Publications

impact of a large deletion in the neuraminidase protein identified in a laninamivir-selected influenza a/brisbane/10/2007 (h3n2) variant on viral fitness in vitro and in ferrets.	viral fitness of a laninamivir-selected influenza a/brisbane/10/2007-like (h3n2) isolate (lrvp9) containing a 237-amino acid neuraminidase deletion and a p194l hemagglutinin mutation was evaluated in vitro and in ferrets. lrvp9 and the wild-type (wt) virus showed comparable replication kinetics in mdck-st6gali cells. cultured virus was recovered between days 2 and 5 post-infection in nasal washes (nw) from the 4 wt-infected ferrets whereas no virus was recovered from the lrvp9-infected animals. ...	2016	26526406
h7n9 live attenuated influenza vaccine is highly immunogenic, prevents virus replication, and protects against severe bronchopneumonia in ferrets.	avian influenza viruses continue to cross the species barrier, and if such viruses become transmissible among humans, it would pose a great threat to public health. since its emergence in china in 2013, h7n9 has caused considerable morbidity and mortality. in the absence of a universal influenza vaccine, preparedness includes development of subtype-specific vaccines. in this study, we developed and evaluated in ferrets an intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) against h7n9 based on ...	2016	26796670
pandemic seasonal h1n1 reassortants recovered from patient material display a phenotype similar to that of the seasonal parent.	we have previously shown that 11 patients became naturally coinfected with seasonal h1n1 (a/h1n1) and pandemic h1n1 (pdm/h1n1) during the southern hemisphere winter of 2009 in new zealand. reassortment of influenza a viruses is readily observed during coinfection of host animals and in vitro; however, reports of reassortment occurring naturally in humans are rare. using clinical specimen material, we show reassortment between the two coinfecting viruses occurred with high likelihood directly in ...	2016	27279619
association between hemagglutinin stem-reactive antibodies and influenza a/h1n1 virus infection during the 2009 pandemic.	the discovery of influenza virus broadly neutralizing (brn) antibodies prompted efforts to develop universal vaccines. influenza virus stem-reactive (sr) broadly neutralizing antibodies have been detected by screening antibody phage display libraries. however, studies of sr brn antibodies in human serum, and their association with natural infection, are limited. to address this, pre- and postpandemic sera from a prospective community cohort study in vietnam were assessed for antibodies that inhi ...	2016	27170747
virulence of a novel reassortant canine h3n2 influenza virus in ferret, dog and mouse models.	an outbreak of a canine influenza virus (civ) h3n2 reassortant derived from pandemic (pdm) h1n1 and civ h3n2 in companion animals has underscored the urgent need to monitor civ infections for potential zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses to humans. in this study, we assessed the virulence of a novel civ h3n2 reassortant, vc378, which was obtained from a dog that was coinfected with pdm h1n1 and civ h3n2, in ferrets, dogs, and mice. significantly enhanced virulence of vc378 was demonstrate ...	2016	27138550
integrated omics analysis of pathogenic host responses during pandemic h1n1 influenza virus infection: the crucial role of lipid metabolism.	pandemic influenza viruses modulate proinflammatory responses that can lead to immunopathogenesis. we present an extensive and systematic profiling of lipids, metabolites, and proteins in respiratory compartments of ferrets infected with either 1918 or 2009 human pandemic h1n1 influenza viruses. integrative analysis of high-throughput omics data with virologic and histopathologic data uncovered relationships between host responses and phenotypic outcomes of viral infection. proinflammatory lipid ...	2016	26867183
molecular requirements for a pandemic influenza virus: an acid-stable hemagglutinin protein.	influenza pandemics require that a virus containing a hemagglutinin (ha) surface antigen previously unseen by a majority of the population becomes airborne-transmissible between humans. although the ha protein is central to the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus, its required molecular properties for sustained transmission between humans are poorly defined. during virus entry, the ha protein binds receptors and is triggered by low ph in the endosome to cause membrane fusion; during egress, ...	2016	26811446
accelerating influenza research: vaccines, antivirals, immunomodulators and monoclonal antibodies. the manufacture of a new wild-type h3n2 virus for the human viral challenge model.	influenza and its associated diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. the united states advisory committee on immunization practices recommends influenza vaccination for everyone over 6 months of age. the failure of the flu vaccine in 2014-2015 demonstrates the need for a model that allows the rapid development of novel antivirals, universal/intra-seasonal vaccines, immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies and other novel treatments. to this end we manufactured a new h3n2 influenza ...	2016	26761707
mono- and quadri-subtype virus-like particles (vlps) containing h10 subtype elicit protective immunity to h10 influenza in a ferret challenge model.	avian-origin influenza represents a global public health concern. in 2013, the h10n8 virus caused documented human infections for the first time. currently, there is no approved vaccine against h10 influenza. recombinant virus-like particles (vlps) represent a promising vaccine approach. in this study, we evaluated h10 vlps containing hemagglutinin from h10n8 virus as an experimental vaccine in a ferret challenge model. in addition, we evaluated quadri-subtype vlps co-localizing h5, h7, h9 and h ...	2016	27663671
detection of novel ferret coronaviruses and evidence of recombination among ferret coronaviruses.	in an epidemiological study of ferret coronaviruses (frcovs), novel frcov strains (saitama-1 and aichi-1) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nucleotide sequence analysis of partial rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) genes. phylogenetic analysis indicated that these strains belonged to different clusters from other frcov strains. next, the nucleotide sequence of the 3'-terminal region of saitama-1 (8271 bases) strain was determined and compared with tho ...	2016	27369429
characterisation of the epidemic strain of h3n8 equine influenza virus responsible for outbreaks in south america in 2012.	an extensive outbreak of equine influenza occurred across multiple countries in south america during 2012. the epidemic was first reported in chile then spread to brazil, uruguay and argentina, where both vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were affected. in brazil, infections were widespread within 3months of the first reported cases. affected horses included animals vaccinated with outdated vaccine antigens, but also with the oie-recommended florida clade 1 strain south africa/4/03.	2016	26993620
evaluation of a candidate live attenuated influenza vaccine prepared in changchun bcht (china) for safety and efficacy in ferrets.	we evaluated the safety and efficacy of a live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) product in ferrets. the bcht laiv product was significantly less virulent than wild-type h1n1 virus, when evaluated by comparing virus shedding and histopathologic lesions. the data indicated strong evidence for an attenuated phenotype of laiv. furthermore, the vaccine induced robust humoral immune responses in seronegative ferrets, and protected ferrets against development of fever, weight loss and turbinate infl ...	2016	27997342
