Publications

molecular fluorescent approach to assessing intraerythrocytic hemoprotozoan babesia canis infection in dogs.	the development of recent flow cytometry-based protocols for the diagnosis of canine babesiosis, babesia gibsoni in particular, has encouraged us to investigate its applicability to detect b. canis-infected erythrocytes as well as optimize the hydroethidine-flow cytometry methodology (he-fc), using peripheral blood samples from naturally and experimentally infected dogs. our data demonstrated that he at 25 microg/ml provided the most outstanding fluorescence profile, able to discriminate between ...	2004	15482880
epidemiological survey of babesia species in japan performed with specimens from ticks collected from dogs and detection of new babesia dna closely related to babesia odocoilei and babesia divergens dna.	detection and analysis of babesia species from ticks recovered from dogs in japan were attempted by pcr and nucleotide sequence analysis based on the 18s rrna gene, respectively. a total of 1136 ticks were examined for babesia dna by 18s rrna-based pcr and nucleotide sequencing. partial sequences of babesia canis vogeli dna were detected from six ticks in aomori, nara, hiroshima, oita, and okinawa prefectures; and babesia gibsoni asia-1 dna was also detected in four ticks in osaka, hiroshima, mi ...	2003	12904344
the immunologic response of dogs to bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii antigens: as assessed by western immunoblot analysis.	bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii is a recently recognized zoonotic pathogen that causes endocarditis, granulomatous rhinitis, and granulomatous lymphadenitis in dogs. isolation of b. vinsonii (berkhoffii) from blood or tissue samples is frequently unsuccessful; therefore, diagnosis is primarily dependent on serologic or molecular testing modalities. because previous canine serologic studies have used an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), without western immunoblot (wi) confirmatio ...	2003	12918816
ixodes hexagonus is the main candidate as vector of theileria annae in northwest spain.	babesia canis and babesia gibsoni have, until recently, been considered the only piroplasms that parasitise dogs. however, recent reports indicate that "small" babesia infections in spanish dogs are surprisingly frequent and molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that the infecting agent is closely related to babesia microti. because the 18srdna sequence was not completely identical to that of b. microti, the new name "theileria annae" was assigned to the canine agent. no information is avail ...	2003	12581593
concurrent bartonellosis and babesiosis in a dog with persistent thrombocytopenia.	a 12-year-old castrated male west highland white terrier was referred because of recurrent episodes of collapsing. the dog was mildly anemic and severely thrombocytopenic and had high serum alanine aminotransferase activity. infection with bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffii) was initially diagnosed on the basis of serologic testing. despite treatment with a series of antimicrobials and prolonged use of immunosuppressive drugs, thrombocytopenia persisted. after 5 months of treatment, babesia canis o ...	2003	14621218
molecular studies on babesia, theileria and hepatozoon in southern europe. part i. epizootiological aspects.	molecular epizootiology of piroplasmids (babesia spp., theileria spp.) and hepatozoon canis was studied in mammals from southern europe (mainly from spain, but also from portugal and france). partial amplification and sequencing of the 18s rrna gene was used for molecular diagnosis. in some particular cases (b. ovis and b. bovis) the complete 18s rrna gene was sequenced. blood samples were taken from domestic animals showing clinical symptoms: 10 dogs, 10 horses, 10 cows, 9 sheep and 1 goat. in ...	2003	12719133
systematic review of the distribution of the major vector-borne parasitic infections in dogs and cats in europe.	on the basis of a systematic review of the literature, this paper provides the first evidence-based maps of the distribution of the major vector-borne parasitic infections of dogs and cats in europe. from an initial survey of 894 publications, data from 268 were analysed, summarised and collated. prevalence data were used to calculate the force of infection to provide distribution and incidence maps for canine infections with leishmania infantum, dirofilaria immitis, dirofilaria repens, babesia ...	2003	12572938
humoral immunity and reinfection resistance in dogs experimentally inoculated with babesia canis and either treated or untreated with imidocarb dipropionate.	it is proposed that the chronic asymptomatic carrier state produced by babesia canis infection could make dogs more resistant against subsequent infections. this suggests that treatment with imidocarb dipropionate, which removes the organism, can make dogs more susceptible to reinfection in a short period of time. ten male and female dogs of approximately 4-5 months of age were inoculated with b. canis. half of them received treatment with imidocarb dipropionate (7 mg/kg) on days 15 and 27 post- ...	2003	12809752
canine babesiosis.	canine babesiosis is a tickborne, protozoal, hemoparasitic disease that can cause varying degrees of hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and fever. babesia organisms frequently are classified as large or small. large babesia infections are attributed to one of three subspecies of babesia canis. all small babesia infections previously were attributed to b gibsoni, but molecular analysis and dna sequencing have revealed that there are at least three small piroplasms infecting dogs. c ...	2003	12910748
antibodies raised against bcvir15, an extrachromosomal double-stranded rna-encoded protein from babesia canis, inhibit the in vitro growth of the parasite.	as part of a search for homologous members of the plasmodium falciparum pf60 multigene family in the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite babesia canis, we report here the characterization of a cdna of 1,115 bp, which was designated bcvir for its potential viral origin. the bcvir cdna contained two overlapping open reading frames (orfs) (orf1 from nucleotide [nt] 61 to 486 and orf2 from nt 417 to 919), where bcvir15, the deduced orf1 peptide (m(1) to i(141)), is the main expressed product. the b ...	2003	12595415
presence of mycoplasma haemofelis, mycoplasma haemominutum and piroplasmids in cats from southern europe: a molecular study.	clinical symptoms produced by mycoplasma spp. and piroplasmids in cats are sometimes similar. diagnosis of these pathogens is difficult by microscopic procedures and molecular methods have been used as an alternative. we present in this work, the development of new molecular procedures for diagnosis of the aforementioned organisms, together with a molecular characterization of isolates found in southern european cats.a single pcr-rflp procedure was designed for diagnosis of mycoplasma spp. and a ...	2003	12713893
