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soluble sugar availability of aerobically germinated barley, oat and rice coleoptiles in anoxia.physiological and metabolic responses to anoxia were compared for aerobically germinated seedlings of barley (hordeum vulgare), oat (avena sativa) and rice (oryza sativa). coleoptile growth of barley, oat and rice seedlings was suppressed by a 24 h-anoxic stress, but the growth of the rice coleoptiles was much greater than that of the barley and oat coleoptiles. atp concentration in the anoxic rice coleoptiles was greater than that in the anoxic barley and oat coleoptiles. concentrations of etha ...201020727618
development of oat-based markers from barley and wheat microsatellites.although microsatellites are an efficient and reliable genetic marker system, availability is limited in cultivated oat (avena sativa l.). previous research has suggested that microsatellites from related species may be adapted to oat. this study investigated the stability of existing oat microsatellites, sequenced polymorphic oat amplicons derived from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) primers, and redesigned primers to develop oat-based markers. we evaluated 161 publ ...201020555435
variability in xylanase and xylanase inhibition activities in different cereals in the healthgrain diversity screen and contribution of environment and genotype to this variability in common wheat.endo-1,4-beta-d-xylanases (ec 3.2.1.8, xylanases) and xylanase inhibitors, that is, taxi (triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor), xip (xylanase inhibiting protein), and tlxi (thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitor) type xylanase inhibitors, which naturally occur in cereals, are believed to be at the basis of a significant part of the variability in biotechnological functional properties of cereals. xylanase inhibitors in particular affect grain functionality during processing and in animal feeds when ...201020462210
cross-species extrapolation of chronic nickel biotic ligand models.the use of biotic ligand models (blms) to normalize metal ecotoxicity data and predict effects in non-blm organisms should be supported by quantitative evidence. this study determined the ability of chronic nickel blms developed for the cladocera daphnia magna and ceriodaphnia dubia to predict chronic nickel toxicity to three invertebrates for which no specific blms were developed. those invertebrates were the snail lymnaea stagnalis, the insect chironomus tentans, and the rotifer brachionus cal ...201020920817
a regulon conserved in monocot and dicot plants defines a functional module in antifungal plant immunity.at least two components that modulate plant resistance against the fungal powdery mildew disease are ancient and have been conserved since the time of the monocot-dicot split (≈ 200 mya). these components are the seven transmembrane domain containing mlo/mlo2 protein and the syntaxin ror2/pen1, which act antagonistically and have been identified in the monocot barley (hordeum vulgare) and the dicot arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. additionally, syntaxin-interacting n-ethylmaleimide sensitive ...201021098265
root hair-specific expansin b genes have been selected for graminaceae root hairs.cell differentiation ultimately relies on the regulation of cell type-specific genes. for a root hair cell to undergo morphogenesis, diverse cellular processes including cell-wall loosening must occur in a root hair cell-specific manner. previously, we identified and characterized root hairspecific cis-elements (rhe) from the genes encoding the cell wall-loosening protein expansin a (expa) which functions preferentially on dicot cell walls. this study reports two root hair-specific grass expb ge ...201020811811
oddsoc2 is a mads box floral repressor that is down-regulated by vernalization in temperate cereals.in temperate cereals, such as wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare), the transition to reproductive development can be accelerated by prolonged exposure to cold (vernalization). we examined the role of the grass-specific mads box gene oddsoc2 (os2) in the vernalization response in cereals. the barley os2 gene (hvos2) is expressed in leaves and shoot apices but is repressed by vernalization. vernalization represses os2 independently of vernalization1 (vrn1) in a vrn1 deletion mut ...201020431086
cop: a database for characterizing co-expressed gene modules with biological information in plants.using a large dataset (10 022 assays) obtained from public plant microarray databases, we developed the cop database for associating co-expressed gene modules with biological information such as gene ontology terms and, if available, metabolic pathway names. the confeito algorithm developed previously in our laboratory, which is suitable to calculate the interconnectivity between genes in co-expressed gene network, was applied to extract co-expressed gene modules. the database includes the gene ...201020305269
a conserved mechanism of bract suppression in the grass family.suppression of inflorescence leaf, or bract, growth has evolved multiple times in diverse angiosperm lineages, including the poaceae and brassicaceae. studies of arabidopsis thaliana mutants have revealed several genes involved in bract suppression, but it is not known if these genes play a similar role in other plants with suppressed bracts. we identified maize (zea mays) tassel sheath (tsh) mutants, characterized by the loss of bract suppression, that comprise five loci (tsh1-tsh5). we used ma ...201020305121
nonhost resistance of barley to different fungal pathogens is associated with largely distinct, quantitative transcriptional responses.nonhost resistance protects plants against attack by the vast majority of potential pathogens, including phytopathogenic fungi. despite its high biological importance, the molecular architecture of nonhost resistance has remained largely unexplored. here, we describe the transcriptional responses of one particular genotype of barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare 'ingrid') to three different pairs of adapted (host) and nonadapted (nonhost) isolates of fungal pathogens, which belong to the gener ...201020172964
oat (avena sativa) seed extract as an antifungal food preservative through the catalytic activity of a highly abundant class i chitinase.extracts from different higher plants were screened for the ability to inhibit the growth of penicillium roqueforti, a major contaminating species in industrial food processing. oat (avena sativa) seed extracts exhibited a high degree of antifungal activity and could be used directly on rye bread to prevent the formation of p. roqueforti colonies. proteins in the oat seed extracts were fractionated by column chromatography and proteins in fractions containing antifungal activity were identified ...201019224400
identification of qtls for yield and yield components of barley under different growth conditions.waterlogging is a major abiotic stress limiting barley (hordeum vulgare l.) yield and its stability in areas with excessive rainfall. identification of genomic regions influencing the response of yield and its components to waterlogging stress will enhance our understanding of the genetics of waterlogging tolerance and the development of more tolerant barley cultivars. quantitative trait loci (qtls) for grain yield and its components were identified using 156 doubled haploid (dh) lines derived f ...201020205303
global phylogenetics of diuraphis noxia (hemiptera: aphididae), an invasive aphid species: evidence for multiple invasions into north america.the russian wheat aphid, diruaphis noxia (kudjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), is globally one of the most devastating pests of bread wheat, tritium aestivum l., durum wheat, triticum turgidum l., and barley, hordeum vulgare l. several sources of d. noxia resistance have been incorporated in commercial wheat and barley genotypes, but up to eight virulent biotypes, defined based on their ability to damage different wheat and barley genotypes, now occur across the western united states since the firs ...201020568643