human monoclonal antibody 81.39a effectively neutralizes emerging influenza a viruses of group 1 and 2 hemagglutinins.	the pandemic threat posed by emerging zoonotic influenza a viruses necessitates development of antiviral agents effective against various antigenic subtypes. human monoclonal antibody (hmab) targeting the hemagglutinin (ha) stalk offers a promising approach to control influenza virus infections. here, we investigated the ability of the hmab 81.39a to inhibit in vitro replication of human and zoonotic viruses, representing 16 ha subtypes. the majority of viruses were effectively neutralized by 81 ...	2016	27630240
selection of antigenically advanced variants of seasonal influenza viruses.	influenza viruses mutate frequently, necessitating constant updates of vaccine viruses. to establish experimental approaches that may complement the current vaccine strain selection process, we selected antigenic variants from human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza virus libraries possessing random mutations in the globular head of the haemagglutinin protein (which includes the antigenic sites) by incubating them with human and/or ferret convalescent sera to human h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. we also selected ...	2016	27572841
reduction of neuraminidase activity exacerbates disease in 2009 pandemic influenza virus-infected mice.	during the first wave of the 2009 pandemic, caused by a h1n1 influenza virus (ph1n1) of swine origin, antivirals were the only form of therapeutic available to control the proliferation of disease until the conventional strain-matched vaccine was produced. oseltamivir is an antiviral that inhibits the sialidase activity of the viral neuraminidase (na) protein and was shown to be effective against ph1n1 viruses in ferrets. furthermore, it was used in humans to treat infections during the pandemic ...	2016	27558428
a defective interfering influenza rna inhibits infectious influenza virus replication in human respiratory tract cells: a potential new human antiviral.	defective interfering (di) viruses arise during the replication of influenza a virus and contain a non-infective version of the genome that is able to interfere with the production of infectious virus. in this study we hypothesise that a cloned di influenza a virus rna may prevent infection of human respiratory epithelial cells with infection by influenza a. the di rna (244/pr8) was derived by a natural deletion process from segment 1 of influenza a/pr/8/34 (h1n1); it comprises 395 nucleotides a ...	2016	27556481
particle and subunit-based hemagglutinin vaccines provide protective efficacy against h1n1 influenza in pigs.	the increasing diversity of influenza strains circulating in swine herds escalates the potential for the emergence of novel pandemic viruses and highlights the need for swift development of new vaccines. baculovirus has proven to be a flexible platform for the generation of recombinant forms of hemagglutinin (ha) including subunit, vlp-displayed, and baculovirus-displayed antigens. these presentations have been shown to be efficacious in mouse, chicken, and ferret models but little is known abou ...	2016	27374905
flow cytometric and cytokine elispot approaches to characterize the cell-mediated immune response in ferrets following influenza virus infection.	influenza virus infections represent a significant socioeconomic and public health burden worldwide. although ferrets are considered by many to be ideal for modeling human responses to influenza infection and vaccination, efforts to understand the cellular immune response have been severely hampered by a paucity of standardized procedures and reagents. in this study, we developed flow cytometric and t cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (elispot) approaches to characterize the leukocyte compos ...	2016	27356897
evolution of 2009 h1n1 influenza viruses during the pandemic correlates with increased viral pathogenicity and transmissibility in the ferret model.	there is increasing evidence that 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza viruses have evolved after pandemic onset giving rise to severe epidemics in subsequent waves. however, it still remains unclear which viral determinants might have contributed to disease severity after pandemic initiation. here, we show that distinct mutations in the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus genome have occurred with increased frequency after pandemic declaration. among those, a mutation in the viral hemagglutinin was identified tha ...	2016	27339001
eyedrop vaccination induced systemic and mucosal immunity against influenza virus in ferrets.	we investigated eyedrop vaccination (edv) in pre-clinical development for immunological protection against influenza and for potential side effects involving ocular inflammation and the central nervous system (cns). live attenuated influenza edv, ca07 (h1n1), pz-4 (h1n2) and uruguay (h3n2), induced both systemic and mucosal virus-specific antibody responses in ferrets. in addition, edv resulted in a clinically significant protection against viral challenge, and suppression of viral replication i ...	2016	27333331
ferrets infected with bundibugyo virus or ebola virus recapitulate important aspects of human filovirus disease.	bundibugyo virus (bdbv) is the etiological agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with a case-fatality rate ranging from 25 to 36%. despite having been known to the scientific and medical communities for almost 1 decade, there is a dearth of studies on this pathogen due to the lack of a small animal model. domestic ferrets are commonly used to study other rna viruses, including members of the order mononegavirales to investigate whether ferrets were susceptible to filovirus infections, fe ...	2016	27489269
the domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) as a lethal infection model for 3 species of ebolavirus.	small-animal models have been developed for several filoviridae species; however, serial adaptation was required to produce lethal infection. these adapted viruses have sequence changes in several genes, including those that modulate the host immune response. nonhuman primate models do not require adaptation of filoviruses. here, we describe lethal models of disease for bundibugyo, sudan, and zaire species of ebolavirus in the domestic ferret, using wild-type nonadapted viruses. pathologic featu ...	2016	27354371
single-vector, single-injection recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccines against high-containment viruses.	there are many avenues for making an effective vaccine against viruses. depending on the virus these can include one of the following: inactivation of whole virions; attenuation of viruses; recombinant viral proteins; non-replication-competent virus particles; or surrogate virus vector systems such as vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). vsv is a prototypic enveloped animal virus that has been used for over four decades to study virus replication, entry, and assembly due to its ability to replicate ...	2016	27076138
possible role of fish and frogs as paratenic hosts of dracunculus medinensis, chad.	copepods infected with dracunculus medinensis larvae collected from infected dogs in chad were fed to 2 species of fish and tadpoles. although they readily ingested copepods, neither species of fish, nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) nor fathead minnow (pimephalis promelas), were found to harbor dracunculus larvae when examined 2-3 weeks later. tadpoles ingested copepods much more slowly; however, upon examination at the same time interval, tadpoles of green frogs (lithobates [rana] clamitans ...	2016	27434418
