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typing candida species using microsatellite length polymorphism and multilocus sequence typing.to gain more insight into the epidemiological relationships between isolates of candida spp. obtained from various origins, several molecular typing techniques have been developed. two methods have emerged in the 2000s as soon as enough knowledge of the candida spp. genomes was available to choose adequate loci and primers, namely microsatellite length polymorphism (mlp) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst). to contrast with previous pcr-based methods, specific amplifications with stringent con ...201626519075
impact of antifungal prescription on relative distribution and susceptibility of candida spp. - trends over 10 years.the incidence of candida spp. infections is worrisome, particularly in critically ill patients. previous reports suggested that increasing use of antifungal therapy might affect resistance profiles of invasive strains. the study objective was to describe the distribution resistance profile of candida spp. strains, and to correlate it with antifungal consumptions within one icu.201626518058
membrane proteome-wide response to the antifungal drug clotrimazole in candida glabrata: role of the transcription factor cgpdr1 and the drug:h+ antiporters cgtpo1_1 and cgtpo1_2.azoles are widely used antifungal drugs. this family of compounds includes triazoles, mostly used in the treatment of systemic infections, and imidazoles, such as clotrimazole, often used in the case of superficial infections. candida glabrata is the second most common cause of candidemia worldwide and presents higher levels of intrinsic azole resistance when compared with candida albicans, thus being an interesting subject for the study of azole resistance mechanisms in fungal pathogens.since r ...201626512119
[isolated yeast species in urine samples in a spanish regional hospital].candiduria detection in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients is of great clinical significance. the aim of our study was to describe the isolation frequency of significant species of yeasts in urine samples processed in our hospital during the period 2010- 2013, and to analyze their susceptibility to commonly used antifungal agents. species identification was performed by seeding on a chromogenic medium, the filamentation test and automated systems (asm vitek and maldi biotyper), while sus ...201626507634
a common mechanism involving the torc1 pathway can lead to amphotericin b-persistence in biofilm and planktonic saccharomyces cerevisiae populations.fungal infections are an increasing clinical problem. decreased treatment effectiveness is associated with biofilm formation and drug recalcitrance is thought to be biofilm specific. however, no systematic investigations have tested whether resistance mechanisms are shared between biofilm and planktonic populations. we performed multiplexed barcode sequencing (bar-seq) screening of a pooled collection of gene-deletion mutants cultivated as biofilm and planktonic cells. screening for resistance t ...201626903175
frequency of candida albicans in patients with funguria.to determine the frequency of candida albicansin patients with funguria.201626876397
diversity and antifungal susceptibility of norwegian candida glabrata clinical isolates.increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients have resulted in greater incidence of invasive fungal infections with high mortality. candida albicans infections dominate, but during the last decade, candida glabrata has become the second highest cause of candidemia in the united states and northern europe. reliable and early diagnosis, together with appropriate choice of antifungal treatment, is needed to combat these challenging infections.201626861194
in vitro pharmacodynamic modelling of anidulafungin against candida spp.the aim of this study was to fit anidulafungin in vitro static time-kill data from nine strains of candida with a pharmacodynamic (pd) model in order to describe the antifungal activity of this drug against candida spp. time-kill data from strains of candida albicans, candida glabrata and candida parapsilosis clades were best fit using an adapted sigmoidal emax model and resulted in a set of pd parameters (emax, ec50 and hill factor) for each fungal strain. the data were analysed with nonmem 7. ...201626857078
synthesis and biological evaluation of new 1,3-thiazolidine-4-one derivatives of nitro-l-arginine methyl ester.l-arginine is a semi-essential aminoacid with important role in regulation of physiological processes in humans. it serves as precursor for the synthesis of proteins and is also substrate for different enzymes such as nitric oxide synthase. this amino-acid act as free radical scavenger, inhibits the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes and thus acts as an antioxidant and has also bactericidal effect against a broad spectrum of bacteria.201626855668
in vitro interactions between anidulafungin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on biofilms of candida spp.candida spp. are responsible for many biomaterial-related infections; they give rise to infective pathologies typically associated with biofilm formation. we recently reported that the echinocandin anidulafungin (anf) showed a strong in vitro activity against both planktonic and biofilms cells. herein, we report the antifungal activities of anf alone and in association with some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) against nine candida strain biofilms: four candida albicans, two candid ...201626833243
current trends in outwitting resistance development in candida infections through photodynamic and short peptide therapies: a strategic-shift from conventional antifungal agents.disequilibrium in the human debilitated immune system favors proliferation of invasive candida species, a major therapeutic challenge due to development of resistance to several conventional antifungal agents (caa) worldwide. multiple mutations observed at specific loci that are targets for caa are recognized as sources of drug resistance. this has prompted a shift from caa, to diverse combination therapies, photodynamic and short peptide therapies capable of triggering specific apoptotic reacti ...201626822688
[yeast urinary tract infections. multicentre study in 14 hospitals belonging to the buenos aires city mycology network].urinary tract infections are a frequent ailment in patients in intensive care units. candida and other yeasts cause 5-12% of these infections. the value of the finding of any yeast is controversial, and there is no consensus about which parameters are adequate for differentiating urinary infections from colonization or contamination.201626810887
influence of candida krusei and candida glabrata on candida albicans gene expression in in vitro biofilms.the present study aimed to evaluate the interactions between the species candida albicans, candida krusei and candida glabrata in monotypic and mixed biofilm models formed in vitro as well as the relative expression of the als1, als3, hwp1, bcr1, efg1, tec1, sap5, plb2 and lip9 genes.201626803674
