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fathers see stronger family resemblances than non-fathers in unrelated children's faces.even after they have taken all reasonable measures to decrease the probability that their spouses cheat on them, men still face paternal uncertainty. such uncertainty can lead to paternal disinvestment, which reduces the children's probability to survive and reproduce, and thus the reproductive success of the fathers themselves. a theoretical model shows that, other things being equal, men who feel confident that they have fathered their spouses' offspring tend to enjoy greater fitness (i.e., le ...201222695644
thieves or mutualists? pulp feeders enhance endozoochore local recruitment.the persistence of mutualisms despite the strong incidence of exploiters could be explained if exploiters deny one or more services (i.e., cheat) while eventually supplying some subtler but critical services. pulp feeders usually ingest fruit reward without dispersing seeds and thus are considered to be mainly cheaters or thieves of seed-disperser mutualisms. by consuming the fruit pulp, however, they could release seeds from pulp inhibitory effect, enhancing germination and, potentially, subseq ...201222624212
the direct and ecological costs of an ant-plant symbiosis.how strong is selection for cheating in mutualisms? the answer depends on the type and magnitude of the costs of the mutualism. here we investigated the direct and ecological costs of plant defense by ants in the association between cordia nodosa, a myrmecophytic plant, and allomerus octoarticulatus, a phytoecious ant. cordia nodosa trees produce food and housing to reward ants that protect them against herbivores. for nearly 1 year, we manipulated the presence of a. octoarticulatus ants and mos ...201222617264
impact of pediatric epilepsy on sleep patterns and behaviors in children and parents.disrupted sleep patterns in children with epilepsy and their parents are commonly described clinically. a number of studies have shown increased frequency of sleep disorders among pediatric epilepsy patients; however, few have characterized the association between epilepsy and parental sleep quality and household sleeping arrangements. the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of pediatric epilepsy on child sleep, parental sleep and fatigue, and parent-child sleeping arrangements, incl ...201222594377
signing at the beginning makes ethics salient and decreases dishonest self-reports in comparison to signing at the end.many written forms required by businesses and governments rely on honest reporting. proof of honest intent is typically provided through signature at the end of, e.g., tax returns or insurance policy forms. still, people sometimes cheat to advance their financial self-interests-at great costs to society. we test an easy-to-implement method to discourage dishonesty: signing at the beginning rather than at the end of a self-report, thereby reversing the order of the current practice. using laborat ...201222927408
relationship power, control, and dating violence among latina girls.we drew on the theory of gender and power and grounded theory methodology to explore how 18 latina girls conceptualized power and control within their heterosexual dating relationships. our findings indicate that boys/men used a number of strategies to control girls, including: regulating appearances and behaviors; cheating and threatening to cheat; and physical and sexual violence. girls used a variety of strategies to resist these attempts to control them, including: lying, flirting, and cheat ...201222926188
predictors of caregiver distress among palliative home care clients in ontario: evidence based on the interrai palliative care.this study examines predictors of caregiver distress among community-based palliative care clients. analyses are based upon interrai palliative care (interrai pc) assessment data from palliative home care programs in three regions in ontario, canada.201222436557
large-scale brain networks in board game experts: insights from a domain-related task and task-free resting state.cognitive performance relies on the coordination of large-scale networks of brain regions that are not only temporally correlated during different tasks, but also networks that show highly correlated spontaneous activity during a task-free state. both task-related and task-free network activity has been associated with individual differences in cognitive performance. therefore, we aimed to examine the influence of cognitive expertise on four networks associated with cognitive task performance: t ...201222427852
the role of intuition and deliberative thinking in experts' superior tactical decision-making.current theories argue that human decision making is largely based on quick, automatic, and intuitive processes that are occasionally supplemented by slow controlled deliberation. researchers, therefore, predominantly studied the heuristics of the automatic system in everyday decision making. our study examines the role of slow deliberation for experts who exhibit superior decision-making outcomes in tactical chess problems with clear best moves. our study uses advanced computer software to meas ...201222541584