morbillivirus experimental animal models: measles virus pathogenesis insights from canine distemper virus.	morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. since the canine distemper virus (cdv) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate ...	2016	27727184
transcript profiling of toll-like receptor mrnas in selected tissues of mink (neovison vison).	toll-like receptors (tlrs) can recognize conserved molecular patterns and initiate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune responses against invading infectious agents. the aim of this study was to assess the transcript profile of mink tlrs (mtlrs) in mink peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and a range of tissues, and to explore the potential role of mtlrs in the antiviral immune response process. the results indicated that the mtlr partial nucleotide sequences had a high degree of nu ...	2016	27435536
epidemiology and clinical presentation of canine distemper disease in dogs and ferrets in australia, 2006-2014.	to determine the status and distribution of distemper in australian dogs and ferrets.	2016	27349880
the human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose quenches campylobacter jejuni-induced inflammation in human epithelial cells hep-2 and ht-29 and in mouse intestinal mucosa.	campylobacter jejuni causes diarrhea worldwide; young children are most susceptible. binding of virulent c. jejuni to the intestinal mucosa is inhibited ex vivo by α1,2-fucosylated carbohydrate moieties, including human milk oligosaccharides (hmoss).	2016	27629573
companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals.	companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ...	2016	27522300
driving forces behind the evolution of the aleutian mink disease parvovirus in the context of intensive farming.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) causes plasmacytosis, an immune complex-associated syndrome that affects wild and farmed mink. the virus can also infect other small mammals (e.g., ferrets, skunks, ermines, and raccoons), but the disease in these hosts has been studied less. in 2007, a mink plasmacytosis outbreak began on the island of newfoundland, and the virus has been endemic in farms since then. in this study, we evaluated the molecular epidemiology of amdv in farmed and wild animals of n ...	2016	27774297
corrigendum: amdoparvoviruses in small mammals: expanding our understanding of parvovirus diversity, distribution, and pathology.	[this corrects the article on p. 1119 in vol. 6, pmid: 26528267.].	2016	26973636
prevalence, genetics, and transmissibility in ferrets of eurasian avian-like h1n1 swine influenza viruses.	pigs are important intermediate hosts for generating novel influenza viruses. the eurasian avian-like h1n1 (eah1n1) swine influenza viruses (sivs) have circulated in pigs since 1979, and human cases associated with eah1n1 sivs have been reported in several countries. however, the biologic properties of eah1n1 sivs are largely unknown. here, we performed extensive influenza surveillance in pigs in china and isolated 228 influenza viruses from 36,417 pigs. we found that 139 of the 228 strains from ...	2016	26711995
supplementation of h1n1pdm09 split vaccine with heterologous tandem repeat m2e5x virus-like particles confers improved cross-protection in ferrets.	current influenza vaccines induce strain-specific immunity to the highly variable hemagglutinin (ha) protein. it is therefore a high priority to develop vaccines that induce broadly cross-protective immunity to different strains of influenza. since influenza a m2 proteins are highly conserved among different strains, five tandem repeats of the extracellular peptide of m2 in a membrane-anchored form on virus-like particles (vlps) have been suggested to be a promising candidate for universal influ ...	2016	26709639
development of a high-yield reassortant influenza vaccine virus derived from the a/anhui/1/2013 (h7n9) strain.	in april 2013, the first three fatal cases of human infection with an avian influenza a virus (h7n9) were reported in china. because of a pandemic threat by this virus, we have commenced to develop candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs). three 6:2 genetic reassortant viruses with different hemagglutinin (ha) sequences, niidrg-10, -10.1 and -10.2, were generated by a reverse genetics technique between the high egg-growth master virus, a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) and a/anhui/1/2013 (h7n9), kindly provided ...	2016	26657023
evaluation of the attenuation, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a live virus vaccine generated by codon-pair bias de-optimization of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus, in ferrets.	codon-pair bias de-optimization (cpbd) of viruses involves re-writing viral genes using statistically underrepresented codon pairs, without any changes to the amino acid sequence or codon usage. previously, this technology has been used to attenuate the influenza a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) virus. the de-optimized virus was immunogenic and protected inbred mice from challenge. in order to assess whether cpbd could be used to produce a live vaccine against a clinically relevant influenza virus, we ...	2016	26655630
correlation between the interval of influenza virus infectivity and results of diagnostic assays in a ferret model.	the relationship between influenza virus infectivity and virus shedding, based on different diagnostic methods, has not been defined.	2016	26068783
vaxar: a web-based database of laboratory animal responses to vaccinations and its application in the meta-analysis of different animal responses to tuberculosis vaccinations.	animal models are indispensable for vaccine research and development. however, choosing which species to use and designing a vaccine study that is optimized for that species is often challenging. vaxar (http://www.violinet.org/vaxar/) is a web-based database and analysis system that stores manually curated data regarding vaccine-induced responses in animals. to date, vaxar encompasses models from 35 animal species including rodents, rabbits, ferrets, primates, and birds. these 35 species have be ...	2016	27053566
influenza virus vaccine for neglected hosts: horses and dogs.	this study provides information regarding vaccine research and the epidemiology of influenza virus in neglected hosts (horses and dogs). equine influenza virus (eiv) causes a highly contagious disease in horses and other equids, and outbreaks have occurred worldwide. eiv has resulted in costly damage to the horse industry and has the ability of cross the host species barrier from horses to dogs. canine influenza is a virus of equine or avian origin and infects companion animals that live in clos ...	2016	27489801
influenza a (h10n7) virus causes respiratory tract disease in harbor seals and ferrets.	avian influenza viruses sporadically cross the species barrier to mammals, including humans, in which they may cause epidemic disease. recently such an epidemic occurred due to the emergence of avian influenza virus of the subtype h10n7 (seal/h10n7) in harbor seals (phoca vitulina). this epidemic caused high mortality in seals along the north-west coast of europe and represented a potential risk for human health. to characterize the spectrum of lesions and to identify the target cells and viral ...	2016	27448168
