facilitated data collection from wild animals, due to its non-invasive nature, and thus has become an established tool in behavioral ecology and conservation biology. the aim of our study was to validate a fecal glucoc ...201627077741
whipworms in humans and pigs: origins and demography.trichuris suis and t. trichiura are two different whipworm species that infect pigs and humans, respectively. t. suis is found in pigs worldwide while t. trichiura is responsible for nearly 460 million infections in people, mainly in areas of poor sanitation in tropical and subtropical areas. the evolutionary relationship and the historical factors responsible for this worldwide distribution are poorly understood. in this study, we aimed to reconstruct the demographic history of trichuris in hum ...201626800683
domestic pig (sus scrofa) as an animal model for experimental trypanosoma cruzi infection.pigs were infected with a bolivian strain of trypanosoma cruzi (genotype i) and evaluated up to 150 days postinoculation (dpi) to determine the use of pigs as an animal model of chagas disease. parasitemia was observed in the infected pigs during the acute phase (15-40 dpi). anti-t. cruzi immunoglobulin m was detected during 15-75 dpi; high levels of anti-t. cruzi immunoglobulin g were detected in all infected pigs from 75 to 150 dpi. parasitic dna was observed by western blot (58%, 28/48) and p ...201626928841
first report of the occurrence of trichinella-specific antibodies in domestic pigs in central and eastern uganda.previous research on trichinellosis in africa focused on isolating trichinella from wildlife while the role of domestic pigs has remained highly under-researched. pig keeping in uganda is historically recent, and evidence on zoonotic pig diseases, including infection with trichinella species, is scarce. a cross-sectional survey on trichinella seroprevalence in pigs was conducted in three districts in central and eastern uganda from april 2013 to january 2015. serum from a random sample of 1125 p ...201627870858
survey of trichinella infection from domestic pigs in the historical endemic areas of henan province, central china.the aim of this work was to investigate the current situation of trichinella infection from domestic pigs in the historical endemic areas of henan province, central china. a total of 823 diaphragm samples from the indoor-raised pigs were collected in five cities of henan during 2014-2015 and examined by artificial digestion method. the overall prevalence of trichinella infection in pigs was 0.61 % (5/823). trichinella larvae were detected in 0.91 % (5/550) of pigs from nanyang city of henan. the ...201627601238
partially protective immunity induced by the 14-3-3 protein from trichinella spiralis.trichinellosis, a widespread zoonosis, is considered to be an emerging or re-emerging infectious parasitic disease. the development of vaccines to prevent trichinella infection in domestic animals and humans is important for disease control. in a previous study, we identified ts14-3-3 as an immunodominant protein from trichinella spiralis (t. spiralis) adult worms recognized by early infection sera from pigs and mice. in this study, we further confirmed that ts14-3-3 mrna is expressed in both ad ...201627387374
quantitative risk assessment of human trichinellosis caused by consumption of pork meat sausages in argentina.in argentina, there are three known species of genus trichinella; however, trichinella spiralis is most commonly associated with domestic pigs and it is recognized as the main cause of human trichinellosis by the consumption of products made with raw or insufficiently cooked pork meat. in some areas of argentina, this disease is endemic and it is thus necessary to develop a more effective programme of prevention and control. here, we developed a quantitative risk assessment of human trichinellos ...201626227185
study on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in raccoon dogs in brandenburg, germany.in recent years the raccoon dog population in germany has risen dramatically and a steady westward expansion can still be seen. in addition to the highest trichinella prevalence in wild boar and the most reported trichinella cases in domestic swine from backyard farms, the north-eastern part of germany also has the highest raccoon dog density in the country. due to their distinct scavenging behavior, raccoon dogs play a significant role as trichinella reservoir. therefore, to increase the knowle ...201627133501
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