is chess the drosophila of artificial intelligence? a social history of an algorithm.since the mid 1960s, researchers in computer science have famously referred to chess as the 'drosophila' of artificial intelligence (ai). what they seem to mean by this is that chess, like the common fruit fly, is an accessible, familiar, and relatively simple experimental technology that nonetheless can be used productively to produce valid knowledge about other, more complex systems. but for historians of science and technology, the analogy between chess and drosophila assumes a larger signifi ...201222530382
higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior.seven studies using experimental and naturalistic methods reveal that upper-class individuals behave more unethically than lower-class individuals. in studies 1 and 2, upper-class individuals were more likely to break the law while driving, relative to lower-class individuals. in follow-up laboratory studies, upper-class individuals were more likely to exhibit unethical decision-making tendencies (study 3), take valued goods from others (study 4), lie in a negotiation (study 5), cheat to increas ...201222371585
suppressive competition: how sounds may cheat sight.in this issue of neuron, iurilli et al. (2012) demonstrate that auditory cortex activation directly engages local gabaergic circuits in v1 to induce sound-driven hyperpolarizations in layer 2/3 and layer 6 pyramidal neurons. thereby, sounds can directly suppress v1 activity and visual driven behavior.201222365538
[eye pathology in the paintings by georges de la tour (iii). strabismus: the cheat with ace of diamonds]. 201222341364
how to cheat when you cannot lie? deceit pollination in begonia gracilis.mimicry between rewarding and non-rewarding flowers within individuals has been accepted as a strategy favored by selection to deceive pollinators. it has been proposed that this mechanism relies on the exploitation of pollinator's sensory biases, but field evidence is still scarce. in this study, we describe the mechanism of deceit pollination in the monoecious herb begonia gracilis, a species with exposed rewarding structures (pollen) and intersexual mimicry. specifically, we test the role of ...201222302510
reduced caudate volume and enhanced striatal-dmn integration in chess experts.the superior capability of chess experts largely depends on quick automatic processing skills which are considered to be mediated by the caudate nucleus. we asked whether continued practice or rehearsal of the skill over a long period of time can lead to structural changes in this region. we found that, comparing to novice controls, grandmaster and master level chinese chess players (gm/ms), who had a mean period of over 10years of tournament and training practice, exhibited significant smaller ...201222270350
supporting nurses' decisions with a multi-attribute model for patient health evaluation.nurses are required to make many important decisions, for instance on determining the level of the nursing problem, setting nursing diagnoses and interventions. the model presented in this paper is a tool for better and easier decision making is such situations. multi-attribute modeling of patients' basic living activities is used for evaluation and explanation of their health status. it offers also visualization and quantification of the data which facilitate decision making in the framework of ...201224199115
parallel excitation for b-field insensitive fat-saturation preparation.multichannel transmission has the potential to improve many aspects of mri through a new paradigm in excitation. in this study, multichannel transmission is used to address the effects that variations in b(0) homogeneity have on fat-saturation preparation through the use of the frequency, phase, and amplitude degrees of freedom afforded by independent transmission channels. b(1) homogeneity is intrinsically included via use of coil sensitivities in calculations. a new method, parallel excitation ...201222247080
conclusive quantum steering with superconducting transition-edge sensors.quantum steering allows two parties to verify shared entanglement even if one measurement device is untrusted. a conclusive demonstration of steering through the violation of a steering inequality is of considerable fundamental interest and opens up applications in quantum communication. to date, all experimental tests with single-photon states have relied on post selection, allowing untrusted devices to cheat by hiding unfavourable events in losses. here we close this 'detection loophole' by co ...201222233635
the effect of a computer-based intervention on adult children of alcoholics.people who grow up with a family member who has a substance use disorder (sud) are at risk for serious problems, and yet support for family members focuses mainly on the individual with the sud. technology may offer a way to make support widely available to family members of those with suds. this small randomized trial examined an online system of resources called chess (comprehensive health enhancement support system) for adult children of alcoholics (acoas), a population at greater risk for su ...201222227576