dual microrna screens reveal that the immune-responsive mir-181 promotes henipavirus entry and cell-cell fusion.	hendra and nipah viruses (family paramyxoviridae, genus henipavirus) are bat-borne viruses that cause fatal disease in humans and a range of other mammalian species. gaining a deeper understanding of host pathways exploited by henipaviruses for infection may identify targets for new anti-viral therapies. here we have performed genome-wide high-throughput agonist and antagonist screens at biosafety level 4 to identify host-encoded micrornas (mirnas) impacting henipavirus infection in human cells. ...	2016	27783670
animal models of cystic fibrosis pathology: phenotypic parallels and divergences.	cystic fibrosis (cf) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) gene. the resultant characteristic ion transport defect results in decreased mucociliary clearance, bacterial colonisation, and chronic neutrophil-dominated inflammation. much knowledge surrounding the pathophysiology of the disease has been gained through the generation of animal models, despite inherent limitations in each. the failure of certain mouse models to recapitulate the phenot ...	2016	27340661
contact transmission of influenza virus between ferrets imposes a looser bottleneck than respiratory droplet transmission allowing propagation of antiviral resistance.	influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. it is important to elucidate the stringency of bottlenecks during transmission to shed light on mechanisms that underlie the evolution and propagation of antigenic drift, host range switching or drug resistance. the virus spreads between people by different routes, including through the air in droplets and aerosols, and by direct contact. by housing ferrets under different conditions, it is possible to mimic various rout ...	2016	27430528
antigen targeting to human hla class ii molecules increases efficacy of dna vaccination.	it has been difficult to translate promising results from dna vaccination in mice to larger animals and humans. previously, dna vaccines encoding proteins that target ag to mhc class ii (mhc-ii) molecules on apcs have been shown to induce rapid, enhanced, and long-lasting ag-specific ab titers in mice. in this study, we describe two novel dna vaccines that as proteins target hla class ii (hla-ii) molecules. these vaccine proteins cross-react with mhc-ii molecules in several species of larger mam ...	2016	27671110
evaluation of the human adaptation of influenza a/h7n9 virus in pb2 protein using human and swine respiratory tract explant cultures.	novel avian h7n9 virus emerged in china in 2013 resulting in a case fatality rate of around 39% and continues to pose zoonotic and pandemic risk. amino acid substitutions in pb2 protein were shown to influence the pathogenicity and transmissibility of h7n9 following experimental infection of ferrets and mice. in this study, we evaluated the role of amino acid substitution pb2-627k or compensatory changes at pb2-591k and pb2-701n, on the tropism and replication competence of h7n9 viruses for huma ...	2016	27739468
when the brain goes diving: transcriptome analysis reveals a reduced aerobic energy metabolism and increased stress proteins in the seal brain.	during long dives, the brain of whales and seals experiences a reduced supply of oxygen (hypoxia). the brain neurons of the hooded seal (cystophora cristata) are more tolerant towards low-oxygen conditions than those of mice, and also better survive other hypoxia-related stress conditions like a reduction in glucose supply and high concentrations of lactate. little is known about the molecular mechanisms that support the hypoxia tolerance of the diving brain.	2016	27507242
reinstatement of dermacentor bellulus (acari: ixodidae) as a valid species previously confused with d. taiwanensis and comparison of all parasitic stages.	re-examination of dermacentor taiwanensis sugimoto, 1935 specimens in the united states national tick collection revealed that two morphologically distinct dermacentor species were identified under this name. one of them corresponds to sugimoto's description of d. taiwanensis, while another species is identical to schulze's dermacentor bellulus (schulze, 1935). the latter species has not been considered valid by recent workers. d. bellulus is reinstated here as a valid species and all its stages ...	2015	26335464
amdoparvoviruses in small mammals: expanding our understanding of parvovirus diversity, distribution, and pathology.	many new viruses have been discovered recently, thanks in part to the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies. among the parvoviridae, three novel members of the genus amdoparvovirus have been described in the last 4 years, expanding this genus that had contained a single species since its discovery, aleutian mink disease virus. the increasing number of molecular and epidemiological studies on these viruses around the world also highlights the growing interest in this genus. some aspec ...	2015	26528267
the role of multiple wildlife hosts in the persistence and spread of bovine tuberculosis in new zealand.	to explore how the inclusion of multi-host dynamics affects the predicted prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (tb) in possums and other host species following the current best practice for control of tb in large difficult and remote areas, to identify which host species are responsible for changes in predicted prevalence, and whether tb can persist in possum-free host communities.	2015	25384267
feral ferrets (mustela furo) as hosts and sentinels of tuberculosis in new zealand.	the control and eventual eradication of bovine tuberculosis (tb) poses major challenges in new zealand, given the variety of wildlife species susceptible to tb, many of which are capable of onwards transmission of mycobacterium bovis infection. here we discuss the role of feral ferrets (mustela furo), focussing on potential transmission or risk pathways that have implications for management of tb. firstly inter-specific transmission to ferrets. ferrets scavenge potentially infected wildlife, inc ...	2015	25495945
public health responses to reemergence of animal rabies, taiwan, july 16-december 28, 2013.	taiwan had been free of indigenous human and animal rabies case since canine rabies was eliminated in 1961. in july 2013, rabies was confirmed among three wild ferret-badgers, prompting public health response to prevent human rabies cases. this descriptive study reports the immediate response to the reemergence of rabies in taiwan. response included enhanced surveillance for human rabies cases by testing stored cerebrospinal fluids (csf) from patients with encephalitides of unknown cause by rt-p ...	2015	26162074
lower respiratory tract infection of the ferret by 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza a virus triggers biphasic, systemic, and local recruitment of neutrophils.	infection of the lower respiratory tract by influenza a viruses results in increases in inflammation and immune cell infiltration in the lung. the dynamic relationships among the lung microenvironments, the lung, and systemic host responses during infection remain poorly understood. here we used extensive systematic histological analysis coupled with live imaging to gain access to these relationships in ferrets infected with the 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza a virus (h1n1pdm virus). neutrophil le ...	2015	26063430
evaluation of the zoonotic potential of a novel reassortant h1n2 swine influenza virus with gene constellation derived from multiple viral sources.	in 2011-2012, contemporary north american-like h3n2 swine influenza viruses (sivs) possessing the 2009 pandemic h1n1 matrix gene (h3n2pm-like virus) were detected in domestic pigs of south korea where h1n2 siv strains are endemic. more recently, we isolated novel reassortant h1n2 sivs bearing the eurasian avian-like swine h1-like hemagglutinin and korean swine h1n2-like neuraminidase in the internal gene backbone of the h3n2pm-like virus. in the present study, we clearly provide evidence on the ...	2015	26051886