activity of tyrosol against single and mixed-species oral biofilms.this study aimed to evaluate the effect of tyrosol on the formation of single and mixed biofilms of candida albicans atcc 10231, candida glabrata atcc 90030 and streptococcus mutans atcc 25175 formed on acrylic resin (ar) and hydroxyapatite (ha) surfaces.201626801208
prospective evaluation of the chromogenic medium candiselect 4 for differentiation and presumptive identification of non-candida albicans candida species.rapid identification of pathogenic yeasts is a crucial step in timely and appropriate antifungal therapy. for diagnostics in the clinical laboratory, simplified alternatives to barcoding are needed. candiselect 4 (cs4) medium, a chromogenic medium for isolation of clinical yeasts, allows routine recognition of candida albicans and presumptive identification of candida tropicalis, candida glabrata, and candida krusei. we evaluated an extension of this method with 46 non-candida albicans candida ( ...201626781374
[aetiology of candidiasis in paediatric patients: comparative analysis with adult patients].candida spp. represents a group of commensal yeasts that can act as pathogens and cause candidiasis in different anatomical locations.201626774594
in vitro activity of caspofungin combined with fluconazole on mixed candida albicans and candida glabrata biofilm.the objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effect of caspofungin (cas) combined with fluconazole (flu) on the biofilm biomass and cultivable viability and microstructure of candida albicans and candida glabrata mixed biofilm in vitro.biofilms were formed in a 96-well microtiter plate for crystal violet assay and colony forming unit (cfu) method and grown on plastic coverslip disks for scanning electron microscopy. mic50 of cas and flu against single candida spp.and mixed candida ...201626768371
systemic antifungal therapy for proven or suspected invasive candidiasis: the amarcand 2 study.in the context of recent guidelines on invasive candidiasis (ic), how french intensive care units (icus) are managing ic?201626743881
epidemiologic and microbiologic evaluation of nosocomial infections associated with candida spp in children: a multicenter study from istanbul, turkey.the purpose of this study was to establish species distribution of candida isolates from pediatric patients in istanbul, turkey, and to determine risk factors associated with nosocomial candida infections.201627339794
antihypertensive, amlodipine besilate inhibits growth and biofilm of human fungal pathogen candida.candida albicans and candida glabrata are two important human pathogens associated with high mortality. the anti-candida potential of an antihypertensive drug, amlodipine besilate (ab), was studied against 10 strains of candida, including 8 clinical isolates. ab is an inhibitor of voltage-gated ca(2+) channel (vgcc) of mammals. cch1 expresses in a part of ca(2+) channel of candida, which is a homologue of α subunit of mammalian vgcc. in plate assays, all strains of candida showed sensitivity to ...201627336942
comparison of species-level identification and antifungal susceptibility results from diagnostic and reference laboratories for bloodstream candida surveillance isolates, south africa, 2009-2010.from february 2009 through august 2010, we compared species-level identification of bloodstream candida isolates and susceptibility to fluconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin between diagnostic and reference south african laboratories during national surveillance for candidemia. diagnostic laboratories identified isolates to genus/species level and performed antifungal susceptibility testing, as indicated. at a reference laboratory, viable candida isolates were identified to species-level usi ...201627335055
[pulmonary fungal infection after renal transplantation: analysis of 40 cases].to explore the clinical characteristics, therapeutic measures and risk factors of pulmonary fungal infection in patients after renal transplantation.201627320896
candida duobushaemulonii: an emerging rare pathogenic yeast isolated from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in brazil.the aim of this study was to identify candida species isolated from women diagnosed with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (rvvc) and their partners; and to evaluate the fluconazole (flz) susceptibility of the isolates. in a period of six years, among 172 patients diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis, 13 women that presented rvvc and their partners were selected for this investigation. the isolates were obtained using chromagar candida medium, the species identification was performed by phen ...201627304096
vapour and liquid-phase artemisia annua essential oil activities against several clinical strains of candida.candida spp. are often the cause of infection in immune-compromised individuals. they are characterized by a strong resistance to antimicrobial drugs and disinfectants. the activity of artemisia annua essential oil against candida spp. was determined by vapour contact and microdilution assay. the oil was characterized by the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes (more than 75 % of the constituents), mainly represented by the irregular monoterpene artemisia ketone (ca. 22 %), and the widespread mon ...201627286334
antibiofilm activity of carboxymethyl chitosan on the biofilms of non-candida albicans candida species.although most cases of candidiasis have been attributed to candida albicans, non-c. albicans candida species have been isolated in increasing numbers in patients. in this study, we determined the inhibition of carboxymethyl chitosan (cm-chitosan) on single and mixed species biofilm of non-albicans candida species, including candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis, candida krusei and candida glabrata. biofilm by all tested species in microtiter plates were inhibited nearly 70%. cm-chitosan inhib ...201627261732
oral yeast colonization in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients.we aimed to investigate the frequency of oral yeast colonization (oyc) and the risk factors for patients who received continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd) or hemodialysis (hd) or were renal transplant recipients (rtrs). the patients admitted to the nephrology clinic at ataturk university medical school from january through april 2013 were included in the study. a questionnaire about risk factors was filled out, and swab cultures were taken from the tongue surface of each participant. ...201627260810
antifungal imidazole-decorated cationic amphiphiles with markedly low hemolytic activity.herein we report that an imidazole-decorated cationic amphiphile derived from the pseudo-disaccharide nebramine has potent antifungal activity against strains of candida glabrata pathogens. in combination with the natural bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine the reported antifungal cationic amphiphile demonstrated synergistic antifungal activity against candida albicans pathogens. this unique membrane disruptor caused no detectible mammalian red blood cell hemolysis at concentrations up t ...201627258738