bioaccessible mineral content of malted finger millet (eleusine coracana), wheat (triticum aestivum), and barley (hordeum vulgare).malted grains are extensively used in weaning and geriatric foods. malting generally improves the nutrient content and digestibility of foods. the present investigation examined the influence of malting of finger millet, wheat, and barley on the bioaccessibility of iron, zinc, calcium, copper, and manganese. malting increased the bioaccessibility of iron by >3-fold from the two varieties of finger millet and by >2-fold from wheat, whereas such a beneficial influence was not seen in barley. the b ...201020560601
fewer genes than organelles: extremely low and variable gene copy numbers in mitochondria of somatic plant cells.plant mitochondrial genomes are split into sub-genomes, i.e. genes are distributed across various sub-genomic molecules. to investigate whether copy numbers vary between individual mitochondrial genes, we used quantitative real-time pcr in combination with flow cytometric determination of nuclear dna quantities to determine absolute per-cell-copy numbers of four mitochondrial genes in various arabidopsis organs and the leaves of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) and barley (hordeum vulgare). the copy ...201021143676
towards a better understanding of the generation of fructan structure diversity in plants: molecular and functional characterization of a sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-sft) cdna from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne).the main storage compounds in lolium perenne are fructans with prevailing β(2-6) linkages. a cdna library of l. perenne was screened using poa secunda sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-sft) as a probe. a full-length lp6-sft clone was isolated as shown by heterologous expression in pichia pastoris. high levels of lp6-sft transcription were found in the growth zone of elongating leaves and in mature leaf sheaths where fructans are synthesized. upon fructan synthesis induction, lp6-sft tran ...201021196473
antioxidant vitamins in barley green biomass.two malting hulled varieties (sebastian, malz) and one nonmalting hull-less variety (af lucius) were used to assess vitamins c and e in the green biomass of young plants of spring barley ( hordeum vulgare l.) in three stages of growth and development (bbch 29, 31, 32-33). the samples from sampling i (bbch 29) had statistically significantly higher vitamin c content and vitamin e activity compared to sampling i (bbch 31). the highest average vitamin content was determined in the malting variety s ...201020973533
molecular mapping of a non-host resistance gene yrpsty1 in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) for resistance to wheat stripe rust.cultivated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is considered as a non-host or inappropriate host species for wheat stripe rust caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. most barley cultivars show a broad-spectrum resistance to wheat stripe rust. to determine the genes for resistance to wheat stripe rust in barley, a cross was made between a resistant barley line y12 and a susceptible line y16. the two parents, f(1) and 147 bc(1) plants were tested at seedling stage with chinese prevalent race cyr32 ...201021039455
the multivesicular body-localized gtpase arfa1b/1c is important for callose deposition and ror2 syntaxin-dependent preinvasive basal defense in barley.host cell vesicle traffic is essential for the interplay between plants and microbes. adp-ribosylation factor (arf) gtpases are required for vesicle budding, and we studied the role of these enzymes to identify important vesicle transport pathways in the plant-powdery mildew interaction. a combination of transient-induced gene silencing and transient expression of inactive forms of arf gtpases provided evidence that barley (hordeum vulgare) arfa1b/1c function is important for preinvasive penetra ...201021057060
differential regulation of 3-aminomethylindole/n-methyl-3-aminomethylindole n-methyltransferase and gramine in barley by both biotic and abiotic stress conditions.the expression of nmt (3-aminomethylindole/n-methyl-3-aminomethylindole n-methyltransferase; ec 2.1.1.), involved in the biosynthesis of the indole alkaloid gramine, was investigated in aphid-infested barley (hordeum vulgare l.). nmt is induced by methyl jasmonate and it was hypothesized that the gene would be more strongly upregulated in aphid-resistant barley. we examined the effects of feeding by three aphid species; russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia mordvilko), rose-grain aphid (metopolop ...201021074448
effect of within-species plant genotype mixing on habitat preference of a polyphagous insect predator.the effects of within-species plant genotype mixing on the habitat preference of a polyphagous ladybird were studied. plant species diversity is often claimed to positively affect habitat preferences of insect predators, but the effects of within-species genotype diversity have not been extensively studied. in a field experiment with different barley (hordeum vulgare) genotypes in mixed and pure stands, adult seven-spot ladybird coccinella septempunctata, a polyphagous predator, preferred a spec ...201021080002
[stress response genes expression analysis of barley hordeum vulgare under space flight environment].transcriptome of barley hordeum vulgare grown aboard international space station (iss) was analyzed by means of microarray. it was revealed 500 genes with mrna level, changed more than two folds in space environment. among them are genes encoding stress response proteins, videlicet heat shock proteins (hsp), pathogenesis-related proteins (pr) and antioxidant proteins. further analysis of these genes by real time pcr showed enhanced transcription level of reactive oxygen species (ros) scavenging ...201021090239
de novo biosynthesis of defense root exudates in response to fusarium attack in barley.summary *despite recent advances in elucidation of natural products in root exudates, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the ecological significance of products in the rhizosphere. *here, we investigated the potential of barley (hordeum vulgare) to secrete defense root exudates when challenged by the soilborne pathogen fusarium graminearum. *liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (lc-dad) was used to profile induced small-molecular-weight exudates. thus, t-cinnamic ...201019878462
one-carbon metabolism in plants: characterization of a plastid serine hydroxymethyltransferase.shmt (serine hydroxymethyltransferase; ec 2.1.2.1) catalyses reversible hydroxymethyl group transfer from serine to h4pteglun (tetrahydrofolate), yielding glycine and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. in plastids, shmts are thought to catalytically direct the hydroxymethyl moiety of serine into the metabolic network of h4pteglun-bound one-carbon units. genes encoding putative plastid shmts were found in the genomes of various plant species. shmt activity was detected in chloroplasts in pea (pisum ...201020518745
uce: a uracil excision (user)-based toolbox for transformation of cereals.abstract:201020537147
boron toxicity tolerance in barley through reduced expression of the multifunctional aquaporin hvnip2;1.boron (b) toxicity is a significant limitation to cereal crop production in a number of regions worldwide. here we describe the cloning of a gene from barley (hordeum vulgare), underlying the chromosome 6h b toxicity tolerance quantitative trait locus. it is the second b toxicity tolerance gene identified in barley. previously, we identified the gene bot1 that functions as an efflux transporter in b toxicity-tolerant barley to move b out of the plant. the gene identified in this work encodes hvn ...201020581256