the dark side of creativity: original thinkers can be more dishonest.creativity is a common aspiration for individuals, organizations, and societies. here, however, we test whether creativity increases dishonesty. we propose that a creative personality and a creative mindset promote individuals' ability to justify their behavior, which, in turn, leads to unethical behavior. in 5 studies, we show that participants with creative personalities tended to cheat more than less creative individuals and that dispositional creativity is a better predictor of unethical beh ...201222121888
do not fear your opponent: suboptimal changes of a prevention strategy when facing stronger opponents.the time spent making a decision and its quality define a widely studied trade-off. some models suggest that the time spent is set to optimize reward, as verified empirically in simple-decision making experiments. however, in a more complex perspective compromising components of regulation focus, ambitions, fear, risk and social variables, adjustment of the speed-accuracy trade-off may not be optimal. specifically, regulatory focus theory shows that people can be set in a promotion mode, where f ...201222004170
creating a bond between caregivers online: effect on caregivers' coping strategies.numerous studies have investigated the effect of interactive cancer communication systems (iccss) on system users' improvements in psychosocial status. research in this area, however, has focused mostly on cancer patients, rather than on caregivers, and on the direct effects of iccss on improved outcomes, rather than on the psychological mechanisms of iccs effects. to understand the underlying mechanisms, this study examines the mediating role of perceived caregiver bonding in the relation betwe ...201222004055
treatment with the glucocorticoid antagonist ru486 reduces cooperative cleaning visits of a common reef fish, the lined bristletooth.cooperation often involves a conflict of interest. this is particularly true in situations where one individual seeks out a service but cannot properly control the quality of the service given by the partner who would gain from defecting. an example is cleaning mutualism involving the bluestreak cleaner wrasse (labroides dimidiatus) and its reef-fish 'clients'. these cleaners may reduce the stress experienced by their clients by removing parasites; however they occasionally cheat clients (i.e. d ...201222001873
expertise modulates the neural basis of context dependent recognition of objects and their relations.recognition of objects and their relations is necessary for orienting in real life. we examined cognitive processes related to recognition of objects, their relations, and the patterns they form by using the game of chess. chess enables us to compare experts with novices and thus gain insight in the nature of development of recognition skills. eye movement recordings showed that experts were generally faster than novices on a task that required enumeration of relations between chess objects beca ...201221998070
reproduction numbers in malaria and their implications.the malariologist lewis wendell hackett famously observed that, "like chess, (malaria) is played with a few pieces, but is capable of an infinite variety of situations". this paper discusses one such piece, the red queen. red queen phenomena arise when an intensification of effort leads to a need for further intensification to maintain the new status quo. such phenomena represent dangers for current strategies to combat the disease. understanding reproduction numbers is key to understanding thes ...201221996375
virus manipulation of cell cycle.viruses depend on host cell resources for replication and access to those resources may be limited to a particular phase of the cell cycle. thus manipulation of cell cycle is a commonly employed strategy of viruses for achieving a favorable cellular environment. for example, viruses capable of infecting nondividing cells induce s phase in order to activate the host dna replication machinery and provide the nucleotide triphosphates necessary for viral dna replication (flemington in j virol 75:447 ...201221986922
comparative analysis of numerical integration schemes of density equation for a computational model of bone remodelling.in this study, a computational model of bone remodelling problem as proposed by weinans et al. (1992) is described and solved by other temporal integration techniques different from the euler scheme. this model considers three types of numerical integration schemes of the evolution of the material density during the remodelling: euler, heun and runge-kutta methods. also the strain and the density field are obtained inside each element, at gauss points or at the nodes of the mesh. a square plate ...201221806414
chess masters show a hallmark of face processing with chess.face processing has several distinctive hallmarks that researchers have attributed either to face-specific mechanisms or to extensive experience distinguishing faces. here, we examined the face-processing hallmark of selective attention failure--as indexed by the congruency effect in the composite paradigm--in a domain of extreme expertise: chess. among 27 experts, we found that the congruency effect was equally strong with chessboards and faces. further, comparing these experts with recreationa ...201221787101