evaluation of a dry powder delivery system for laninamivir in a ferret model of influenza infection.	laninamivir is a long-acting antiviral requiring only a single dose for the treatment of influenza infection, making it an attractive alternative to existing neuraminidase inhibitors that require multiple doses over many days. like zanamivir, laninamivir is administered to patients by inhalation of dry powder. to date, studies investigating the effectiveness of laninamivir or zanamivir in a ferret model of influenza infection have administered the drug in a solubilised form. to better mimic the ...	2015	26022199
focused antibody response to influenza linked to antigenic drift.	the selective pressure that drives antigenic changes in influenza viruses is thought to originate from the human immune response. here, we have characterized the b cell repertoire from a previously vaccinated donor whose serum had reduced neutralizing activity against the recently evolved clade 6b h1n1pdm09 viruses. while the response was markedly polyclonal, 88% of clones failed to recognize clade 6b viruses; however, the ability to neutralize a/ussr/90/1977 influenza, to which the donor would ...	2015	26011643
replication and transmission of mammalian-adapted h9 subtype influenza virus in pigs and quail.	influenza a virus is a major pathogen of birds, swine and humans. strains can jump between species in a process often requiring mutations and reassortment, resulting in outbreaks and, potentially, pandemics. h9n2 avian influenza is predominant in poultry across asia and occasionally infects humans and swine. pandemic h1n1 (h1n1pdm) is endemic in humans and swine and has a history of reassortment in pigs. previous studies have shown the compatibility of h9n2 and h1n1pdm for reassortment in ferret ...	2015	25986634
interval between infections and viral hierarchy are determinants of viral interference following influenza virus infection in a ferret model.	epidemiological studies suggest that, following infection with influenza virus, there is a short period during which a host experiences a lower susceptibility to infection with other influenza viruses. this viral interference appears to be independent of any antigenic similarities between the viruses. we used the ferret model of human influenza to systematically investigate viral interference.	2015	25943206
clinical response to pandemic h1n1 influenza virus from a fatal and mild case in ferrets.	the majority of pandemic 2009 h1n1 (a(h1n1)pdm09) influenza virus (iv) caused mild symptoms in most infected patients, however, a greater rate of severe disease was observed in healthy young adults and children without co-morbid conditions. the purpose of this work was to study in ferrets the dynamics of infection of two contemporary strains of human a(h1n1)pdm09 iv, one isolated from a patient showing mild disease and the other one from a fatal case.	2015	25888921
pandemic swine h1n1 influenza viruses with almost undetectable neuraminidase activity are not transmitted via aerosols in ferrets and are inhibited by human mucus but not swine mucus.	a balance between the functions of the influenza virus surface proteins hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) is thought to be important for the transmission of viruses between humans. here we describe two pandemic h1n1 viruses, a/swine/virginia/1814-1/2012 and a/swine/virginia/1814-2/2012 (ph1n1low-1 and -2, respectively), that were isolated from swine symptomatic for influenza. the enzymatic activity of the na of these viruses was almost undetectable, while the ha binding affinity for α2,6 ...	2015	25810540
vector optimization and needle-free intradermal application of a broadly protective polyvalent influenza a dna vaccine for pigs and humans.	the threat posed by the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus emphasized the need for new influenza a virus vaccines inducing a broad cross-protective immune response for use in both humans and pigs. an effective and broad influenza vaccine for pigs would greatly benefit the pork industry and contribute to public health by diminishing the risk of emerging highly pathogenic reassortants. current inactivated protein vaccines against swine influenza produce only short-lived immunity and have no efficacy against ...	2015	25746201
the use of nonhuman primates in research on seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza, 1893-2014.	attempts to reproduce the features of human influenza in laboratory animals date from the early 1890s, when richard pfeiffer inoculated apes with bacteria recovered from influenza patients and produced a mild respiratory illness. numerous studies employing nonhuman primates (nhps) were performed during the 1918 pandemic and the following decade. most used bacterial preparations to infect animals, but some sought a filterable agent for the disease. since the viral etiology of influenza was establ ...	2015	25746173
visualizing real-time influenza virus infection, transmission and protection in ferrets.	influenza transmission efficiency in ferrets is vital for risk-assessment studies. however, the inability to monitor viral infection and transmission dynamics in real time only provides a glimpse into transmissibility. here we exploit a replication-competent influenza reporter virus to investigate dynamics of infection/transmission in ferrets. bioluminescent imaging of ferrets infected with a/california/04/2009 h1n1 virus (ca/09) encoding nanoluc (nluc) luciferase provides the first real-time sn ...	2015	25744559
a novel video tracking method to evaluate the effect of influenza infection and antiviral treatment on ferret activity.	ferrets are the preferred animal model to assess influenza virus infection, virulence and transmission as they display similar clinical symptoms and pathogenesis to those of humans. measures of disease severity in the ferret include weight loss, temperature rise, sneezing, viral shedding and reduced activity. to date, the only available method for activity measurement has been the assignment of an arbitrary score by a 'blind' observer based on pre-defined responsiveness scale. this manual scorin ...	2015	25738900
characterization of a large cluster of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses cross-resistant to oseltamivir and peramivir during the 2013-2014 influenza season in japan.	between september 2013 and july 2014, 2,482 influenza 2009 pandemic a(h1n1) [a(h1n1)pdm09] viruses were screened in japan for the h275y substitution in their neuraminidase (na) protein, which confers cross-resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir. we found that a large cluster of the h275y mutant virus was present prior to the main influenza season in sapporo /: hokkaido, with the detection rate for this mutant virus reaching 29% in this area. phylogenetic analysis suggested the clonal expansion ...	2015	25691635
identification of amino acid substitutions supporting antigenic change of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses.	the majority of currently circulating influenza a(h1n1) viruses are antigenically similar to the virus that caused the 2009 influenza pandemic. however, antigenic variants are expected to emerge as population immunity increases. amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin protein can result in escape from neutralizing antibodies, affect viral fitness, and change receptor preference. in this study, we constructed mutants with substitutions in the hemagglutinin of a/netherlands/602/09 in an atte ...	2015	25609810