isolation frequency of candida present on the surfaces of mobile phones and handsx.it is known that mobile phones may play a role in microorganism transmission. the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the number of candida genera/species isolated from samples collected from the surfaces of mobile phones and the hands of the staff as well as the preferred health-related behavior.201627246984
identification and antifungal susceptibility of candida species isolated from bloodstream infections in konya, turkey.in this study, our aim was to identify candida species isolated from bloodstream infections and to determine their susceptibilities to various antifungal agents to demonstrate the local resistance profiles and to guide empirical treatment for clinicians.201627245756
a substituted sulfonamide and its co (ii), cu (ii), and zn (ii) complexes as potential antifungal agents.a sulfonamide 1-tosyl-1-h-benzo(d)imidazol-2-amine (tbza) and three new complexes of co(ii), cu(ii), and zn(ii) have been synthesized. the compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, ftir, (1)h, and (13)c-nmr spectroscopy. the structure of the tbza, and its co(ii) and cu(ii) complexes, was determined by x-ray diffraction methods. tbza and its co(ii) complex crystallize in the triclinic p-1 space group, while the cu(ii) complex crystallizes in the monoclinic p21/c space group. antifu ...201627232977
a thioether-stabilized d-proline-l-proline-induced β-hairpin peptide of defensin segment increases its anti-candida albicans ability.we report a β-hairpin dual stabilizing strategy: a d-proline-l-proline (d-pro-l-pro) dipeptide as the nucleating turn, and a thioether tether as a side-chain linkage at a precisely designed position to stabilize the β-hairpin. this method was used to modify the c-terminal β-hairpin moiety of the plant defensin, pv-defensin, in order to obtain a stabilized peptide with enhanced anti-candida albicans activity (mic 84-3.0 μm), high serum stability (50 % remaining after 48 h) and low hemolysis (<10  ...201627194395
total synthesis and in vitro bioevaluation of clavaminols a, c, h & deacetyl clavaminol h as potential chemotherapeutic and antibiofilm agents.a highly concise and expedient total synthesis of bioactive clavaminols (1-4) has been executed using commercially available achiral compound decanol. the synthetic strategy relied on trans-wittig olefination, sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, regioselective azidolysis and in situ detosylation followed by reduction as key reactions with good overall yield. based on biological evaluation studies of all the synthesized compounds, it was observed that the clavaminol a (1) exhibited good cytotoxicit ...201627187861
clotrimazole drug resistance in candida glabrata clinical isolates correlates with increased expression of the drug:h(+) antiporters cgaqr1, cgtpo1_1, cgtpo3, and cgqdr2.for years, antifungal drug resistance in candida species has been associated to the expression of atp-binding cassette (abc) multidrug transporters. more recently, a few drug efflux pumps from the drug:h(+) antiporter (dha) family have also been shown to play a role in this process, although to date only the candida albicans mdr1 transporter has been demonstrated to be relevant in the clinical acquisition of antifungal drug resistance. this work provides evidence to suggest the involvement of the ...201627148215
antimycotic activity and genotoxic evaluation of citrus sinensis and citrus latifolia essential oils.the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils (eos) of citrus sinensis (c. sinensis) and citrus latifolia (c. latifolia) against five candida species: candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata, candida lusitaniae and candida guilliermondii; and perform its genotoxic evaluation. the eos of c. sinensis and c. latifolia were obtained from the peel by hydro-distillation. the major components determined by gc-ms were in c. sinensis, d-limonene (96%) and ...201627137128
photodynamic inactivation of a multispecies biofilm using curcumin and led light.this study evaluated the potential of curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (api) on multispecies biofilms of candida albicans, candida glabrata, and streptococcus mutans of different ages. acrylic samples (n = 480) were made with standardized rough surfaces and incubated with bacteria and yeast for 24 or 48 h. api was performed with curcumin (80, 100, 120 μm) and led light. additional acrylic samples were treated with curcumin or led light only. positive control samples rece ...201627126412
development of candida-specific real-time pcr assays for the detection and identification of eight medically important candida species.culture-based identification methods have been the gold standard for the diagnosis of fungal infection. currently, molecular technologies such as real-time pcr assays with short turnaround time can provide desirable alternatives for the rapid detection of candida microbes. however, most of the published pcr primer sets are not candida specific and likely to amplify dna from common environmental contaminants, such as aspergillus microbes. in this study, we designed pan-candida primer sets based o ...201627103821
study of strains of candida spp. isolated from catheters in uhc of oran (algeria): identification and antifungal susceptibility.the increasing incidence of candida spp., and the vital prognosis often compromise for patients with candida species make urgent the exact knowledge of their distribution worldwide and exhaust action antifungals currently used in clinical. that why we carry out an epidemiological study of candida species and testing their susceptibility against two antifungals: amphotericin b and caspofungin.201627103075
candida glabrata survives and replicates in human osteoblasts.candida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogen that is considered the second most common cause of candidiasis after candida albicans many characteristics of its mechanisms of pathogenicity remain unknown. recent studies have focused on determining the events that underlie interactions between c. glabrata and immune cells, but the relationship between this yeast and osteoblasts has not been studied in detail. the aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms of interaction between human osteob ...201627073253
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic adequacy of echinocandins against candida spp. in intensive care unit patients and general patient populations.this study evaluated whether contemporary echinocandin regimens achieved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets in icu patients and general patient populations (gpps) and assessed caspofungin (cas) regimens in hepatic impairment (hi) patients. a monte carlo simulation was performed using previously published data. recommended dosing regimens of echinocandins in icu patients, gpps and healthy volunteers were evaluated: 70mg loading dose then 50mg maintenance dose (70/50mg) for cas; 100mg q24h fo ...201627068676