the importance of challenge for the enjoyment of intrinsically motivated, goal-directed activities.although early interview-based analyses of the enjoyment of intrinsically motivated, goal-directed activities (e.g., chess, rock climbing, art making) suggested the importance of relatively difficult, "optimal" challenges, subsequent findings derived from a wider range of activities have not provided consistent support for this proposition. two studies were conducted to clarify the relation between challenge and enjoyment. study 1 focused on a single activity-internet chess. the importance of ch ...201222067510
bad to the bone: facial structure predicts unethical behaviour.researchers spanning many scientific domains, including primatology, evolutionary biology and psychology, have sought to establish an evolutionary basis for morality. while researchers have identified social and cognitive adaptations that support ethical behaviour, a consensus has emerged that genetically determined physical traits are not reliable signals of unethical intentions or actions. challenging this view, we show that genetically determined physical traits can serve as reliable predicto ...201221733897
fat-suppressed mr images of both hands obtained using chess can be improved by rice pads.when chemical shift selective (chess) imaging is used with magnetic resonance imaging (mri) for simultaneous imaging of both hands for the evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis, the fat suppression effect is poor. we investigated whether these fat-suppressed images using chess could be improved with the use of rice pads. t1-weighted images were obtained with chess and the same imaging parameters were used with and without rice pads on the coronal plane of both hands in 10 healthy volunteers. patien ...201221708440
launching "the evolution of cooperation".this article describes three aspects of the author's early work on the evolution of the cooperation. first, it explains how the idea for a computer tournament for the iterated prisoner's dilemma was inspired by the artificial intelligence research on computer checkers and computer chess. second, it shows how the vulnerability of simple reciprocity of misunderstanding or misimplementation can be eliminated with the addition of some degree of generosity or contrition. third, it recounts the unusua ...201221540040
predicting heart failure mortality in frail seniors: comparing the nyha functional classification with the resident assessment instrument (rai) 2.0.though the nyha functional classification is recommended in clinical settings, concerns have been raised about its reliability particularly among older patients. the rai 2.0 is a comprehensive assessment system specifically developed for frail seniors. we hypothesized that a prognostic model for heart failure (hf) developed from the rai 2.0 would be superior to the nyha classification. the purpose of this study was to determine whether a hf-specific prognostic model based on the rai 2.0 is super ...201221292334
clinical outcomes of a novel, family-centered partial hospitalization program for young patients with eating disorders.eating disorders (ed) in children and younger adolescents are becoming more evident, but there is a small evidence base for their management in this population. we hypothesized that a new family-centered partial hospital program for young patients would be effective in promoting weight gain, as well as improvement in psychiatric symptoms.201223086252
the tell-tale heart: heart rate fluctuations index objective and subjective events during a game of chess.during a decision-making process, the body changes. these somatic changes have been related to specific cognitive events and also have been postulated to assist decision-making indexing possible outcomes of different options. we used chess to analyze heart rate (hr) modulations on specific cognitive events. in a chess game, players have a limited time-budget to make about 40 moves (decisions) that can be objectively evaluated and retrospectively assigned to specific subjectively perceived events ...201223060777
inhibition of irrelevant information is not necessary to performance of expert chess players.some studies on expertise have demonstrated that the difference between novices and experts can be partly due to a lack of knowledge about which information is relevant for a given situation. this lack of knowledge seems to be associated with the selection of correct information and with inhibitory processes. however, while the efficiency of inhibitory processes can lead to better performance in the normal population, it seems that experts in chess do not base their performance on this process b ...201223033745
plant kin recognition enhances abundance of symbiotic microbial partner.the stability of cooperative interactions among different species can be compromised by cheating. in the plant-mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis, a single mycorrhizal network may interact with many plants, providing the opportunity for individual plants to cheat by obtaining nutrients from the fungi without donating carbon. here we determine whether kin selection may favour plant investment in the mycorrhizal network, reducing the incentive to cheat when relatives interact with a single network.201223029158