sequential infection in ferrets with antigenically distinct seasonal h1n1 influenza viruses boosts hemagglutinin stalk-specific antibodies.	broadly reactive antibodies targeting the conserved hemagglutinin (ha) stalk region are elicited following sequential infection or vaccination with influenza viruses belonging to divergent subtypes and/or expressing antigenically distinct ha globular head domains. here, we demonstrate, through the use of novel chimeric ha proteins and competitive binding assays, that sequential infection of ferrets with antigenically distinct seasonal h1n1 (sh1n1) influenza virus isolates induced an ha stalk-spe ...	2015	26559834
growth and pathogenic potential of naturally selected reassortants after coinfection with pandemic h1n1 and highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses.	coinfection of ferrets with h5n1 and ph1n1 viruses resulted in two predominate genotypes in the lungs containing surface genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in the backbone of pandemic h1n1 2009 (ph1n1). compared to parental strains, these reassortants exhibited increased growth and virulence in vitro and in mice but failed to be transmitted indirectly to naive contact ferrets. thus, this demonstrates a possible natural reassortment following coinfection as well as the pathogen ...	2015	26491154
nonreplicating influenza a virus vaccines confer broad protection against lethal challenge.	new vaccine technologies are being investigated for their ability to elicit broadly cross-protective immunity against a range of influenza viruses. we compared the efficacies of two intranasally delivered nonreplicating influenza virus vaccines (h1 and h5 s-flu) that are based on the suppression of the hemagglutinin signal sequence, with the corresponding h1n1 and h5n1 cold-adapted (ca) live attenuated influenza virus vaccines in mice and ferrets. administration of two doses of h1 or h5 s-flu va ...	2015	26489862
induction of broad-based immunity and protective efficacy by self-amplifying mrna vaccines encoding influenza virus hemagglutinin.	seasonal influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease that remains a major health problem worldwide, especially in immunocompromised populations. the impact of influenza disease is even greater when strains drift, and influenza pandemics can result when animal-derived influenza virus strains combine with seasonal strains. in this study, we used the sam technology and characterized the immunogenicity and efficacy of a self-amplifying mrna expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) antigen [sam(h ...	2015	26468547
influenza transmission in the mother-infant dyad leads to severe disease, mammary gland infection, and pathogenesis by regulating host responses.	seasonal influenza viruses are typically restricted to the human upper respiratory tract whereas influenza viruses with greater pathogenic potential often also target extra-pulmonary organs. infants, pregnant women, and breastfeeding mothers are highly susceptible to severe respiratory disease following influenza virus infection but the mechanisms of disease severity in the mother-infant dyad are poorly understood. here we investigated 2009 h1n1 influenza virus infection and transmission in brea ...	2015	26448646
h7n9 influenza virus is more virulent in ferrets than 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus.	the novel h7n9 influenza virus has been infecting humans in china since february 2013 and with a mortality rate of about 40%. this study compared the pathogenicity of the h7n9 and 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza viruses in a ferret model, which shows similar symptoms to those of humans infected with influenza viruses. the h7n9 influenza virus caused a more severe disease than did the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus. all of the ferrets infected with the h7n9 influenza virus had died by 6 days aft ...	2015	26421365
the soft palate is an important site of adaptation for transmissible influenza viruses.	influenza a viruses pose a major public health threat by causing seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. their epidemiological success relies on airborne transmission from person to person; however, the viral properties governing airborne transmission of influenza a viruses are complex. influenza a virus infection is mediated via binding of the viral haemagglutinin (ha) to terminally attached α2,3 or α2,6 sialic acids on cell surface glycoproteins. human influenza a viruses preferentially bin ...	2015	26416728
changes to the dynamic nature of hemagglutinin and the emergence of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus.	the virologic factors that limit the transmission of swine influenza viruses between humans are unresolved. while it has been shown that acquisition of the neuraminidase (na) and matrix (m) gene segments from a eurasian-lineage swine virus was required for airborne transmission of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus (h1n1pdm09), we show here that an arginine to lysine change in the hemagglutinin (ha) was also necessary. this change at position 149 was distal to the receptor binding site but affected vi ...	2015	26269288
possible basis for the emergence of h1n1 viruses with pandemic potential from avian hosts.	influenza a viruses of the h1n1 subtype have emerged from the avian influenza gene pool in aquatic birds and caused human pandemics at least twice during the past century. despite this fact, surprisingly little is known about the h1n1 gene pool in the aquatic bird reservoir. a preliminary study showed that an h1n1 virus from a shorebird of the charadriiformes order was transmitted between animals through the airborne route of infection, whereas an h1n1 virus from a bird of the anseriformes order ...	2015	26251829
unique ability of pandemic influenza to downregulate the genes involved in neuronal disorders.	pandemic influenza remains as a substantial threat to humans with a widespread panic worldwide. in contrast, seasonal (non-pandemic) has a mild non-lethal infection each year. the underlying mechanisms governing the detrimental effects of pandemic influenza are yet to be known. transcriptomic-based network discovery and gene ontology (go) analysis of host response to pandemic influenza, compared to seasonal influenza, can shed light on the differential mechanisms which pandemic influenza is empl ...	2015	26246405
pathogenesis and transmission of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 and h5n8 viruses in ferrets and mice.	a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 virus, first detected in january 2014 in poultry and wild birds in south korea, has spread throughout asia and europe and caused outbreaks in canada and the united states by the end of the year. the spread of h5n8 and the novel reassortant viruses, h5n2 and h5n1 (h5nx), in domestic poultry across multiple states in the united states pose a potential public health risk. to evaluate the potential of cross-species infection, we determined the pa ...	2015	26223637
oseltamivir prophylaxis reduces inflammation and facilitates establishment of cross-strain protective t cell memory to influenza viruses.	cd8(+) t cells directed against conserved viral regions elicit broad immunity against distinct influenza viruses, promote rapid virus elimination and enhanced host recovery. the influenza neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir, is prescribed for therapy and prophylaxis, although it remains unclear how the drug impacts disease severity and establishment of effector and memory cd8(+) t cell immunity. we dissected the effects of oseltamivir on viral replication, inflammation, acute cd8(+) t cell resp ...	2015	26086392