[current aspects of invasive diseases caused by candida and other yeast fungi].invasive candidiasis is the most common invasive fungal disease causing an unacceptably high mortality. candida albicans remains the predominant origin, but an epidemiological shift has been described in the last decades. some species of candida have emerged as an important cause of severe candidaemia and can exhibit reduced susceptibility to the current antifungal agents. candida parapsilosis has been associated with candidaemia in neonates and young adults, whereas candida glabrata, candida tr ...201627067876
candida glabrata binding to candida albicans hyphae enables its development in oropharyngeal candidiasis.pathogenic mechanisms of candida glabrata in oral candidiasis, especially because of its inability to form hyphae, are understudied. since both candida albicans and c. glabrata are frequently co-isolated in oropharyngeal candidiasis (opc), we examined their co-adhesion in vitro and observed adhesion of c. glabrata only to c. albicans hyphae microscopically. mice were infected sublingually with c. albicans or c. glabrata individually, or with both species concurrently, to study their ability to c ...201627029023
candida/candida biofilms. first description of dual-species candida albicans/c. rugosa biofilm.denture liners have physical properties that favour plaque accumulation and colonization by candida species, irritating oral tissues and causing denture stomatitis. to isolate and determine the incidence of oral candida species in dental prostheses, oral swabs were collected from the dental prostheses of 66 patients. all the strains were screened for their ability to form biofilms; both monospecies and dual-species combinations were tested. candida albicans (63 %) was the most frequently isolate ...201627020154
in vitro synergistic activity of caspofungin plus polymyxin b against fluconazole-resistant candida glabrata.candida species account for most invasive fungal infections, and the emergence of fluconazole and caspofungin resistance is problematic. overcoming resistance with synergism between 2 drugs may be useful. in a 2013 in vitro study, caspofungin plus colistin (polymyxin e) was found to act synergistically against fluconazole-resistant and susceptible candida albicans isolates. the purpose of our study was to extend this finding by evaluating caspofungin plus polymyxin b for in vitro synergy against ...201626992255
effect of mechanical toothbrushing combined with different denture cleansers in reducing the viability of a multispecies biofilm on acrylic resins.to investigate the efficacy of immersion and brushing with different cleansing agents in reducing the viability of multispecies biofilm on acrylic resins.201627505992
evaluation of antifungal activity of standardized extract of salvia rhytidea benth. (lamiaceae) against various candida isolates.salvia species have long been described in traditional medicine for various indications. owing to the widespread use of this genus by ethnic populations, especially for various infections ranging from skin disease to gastrointestinal disorders, we were encouraged to determine whether salvia rhytidea could be effective against fungal infections. given the increased incidence of candidiasis in the past decade, limits on the use of antifungal drugs, emergence of azole-resistant candida species and ...201627499461
bortezomib inhibits bacterial and fungal β-carbonic anhydrases.inhibition of the β-carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) from pathogenic fungi (cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans, candida glabrata, malassezia globosa) and bacteria (three isoforms from mycobacterium tuberculosis, rv3273, rv1284 and rv3588), as well from the insect drosophila melanogaster (dmeca) and the plant flaveria bidentis (fbica1) with the boronic acid peptidomimetic proteosome inhibitor bortezomib was investigated. bortezomib was a micromolar inhibitor of all these enzymes, with ...201627469982
antifungal potential of eugenyl acetate against clinical isolates of candida species.the study evaluated the efficiency of eugenyl acetate (ea), a phytochemical in clove essential oil, against clinical isolates of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, and candida glabrata. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of ea against candida isolates were in the range between 0.1% and 0.4% (v/v). spot assay further confirmed the susceptibility of candida isolates to the compound upon treatment with respective 1 × mic. growth profile measured in time kill study evid ...201627452957
antifungal susceptibilities of candida species isolated from urine culture.candida spp. are the most common opportunistic mycosis worldwide. although candida albicans is the most common cause of urinary tract infections, the frequency of non-albicans candida species is increasing with common use of antifungal in the prophylaxis and treatment. this may lead to difficulties in treatment. antifungal tests should be applied with identification of species for effective treatment. in this study, identification of candida species isolated from urine culture and investigation ...201627452427
isolation frequency characteristics of candida species from clinical specimens.candida spp. is an invasive infectious fungus, a major risk factor that can increase morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. in this study, 2,508 candida spp. were isolated from various clinical specimens collected from university hospitals from july 2011 to october 2014. they were identified in order to determine isolation frequencies and characteristics by specimen, gender, age group, year, season, and month. the strain-specific isolation rate of candida spp. is in the order of candi ...201627433120
in vitro antifungal activity of different components of centratherum anthelminticum and ocimum sanctum seed oils and their synergism against oral pathogenic fungi.background. opportunistic fungal infections like candidiasis are common in the oral cavity. in recent years candida species have shown resistance against a number of synthetic drugs. this study assessed the antifungal activity of centratherum anthelminticum and ocimum sanctum seed oils against six common pathogenic candida strains. synergistic activity of the major oil components was also studied. methods. antifungal activity of centratherum anthelminticum and ocimum sanctum seed oils were teste ...201627429725
current trends in candidemia and species distribution among adults: candida glabrata surpasses c. albicans in diabetic patients and abdominal sources.candidemia rate and species distribution vary according to the type of patients, country of origin and antifungal prophylaxis use. to present current candidemia epidemiological trends. a retrospective examination of candidemia in adults (≥18 years-old) hospitalised from 2007 to 2015. cases were identified through the microbiology laboratory. candida species were distinguished based on colony morphology and vitek-2 ybc cards, (biomerieux, durham, nc, usa). patient characteristics, species distrib ...201627402377