two species of canine babesia in australia: detection and characterization by pcr.	the haemoprotozoan babesia canis has been recognized in australia for many years, and a second, smaller species has recently been discovered. amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the 18s small subunit ribosomal rna (rrna) gene enabled detection and characterization of the large and small canine babesiae of australia for the first time. isolates from northern australia were genetically characterized to be 99% homologous to babesia canis vogeli, confirming previous speculation about ...	2003	12760669
new diseases and increased risk of diseases in companion animals and horses due to transport.	dogs and horses are transported within the european union for a number of reasons. the transport per se may cause physical problems, exemplified by hyperthermia in dogs and pleuropneumonia in horses, and the stress may reactivate latent infections such as canine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-1. preventive treatments are vital to protect dogs from ticks and mosquitoes transmitting their potentially lethal infectious agents, such as leishmania donovani infantum, babesia canis, ehrlichia can ...	2003	16429803
babesia canis infection in a splenectomized dog.	the present report describes a fatal case of non-experimental babesiosis in a splenctomized 3-year-old fox terrier. a very intense parasitaemia including clusters of up to 16 babesiae and a prominent haemophagocytic activity were the most relevant findings. a marked leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and regenerative anaemia were observed. despite prompt treatment with babesiacidal compounds the condition progressed to acute renal failure and resulted in the death of the animal 48 hours after the on ...	2002	12012956
molecular characterisation of babesia canis canis and babesia canis vogeli from naturally infected european dogs.	the morphologically small babesia species isolated from naturally infected dogs in europe, japan, and us are described as babesia gibsoni despite the fact that molecular techniques show that they should be assigned to two or three separate taxons. the morphologically large babesia isolated from dogs in europe, africa, and us were generally classified as b. canis until it was proposed to distinguish three related, albeit genetically distinct subspecies of this genus, namely b. canis canis, b. can ...	2002	12079734
nitric oxide metabolites in naturally occurring canine babesiosis.	babesiosis, caused by the virulent haemoprotozoan parasite babesia canis rossi, is an important disease of dogs in south africa. the nitric oxide metabolites, nitrate and nitrite (collectively termed reactive nitrogen intermediates or rnis) were measured in admission sera from dogs in a babesiosis-endemic area. five groups were prospectively studied: mild uncomplicated (n=9), severe uncomplicated (severe anaemia) (n=10) and complicated babesiosis (n=11); and two groups of healthy aparasitaemic d ...	2002	11779653
chromosome number, genome size and polymorphism of european and south african isolates of large babesia parasites that infect dogs.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of intact chromosomes from 2 isolates of each of the 2 most pathogenic species of large babesia parasites that infect dogs, i.e. babesia canis (european species) and b. rossi (south african species), revealed 5 chromosomes in their haploid genome. the size of chromosomes 1-5 was found to be different in the 2 species, ranging from 0.8 to 6.0 mbp. the genome size was estimated to be approximately 14.5 mbp for b. canis and 16 mbp for b. rossi, respectively. within ...	2002	12403319
[importation of parasites by tourism and animal trading].	international transport of animals is associated with an enhanced risk of import of a number of parasite species that are not endemic in germany. pets accompany tourists on journeys all over the world, but in particular to southern europe, and dogs are increasingly imported from (sub-)tropical countries for reasons of animal welfare. veterinary practitioners are thus confronted with parasites that are unusual in their patients. the specific transmission routes determine whether an imported paras ...	2001	11560118
vaccination of dogs against heterologous babesia canis infection using antigens from culture supernatants.	soluble parasite antigens (spa) from european babesia canis can be used to protect dogs against a homologous but not heterologous challenge infection. in this study it is shown that when dogs are vaccinated with a mixture of spa from both, a european b. canis isolate and a south african babesia rossi isolate, protective immunity against heterologous b. canis infection is induced. three groups of five beagle dogs each were vaccinated twice with graded doses of spa derived from in vitro cultures o ...	2001	11522408
serologic and molecular evidence of coinfection with multiple vector-borne pathogens in dogs from thailand.	forty-nine dogs from thailand were evaluated for serologic evidence of exposure or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) evidence of infection with vectorborne pathogens, including ehrlichia sp. (ehrlichia canis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichia equi, and ehrlichia risticii), bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi (bvb), spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae (rickettsia rickettsii), typhus group (tg) rickettsiae (rickettsia canada, rickettsia prowazekii, and rickettsia typhi), and babesia sp. (babesia c ...	2001	11596732
the mixed acid-base disturbances of severe canine babesiosis.	thirty-four dogs suffering from severe babesiosis caused by babesia canis rossi were included in this study to evaluate acid-base imbalances with the quantitative clinical approach proposed by stewart. all but 3 dogs were severely anemic (hematocrit <12%). arterial ph varied from severe acidemia to alkalemia. most animals (31 of 34; 91%) had inappropriate hypocapnia with the partial pressure of co2 < 10 mm hg in 12 of 34 dogs (35%). all dogs had a negative base excess (be; mean of - 16.5 meq/l) ...	2001	11596731
hepatozoon canis infection associated with dog ticks of rural areas of rio de janeiro state, brazil.	hepatozoon canis is a tick-borne protozoan that infects dogs and has been reported throughout the world. manifestation of h. canis infection varies from being sub-clinical in apparently healthy dogs to severe illness. the main vector of the infection is the dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus although other species may also transmit this agent. h. canis has been reported previously in brazil, but mostly as an occasional finding during laboratory exams and always associated with other diseases. th ...	2001	11113545
ectoparasites of dogs belonging to people in resource-poor communities in north west province, south africa.	a total of 344 dogs belonging to people in resource-poor communities in north west province, south africa, was examined for ectoparasites, and all visible arthropods were collected from the left side of each dog. by doubling these numbers it was estimated that the dogs harboured 14,724 ixodid ticks, belonging to 6 species, 1,028 fleas, belonging to 2 species, and 26 lice. haemaphysalis leachi accounted for 420 and rhipicephalus sanguineus for 14,226 of the ticks. pure infestations of h. leachi w ...	2000	11205167