relationships between the addition rates of cellulase or glucose and silage fermentation at different temperatures.the influence of the application rates of cellulase preparation and glucose on silage fermentation at different temperatures was studied with the straw of naked barley (hordeum vulgare l. emand lam) and guineagrass (panicum maximum jacq.). addition rate of cellulase and glucose, temperature and their interaction had significant effects on ph value, lactic acid content, butyric acid content and propionic acid content of naked barley straw silage and significant effects on all the parameters of gu ...201020597889
a synteny map and disease resistance gene comparison between barley and the model monocot brachypodium distachyon.grass species have coevolved with current economically important crop pathogens over millions of years. during this time, speciation of current domestic crops has occurred, resulting in related yet divergent genomes. here, we present a synteny map between the crop species hordeum vulgare and the recently sequenced brachypodium distachyon genome, focusing on regions known to harbor important barley disease resistance genes. the resistance genes have orthologous genes in brachypodium that show con ...201020616871
the rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 systemically suppresses arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization in a split-root system of barley (hordeum vulgare).nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) form a nodule symbiosis with legumes, but also induce certain effects on non-host plants. here, we used a split-root system of barley to examine whether inoculation with rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 on one side of a split-root system systemically affects arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) root colonization on the other side. mutant strains of ngr234 deficient in nod factor production (strain ngrδnodabc), perception of flavonoids (strain ngrδnodd1) and secretion of typ ...201020618761
intracellular expression of a host-selective toxin, toxa, in diverse plants phenocopies silencing of a toxa-interacting protein, toxabp1.*toxa, a host-selective toxin of wheat, can be detected within toxa-sensitive mesophyll cells, where it localizes to chloroplasts and induces necrosis. interaction of toxa with the chloroplast-localized protein toxabp1 has been implicated in this process. therefore, we hypothesized that silencing of toxabp1 in wheat would lead to a necrotic phenotype. also, because toxabp1 is highly conserved in plants, internal expression of toxa in plants that do not normally internalize toxa should result in ...201020646220
lactic acid fermentation of germinated barley fiber and proliferative function of colonic epithelial cells in loperamide-induced rats.to develop a functional food from the dietary fiber fraction of germinated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) (gbf), lactic acid fermentation was attempted using lactobacillus acidophilus, streptococcus thermophilus, and bifidobacterium bifidus. the quality characteristics of the lactic acid-fermented product and its effect on gastrointestinal function in an animal model were examined. the anaerobic fermentation of 1% and 2% gbf yielded lactic acid bacteria at 8.9 +/- 1.0 x 10(8) and 1.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(9 ...201020673062
stacking multiple transgenes at a selected genomic site via repeated recombinase-mediated dna cassette exchanges.recombinase-mediated dna cassette exchange (rmce) has been successfully used to insert transgenes at previously characterized genomic sites in plants. following the same strategy, groups of transgenes can be stacked to the same site through multiple rounds of rmce. a gene-silencing cassette, designed to simultaneously silence soybean (glycine max) genes fatty acid ω-6 desaturase 2 (fad2) and acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase 2 (fatb) to improve oleic acid content, was first inserted by rmce ...201020720171
structural and kinetic analysis of bacillus subtilis n-acetylglucosaminidase reveals a unique asp-his dyad mechanism.three-dimensional structures of nagz of bacillus subtilis, the first structures of a two-domain β-n-acetylglucosaminidase of family 3 of glycosidases, were determined with and without the transition state mimicking inhibitor pugnac bound to the active site, at 1.84- and 1.40-å resolution, respectively. the structures together with kinetic analyses of mutants revealed an asp-his dyad involved in catalysis: his(234) of bsnagz acts as general acid/base catalyst and is hydrogen bonded by asp(232) fo ...201020826810
the cc-nb-lrr-type rdg2a resistance gene confers immunity to the seed-borne barley leaf stripe pathogen in the absence of hypersensitive cell death.leaf stripe disease on barley (hordeum vulgare) is caused by the seed-transmitted hemi-biotrophic fungus pyrenophora graminea. race-specific resistance to leaf stripe is controlled by two known rdg (resistance to drechslera graminea) genes: the h. spontaneum-derived rdg1a and rdg2a, identified in h. vulgare. the aim of the present work was to isolate the rdg2a leaf stripe resistance gene, to characterize the rdg2a locus organization and evolution and to elucidate the histological bases of rdg2a- ...201020844752
the potential of synthetic thiourea compound to reduce the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of paraquat in hordeum vulgare and cultured human lymphocytes.this work evaluated the ability of one synthetic compound 1-(4-fluorophenylthiocarbamoyl)-4-methyl-piperazine (ftmp), thiourea derivative to reduce cytoxic and genotoxic effects of free radical inducer paraquat (pq) in two different test systems hordeum vulgare and human lymphocytes in vitro. the mitotic index was used as a marker for cytotoxicity. to indicate genotoxicity, chromosome aberrations test and micronucleus induction test were used. ftmp manifested a weak genotoxic effect in both test ...201020862738
higs: host-induced gene silencing in the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen blumeria graminis.powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophic pathogens that only grow on living hosts and cause damage in thousands of plant species. despite their agronomical importance, little direct functional evidence for genes of pathogenicity and virulence is currently available because mutagenesis and transformation protocols are lacking. here, we show that the accumulation in barley (hordeum vulgare) and wheat (triticum aestivum) of double-stranded or antisense rna targeting fungal transcripts affects t ...201020884801
analysis of early events in the interaction between fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar scarlett.a proteomic analysis was conducted to map the events during the initial stages of the interaction between the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley cultivar scarlett. quantification of fungal dna demonstrated a sharp increase in fungal biomass in barley spikelets at 3 days after inoculation. this coincided with the appearance of discrete f. graminearum-induced proteolytic fragments of β-amylase. based on these results, analysis of grain proteome changes prior to extensi ...201020925056
abiotic stresses modulate expression of major intrinsic proteins in barley (hordeum vulgare).in one of the most important crops, barley (hordeum vulgare l.), gene expression and physiological roles of most major intrinsic proteins (mips) remained to be elucidated. here we studied expression of five tonoplast intrinsic protein isoforms (hvtip1;2, hvtip2;1, hvtip2;2, hvtip2;3 and hvtip4;1), a nod26-like intrinsic protein (hvnip2;1) and a plasma membrane intrinsic protein (hvpip2;1) by using the quantitative real-time rt-pcr. five-day-old seedlings were exposed to abiotic stresses (salt, h ...201021333943