candidemia and invasive candidiasis in adults: a narrative review.candidemia and invasive candidiasis are major causes of morbidity and mortality, and their incidence is increasing because of the growing complexity of patients. five species of candida (candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis and candida krusei) account for more than 90% of all diagnosed cases, but their relative frequency varies depending on the population involved, geographical region, previous anti-fungal exposure, and patient age. the best evidence regar ...201627394927
identification of candida species and susceptibility testing with sensititre yeastone microdilution panel to 9 antifungal agents.to determine the species incidence and susceptibility pattern to 9 antifungal agents of yeasts isolated from various clinical specimens of colonized or infected patients treated in the coronary and surgical intensive care units (icu).201627381534
a prospective surveillance study of candidaemia: epidemiology, risk factors, antifungal treatment and outcome in hospitalized patients.this study provide an up-to-date overview of the epidemiology and risk factors for candida bloodstream infection in scotland in 2012/2013, and the antifungal susceptibility of isolates from blood cultures from 11 national health service boards within scotland. candida isolates were identified by chromogenic agar and confirmed by maldi-tof methods. survival and associated risk factors for patients stratified as albicans and non-albicans cases were assessed. information on the spectrum of antifung ...201627379047
micafungin treatment and eradication of candiduria among hospitalized patients.in high-risk patients, candiduria may be associated with the development of urinary tract infections (uti) and invasive candidiasis. the triazole antifungals achieve good urine concentrations, but their use is limited by the emergence of non-albicans candida spp. with low-triazole susceptibility. the echinocandins remain fungicidal against many azole-resistant candida spp., but low urine concentrations limit their use. we examined the rates of candiduria elimination in micafungin-treated patient ...201627587066
candidemia in cancer patients: focus mainly on hematological malignancyand hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.although many new antifungals have become commercially available since 2000, candidemia remains an important public health issue because of its poor prognosis. some studies have suggested that early antifungal therapy is associated with decreased mortality; however, it is difficult to promptly diagnose candidemia because of the poor sensitivity of blood cultures. thus, prophylaxis against candida infection is recommended in patient groups in whom the risk of infection is high, such as allogeneic ...201627581780
in vitro activity of anidulafungin in combination with amphotericin b or voriconazole against biofilms of five candida species.to evaluate the in vitro activity of anidulafungin combined with amphotericin b or voriconazole against candida spp. biofilms.201627543657
characterisation of probiotic properties in human vaginal lactobacilli strains.vaginal lactobacilli offer protection against recurrent urinary infections, bacterial vaginosis, and vaginal candidiasis.201627527701
[comparison of microdilution and disk diffusion methods for the detection of fluconazole and voriconazole susceptibility against clinical candida glabrata isolates and determination of changing susceptibility with new clsi breakpoints].candida albicans is the most frequently isolated species as the causative agent of candida infections. however, in recent years, the isolation rate of non-albicans candida species have increased. in many centers, candida glabrata is one of the commonly isolated non-albicans species of c.glabrata infections which are difficult-to-treat due to decreased susceptibility to fluconazole and cross-resistance to other azoles. the aims of this study were to determine the in vitro susceptibility profiles ...201627525398
sequence-identification of candida species isolated from candidemia.candida species are the most prevalent cause of invasive fungal infections such as candidemia. candidemia is a lethal fungal infection among immunocompromised patients worldwide. main pathogen is candida albicans but a global shift in epidemiology toward non-albicans species have reported. species identification is imperative for good management of candidemia as a fatal infection. the aim of the study is to identify candida spp. obtained from candidemia and determination of mortality rate among ...201627713871
the epidemiology and outcomes of invasive candida infections among organ transplant recipients in the united states: results of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (transnet).invasive candidiasis (ic) is a common cause of mortality in solid organ transplant recipients (otrs), but knowledge of epidemiology in this population is limited.201627643395
candida species diversity and antifungal susceptibility patterns in oral samples of hiv/aids patients in baja california, mexico.candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infection in hiv patients. the aims of this study were to identify the prevalence of carriers of candida, candida species diversity, and in vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs. in 297 hiv/aids patients in baja california, mexico, candida strains were identified by molecular methods (pcr-rflp) from isolates of oral rinses of patients in tijuana, mexicali, and ensenada. 56.3% of patients were colonized or infected with candida in tijuana, th ...201627630251
[epidemiology, risk factors and in vitro susceptibility in candidaemia due to non-candida albicans species].invasive fungal infection (ifi) has increased in recent years due to there being a greater number of risk factors. ifi caused by candida is the most frequent, and although candida albicans is the most isolated species, there is currently a decrease of c. albicans and an increase of other species of the genus.201627746090
fungal infections in patients with walled-off pancreatic necrosis.this study aimed to evaluate the influence of fungal infection and antifungal treatment on outcome in patients with walled-off pancreatic necrosis (won).201627518465
a comparative investigation of azole susceptibility in candida isolates from vulvovaginal candidiasis and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis patients in ghana.vulvovaginal candidiasis (vvc) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (rvvc) affect millions of women and are typically treated with azoles. we know little about azole susceptibility of candida species from vvc versus rvvc patients, and nothing about african isolates. we have investigated the susceptibility of candida isolates from ghana to fluconazole, itraconazole and/or voriconazole. the percentage of candida albicans isolates showing susceptibility was significantly lower in rvvc than vvc pa ...201627838642