there are at least three genetically distinct small piroplasms from dogs.	the 18s nuclear subunit ribosomal rna (18s rrna) gene of small piroplasms isolated from dogs from okinawa (japan), oklahoma, north carolina, indiana, missouri, and alabama, was isolated and sequenced. phylogenetic analysis of these sequences and comparisons with sequences from other babesia, cytauxzoon, and theileria species revealed that all canine small babesial isolates, with the exception of isolates from california and spain, were placed in a group containing the babesia spp. sensu stricto. ...	2000	11428342
babesia canis canis, babesia canis vogeli, babesia canis rossi: differentiation of the three subspecies by a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on amplified small subunit ribosomal rna genes.	the parasites babesia canis and babesia gibsoni (phylum apicomplexa) are responsible for canine babesiosis throughout the world. babesia canis was previously described as a group of three biologically different subspecies, namely b. canis canis, b. canis vogeli, and b. canis rossi. we report partial sequences of small subunit ribosomal rna gene (ssu-rdna) of each subspecies amplified in vitro with primers derived from a semi-conserved region of the ssu-rdna genes in other babesia species. the po ...	1999	10377990
characterization and molecular cloning of an adenosine kinase from babesia canis rossi.	in the search for immunoprotective antigens of the intraerythrocytic babesia canis rossi parasite, a new cdna was cloned and sequenced. protein sequence database searches suggested that the 41-kda protein belongs to the phosphofructokinase b type family (pfk-b). however, because of the low level sequence identity (< 20%) of the protein both with adenosine and sugar kinases from this family, its structural and functional features were further investigated using molecular modelling and enzymatic a ...	1999	10518797
coinfection with multiple tick-borne pathogens in a walker hound kennel in north carolina.	both dogs and humans can be coinfected with various ehrlichia, bartonella, rickettsia, and babesia species. we investigated a kennel of sick walker hounds and their owners in southeastern north carolina for evidence of tick-borne infections and associated risk factors. a high degree of coinfection was documented in the dog population. of the 27 dogs, 26 were seroreactive to an ehrlichia sp., 16 to babesia canis, and 25 to bartonella vinsonii, and 22 seroconverted to rickettsia rickettsii antigen ...	1999	10405413
bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and related members of the alpha subdivision of the proteobacteria in dogs with cardiac arrhythmias, endocarditis, or myocarditis.	cardiac arrhythmias, endocarditis, or myocarditis was identified in 12 dogs, of which 11 were seroreactive to bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii antigens. historical abnormalities were highly variable but frequently included substantial weight loss, syncope, collapse, or sudden death. fever was an infrequently detected abnormality. cardiac disease was diagnosed following an illness of short duration in most dogs, but a protracted illness of at least 6 months' duration was reported for fou ...	1999	10523564
a survey of tick-borne bacteria and protozoa in naturally exposed dogs from israel.	antibody reactivity against seven bacterial or protozoal pathogens was measured in sera derived from 40 dogs suspected of a tick-borne disease. sera from 73% (29/40) of the dogs reacted with three or more test antigens. seroreactivity was most prevalent to babesia canis antigen (90%) followed by babesia gibsoni (75%), ehrlichia canis (63%), rickettsia conorii--moroccan strain (58%), rickettsia conorii--israeli strain no. 2 (28%), borrelia burgdorferi (10%) or bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffii) (10 ...	1998	9561701
antibody response to hepatozoon canis in experimentally infected dogs.	canine hepatozoonosis is a disease caused by the tick-borne protozoan hepatozoon canis. five puppies were inoculated by ingestion of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks experimentally infected with h. canis, and all became infected with h. canis: gametocytes were detected in blood smears from four dogs and schizonts were observed in the spleen and bone marrow of the fifth. antibodies reactive with h. canis gametocytes were detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa), with igm detected in ...	1998	9561714
canine babesiosis in south africa: more than one disease. does this serve as a model for falciparum malaria?	south african canine babesiosis is caused by the virulent babesia canis rossi. in recent years, this common disease has been detected in 12% of dogs presented at the outpatients' division of the university of pretoria's (onderstepoort) veterinary academic hospital, and 31% of the affected dogs have been hospitalized as seriously ill. of these hospitalized cases, 50% had severe anaemia at presentation, 32% had moderate anaemia and 18% were non-anaemic (often polycythaemic), frequently with centra ...	1998	9683901
[imported arthropod-borne parasites and parasitic arthropods in dogs. species spectrum and epidemiologic analysis of the cases diagnosed in 1995/96].	between january 1995 and december 1996 nonendemic or only regionally occurring arthropodborne parasites including ehrlichiae and parasitic arthropods in germany were detected in 484 dogs, whereby at least 15 species were involved. listed in decreasing order, leishmania infections occurred most frequently, followed by infections/infestations with babesia canis, ehrlichia canis, rhipicephalus sanguineus, dirofilaria immitis and dermacentor reticulatus. the other species, namely babesia gibsoni, tr ...	1998	9531673
characteristic genotypes discriminate between babesia canis isolates of differing vector specificity and pathogenicity to dogs.	the first and second internal transcribed spacers (its1, its2) as well as the intervening 5.8s coding region of the rrna gene were characterized in eight babesia canis isolates of differing geographic origin, vector specificity, and pathogenicity to dogs. the genotypes determined by sequencing segregated into three clearly separated groups close to or near the species level and correspond to the previously proposed subspecies b. canis canis, b. canis vogeli, and b. canis rossi. the three genotyp ...	1998	9694369
babesia canis infection in canine-red blood cell-substituted scid mice.	we have developed a mouse model for babesia canis infection using severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice whose circulating red blood cells had been substituted with canine red blood cells. substitution of red blood cells in scid mice was achieved by repetitive transfusions of canine red blood cells, together with administration of an antimouse red blood cell monoclonal antibody. following inoculation of canine-red blood cell-scid mice with b. canis, parasites proliferated in the canine red ...	1998	9770629
vaccination of dogs against babesia canis infection.	this paper describes the clinico-pathological parameters measured in dogs that were vaccinated against babesia canis using soluble parasite antigens (spa) and then challenged. the packed cell volume (pcv) and the plasma creatinine value decreased immediately after challenge. actual pcv values could be predicted in the first 5-6 days of the infection, assuming that creatinine values were modulated by increase of plasma volume. this association no longer existed after that time, and observations i ...	1997	9477490