a computational-based update on micrornas and their targets in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).many plant species have been investigated in the last years for the identification and characterization of the corresponding mirnas, nevertheless extensive studies are not yet available on barley (at the time of this writing). to extend and to update information on mirnas and their targets in barley and to identify candidate polymorphisms at mirna target sites, the features of previously known plant mirnas have been used to systematically search for barley mirna homologues and targets in the pub ...201020969764
cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of paraquat in hordeum vulgare and human lymphocytes in vitro.two phylogenetically distant types of test-systems-root tip meristems of barley (hordeum vulgare) and human lymphocytes in vitro were used to detect genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by the herbicide paraquat (pq) in the concentration range (10(-6) to 5 x 10(-4) mol/l). as an endpoint for cytotoxicity the mitotic index (mi) was evaluated. the frequency of chromosome aberrations (ca) and the frequency of micronuclei (mn) were used as endpoints for genotoxicity. a dose-dependent increase of ca ...201019437450
the effects of se phytotoxicity on the antioxidant systems of leaf tissues in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) seedlings.a hydroponic experiment was carried out in a growth chamber to investigate the impact of selenium (se) levels on physiological and biochemical characteristics of a barley cultivar. membrane lipid peroxidation (lpo), proline accumulation and antioxidant activities of some enzymes of barley seedlings under se toxicity were investigated. significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (tbars) content, and a stimulation of catalase (cat, 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (apx, 1.11.1.11 ...201019948409
blumeria graminis interactions with barley conditioned by different single r genes demonstrate a temporal and spatial relationship between stomatal dysfunction and cell death.hypersensitive response (hr) against blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei infection in barley (hordeum vulgare) was associated with stomata "lock-up" leading to increased leaf water conductance (g(l)). unique spatio-temporal patterns of hr formation occurred in barley with mla1, mla3, or mlla r genes challenged with b. graminis f. sp. hordei. with mla1, a rapid hr, limited to epidermal cells, arrested fungal growth before colonies initiated secondary attacks. with mla3, mesophyll hr preceded that in ...201019968546
channel-like characteristics of the low-affinity barley phosphate transporter pht1;6 when expressed in xenopus oocytes.remobilization of inorganic phosphate (p(i)) within a plant is critical for sustaining growth and seed production under external p(i) fluctuation. the barley (hordeum vulgare) transporter hvpht1;6 has been implicated in p(i) remobilization. in this report, we expressed hvpht1;6 in xenopus laevis oocytes, allowing detailed characterization of voltage-dependent fluxes and currents induced by hvpht1;6. hvpht1;6 increased efflux of p(i) near oocyte resting membrane potentials, dependent on external ...201020053709
a native qtl for fusarium head blight resistance in north american barley (hordeum vulgare l.) independent of height, maturity, and spike type loci.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe (teleomorph gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch), is one of the major diseases of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in eastern china, the upper midwest of the usa, and the eastern prairie provinces of canada. to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) controlling fhb resistance, a recombinant inbred line population (f6:7) was developed from the cross zhenongda 7/pi 643302. the population was phenotyped for resistance to fhb in two experime ...201020140029
phytotoxicity of hexachlorocyclohexane: effect on germination and early growth of different plant species.the aim of the present study was to select candidate plant species for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with hexachlorocyclohexane (hch). for this purpose, an experiment was carried out under controlled conditions of germination and growth, with nine plant species of economic and/or agricultural interest, in a soil contaminated with a heterogeneous mixture (at eight different levels of contamination) of the main hch isomers (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-hch). the results revealed differ ...201020172584
diversity at the mla powdery mildew resistance locus from cultivated barley reveals sites of positive selection.the mla locus in barley (hordeum vulgare) conditions isolate-specific immunity to the powdery mildew fungus (blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) and encodes intracellular coiled-coil (cc) domain, nucleotide-binding (nb) site, and leucine-rich repeat (lrr)-containing receptor proteins. over the last decades, genetic studies in breeding material have identified a large number of functional resistance genes at the mla locus. to study the structural and functional diversity of this locus at the molecul ...201020192836
promoters of the barley germin-like ger4 gene cluster enable strong transgene expression in response to pathogen attack.immunity of plants triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) is based on the execution of an evolutionarily conserved defense response that includes the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins as well as multiple other defenses. the most abundant pr transcript of barley (hordeum vulgare) leaf epidermis attacked by the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f. sp hordei encodes the germin-like protein ger4, which has superoxide dismutase activity and functions in pam ...201020305123
competition between uptake of ammonium and potassium in barley and arabidopsis roots: molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences.plants can use ammonium (nh4+) as the sole nitrogen source, but at high nh4+ concentrations in the root medium, particularly in combination with a low availability of k+, plants suffer from nh4+ toxicity. to understand the role of k+ transporters and non-selective cation channels in k+/nh4+ interactions better, growth, nh4+ and k+ accumulation and the specific fluxes of nh4+, k+, and h+ were examined in roots of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and arabidopsis seedlings. net fluxes of k+ and nh4+ wer ...201020339151
characterization of a novel glycinebetaine/proline transporter gene expressed in the mestome sheath and lateral root cap cells in barley.the accumulation of glycinebetaine (gb) is one of the adaptive strategies to adverse salt stress conditions. although it has been demonstrated that barley plants accumulate gb in response to salt stress and various studies focused on gb synthesis were performed, its transport mechanism is still unclear. in this study, we identified a novel gene, hvprot2, encoding hordeum vulgare gb/proline transporter from barley plants. heterologous expression in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant demonstr ...201020376676
xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases from barley (hordeum vulgare l.) bind oligomeric and polymeric xyloglucan molecules in their acceptor binding sites.xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases (ec 2.4.1.207), known as xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (xets) use a disproportionation reaction mechanism and modulate molecular masses of xyloglucans. however, it is not known precisely how these size modulations and transfer reactions occur with polymeric acceptor substrates.201020388532