miltefosine inhibits candida albicans and non-albicans candida spp. biofilms and impairs the dispersion of infectious cells.candida spp. can adhere to and form biofilms over different surfaces, becoming less susceptible to antifungal treatment. resistance of biofilms to antifungal agents is multifactorial and the extracellular matrix (ecm) appears to play an important role. among the few available antifungals for treatment of candidaemia, only the lipid formulations of amphotericin b (amb) and the echinocandins are effective against biofilms. our group has previously demonstrated that miltefosine has an important eff ...201627667564
anti-candida activity assessment of pelargonium graveolens oil free and nanoemulsion in biofilm formation in hospital medical supplies.infections due to microbial biofilm formation on the surface of catheters and other medical devices are constantly reported as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients admitted to hospitals. furthermore, sessile cells are more resistant to phagocytosis and most antimicrobial, which complicates the treatment of such infections. researches aimed at new antimicrobial originating mainly from plants have increased in recent years and the development of new strategies for their release is ...201627544324
ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an australian cohort of pregnant women.detection of ureaplasma, mycoplasma and candida spp. in the vagina during pregnancy has previously been associated with preterm birth (ptb). however, the prevalence of these microorganisms and the associated obstetric risks (likely to be population-specific) have not been determined in australian women; furthermore, in the case of ureaplasma spp., very few studies have attempted characterisation at the species level and none have examined genotype/serovar status to further refine risk assessment ...201627756249
candida species isolated from different body sites and their antifungal susceptibility pattern: cross-analysis of candida albicans and candida glabrata biofilms.candida species are regular commensal in humans, but-especially in immunocompromised patients-they represent opportunistic pathogens giving rise to systemic infection. the aim of the present work was to isolate and characterize for their antifungal profile candida species from different body sites and to analyze the biofilms produced by c. albicans and c. glabrata isolates. eighty-one strains of candida species from 77 patients were identified. epidemiological study showed that the most isolated ...201627915303
the current treatment landscape: candidiasis.the epidemiology of candida species infection has changed over recent decades, influenced by local hospital-related factors, patient predisposing conditions and type of antifungal agents administered. a shift from candida albicans as the predominant pathogen towards an increasing prevalence of the species candida glabrata and candida parapsilosis amongst critically ill patients has been documented. changes in candida species distribution may impact treatment recommendations due to differences in ...201627880665
caspofungin mic distribution amongst commonly isolated candida species in a tertiary care centre - an indian experience.emergence of candida species resistant to amphotericin b and triazole has led to use of echinocandins, mostly caspofungin in the management of invasive candidiasis. there are some published reports of caspofungin resistance in candida species yet no studies on caspofungin susceptibility pattern of candida species exist in indian setup.201628050365
activity of the aqueous extract of schinus terebinthifolius raddi on strains of the candida genus.objectives to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility profile of the aqueous extract of the bark of schinus terebinthifolius raddi against the strains of the genus candida. methods by using the disk diffusion method, 50 samples of the genus candida (candida albicans; candida krusei; candida glabrata; and candida tropicalis), isolated from patients receiving treatment at hospital santa casa de misericórdia de são paulo, and 1 american type culture collection (atcc) sample of each species were test ...201628038478
granule-dependent natural killer cell cytotoxicity to fungal pathogens.natural killer (nk) cells kill or inhibit the growth of a number of fungi including cryptococcus, candida, aspergillus, rhizopus, and paracoccidioides. although many fungi are not dangerous, invasive fungal pathogens, such as cryptococcus neoformans, cause life-threatening disease in individuals with impaired cell-mediated immunity. while there are similarities to cell-mediated killing of tumor cells, there are also important differences. similar to tumor killing, nk cells directly kill fungi in ...201628123389
prevalence of periodontopathogens and candida spp. in smokers after nonsurgical periodontal therapy - a pilot study.this pilot study aimed to evaluate the influence of smoking on clinical and microbiological parameters after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. forty-eight subjects were grouped into smokers (sm, n = 24) and nonsmokers (ns, n = 24) and paired according to gender, age, ethnicity, and periodontal status. both groups received oral hygiene education and scaling and root planing. clinical evaluation was performed using plaque index (pi), bleeding on probing (bop), pocket probing depth (ppd), gingival r ...201627556680
gln3 is a main regulator of nitrogen assimilation in candida glabrata.after candida albicans, the yeast candida glabrata ranks second as an aetiological agent of candidaemia and is the most frequently encountered non-candida albicans species in patients with invasive candidiasis. transcriptome analysis in c. albicans, c. glabrata and cryptoccocus neoformans has revealed that, when engulfed by macrophages, these yeasts upregulate genes involved in nutrient acquisition, including nitrogen transporters such as the general amino acid permease gap1, the dicarboxylic am ...201627222014
development of a candida glabrata dominant nutritional transformation marker utilizing the aspergillus nidulans acetamidase gene (amds).the gene encoding aspergillus nidulans acetamidase (amds) was placed under control of candida albicans act1 promoter and terminator sequences and then cloned into a plasmid containing c. glabrata ars10,cen8 or ars10+cen8 sequences. all plasmids transformed c. glabrata wild-type cells to acetamide+, with the ars-only containing plasmid transforming cells at the highest frequencies (>1.0 × 10(4) transformants μg(-1)). plasmids were rapidly lost under non-selective conditions with the frequency dep ...201626975388
antimicrobial efficacy of complete denture cleansers.to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of alkaline peroxides against microbial biofilms on acrylic resin surfaces.201627505991