different babesia canis isolates, different diseases.	using surface immunofluorescence isolate-specific antigens were detected on the membrane of erythrocytes infected with babesia parasites. in addition, the strains reacted differently with plasmagel in that the european isolate (b.c. canis) could be purified on plasmagel effectively, whereas infected erythrocytes of the south-african isolate (b.c. rossi) could not. experimental infection of dogs with babesia canis isolates from geographically different areas revealed different pathology. the euro ...	1997	9368899
[endemic risk of babesia canis by dermacentor reticulatus in germany. an epidemiologic study].	during the period of january 1995 to january 1997, babesia canis infections were diagnosed in 127 dogs, 65 of them had stayed in foreign countries where dermacentor reticulatus is endemic, namely france, austria and hungary, or in the area offenburg/kehl/freiburg i. breisgau (germany). two dogs being positive for babesia never had left germany before and had not been in the region offenburg/kehl/freiburg i. breisgau. concurrent tick infestations were reported for all of the 67 dogs. for 10 dogs ...	1997	9459834
asymptomatic carriers of babesia canis in an enzootic area.	dogs latently infected with babesia canis were systematically detected amongst a population kept in an enzootic area over a year. detection of parasite was carried out on 43 healthy dogs and identified by two blood cultures in an interval of a few months. a serological study was performed using indirect immunofluorescence and western blot. this study distinguished two distinct groups: asymptomatic carrier dogs (latently infected or premunised-33%) and non-carrier dogs with sterilising immunity. ...	1997	9132337
duration of protective immunity in experimental canine babesiosis after homologous and heterologous challenge.	three beagle dogs were monitored clinically and serologically for 55 weeks following an experimental primo-infection and two challenge infections with a heterologous strain of babesia canis. there was no cross-protection when dogs were challenged with the heterologous strain after 7 months, but there was complete protection when challenged a second time with this heterologous strain 5 months later. although the serological profile using indirect immunofluorescence showed the same trend whether h ...	1997	9066051
[hepatozoon canis infection of dogs in germany: case report and epidemiology].	this paper reports on a case of hepatozoonosis of a dog imported from italy to germany being additionally infected with ehrlichia canis and babesia canis. furthermore, a survey of the epidemiology of the hepatozoon canis infection is presented.	1997	9289886
changes in haematocrit after treatment of uncomplicated canine babesiosis: a comparison between diminazene and trypan blue, and an evaluation of the influence of parasitaemia.	it has been suggested that the antibabesial drug diminazene causes a rapid decline in haematocrit after treatment of dogs with high babesia canis parasitaemias, compared with trypan blue. to test this, 19 dogs with clinically mild to moderate, uncomplicated babesiosis were placed in low, moderate or high parasitaemia groups, based on venous parasitaemias, and were allotted randomly to diminazene or trypan blue treatment groups. haematocrit and parasitaemia were determined before treatment, and a ...	1996	8765067
isolation of a south african vector-specific strain of babesia canis.	a south african strain of babesia canis parasites was isolated and shown to be vector-specific to only one of the two vectors in the region, haemaphysalis leachi. this tick was found to transmit the parasite in its adult instar. when infected as larvae, the ticks would not transmit in the proceeding nymphal instar. the vector-specific strain was named the 'thomas strain' after one of the dogs involved in isolating it. a survey revealed a prevalence of > 50% of this strain in four widely separate ...	1996	8792576
met-haemoglobinuria in naturally occurring babesia canis infection.	higher levels of urinary met-haemoglobin were found in dogs with naturally occurring babesia canis infection (n = 6) than in control subjects (n = 5). the urinary haemoglobin in the affected cases ranged from 1 to 4 g/l of which 28-95% was met-haemoglobin. this was a significant finding in that met-haemoglobin has been shown to be nephrotoxic in the dog, especially in the presence of aciduria. acidic urine was also demonstrated in those dogs with b. canis infection, which may aggravate the nephr ...	1996	8765069
prophylactic activity of imidocarb against experimental infection with babesia canis.	a single subcutaneous injection of imidocarb at 6 mg kg-1 gave 2 weeks protection against experimental inoculation of babesia canis merozoites in beagle dogs. the prophylactic effect was evaluated by daily measurements of parasitaemia, rectal temperature, haematological values and specific antibodies.	1996	8966987
[the subspecies specificity of babesia canis].	the large babesia species of dogs, babesia canis, is transmitted by different ticks. dermacentor reticulatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi are the known main vectors. four b. canis isolates of different geographic origin were investigated for their transmission specificity and pathogenicity in infection trials. r. sanguineus ticks exclusively transmitted the babesia isolate from egypt. d. reticulatus was the vector for isolates from hungary and france. transmission of an sou ...	1996	8765536
[dermacentor ticks in france and germany. molecular biological differences in species, ecology and epidemiological implications].	dermacentor reticulatus and d. marginatus, two ixodid tick species occurring in france and germany, exhibit morphologically overlapping phenotypes. the results of sequence analyses of the hypervariable rdna gene region its 2 do not support conspecifidity. as in france, d. reticulatus has to be characterized as an epidemiologically effective vector of babesia canis in germany as well, with the endemic area being located at kehl/offenburg/lahr/emmendingen/freiburg in breisgau. ecological investiga ...	1996	8767177
prophylactic treatment of experimental canine babesiosis (babesia canis) with doxycycline.	doxycycline provided satisfactory prophylaxis against experimental infection with a highly pathogenic strain of babesia canis. rectal temperature, parasitaemia, packed cell volume and serology were monitored for evaluation of the prophylactic effect. although a daily dose of 5 mg kg-1 of doxycycline did not completely prevent clinical disease, symptoms remained moderate and a full recovery was obtained within 1 week. at a dose of 20 mg kg-1 day-1 no clinical symptoms were observed, but asymptoma ...	1996	9017887
evaluation of the effect of whole-blood transfusion on the oxygen status and acid-base balance of babesia canis infected dogs using the oxygen status algorithm.	the usefulness of whole-blood transfusion in normalising the blood-gas, acid-base, and arterial oxygen status in severe babesiosis was demonstrated in 6 severely affected babesia canis infected dogs. these dogs all demonstrated a metabolic acidosis at admission and yet were not acidaemic. it is possible that this may reflect a mixed acid-base disorder (metabolic acidosis with respiratory alkalosis). they all showed severe hypoxaemia at admission. a number of derived blood-gas and acid-base param ...	1996	8786612