host adaptation and the alteration of viral properties of the first influenza a/h1n1pdm09 virus isolated in japan.	a/narita/1/2009 (a/n) was the first h1n1 virus from the 2009 pandemic (h1pdm) to be isolated in japan. to better understand and predict the possible development of this virus strain, the effect of passaging a/n was investigated in madin-darby canine kidney cells, chicken eggs and mice. a/n that had been continuously passaged in cells, eggs, or mice obtained the ability to grow efficiently in each host. moreover, a/n grown in mice had both a high level of pathogenicity in mice and an increased gr ...	2015	26079133
h3n2 canine influenza virus with the matrix gene from the pandemic a/h1n1 virus: infection dynamics in dogs and ferrets.	after an outbreak of pandemic influenza a/h1n1 (ph1n1) virus, we had previously reported the emergence of a recombinant canine influenza virus (civ) between the ph1n1 virus and the classic h3n2 civ. our ongoing routine surveillance isolated another reassortant h3n2 civ carrying the matrix gene of the ph1n1 virus from 2012. the infection dynamics of this h3n2 civ variant (civ/h3n2mv) were investigated in dogs and ferrets via experimental infection and transmission. the civ/h3n2mv-infected dogs an ...	2015	24977303
aleutian disease: an emerging disease in free-ranging striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) from california.	aleutian disease virus (adv, amdovirus, parvoviridae) primarily infects farmed mustelids (mink and ferrets) but also other fur-bearing animals and humans. three aleutian disease (ad) cases have been described in captive striped skunks; however, little is known about the relevance of ad in free-ranging carnivores. this work describes the pathological findings and temporospatial distribution in 7 cases of ad in free-ranging striped skunks. all cases showed neurologic disease and were found in a 46 ...	2015	25445322
glomerulonephritis in a ferret with feline coronavirus infection.	a male domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo), which was purchased from outside of japan at 13 weeks of age, was euthanized at 18 months of age because of poor health. at autopsy, the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node were enlarged, and white foci were observed on the outer surface of the liver. the outer surface of the mesenteric lymph node was dark red. histologically, granulomas were observed in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, composed mainly of aggregated epithelioid ...	2015	26319601
the genetics of deafness in domestic animals.	although deafness can be acquired throughout an animal's life from a variety of causes, hereditary deafness, especially congenital hereditary deafness, is a significant problem in several species. extensive reviews exist of the genetics of deafness in humans and mice, but not for deafness in domestic animals. hereditary deafness in many species and breeds is associated with loci for white pigmentation, where the cochlear pathology is cochleo-saccular. in other cases, there is no pigmentation ass ...	2015	26664958
a road map for 21st century genetic restoration: gene pool enrichment of the black-footed ferret.	interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt) could benefit recovery programs of critically endangered species but must be weighed with the risks of failure. to weigh the risks and benefits, a decision-making process that evaluates progress is needed. experiments that evaluate the efficiency and efficacy of blastocyst, fetal, and post-parturition development are necessary to determine the success or failure or species-specific iscnt programs. here, we use the black-footed ferret (mustela ni ...	2015	26304983
are single odorous components of a predator sufficient to elicit defensive behaviors in prey species?	when exposed to the odor of a sympatric predator, prey animals typically display escape or defensive responses. these phenomena have been well-documented, especially in rodents, when exposed to the odor of a cat, ferret, or fox. as a result of these experiments new discussions center on the following questions: (1) is a single volatile compound such as a major or a minor mixture constituent in urine or feces, emitted by the predator sufficient to cause defensive reactions in a potential prey spe ...	2015	26283903
recombinant newcastle disease viral vector expressing hemagglutinin or fusion of canine distemper virus is safe and immunogenic in minks.	canine distemper virus (cdv) infects many carnivores and cause several high-mortality disease outbreaks. the current cdv live vaccine cannot be safely used in some exotic species, such as mink and ferret. here, we generated recombinant lentogenic newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota expressing either envelope glycoproyein, heamagglutinine (h) or fusion protein (f), named as rla-cdvh and rla-cdvf, respectively. the feasibility of these recombinant ndvs to serve as live virus-vectored cd vaccine w ...	2015	25865465
development of a duplex real-time rt-qpcr assay to monitor genome replication, gene expression and gene insert stability during in vivo replication of a prototype live attenuated canine distemper virus vector encoding siv gag.	advancement of new vaccines based on live viral vectors requires sensitive assays to analyze in vivo replication, gene expression and genetic stability. in this study, attenuated canine distemper virus (cdv) was used as a vaccine delivery vector and duplex 2-step quantitative real-time rt-pcr (rt-qpcr) assays specific for genomic rna (grna) or mrna have been developed that concurrently quantify coding sequences for the cdv nucleocapsid protein (n) and a foreign vaccine antigen (siv gag). these a ...	2015	25486083
complete genome sequence of the type strain corynebacterium mustelae dsm 45274, isolated from various tissues of a male ferret with lethal sepsis.	the complete genome of corynebacterium mustelae dsm 45274 comprises 3,474,226 bp and 3,188 genes. prominent niche and virulence factors are spabca- and spadef-type pili with similarity to pilus proteins of corynebacterium resistens and corynebacterium urealyticum and an immunomodulatory endos-like endoglycosidase probably catalyzing the removal of distinct glycans from igg antibodies.	2015	26358597
canine rotavirus c strain detected in hungary shows marked genotype diversity.	species c rotaviruses (rvc) have been identified in humans and animals, including pigs, cows and ferrets. in dogs, rvc strains have been reported anecdotally on the basis of visualization of rotavirus-like virions by electron microscopy combined with specific electrophoretic migration patterns of the genomic rna segments. however, no further molecular characterization of these viruses was performed. here, we report the detection of a canine rvc in the stool of a dog with enteritis. analysis of t ...	2015	26297005
characterization of the localized immune response in the respiratory tract of ferrets following infection with influenza a and b viruses.	the burden of infection with seasonal influenza viruses is significant. each year is typically characterized by the dominance of one (sub)type or lineage of influenza a or b virus, respectively. the incidence of disease varies annually, and while this may be attributed to a particular virus strain or subtype, the impacts of prior immunity, population differences, and variations in clinical assessment are also important. to improve our understanding of the impacts of seasonal influenza viruses, w ...	2015	26719259