azole antifungal resistance in candida albicans and emerging non-albicans candida species.within the limited antifungal armamentarium, the azole antifungals are the most frequent class used to treat candida infections. azole antifungals such as fluconazole are often preferred treatment for many candida infections as they are inexpensive, exhibit limited toxicity, and are available for oral administration. there is, however, extensive documentation of intrinsic and developed resistance to azole antifungals among several candida species. as the frequency of azole resistant candida isol ...201628127295
[evaluation of pna-fish method for direct identification of candida species in blood culture samples and its potential impact on guidance of antifungal therapy].early antifungal therapy has a major influence on survival in candidemia. rapid identification of the species has importance for the treatment, prediction of the species-specific primary resistance and variable antifungal susceptibility. recently, molecular-based methods attempt to reduce the time between the positive signal of a blood culture and identification of the fungus. pna-fish (peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization) assay distinguishes a number of frequently isolated c ...201628124963
metal-based ethanolamine-derived compounds: a note on their synthesis, characterization and bioactivity.metal-based ethanolamines, (l(1))-(l(4)) coordinated with co(ii), cu(ii), ni(ii) and zn(ii) metals in 1:2 (metal:ligand) molar ratio to produce new compounds have been reported. these compounds were screened for their bactericidal/fungicidal activity against a number of bacterial (escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis) and fungal strains (trichophyton longifusus, candida albicans, aspergillus flavus, microsporum ...201627557038
activity of a long-acting echinocandin, cd101, determined using clsi and eucast reference methods, against candida and aspergillus spp., including echinocandin- and azole-resistant isolates.the objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of cd101, a novel echinocandin with a long serum elimination half-life, and comparator (anidulafungin and caspofungin) antifungal agents against a collection of candida and aspergillus spp. isolates.201627287236
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of voriconazole against candida spp. and aspergillus spp. in children, adolescents and adults by monte carlo simulation.the objective of this study was to investigate the cumulative fraction of response of various voriconazole dosing regimens against six candida and six aspergillus spp. in immunocompromised children, immunocompromised adolescents, and adults. using pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamic data, 5000-subject monte carlo simulations (mcss) were conducted to evaluate the ability of simulated dosing strategies in terms of fauc/mic targets of voriconazole. according to the results of the mcss, c ...201627179818
the glycolytic enzyme enolase represents a plasminogen-binding protein on the surface of a wide variety of medically important fungal species.allergies are an increasing issue in human health and can, eventually, cause severe anaphylactic shock. aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans are leading causes of life-threatening invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, but can also cause severe allergic responses in otherwise healthy individuals. the glycolytic enzyme enolase is known as a major allergen despite its function in intracellular metabolism. therefore, its presentation on surfaces of different fungal species ...201626679571
dna intercalation studies and antimicrobial activity of ag@zro2 core-shell nanoparticles in vitro.ag@zro2 core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by one pot simultaneous reduction of agno3 and hydrolysis of zirconium (iv) isopropoxide. the formation of core-shell nanoparticles was confirmed by absorption, xrd, and hr-tem techniques. the antibacterial activity of ag@zro2 core-shell nanoparticles against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus and the antifungal properties against candida albicans, candida glabrata, aspergillus niger and aspergillus flavus were examined by the agar diffusion ...201626652465
structural and functional elucidation of yeast lanosterol 14α-demethylase in complex with agrochemical antifungals.azole antifungals, known as demethylase inhibitors (dmis), target sterol 14α-demethylase (cyp51) in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway of fungal pathogens of both plants and humans. dmis remain the treatment of choice in crop protection against a wide range of fungal phytopathogens that have the potential to reduce crop yields and threaten food security. we used a yeast membrane protein expression system to overexpress recombinant hexahistidine-tagged s. cerevisiae lanosterol 14α-demethylase an ...201627907120
synthesis and antifungal screening of 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones.two novel thiosemicarbazones and eight novel 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones were prepared and tested against a panel of eight fungal strains-candida albicans atcc 44859, candida tropicalis 156, candida krusei e 28, candida glabrata 20/i, trichosporon asahii 1188, aspergillus fumigatus 231, lichtheimia corymbifera 272, and trichophyton interdigitale 445. 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones exhibited activity against all strains, the most potent derivative was ...201627886119
transcriptional control of drug resistance, virulence and immune system evasion in pathogenic fungi: a cross-species comparison.transcription factors are key players in the control of the activation or repression of gene expression programs in response to environmental stimuli. the study of regulatory networks taking place in fungal pathogens is a promising research topic that can help in the fight against these pathogens by targeting specific fungal pathways as a whole, instead of targeting more specific effectors of virulence or drug resistance. this review is focused on the analysis of regulatory networks playing a ce ...201627812511
antifungal long-chain alkenyl sulphates isolated from culture broths of the fungus chaetopsina sp.during a high-throughput screening program focused on the discovery and characterization of new antifungal compounds, a total of 8320 extracts from fundacion medina's collection were screened against a panel of 6 fungal parasitic strains, namely candida glabrata, candida krusei, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, candida albicans, and aspergillus fumigatus. a total of 127 extracts displayed antifungal properties and, after lc/ms dereplication, 10 were selected for further fractionation. b ...201627706529
resistance in human pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi: prevalence, underlying molecular mechanisms and link to the use of antifungals in humans and the environment.antifungal drug resistance is a multifaceted clinical challenge, and when present, a primary cause of treatment failure in patients with severe fungal infections. changing epidemiology, increasing resistance rates and a narrow antifungal armamentarium may further underline the required attention on resistance particularly within the most prevalent invasive fungal infections caused by candida yeasts and aspergillus moulds. in denmark, the resistance epidemiology remains to be fully elucidated. th ...201627697142