not peripheral parasitaemia but the level of soluble parasite antigen in plasma correlates with vaccine efficacy against babesia canis.	groups of five dogs were vaccinated against babesia canis using soluble parasite (spa) antigens from in vitro cultures. although vaccination did not significantly alter peripheral parasitaemia upon challenge, protected animals had lower levels of spa in the plasma after a challenge infection. the severity of anaemia correlated with the spa-load during the post-challenge period in that high levels of spa were associated with low haematocrit values. in addition, it was found that recovery was asso ...	1996	9223150
the comparative role of haemoglobinaemia and hypoxia in the development of canine babesial nephropathy.	renal pathology associated with haemoglobinaemia resulting from babesia canis infection is ascribed to haemoglobinuria, with or without a contribution from anaemic hypoxia. this study was undertaken to investigate the relative roles of haemoglobinaemia and hypoxia in renal function and pathology in the dog. three groups of 6 dogs each were used over a 4-day period. the dogs in the 1st group were infused with homologous canine haemoglobin, anaemic hypoxia was induced in the 2nd group, and both tr ...	1996	9284030
sterilisation of babesia canis infections by imidocarb alone or in combination with diminazene.	babesia canis infections were apparently sterilised by a single dose of imidocarb at 7.5 mg kg-1, as well as by a single dose of diminazene at 3.5 mg kg-1, followed by a single dose of imidocarb at 6 mg kg-1 the following day. this was confirmed by subinoculation of blood from these dogs to splenectomised recipients. sterilisation of the infection is not recommended in endemic areas; a more rational approach would be to allow a state of premunity to develop in dogs at risk to repeated infections ...	1995	8596187
[babesia canis human babesiosis causing a 40-day anuria].		1995	8597350
clinical and serological observations on experimental infections with babesia canis and its diagnosis using the ifat.	naive beagle dogs (n = 5) were experimentally inoculated with two stocks of babesia canis. dogs were examined regularly for parasitaemia and for antibodies, using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). this test proved to be useful for the diagnosis of babesiosis. after primo-infection dogs seem to develop a certain degree of immunity, although this immunity is neither absolute nor of long duration. treatment of infected dogs with imidocarb (6 mg/kg) cleared the infection, but did ...	1995	8745740
an investigation into the health status and diseases of wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in the kruger national park.	many factors have been cited as possible reasons for the decline in the number of wild dogs (lycaon pictus), but few studies have provided supportive data. between 1990 and 1993, the dynamics of 10 wild dog packs in the southern district of the kruger national park in south africa were monitored. casual observations of the causes of disease and mortality in the entire population were also recorded. during the same period, 46 wild dogs were immobilised, weighed, and subjected to physical examinat ...	1995	7629782
detection of platelet-bound and serum platelet-bindable antibodies for diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in dogs.	the sensitivity and specificity of 2 antibody tests for diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (itp) in dogs were investigated prospectively. an elisa to detect antibodies bound to the surface of platelets from affected dogs (direct test) was performed in 34 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of itp and in 21 dogs with thrombocytopenia attributable to other causes. an elisa to detect platelet-bindable antibodies in serum from affected dogs (indirect test) was performed in 32 dogs with itp ...	1995	7744662
babesia canis: evidence for genetic diversity among isolates revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.	the genetic diversity of b. canis was investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. for this purpose, we identified a babesia canis specific dna probe named ps8. this 1.2 kbp probe can detect as low as 20 pg of b. canis dna. results suggest that the ps8 probe is distributed in multiple copies throughout the genome though is probably not itself internally repetitious, i.e. not structured into blocks of tandem units. this probe reveals discrete hybridizing fragments in b. cani ...	1995	8533020
immune responses to south african babesia canis and the development of a preliminary vaccine.	the immune responses of 2 beagles to live parasites of an isolated b. canis strain were tested. the dogs were infected with live parasites and were carefully treated to allow the parasites to remain in the dogs' bodies for long enough to evoke an immune response. once recovered from the initial infections, both dogs received 2 separate homologous challenges with live parasites. during the second challenge, neither dog showed clinical signs of disease. an experimental vaccine was developed agains ...	1995	8544162
characterization and comparison of merozoite antigens of different babesia canis isolates by serological and immunological investigations.	merozoites of four babesia canis isolates from hungary, france, africa, and egypt were purified. antigens were compared in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and by immunoblotting. in the elisa, antigen from the highly pathogenic isolate from hungary showed the highest sensitivity for homologous and heterologous immune sera. this was confirmed by immunoblotting. protein bands of the hungarian isolate were strongly recognized by all b. canis immune sera, whereas the antigens from the ot ...	1995	8570577
ixodid ticks collected at the faculty of veterinary science, onderstepoort, from dogs diagnosed with babesia canis infection.	in an attempt to identify the vectors of babesia canis, ticks were collected over a period of 3 years from a total of 395 dogs diagnosed as infected with this protozoan parasite at the veterinary faculty, onderstepoort. haemaphysalis leachi was the only tick species recovered from 164 of these dogs, and it occurred in mixed infestation on a further 140 of the dogs. rhipicephalus sanguineus was collected in pure infestation from 59 dogs with a further 87 harbouring mixed infestations. sixteen dog ...	1995	8596189
leukaemoid response in two dogs with babesia canis infection.	uncomplicated canine babesiosis was diagnosed in 2 dogs based on the presence of trophozoites of babesia canis in red blood cells on examination of a peripheral blood smear. the haemogram picture was that of a leukaemoid response with severe anaemia, high total white cell count and thrombocytopaenia. treatment with babesiacidal drugs, together with blood transfusion, was successful in eliminating the babesia parasites and reducing the leukaemoid response. the various leukograms of canine babesio ...	1995	8596192