hemagglutinin stalk immunity reduces influenza virus replication and transmission in ferrets.	we assessed whether influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based immunity protects ferrets against aerosol-transmitted h1n1 influenza virus infection. immunization of ferrets by a universal influenza virus vaccine strategy based on viral vectors expressing chimeric hemagglutinin constructs induced stalk-specific antibody responses. stalk-immunized ferrets were cohoused with h1n1-infected ferrets under conditions that permitted virus transmission. hemagglutinin stalk-immunized ferrets had lower vira ...	2015	26719251
generation and characterization of live attenuated influenza a(h7n9) candidate vaccine virus based on russian donor of attenuation.	avian influenza a (h7n9) virus has emerged recently and continues to cause severe disease with a high mortality rate in humans prompting the development of candidate vaccine viruses. live attenuated influenza vaccines (laiv) are 6:2 reassortant viruses containing the ha and na gene segments from wild type influenza viruses to induce protective immune responses and the six internal genes from master donor viruses (mdv) to provide temperature sensitive, cold-adapted and attenuated phenotypes.	2015	26405798
a live attenuated vaccine prevents replication and transmission of h7n9 virus in mammals.	the continued spread of the newly emerged h7n9 viruses among poultry in china, together with the emergence of drug-resistant variants and the possibility of human-to-human transmission, has spurred attempts to develop an effective vaccine. an mf59-adjuvant h7n9 inactivated vaccine is reported to be well-tolerated and immunogenic in humans; however a study in ferrets indicated that while a single dose of the inactivated h7n9 vaccine reduced disease severity, it did not prevent virus replication a ...	2015	26058711
a single dose of an avian h3n8 influenza virus vaccine is highly immunogenic and efficacious against a recently emerged seal influenza virus in mice and ferrets.	h3n8 influenza viruses are a commonly found subtype in wild birds, usually causing mild or no disease in infected birds. however, they have crossed the species barrier and have been associated with outbreaks in dogs, pigs, donkeys, and seals and therefore pose a threat to humans. a live attenuated, cold-adapted (ca) h3n8 vaccine virus was generated by reverse genetics using the wild-type (wt) hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes from the a/blue-winged teal/texas/sg-00079/2007 (h3n8) ( ...	2015	25903333
new reassortant and enzootic european swine influenza viruses transmit efficiently through direct contact in the ferret model.	the reverse zoonotic events that introduced the 2009 pandemic influenza virus into pigs have drastically increased the diversity of swine influenza viruses in europe. the pandemic potential of these novel reassortments is still unclear, necessitating enhanced surveillance of european pigs with additional focus on risk assessment of these new viruses. in this study, four european swine influenza viruses were assessed for their zoonotic potential. two of the four viruses were enzootic viruses of s ...	2015	25701826
h3n2 mismatch of 2014-15 northern hemisphere influenza vaccines and head-to-head comparison between human and ferret antisera derived antigenic maps.	the poor performance of 2014-15 northern hemisphere (nh) influenza vaccines was attributed to mismatched h3n2 component with circulating epidemic strains. using human serum samples collected from 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2014-15 nh influenza vaccine trials, we assessed their cross-reactive hemagglutination inhibition (hai) antibody responses against recent h3 epidemic isolates. all three populations (children, adults, and older adults) vaccinated with the 2014-15 nh egg- or cell-based vaccine, showe ...	2015	26472175
oseltamivir population pharmacokinetics in the ferret: model application for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study design.	the ferret is a suitable small animal model for preclinical evaluation of efficacy of antiviral drugs against various influenza strains, including highly pathogenic h5n1 viruses. rigorous pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (pk/pd) assessment of ferret data has not been conducted, perhaps due to insufficient information on oseltamivir pk. here, based on pk data from several studies on both uninfected and influenza-infected groups (i.e., with influenza a viruses of h5n1 and h3n2 subtypes and an inf ...	2015	26460484
[virological characteristics of influenza a (h3n2) virus in mainland china during 2013-2014].	to analyze the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the influenza a (h3n2) virus in mainland china during the surveillance year of 2013-2014, the antigenic characteristics of h3n2 virus were analyzed using reference ferret anti-sera. the nucleotide sequences of the viruses were determined by sanger dideoxy sequencing, phylogenetic trees were constructed with the neighbor-joining method, and the genetic characteristics of the viruses were determined in comparison to current vaccine strains. t ...	2015	25997327
environmental conditions affect exhalation of h3n2 seasonal and variant influenza viruses and respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets.	the seasonality of influenza virus infections in temperate climates and the role of environmental conditions like temperature and humidity in the transmission of influenza virus through the air are not well understood. using ferrets housed at four different environmental conditions, we evaluated the respiratory droplet transmission of two influenza viruses (a seasonal h3n2 virus and an h3n2 variant virus, the etiologic virus of a swine to human summertime infection) and concurrently characterize ...	2015	25969995
the repeated introduction of the h3n2 virus from human to swine during 1979-1993 in china.	limited data are available regarding the swine influenza viruses (sivs) that circulated in mainland china prior to the 1990s. eleven h3n2 virus strains were isolated from swine populations from 1979 to 1992. to determine the origin and tendency of these sivs, the phylogenetic and antigenic properties of these viruses were analyzed based on the whole genome sequenced and the hi titrations with post-infection ferret antisera against influenza a (h3n2) virus isolates of swine and human origin. the ...	2015	25858119
optimization of an enzyme-linked lectin assay suitable for rapid antigenic characterization of the neuraminidase of human influenza a(h3n2) viruses.	antibodies to neuraminidase (na), the second most abundant surface protein of the influenza virus, contribute to protection against influenza virus infection. although traditional and miniaturized thiobarbituric acid (tba) neuraminidase inhibition (ni) assays have been successfully used to characterize the antigenic properties of na, these methods are cumbersome and not easily amendable to rapid screening. an additional difficulty of the ni assay is the interference by hemagglutinin (ha)-specifi ...	2015	25712563
comparative analysis of virulence of a novel, avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus in various host species.	a novel avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza a virus (civ) that showed high sequence similarities in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes with those of non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses was isolated in our routine surveillance program in south korea. we previously reported that the pathogenicity of this strain could be reproduced in dogs and cats. in the present study, the host tropism of h3n2 civ was examined by experimental inoculation into several host species, including chickens, pigs, m ...	2015	25218482