ultrasound- and molecular sieves-assisted synthesis, molecular docking and antifungal evaluation of 5-(4-(benzyloxy)-substituted phenyl)-3-((phenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3h)-thiones.a novel series of 5-(4-(benzyloxy)substituted phenyl)-3-((phenyl amino)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3h)-thione mannich bases 6a-o were synthesized in good yield from the key compound 5-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3h)-thione by aminomethylation with paraformaldehyde and substituted amines using molecular sieves and sonication as green chemistry tools. the antifungal activity of the new products was evaluated against seven human pathogenic fungal strains, namely, candida albicans atcc 2 ...201627171073
cell wall integrity signalling in human pathogenic fungi.fungi are surrounded by a rigid structure, the fungal cell wall. its plasticity and composition depend on active regulation of the underlying biosynthesis and restructuring processes. this involves specialised signalling pathways that control gene expression and activities of biosynthetic enzymes. the cell wall integrity (cwi) pathway is the central signalling cascade required for the adaptation to a wide spectrum of cell wall perturbing conditions, including heat, oxidative stress and antifunga ...201627155139
structures of pathogenic fungal fkbp12s reveal possible self-catalysis function.invasive fungal infections remain difficult to treat and require novel targeting strategies. the 12-kda fk506-binding protein (fkbp12) is a ubiquitously expressed peptidyl-prolyl isomerase with considerable homology between fungal pathogens and is thus a prime candidate for future targeting efforts to generate a panfungal strategy. despite decades of research on fkbps, their substrates and mechanisms of action remain unclear. here we describe structural, biochemical, and in vivo analyses of fkbp ...201627118592
antifungal susceptibility patterns of a global collection of fungal isolates: results of the sentry antifungal surveillance program (2013).among 1846 fungal clinical isolates from 31 countries, echinocandin resistance in candida spp. ranged from 0.0% to 2.8% (highest for anidulafungin versus candida glabrata), and fluconazole resistance was noted among 11.9% and 11.6% of the c. glabrata and candida tropicalis, respectively. two isolates of aspergillus fumigatus displayed elevated mics for itraconazole and carried cyp51a mutations encoding tr34 l98h. all cryptococcus neoformans had azole mic values below epidemiological cutoff value ...201627061369
from synthetic dna to pcr product: detection of fungal infections using sers.we report the use of silver hydroxylamine nanoparticles functionalised with single stranded monothiolated dna for the detection of fungal infections. the four different species of fungi that were targeted were candida albicans, candida glabrata, candida krusei and aspergillus fumigatus. rational design of synthetic targets and probes was carried out by carefully analysing the 2-d folding of the dna and then by global alignment of the sequences to ensure specificity. the effects of varying the co ...201627034997
etiological analysis of fungal keratitis and rapid identification of predominant fungal pathogens.fungal keratitis is a worldwide-distributed refractory and potentially blinding ocular infection caused by various fungi. it is necessary to investigate the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of this disease and establish a rapid and specific pathogenic identification method. here, we isolated and identified fungal pathogens of 275 patients with presumed fungal keratitis from jilin province, china, and conducted statistical analyses of epidemiological information. the positive rate ...201626446032
in vitro assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of optimized nitroglycerin-citrate-ethanol as a nonantibiotic, antimicrobial catheter lock solution for prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections.the rapid, broad-spectrum, biofilm-eradicating activity of the combination of 0.01% nitroglycerin, 7% citrate, and 20% ethanol and its potential as a nonantibiotic, antimicrobial catheter lock solution (acls) were previously reported. here, a nitroglycerin-citrate-ethanol (nice) acls optimized for clinical assessment was developed by reducing the nitroglycerin and citrate concentrations and increasing the ethanol concentration. biofilm-eradicating activity was sustained when the ethanol concentr ...201627297475
impact of bloodstream infections on catheter colonization during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.there are concerns about secondary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) catheter infections in bacteremic patients. we investigated the association between blood stream infection (bsi) and ecmo catheter colonization. from january 2012 to august 2014, 47 adults who received ecmo support were enrolled. the ecmo catheter tip was cultured at the end of the ecmo procedure. the enrolled patients were classified into two groups according to the presence of bsi during ecmo support and analyzed wit ...201626721824
recurrent episodes of candidemia due to candida glabrata, candida tropicalis and candida albicans with acquired echinocandin resistance.mixed fungal infection and acquired echinocandin resistance of candida spp. remain infrequent. in this study we have reported the case of a patient hospitalized for tuberculosis who experienced multiple infections due to three common candida species (c. albicans, c. glabrata, c. tropicalis). furthermore, consecutive isolates from blood cultures and heart valve were found resistant to azoles (c. tropicalis) and to echinocandin with either novel (c. tropicalis) or previously described (c. albicans ...201627995055
fungal peritonitis: underestimated disease in critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis and spontaneous peritonitis.spontaneous peritonitis, especially spontaneous fungal peritonitis (sfp), is an important and potentially fatal complication in patients with endstage liver disaese. we evaluated potential risk factors, microbiological findings, and outcome of patients with sfp compared to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (sbp) in critically ill patients.201627390856
evaluation of mir-146a expression level in macrophages exposed to candida glabrata.micrornas are small non-coding rnas with 19-24 nucleotides in length. up- or down-regulation of many mirnas has been shown by stimulation of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in the innate immune system. up-regulation of mir-146a has been reported by both tlr and heat-killed candida albicans. in this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of mir-146a in cultured monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) infected by candida glabrata at 12, 24, and 48 hours.201628681015
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