strain variation limits protective activity of vaccines based on soluble babesia canis antigens.	groups of five dogs were immunized with vaccines containing soluble parasite antigens (spa) derived from in vitro culture of babesis canis parasites, either obtained commercially (pirodog) or produced at laboratory scale. both vaccines generated antibodies that reacted with parasitised erythrocytes (pe). upon challenge infection with homologous parasites, protection was evident from less severe decreases of haematocrit values, and reduced morbidity. vaccinated animals, however, were not protecte ...	1995	7542765
[endoparasite infection in stray and abandoned dogs in southern switzerland].	at their entry into the animal domicile, "la stampa", in lugano (canton tessin), 217 stray dogs and 154 unwanted dogs were examined for infections with intestinal parasites, filariae, babesia and leishmania. the following techniques were used for detection of intestinal parasites: combined sedimentation-flotation, mifc technique and scotch tape adherence test. prevalences of helminth egg excretion in stray dogs and in unwanted dogs, respectively, were as follows: 34% and 22% for trichuris, 17% a ...	1995	7569839
vaccine development from a commercial point of view.	the development of a commercial vaccine comprises distinct stages. initiation of a research project is triggered by demands from the market. if commercial and technical requirements are met, a feasibility study is carried out. research is started, and aimed at formulating the product profile (what the product looks like). the product profile is subject to requirements set by the market (e.g. whether the product will fit into existing vaccination schedules) and very often technical aspects affect ...	1995	7597789
the pathophysiology of canine babesiosis: new approaches to an old puzzle.	the haemoprotozoan parasite, babesia canis, is the cause of an economically important and potentially life-threatening disease of dogs in south africa, the pathophysiology of which is incompletely understood. available literature is reviewed, with emphasis on the pathophysiology of the anaemia and complications of babesiosis. the remainder of the review explores the possibility that pathophysiological mechanisms currently being investigated in human malaria and bovine babesiosis (in which, as in ...	1994	7595923
platelet concentration and hemoglobin function in greyhounds.	hematologic characteristics of 36 greyhounds were studied and compared with characteristics of 22 non-greyhound controls. fourteen of the greyhounds were tested and found to be seronegative for ehrlichia canis and babesia canis. compared with the non-greyhounds, greyhounds had higher mean hemoglobin concentration, pcv, mean corpuscular volume, and mean cellular hemoglobin, and lower mean rbc count, hemoglobin p50 value, hill coefficient, platelet count, and total plasma protein concentration. th ...	1994	7829376
cerebellar ataxia as a possible complication of babesiosis in two dogs.	a 6-month-old miniature doberman pinscher was presented with inappetance and cerebellar signs. babesia canis organisms were found on a capillary bloodsmear. the cerebellar signs resolved rapidly following treatment with diminazene aceturate. a 7-month-old siberian husky developed cerebellar signs, blindness and quadriparesis 9 d after presentation with clinical signs typical of uncomplicated canine babesiosis. the dog responded favourably to treatment with prednisolone. both acute and delayed ce ...	1994	7595921
osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in clinically normal dogs and dogs infected with parasites.	the osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes was measured in blood samples collected from randomly selected healthy and infected dogs at a dogs' rescue shelter. the dogs were classified into six groups on the basis of the final diagnoses from clinical, post mortem and laboratory findings. the minimum (less than 5 per cent) and maximum (more than 90 per cent) haemolysis of the erythrocytes of the clinically normal dogs (group 1), occurred in 0.60 per cent and 0.30 per cent solutions of sodium chlori ...	1994	7871255
vaccination of dogs against babesia canis infection using antigens from culture supernatants with emphasis on clinical babesiosis.	groups of five dogs were vaccinated with babesia canis antigens from in vitro culture in combination with saponin as adjuvant. protection against challenge infection was evident as diminished clinical disease, decrease in parasitaemia, and a less marked fall in haematocrit values. recovery from infection occurred at the time a memory immune response became effective (from days 5 to 6 after challenge infection onwards). the effect was dose dependent, the highest antigen dose being most effective. ...	1994	8073606
hypotensive shock syndrome associated with acute babesia canis infection in a dog.	a doberman pinscher contracted babesiosis after receiving a fresh blood transfusion from a greyhound blood donor. hypotensive shock syndrome was suspected on the basis of arterial hypotension, weakness, and pyrexia in the absence of detectable hemolysis and within hours of detection of low numbers of circulating babesia canis organisms. treatment with imidocarb dipropionate appears to have been effective in eliminating circulating b canis organisms and clinical disease. the blood donor, recently ...	1994	8125828
molecular variation and diversity in candidate vaccine antigens from babesia.	recombinant vaccines are being developed against a number of species of protozoan parasites in the genus babesia. protozoan parasites are notorious for their diversity of strains and their ability to express families of equivalent, but antigenically distinct, surface proteins. in order to reduce the likelihood of evasion of the immune response induced by a recombinant vaccine, ideal components should be essential proteins encoded by single copy genes. the proteins should also have a limited abil ...	1993	8100672
the effect of babesia canis induced haemolysis on the canine haemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve.	samples of blood from normal healthy (n = 7) and babesia canis-infected dogs (n = 7) were subjected to varying oxygen tensions in a tonometer, after which the samples were subjected to blood gas analysis and haemoximetry. this data was used to plot haemoglobin oxygen dissociation curves (odc) for both groups of dogs. states of acidosis and hypercapnia were then simulated by modelling, and the response of the 2 haemoglobin oxygen dissociation curves compared. the odc of the b. canis-infected grou ...	1993	8176690
characterisation of a family of multi-copy genes encoding rhoptry protein homologues in babesia bovis, babesia ovis and babesia canis.	a monoclonal antibody that had been raised against a protease-containing fraction of babesia bovis, and shown to bind to a protein located in the rhoptries, was used to screen a b. bovis cdna expression library. the sequence of the protein encoded by a positive clone was almost identical to the equivalent region of a previously described b. bovis 60-kda rhoptry protein (bv60). a tandem repeat of the gene encoding bv60 was identified in all australian isolates of b. bovis examined. genes encoding ...	1993	8433711
infections with babesia canis and ehrlichia canis in dogs in zimbabwe.	of 105 dogs examined at a veterinary hospital in harare, zimbabwe, 52 per cent had antibodies reactive with ehrlichia canis in indirect fluorescent antibody tests, 26 per cent had babesia canis parasites in peripheral blood smears and 17 per cent had both infections. none of the dogs with serological evidence of ehrlichiosis had typical e canis morulae detectable in blood smears. the infections were regarded as incidental findings not readily related to the reasons for examination in 46 per cent ...	1993	8236678