phenolic compounds in different barley varieties: identification by tandem mass spectrometry (qstar) and nmr; quantification by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (q-trap).barley (hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal that has many applications; as a human food, in malt products and as livestock feed. the content of soluble health-promoting fibers, beta-glucans, varies substantially among barley varieties. in the present study, the content of secondary metabolites with potential positive health effects in different high- and low-beta-glucan barley varieties was studied. five different flavanols were isolated and identified: (2r,3s)-catechin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyran ...201020420318
evidence for variation in the optimal translation initiation complex: plant eif4b, eif4f, and eif(iso)4f differentially promote translation of mrnas.eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4b is known to interact with multiple initiation factors, mrna, rrna, and poly(a) binding protein (pabp). to gain a better understanding of the function of eif4b, the two isoforms from arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) were expressed and analyzed using biophysical and biochemical methods. plant eif4b was found by ultracentrifugation and light scattering analysis to most likely be a monomer with an extended structure. an extended structure would facilitate the ...200919493973
identification and characterization of maize and barley lsi2-like silicon efflux transporters reveals a distinct silicon uptake system from that in rice.silicon (si) uptake has been extensively examined in rice (oryza sativa), but it is poorly understood in other gramineous crops. we identified low silicon rice 2 (lsi2)-like si efflux transporters from two important gramineous crops: maize (zea mays) and barley (hordeum vulgare). both maize and barley lsi2 expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes showed si efflux transport activity. furthermore, barley lsi2 was able to recover si uptake in a rice mutant defective in si efflux. maize and barley lsi2 w ...200919574435
performance of a dispersion model to estimate methane loss from cattle in pens.accurate measurements of enteric methane (ch(4)) emissions from cattle (bos taurus) are necessary to improve emission coefficients used in national emissions inventories, and to evaluate mitigation strategies. our study was conducted to evaluate a novel approach that allowed near continuous ch(4) measurement from beef cattle confined in pens. the backward lagrangian stochastic (bls) dispersion technique was used in conjunction with global position system (gps) information from individual animals ...200919643744
the mycorrhiza fungus piriformospora indica induces fast root-surface ph signaling and primes systemic alkalinization of the leaf apoplast upon powdery mildew infection.we analyze here, by noninvasive electrophysiology, local and systemic plant responses in the interaction of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) with the root-colonizing basidiomycete piriformospora indica. in the short term (seconds, minutes), a constant flow of p. indica chlamydospores along primary roots altered surface ph characteristics; whereas the root-hair zone transiently alkalized-a typical elicitor response-the elongation zone acidified, indicative of enhanced h(+) extrusion and plasma membran ...200919656052
molecular mapping of leaf rust resistance gene rph14 in hordeum vulgare.an incompletely dominant gene conferring resistance to puccinia hordei, rph14, identified previously in an accession of hordeum vulgare, confers resistance to all known pathotypes of p. hordei in australia. knowledge of the chromosomal location of rph14 and the identification of dna markers closely linked to it will facilitate combining it with other important leaf rust resistance genes to achieve long lasting resistance. the inheritance of rph14 was confirmed using 146 and 106 f(3) lines derive ...200919711052
characterization of the entire cystatin gene family in barley and their target cathepsin l-like cysteine-proteases, partners in the hordein mobilization during seed germination.plant cystatins are inhibitors of cysteine-proteases of the papain c1a and legumain c13 families. cystatin data from multiple plant species have suggested that these inhibitors act as defense proteins against pests and pathogens and as regulators of protein turnover. in this study, we characterize the entire cystatin gene family from barley (hordeum vulgare), which contain 13 nonredundant genes, and identify and characterize their target enzymes, the barley cathepsin l-like proteases. cystatins ...200919759340
intron-mediated enhancement as a method for increasing transgene expression levels in barley.it is desirable to produce transgenic plants which have optimized and stable levels of transgene expression. low levels of transgene expression may lead to an insufficient quantity of transgenic protein being produced for a particular purpose. this report demonstrates a means of enhancing transgene expression in barley beyond that conferred by the ubi1 promoter, via the inclusion of an intron at a specific position within the transgene coding sequence. we independently cloned two different intro ...200919781005
tree-based intercropping systems increase growth and nutrient status of hybrid poplar: a case study from two northeastern american experiments.tree-based intercropping is considered to be a potentially useful land use system for mitigating negative environmental impacts from intensive agriculture such as nutrient leaching and greenhouse gas emissions. rapid early growth of trees is critical for rapidly accruing environmental benefits provided by the trees. we tested the hypothesis that intercropping increases the growth and nutrient status of young hybrid poplars (populus spp.), compared to a harrowing alley treatment (i.e., no intercr ...200919783353
the oxidative stress caused by salinity in two barley cultivars is mitigated by elevated co2.changes in antioxidant metabolism because of the effect of salinity stress (0, 80, 160 or 240 mm nacl) on protective enzyme activities under ambient (350 micromol mol(-1)) and elevated (700 micromol mol(-1)) co(2) concentrations were investigated in two barley cultivars (hordeum vulgare l., cvs alpha and iranis). electrolyte leakage, peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (sod), ec 1.15.1.1; ascorbate peroxidase (apx), ec 1.11.1.11; catalase (cat), ec 1.11.1.6; dehydro ...200919121097
arbuscular mycorrhizal inhibition of growth in barley cannot be attributed to extent of colonization, fungal phosphorus uptake or effects on expression of plant phosphate transporter genes.here, we used phosphorus-32 (32p) labelling in compartmented pots combined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis of phosphate(pi) transporter gene expression to investigate regulation of pi uptake pathways in barley (hordeum vulgare), an arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) plant that does not show strong positive growth responses to colonization.barley was colonized well by glomus intraradices and poorly by glomus geosporum,but both fungi induced significant and similar gr ...200919140934
autophagy is enhanced and floral development is impaired in athva22d rna interference arabidopsis.autophagy is an intracellular process in which a portion of cytoplasm is transported into vacuoles for recycling. physiological roles of autophagy in plants include recycling nutrients during senescence, sustaining life during starvation, and the formation of central digestive vacuoles. the regulation of autophagy and the formation of autophagosomes, spherical double membrane structures containing cytoplasm moving toward vacuoles, are poorly understood. hva22 is a gene originally cloned from bar ...200919151132