comparing frailty measures in their ability to predict adverse outcome among older residents of assisted living.few studies have directly compared the competing approaches to identifying frailty in more vulnerable older populations. we examined the ability of two versions of a frailty index (43 vs. 83 items), the cardiovascular health study (chs) frailty criteria, and the chess scale to accurately predict the occurrence of three outcomes among assisted living (al) residents followed over one year.201222978265
pollination: the price of attraction.nectar is the major currency bringing together plants and pollinators; yet the costs and benefits of nectar production remain poorly understood. a low nectar line developed in petunia offers an innovative approach to this problem and may offer clues to why some plants cheat and secure pollination via deception.201222974993
honesty requires time (and lack of justifications).recent research suggests that refraining from cheating in tempting situations requires self-control, which indicates that serving self-interest is an automatic tendency. however, evidence also suggests that people cheat to the extent that they can justify their unethical behavior to themselves. to merge these different lines of research, we adopted a dual-system approach that distinguished between the intuitive and deliberative cognitive systems. we suggest that for people to restrict their dish ...201222972904
coevolution of trustful buyers and cooperative sellers in the trust game.many online marketplaces enjoy great success. buyers and sellers in successful markets carry out cooperative transactions even if they do not know each other in advance and a moral hazard exists. an indispensable component that enables cooperation in such social dilemma situations is the reputation system. under the reputation system, a buyer can avoid transacting with a seller with a bad reputation. a transaction in online marketplaces is better modeled by the trust game than other social dilem ...201222970176
symmetry breaking and optical negative index of closed nanorings.metamaterials have extraordinary abilities, such as imaging beyond the diffraction limit and invisibility. many metamaterials are based on split-ring structures, however, like atomic orbital currents, it has long been believed that closed rings cannot produce negative refractive index. here we report a low-loss and polarization-independent negative-index metamaterial made solely of closed metallic nanorings. using symmetry breaking that negatively couples the discrete nanorings, we measured nega ...201223149726
triathlon: how to mentally prepare for the big race.with the mastery of 3 sports required, a triathlon can be a daunting mental challenge. some liken a triathlon to a physical game of chess. a triathlete must mentally assess their physical ability across 3 sports against their competitors, the environment, and, most of all, themselves. the mental preparation required for a triathlon is often minimized, but its importance should not be underestimated. appropriate mental planning should be carried out during training. the need for nutrition, race p ...201223147092
'checkmating hiv&aids': using chess to break the silence in the classroom.in this article, i give an account of my 'checkmating hiv&aids' action research project, which was an attempt to break the 'culture of silence' concerning hiv&aids and sex and sexuality in my classroom. in this project, i focused specifically on one code of sport, namely chess, and i point out and discuss the potential of using chess as an educational tool in addressing hiv&aids. it was found that learners enjoy playing chess and that it can be used in the life orientation classroom to promote h ...201223234377
visual acuity evaluated by pattern-reversal visual-evoked potential is affected by check size/visual angle.to systemically explore the range of visual angles that affect visual acuity, and to establish the relationship between the p1 component (peak latency ~100 ms) of the pattern-reversal visual-evoked potential (prvep) and the visual acuity at particular visual angles.201223225314
how patients recovering from alcoholism use a smartphone intervention.objective: mobile technology has the potential to radically improve addiction treatment and continuing care by offering emotional and instrumental support anywhere and just in time. this is particularly important in addiction because timing is critical to preventing relapse. although most experts consider alcoholism to be a chronic disease, providers do not typically offer ongoing support for relapse prevention after patients complete treatment, even though a central characteristic of alcoholism ...201223316127
the process and effect of supportive message expression and reception in online breast cancer support groups.to better understand the process and effect of social support exchanges within computer-mediated social support (cmss) groups for breast cancer patients, this study examines (1) the dynamic interplay between emotional support giving and receiving and (2) the relative effects of emotional support giving and receiving on patients' psychosocial health outcomes.201221416553
the dynamics of cooperative bacterial virulence in the field.laboratory experiments have shown that the fitness of microorganisms can depend on cooperation between cells. although this insight has revolutionized our understanding of microbial life, results from artificial microcosms have not been validated in complex natural populations. we investigated the sociality of essential virulence factors (crystal toxins) in the pathogen bacillus thuringiensis using diamondback moth larvae (plutella xylostella) as hosts. we show that toxin production is cooperati ...201222767928