vaccination of dogs against babesia canis infection using parasite antigens from in vitro culture.	groups of five dogs were vaccinated with different babesia canis vaccine formulations. it appeared that partial protection against challenge infection was obtained when using parasite antigens from in vitro culture in combination with saponin. protection was evident as a decrease in parasitaemia after challenge and was associated with the presence of serum antibodies against babesia parasites. in addition, parasite antigen derived from in vitro culture supernatant exhibited more protective activ ...	1992	1625906
babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, babesia canis, babesia microti and babesia rodhaini: comparison of ribosomal rna gene organization.	the three ribosomal dna (rdna) units have been cloned from an australian isolate of babesia bigemina. the organization of the units is very similar to that reported for a mexican isolate of b. bigemina. in babesia canis four rdna units have been identified. both babesia rodhaini and babesia microti contain two different rdna units. a small number of different rdna units appears to be a common feature of this group of protozoa. restriction enzyme analysis of the rdna units form these species and ...	1992	1428519
[babesiosis of dogs in germany: epidemiologic case analysis].	between january 1987 and february 1990 babesia infections were detected in 320 dogs in germany by means of microscopical and/or serological methods. it was found, that 316 dogs were infected with babesia canis and 4 animals with babesia gibsoni. of the babesia-canis-positive dogs 184 were abroad up to 4 months before diagnosis, mainly in france, spain and italy, but also in hungary, greece, jugoslavia, portugal, morocco, togo, pakistan, sri lanka, malaysia, turkey, romania, austria and the nethe ...	1991	2068714
the effect of endogenously produced carbon monoxide on the oxygen status of dogs infected with babesia canis.	carboxyhaemoglobin fractions were found to be significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in dogs (n = 5) with severe babesiosis than in control subjects (n = 5). the enzymatic conversion of haem to biliverdin by haem oxygenase is the only known source of endogenous carbon monoxide. we propose that the increased production of endogenous carbon monoxide following the haemolysis associated with babesiosis, results in the carboxyhaemoglobinaemia observed in this study. the superimposition of carboxyhae ...	1991	1770488
concurrent babesiosis and ehrlichiosis in the dog: blood smear examination supplemented by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, using cowdria ruminantium as antigen.	giemsa-stained, peripheral blood smears of 67 dogs, showing clinical signs typical of babesiosis or reminiscent of concurrent babesiosis and ehrlichiosis, were examined for the presence of babesia canis and ehrlichia canis. since cowdria ruminantium cross-reacts with ehrlichia, the sera of these dogs were also subjected to the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test in which c. ruminantium was used as antigen. fifty-five per cent of these dogs had mixed infections of b. canis and e. canis, as j ...	1990	2234860
characterization and purification of culture-derived soluble glycoproteins of babesia canis.	the addition of [14c]-glucosamine to media of babesia canis cultures causes the appearance of labeled glycoproteins in the culture supernatants. these radioactive soluble glycoproteins were separated according to their molecular weight by gel filtration and according to their (acidic) pi by preparative electrofocusing. the labeled fractions were then analyzed by sds-page (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). the results showed three series of glycoproteic antigens. the mol ...	1990	2217119
three groups of babesia canis distinguished and a proposal for nomenclature.	two stocks of large babesia from dogs originating in france, transmitted by dermacentor reticulatus, two from north africa, having rhipicephalus sanguineus as vector, and one from south africa, transmitted by haemaphysalis leachi, were compared in cross-immunity tests in dogs and in the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). the french and north african stocks did not immunise against the south african one, while the north african stocks did not protect against a french one. the south africa ...	1989	2655263
prevalence of antibodies against babesia canis in dogs in an endemic area.	a survey of 287 dogs for antibodies against babesia canis in dogs in an endemic area, using elisa, produced a prevalence of 43 per cent. antibodies occurred in dogs of all age groups, the prevalence being significantly lower in dogs aged 1 to 6 months than in older dogs. there were no differences between indigenous nigerian dogs and exotic (foreign) dogs; and between the sexes in the prevalence of antibodies. antibodies were more prevalent in dogs with b. canis parasitaemia and in those with a h ...	1989	2626574
babesiosis in a litter of pups.	babesia canis infection was diagnosed in a litter of seven 3-week-old mastiff pups kept in a north florida kennel. the pups were evaluated because of poor weight gain; the smallest pup also was markedly lethargic. six of the pups were anemic and thrombocytopenic. a positive linear correlation between pcv and absolute reticulocyte count suggested that the variation in pcv may have been related more to the ability of a pup to increase erythrocyte production than to a difference in magnitude of ery ...	1988	3410795
antibody activity to babesia canis in dogs in north carolina.	sera from 600 dogs from 6 geographic regions of north carolina were analyzed for antibody activity to babesia canis, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. overall, 3.8% of the dogs had an antibody titer greater than or equal to 1:80, which was considered to be indicative of infection. dogs were more likely to be seropositive if they were housed at humane facilities and were located within areas of the state with a milder climate than were pet animals living within colder regions of north ...	1987	3551697
development of dot-enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of canine babesiosis.	a reagent conservative dot-enzyme immunoassay (dot-eia) was developed primarily for canine babesiosis caused by babesia canis. the technique is simple, specific, and sensitive. all steps were carried out at room temperature. strong agreement was observed between dot-eia and the conventionally used indirect immunofluorescence test. the procedure is adaptable to other protozoal disease, e.g., bovine babesiosis and human malaria.	1987	3544891
temperature and external electric field influence in membrane permeability of babesia infected erythrocytes.	1. modification of erythrocyte membrane properties infected by babesia canis was studied using the effect of electric pulses of short duration. 2. this process induces the formation of pores in the membrane and the releasing of hemoglobin and other cytoplasmic proteins into the external medium. 3. the rate of molecular permeation across the electrically perforated membranes depends on several factors: electric-field strength, pulse number, pulse duration, temperature and cellular concentration. ...	1987	3428479