real-time pcr quantification and live-cell imaging of endophytic colonization of barley (hordeum vulgare) roots by fusarium equiseti and pochonia chlamydosporia.*new tools were developed for the study of the endophytic development of the fungal species fusarium equiseti and pochonia chlamydosporia in barley (hordeum vulgare) roots. these were applied to monitor the host colonization patterns of these potential candidates for biocontrol of root pathogens. * molecular beacons specific for either f. equiseti or p. chlamydosporia were designed and used in real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) quantification of fungal populations in roots. genetic transf ...200919170898
transformation of isolated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) microspores: ii. timing of pretreatment and temperatures relative to results of bombardment.based on paper i in this series, our goals in this paper were to determine the relationship between prebombardment pretreatments and temperatures, microspore cell cycle when bombarded, and the frequencies of homozygous and hemizygous transgenic progeny in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). of the 104 fluorescent plants selected when using the gfp fluorescence transgene, 28 were albino and 76 plants were green. thirty-one green plants were confirmed to be transgenic; the others were either transient gr ...200919234566
identification and characterization of zinc-starvation-induced zip transporters from barley roots.zinc (zn) is an essential element for plants but limited information is currently available on the molecular basis for zn(2+) transport in crop species. to expand the knowledge on zn(2+) transport in barley (hordeum vulgare l.), a cdna library prepared from barley roots was expressed in the yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant strain deltazrt1/deltazrt2, defective in zn(2+) uptake. this strategy resulted in isolation and identification of three new zn(2+) transporters from barley. all of the ...200919249224
limited genetic variation within and between russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotypes in the united states.insect biotypes are populations able to kill or injure crops with resistance genes and complicate pest management programs based on host plant resistance. biotypes occur in russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), a worldwide pest of wheat, triticum aestivum l., and barley, hordeum vulgare l., that was introduced into mexico in 1980 and then spread into texas by 1986. five d. noxia biotypes were described in the united states and given the number designations 1 th ...200919253666
isolation and functional characterization of hvdreb1-a gene encoding a dehydration-responsive element binding protein in hordeum vulgare.a gene encoding hordeum vulgare dehydration-responsive element binding protein 1 (hvdreb1), a member of the a-2 subgroup of the dreb subfamily, was isolated from barley seedlings. a subcellular localization assay revealed accumulation of hvdreb1 protein in the nucleus. as a trans-acting factor, hvdreb1 was able to bind to dre/crt elements and transactivate reporter gene expression in yeast cells. a study of various deletion mutants of hvdreb1 proteins indicated that the transactivation activity ...200919067111
chromosomal location and inheritance of stem rust resistance transferred from hordeum bulbosum into cultivated barley (h. vulgare).stem rust, caused by puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease on barley (hordeum vulgare). host resistance has effectively controlled stem rust, primarily through use of gene rpg1. however, virulence to rpg1 is present in north america, and a new race (ttksk, or ug99) from eastern africa threatens barley production. a search for novel resistance was previously conducted, and an interspecific barley breeding line (212y1) with introgressed chromatin from h. bulbosum was identified ...200919271974
the molecular biology of seasonal flowering-responses in arabidopsis and the cereals.in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), flowering locus t (ft) and flowering locus c (flc) play key roles in regulating seasonal flowering-responses to synchronize flowering with optimal conditions. ft is a promoter of flowering activated by long days and by warm conditions. flc represses ft to delay flowering until plants experience winter.200919304997
a simple tae-based method to generate large insert bac libraries from plant species.large insert libraries are valuable tools for the positional cloning of genes of interest, physical mapping of chromosomes, comparative genomics, and molecular breeding. there are five types of large dna insert libraries: cosmid, yeast artificial chromosomes (yacs), bacteriophage p1, bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) and p1-derived artificial chromosomes (pacs) libraries. of these libraries, bac libraries are the most widely used due to their ease of manipulation, large insert size, and st ...200919347648
identification and potential enzyme capacity of flavobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of barley (hordeum vulgare l.).the diversity of 99 flavobacterium-like isolates from a barley rhizosphere is described. they were identified on 1/10 strength tryptic soy agar by their yellowish colour and a flexirubin reaction after exposure to 10% koh.16s rdna partial sequencing identified the majority (70%) of isolates as flavobacterium. twelve percent of the isolates belonged to other genera in the phylum bacteroidetes. finally 17% of the isolates did not belong to the phylum bacteroidetes. most of the flavobacterium isola ...200919370066
coularray electrochemical evaluation of tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers in barley, oat and spelt grains.hexane extracts obtained from hordeum vulgare l. (barley), avena sativa l. (oat), triticum spelta schrank and triticum dicoccum schrank ex schübler (spelt or emmer) whole grains, were examined for their tocochromanol (tocopherol and tocotrienol) content. the analyses were carried out on fatty extracts by means of hplc coupled with a coulometric array electrochemical detector (ecd). due to the specific high selectivity of the detector, the sample can be directly injected without any preliminary t ...200919370933
quantitative detection of changes in the leaf-mesophyll tonoplast proteome in dependency of a cadmium exposure of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) plants.although the vacuole is the most important final store for toxic heavy metals like cadmium (cd(2+)), our knowledge on how they are transported into the vacuole is still insufficient. it has been suggested that cd(2+) can be transported as phytochelatin-cd(2+) by an unknown abc transporter or in exchange with protons by cation/proton exchanger (cax) transporters. to unravel the contribution of vacuolar transporters to cd(2+) detoxification, a quantitative proteomics approach was performed. highly ...200919391183
analysing nitrogen responses of cereals to prioritize routes to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency.the efficient use of fertilizer nitrogen (n) is crucial to sustainable human nutrition. all crops receive significant amounts of additional n in temperate environments, through fixation or fertilizer use. this paper reviews progress towards the efficient use of fertilizer n by winter wheat (triticum aesitivum l.) and spring barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in the uk, acknowledging that on-farm this is governed by economics. recent multi-site n response experiments on old and modern varieties show tha ...200919395389
effects of treated sewage sludge levels on temporal variations of some soil properties of a typic xerofluvent soil in menemen plain, western anatolia, turkey.the aim of this study is to determine effects of treated sewage sludge (tss) levels as an organic matter (om) resource on temporal variations of some soil properties of a typic xerofluvent soil. the experiment was conducted in menemen plain, in the western anatolia region of turkey (latitudes 38 degrees 34'48.22''-38 degrees 34'49.24'' n; longitudes 27 degrees 1'23.05-27 degrees 1'24.14'' e) in the years of 2003 and 2004. moist tss was added to the soil at the rates of 0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha(-1) ...200918202900