parasites of stray dogs in the rabat region, morocco.	eighteen parasites were identified from 57 stray dogs from the urban and rural areas of rabat. the prevalence of the species of parasites was: ctenocephalides (c. canis, c. felis) 94.7%, rhipicephalus sanguineus 68.5%, linguatula serrata, babesia canis, isospora canis each 3.5%, toxocara canis 7%, dirofilaria immitis, taenia hydatigena, t. pisiformis each 12.3%, dipetalonema dracunculoides 10.5%, ancylostoma caninum 17.5% echinococcus granulosus 22.8%, toxascaris leonina 33.3%, dipylidium caninu ...	1987	3675044
erythrocytic rickettsia and protozoa of the dog and cat.	this article summarizes the biologic and clinical features of the rickettsia and protozoa of canine and feline erythrocytes that are significant in north america: haemobartonella canis, haemobartonella felis, cytauxzoon felis, babesia canis, and babesia gibsoni.	1987	3328397
resistance and immunity of dogs against babesia canis in an endemic area.	canine babesiosis is increasing in incidence and prevalence in some areas in france and is now a major problem for dogs. sex and age do not have any influence on the animals' susceptibility to the disease. some breeds are more resistant (beagle, fox terrier, porcelain, teckel, mongrel dogs) and others are more susceptible (spaniel, cocker, griffon, yorkshire terrier, doberman, pekinese); however, none of them is completely resistant. dogs which live in endemic areas can synthesize antibodies aga ...	1986	3705420
antibody titres in naturally occurring babesia canis infections in dogs.		1986	3589064
permeability of membrane of babesia canis infected erythrocytes--influence of an external electric field.	the erythrocytes infection by a parasite (babesia canis) induced a modification of the biological membrane which was studied using the effect of electric pulses of short duration. this process induces the formation of pores and during the opening hemoglobin and other cytoplasmic proteins diffuse out of the cells and are recovered in the external medium. the rate of molecular permeation across the electrically perforated membranes depends on several factors: electric-field strength, pulses number ...	1986	3817275
immunity of dogs against babesia canis, its vector tick dermacentor reticulatus, and ixodes ricinus in endemic area.	previous epidemiological studies allowed us to accurately define endemic areas of canine babesiosis and tick distribution in southeastern france (martinod, 1983). using a micro-elisa test 100 dogs sera were tested with 3 antigens: babesia canis, dermacentor reticulatus and ixodes ricinus. antibodies against b. canis and its vector d. reticulatus were detected in an endemic area, sometimes with high levels (optical density 1.38 and 0.80 respectively). a correlation factor and regression lines wer ...	1985	4009345
[autochthonous babesiosis in dogs in the netherlands?].	for the first time cases of babesiosis have been diagnosed in dogs that had not been abroad. three cases were seen in the province of gelderland (bennekom, elspeet), two in north-holland (koog aan de zaan). a female dermacentor reticulatus tick, the main vector of the disease in europe, was found on one of the dogs at koog; previously specimens of this tick species had only occasionally been seen on dogs returning from abroad. serological evidence was obtained that in at least four of the cases ...	1985	3975891
[babesia infections in horses, cattle and dogs in southern germany].	babesia infections serologically diagnosed in horses, cattle and dogs in southern germany during the last few years are described. 321 sera of horses were examined for specific antibodies to babesia by means of cft and iif in 1984; 18 sera reacted to babesia equi and 4 to babesia caballi antigen. in a cattle breeding area in the western allgäu 13% of 1616 cattle reacted positive to babesia divergens antigen using iif and elisa; during the grazing season 1982 new latent infections were observed i ...	1985	3892774
[incidence of canine piroplasmosis (babesia canis) in new caledonia].		1983	6665270
babesiosis in the greyhound.	babesiosis was diagnosed in five 11- to 18-day old greyhound pups. in 3 pups, babesia canis organisms were identified by examination of a wright's-giemsa-stained smear of blood. in 2 pups, the diagnosis was established by examination of a splenic impression smear obtained at necropsy. findings in the 3 clinical cases included depression, weakness, anorexia, pallor, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. subcutaneous administration of diminazene aceturate resulted in rapid clinical recovery in these cases ...	1983	6853321
a comparison of the efficacy of isometamidium, amicarbalide and diminazene against babesia canis in dogs and the effect on subsequent immunity.	isometamidium, amicarbalide and diminazene were used to treat experimentally induced canine babesiosis. relapse parasitaemias developed after treatment in all groups of animals. the relapse interval, however, was shorter and more relapses occurred after treatment with amicarbalide than either of the other 2 drugs. only half of the dogs treated with either isometamidium or diminazene relapsed to infection. challenge with homologous parasites 62 days after initial infection resulted in severe babe ...	1983	6631891
treatment and thrombocyte levels in experimentally induced canine ehrlichiosis and canine babesiosis.	three dogs which were carriers of babesia canis were infected with ehrlichia canis. these animals developed clinical signs and haematological evidence of ehrlichiosis and made an uneventful recovery, despite the fact that they were subsequently treated with doxycycline only. three control dogs which were also carriers of b. canis were clinically normal, despite the fact that they showed a distinct drop in the thrombocyte levels associated with increases in the numbers of parasitized red cells.	1983	6676688
clinical observations on babesia gibsoni and babesia canis infections in dogs.	thirty-five cases of babesia gibsoni infection and 11 cases of babesia canis infection were diagnosed and treated in dogs at kadena air base in okinawa, japan, between april 1979 and february 1980. diagnosis was made by demonstrating the organisms in blood smears and by serologic examination, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. serologic findings correlated well with the occurrence of infection in mature dogs, but poorly in young (1- to 3-month-old) dogs. although these 2 intraerythrocy ...	1982	7061333
antigenic and immunogenic studies on cell culture-derived babesia canis.	babesia canis antigens derived from cell culture reacted specifically with immune serum from dogs convalescing from babesiosis. the antigens were heterogenous as compared to antigens elaborated in vivo. the major antigenic moiety from cell culture eluted in the first peak of sephadex g-200 is indicative of a molecular weight around 900 000. in contrast, in vivo-derived antigen coeluted with albumin and hemoglobin suggesting a molecular weight of 67 000. the major antigenic mass is proteinacious ...	1982	6179286
fine structure of supposed gametes and syngamy of babesia canis (piroplasmea) after in-vitro development.		1981	7198358