blufensin1 negatively impacts basal defense in response to barley powdery mildew.plants have evolved complex regulatory mechanisms to control the defense response against microbial attack. both temporal and spatial gene expression are tightly regulated in response to pathogen ingress, modulating both positive and negative control of defense. blufensin1 (bln1), a small peptide belonging to a novel family of proteins in barley (hordeum vulgare), is highly induced by attack from the obligate biotrophic fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh), casual agent of powdery mildew ...200919005086
a barley cellulose synthase-like cslh gene mediates (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucan synthesis in transgenic arabidopsis.the walls of grasses and related members of the poales are characterized by the presence of the polysaccharide (1,3, 1,4)-beta-d-glucan (beta-glucan). to date, only members of the grass-specific cellulose synthase-like f (cslf) gene family have been implicated in its synthesis. assuming that other grass-specific csl genes also might encode synthases for this polysaccharide, we cloned hvcslh1, a cslh gene from barley (hordeum vulgare l.), and expressed an epitope-tagged version of the cdna in ara ...200919321749
molecular and functional characterization of pebp genes in barley reveal the diversification of their roles in flowering.five barley (hordeum vulgare) pebp (for phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein) genes were analyzed to clarify their functional roles in flowering using transgenic, expression, and quantitative trait locus analyses. introduction of hvtfl1 and hvmft1 into rice (oryza sativa) plants did not result in any changes in flowering, suggesting that these two genes have functions distinct from flowering. overexpression of hvft1, hvft2, and hvft3 in rice resulted in early heading, indicating that these f ...200919168644
an ac/ds-mediated gene trap system for functional genomics in barley.gene trapping is a powerful tool for gene discovery and functional genomics in both animals and plants. upon insertion of the gene trap construct into an expressed gene, splice donor and acceptor sites facilitate the generation of transcriptional fusions between the flanking sequence and the reporter. consequently, detection of reporter gene expression allows the identification of genes based on their expression pattern. up to now rice is the only cereal crop for which gene trap approaches exist ...200919178688
a germin-like protein gene family functions as a complex quantitative trait locus conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance in rice.plant disease resistance governed by quantitative trait loci (qtl) is predicted to be effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens and long lasting. use of these qtl to improve crop species, however, is hindered because the genes contributing to the trait are not known. five disease resistance qtl that colocalized with defense response genes were accumulated by marker-aided selection to develop blast-resistant varieties. one advanced backcross line carrying the major-effect qtl on chromosome ...200919011003
plant responses to seven russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotypes found in the united states.the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), is a serious wheat, triticum aestivum l., and barley, hordeum vulgare l., pest throughout the small grain-producing areas in the western united states. the virulency and classification of recently described russian wheat aphid biotypes 1-7 (rwa1-7) were clarified using 24 plant differentials. these seven biotypes had been described previously using various methods and test environments; therefore, the purpose of this st ...200919886462
transcript-based cloning of rrp46, a regulator of rrna processing and r gene-independent cell death in barley-powdery mildew interactions.programmed cell death (pcd) plays a pivotal role in plant development and defense. to investigate the interaction between pcd and r gene-mediated defense, we used the 22k barley1 genechip to compare and contrast time-course expression profiles of blumeria graminis f. sp hordei (bgh) challenged barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar c.i. 16151 (harboring the mla6 powdery mildew resistance allele) and its fast neutron-derived bgh-induced tip cell death1 mutant, bcd1. mixed linear model analysis identif ...200919861556
comparative sequence analysis and serological and infectivity studies indicate that cocksfoot mild mosaic virus is a member of the genus panicovirus.the complete nucleotide sequence of the phleum isolate of cocksfoot mild mosaic virus (cmmv-p) and the coat protein sequence of the cocksfoot isolate (cmmv-1) were determined. comparative sequence analysis revealed a close relationship with panicum mosaic virus (pmv; genus panicovirus), and together with serological studies, the work supports the classification of cmmv in the family tombusviridae, genus panicovirus rather than, as is currently proposed, the genus sobemovirus. a full-length cdna ...200919693646
stronger induction of callose deposition in barley by russian wheat aphid than bird cherry-oat aphid is not associated with differences in callose synthase or beta-1,3-glucanase transcript abundance.the effects of infestation by the bird cherry-oat aphid (bca), (rhopalosiphum padi l) and the russian wheat aphid (rwa) (diuraphis noxia mordvilko) on callose deposition and transcription of genes related to callose accumulation were investigated in barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. clipper). the bca, which gives no visible symptoms, induced very limited callose deposition, even after 14 days of infestation. in contrast, rwa, which causes chlorosis, white and yellow streaking and leaf rolling, indu ...200919055542
effects of earthworms on metal uptake of heavy metals from polluted mine soils by different crop plants.a pot experiment was conducted in order to assess the effect of the earthworm eisenia fetida on the uptake of pb, zn, cd and cu from soils polluted by mining activities using maize (zea mays) and barley (hordeum vulgare). results from single and sequential extractions showed that the soil chemical partitioning of heavy metals was significantly changed by e. fetida, leading to a higher concentration of metals in the non-residual fractions of the soil. earthworm activities significantly increased ...200919232427
structure of hordeum vulgare nadph-dependent thioredoxin reductase 2. unwinding the reaction mechanism.thioredoxins (trxs) are protein disulfide reductases that regulate the intracellular redox environment and are important for seed germination in plants. trxs are in turn regulated by nadph-dependent thioredoxin reductases (ntrs), which provide reducing equivalents to trx using nadph to recycle trxs to the active form. here, the first crystal structure of a cereal ntr, hvntr2 from hordeum vulgare (barley), is presented, which is also the first structure of a monocot plant ntr. the structure was d ...200919690371
trifldb: a database of clustered full-length coding sequences from triticeae with applications to comparative grass genomics.the triticeae full-length cds database (trifldb) contains available information regarding full-length coding sequences (cdss) of the triticeae crops wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare) and includes functional annotations and comparative genomics features. trifldb provides a search interface using keywords for gene function and related gene ontology terms and a similarity search for dna and deduced translated amino acid sequences to access annotations of triticeae full-length c ...200919448038
vernalization-induced flowering in cereals is associated with changes in histone methylation at the vernalization1 gene.prolonged exposure to low temperatures (vernalization) accelerates the transition to reproductive growth in many plant species, including the model plant arabidopsis thaliana and the economically important cereal crops, wheat and barley. vernalization-induced flowering is an epigenetic phenomenon. in arabidopsis, stable down-regulation of flowering locus c (flc) by vernalization is associated with changes in histone modifications at flc chromatin. in cereals, the vernalization response is mediat ...200919416817
the barley magnesium chelatase 150-kd subunit is not an abscisic acid receptor.magnesium chelatase is the first unique enzyme of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. it is composed of three gene products of which the largest is 150 kd. this protein was recently identified as an abscisic acid receptor in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). we have evaluated whether the barley (hordeum vulgare) magnesium chelatase large subunit, xanf, could be a receptor for the phytohormone. the study involved analysis of recombinant magnesium chelatase protein as well as several induced c ...200919176716
experimental evidence for ascorbate-dependent electron transport in leaves with inactive oxygen-evolving complexes.previously, we showed that in barley (hordeum vulgare) leaves with heat-inactivated oxygen-evolving complexes, photosystem ii (psii) has access to a large pool of alternative electron donors. based on in vitro data, we proposed that this donor was ascorbate, yet this hypothesis has not been substantiated in vivo. in this paper, with the aid of chlorophyll a fluorescence induced by short (5-ms) light pulses and 820-nm absorbance transient measurements on wild-type and ascorbate-deficient (vtc2-1) ...200919144767
in vivo phosphorylation sites of barley tonoplast proteins identified by a phosphoproteomic approach.in plants the vacuolar functions are the cellular storage of soluble carbohydrates, organic acids, inorganic ions and toxic compounds. transporters and channels located in the vacuolar membrane, the tonoplast, are modulated by ptms to facilitate the optimal functioning of a large number of metabolic pathways. here we present a phosphoproteomic approach for the identification of in vivo phosphorylation sites of tonoplast (vacuolar membrane) proteins. highly purified tonoplast and tonoplast-enrich ...200919142958
se(iv) phytotoxicity for monocotyledonae cereals (hordeum vulgare l., triticum aestivum l.) and dicotyledonae crops (sinapis alba l., brassica napus l.).the phytotoxicity of se(iv) was determined through root and shoot growth inhibition, biomass (dry (dm), fresh (fm)) production, water content, photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) levels and se accumulation in the roots and shoots. the sensitivities of monocotyledonae (hordeum vulgare, triticum aestivum) and dicotyledonae plants (sinapis alba, brassica napus) were also compared. except for h. vulgare, se(iv) inhibited root growth more than shoot growth. as for bi ...200919709809
phytotoxicity and bioavailability of cobalt to plants in a range of soils.risk assessments of existing substances, including metals, in the environment are being carried in the european union, which require estimation of the predicted no-effect concentration (pnec) derived from biological toxicity assays. few toxicity data exist for co and higher plants, and the influence of soil properties on co toxicity also needs to be evaluated systematically. we investigated phytotoxicity and bioavailability of co to barley (hordeum vulgare l.), oilseed rape (osr; brassica napus ...200919217640
differential growth response of various crop species to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation.to investigate the growth response of various crop species to mycorrhizal inoculation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were applied to glycine max, vigna angularis, senna tora, hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon. zea mays, sorghum bicolor, allium tuberosum, solanum melongena, and capsicum annuum. the biomass of the inoculated crops was measured every two weeks for the 12-week growth period. by measuring biomass, we calculated the mycorrhizal responsiveness of the nine crop species. among the nine cro ...200923983512
barley (hordeum vulgare l.) inositol monophosphatase: gene structure and enzyme characteristics.the cellular myo-inositol (ins) pool is important to many metabolic and signaling pathways in plants. ins monophosphatase (impase; ec 3.1.3.25) activity is essential for the de novo synthesis of myo-inositol (ins), and for recycling of ins in ins(1,4,5)p3. however, proteins encoded by at least one family of imp genes also have l-galactose-1-p phosphatase activity important to ascorbic acid synthesis, indicating a bifunctionality that links these two branches of carbon metabolism. as part of rese ...200818493722
reproduction and feeding behavior of myzus persicae on four cereals.green peach aphid, myzus persicae (sulzer), does not overwinter outdoors in minnesota; it arrives each spring on low-level jet streams from the south. after arrival, anholocylic reproduction occurs on numerous herbaceous species, including many common weeds, before movement to potato, solanum tuberosum l. in investigating aphid feeding behavior on barrier crops, we observed winter wheat, triticum aestivum l., colonized by green peach aphid. the northern great plains grows 94,000 ha of potatoes a ...200818330110
discrete developmental roles for temperate cereal grass vernalization1/fruitfull-like genes in flowering competency and the transition to flowering.members of the grass subfamily pooideae are characterized by their adaptation to cool temperate climates. vernalization is the process whereby flowering is accelerated in response to a prolonged period of cold. winter cereals are tolerant of low temperatures and flower earlier with vernalization, whereas spring cultivars are intolerant of low temperatures and flower later with vernalization. in the pooid grasses wheat (triticum monococcum, triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare), vernali ...200818024551
[the effect of daily exposure to low hardening temperature on plant vital activity].phenomenological responses of plants to daily short-term exposure to low hardening temperature was studied under chamber and field conditions. experiments were carried out on cucumber (cucumis sativus l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), marigolds (tagetes l.), and petunia (petunia x hybrida) plants. the obtained data demonstrated a similar pattern of response in all studied plant species to different variants of exposure to low hardening temperature. the main features of plant response to daily sh ...200818959197
efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization in progenies of factorial crosses between european and exotic cultivars of spring barley (hordeum vulgare l.).previous observations suggested that some landraces, primitive cultivars and other barleys originating from the harsh conditions of the middle east, north africa and tibet might serve as interesting sources of adaptation to low-input agriculture. this opportunity was verified in field experiments performed under reduced rates of nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) fertilization. genetic variation in major components of the efficiency of n and p utilization was examined among f2 and f3 generations of ...200819029682
distribution patterns of phosphorylated thr 3 and thr 32 of histone h3 in plant mitosis and meiosis.cell cycle dependent phosphorylation of conserved n-terminal tail residues of histone h3 has been described in both animal and plant cells. through cytogenetic approaches using different plant species we show a detailed description of distribution patterns of phosphorylated histone h3 at either threonine 3 or threonine 32 in mitosis and meiosis. in meristematic cells of the large genome species secale cereale, vicia faba and hordeum vulgare we have found that phosphorylation of both threonine re ...200818931489
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