antiviral stockpiles for influenza pandemics from the household perspective: treatment alone versus treatment with prophylaxis.model-based studies of antiviral use to mitigate the impact of moderate and severe influenza pandemics implicitly take the viewpoint of a central public health authority. however, it seems likely that the key decision of when to use antivirals will be made at the household level. we used a stochastic compartmental model of the transmission of influenza within and between households to evaluate the expected mortality under two strategies: households saving available antivirals for treatment only ...201223746802
can simpson's paradox explain co-operation in pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms?co-operative behaviours, such as the production of public goods, are commonly displayed by bacteria in biofilms and can enhance their ability to survive in environmental or clinical settings. non-co-operative cheats commonly arise and should, theoretically, disrupt co-operative behaviour. its stability therefore requires explanation, but no mechanisms to suppress cheating within biofilms have yet been demonstrated experimentally. theoretically, repeated aggregation into groups, interleaved with ...201222469426
[various characteristics of gene localization in eukaryotic chromosomes. formulation of a problem and analysis of non-random localization of mating type loci in fungi].we have denoted two possible models of gene order evolution as the "card" and "chess" models. the first suggests random shuffling of genes during evolution, the second--non-random gene transposition, gene order being checked by natural selection. we discuss here localization of the mating type locus in fungal genomes. in 8 of 10 genetically well studied species of ascomycetous fungi, the mating type locus is linked to a centromere; in one species, it segregates regularly during the second meioti ...20123542707
[doppler and valvular prostheses].the principle of examination of prosthetic valves is not different from that of the original valves in terms of bioprosthesis. on the contrary, mechanical prosthesis are markedly opaque to ultrasounds and cause masking and non-flow phenomena behind the prosthesis, which are capable to completely hide abnormal retrograde flows, in traditional views (apical 4 cavities to demonstrate a mitral leakage). therefore, with mechanical prostheses, it is necessary to "cheat" and use atypical views which av ...20113223725
it takes two-skilled recognition of objects engages lateral areas in both hemispheres.our object recognition abilities, a direct product of our experience with objects, are fine-tuned to perfection. left temporal and lateral areas along the dorsal, action related stream, as well as left infero-temporal areas along the ventral, object related stream are engaged in object recognition. here we show that expertise modulates the activity of dorsal areas in the recognition of man-made objects with clearly specified functions. expert chess players were faster than chess novices in ident ...201121283683
community health environment scan survey (chess): a novel tool that captures the impact of the built environment on lifestyle factors.novel efforts and accompanying tools are needed to tackle the global burden of chronic disease. this paper presents an approach to describe the environments in which people live, work, and play. community health environment scan survey (chess) is an empirical assessment tool that measures the availability and accessibility, of healthy lifestyle options lifestyle options. chess reveals existing community assets as well as opportunities for change, shaping community intervention planning efforts b ...201121394246
incipient cognition solves the spatial reciprocity conundrum of cooperation.from the simplest living organisms to human societies, cooperation among individuals emerges as a paradox difficult to explain and describe mathematically, although very often observed in reality. evolutionary game theory offers an excellent toolbar to investigate this issue. spatial structure has been one of the first mechanisms promoting cooperation; however, alone it only opens a narrow window of viability.201121423580
chemical entity semantic specification: knowledge representation for efficient semantic cheminformatics and facile data integration.abstract: background: over the past several centuries, chemistry has permeated virtually every facet of human lifestyle, enriching fields as diverse as medicine, agriculture, manufacturing, warfare, and electronics, among numerous others. unfortunately, application-specific, incompatible chemical information formats and representation strategies have emerged as a result of such diverse adoption of chemistry. although a number of efforts have been dedicated to unifying the computational represent ...201121595881
the neural organization of perception in chess experts.the human visual system responds to expertise, and it has been suggested that regions that process faces also process other objects of expertise including chess boards by experts. we tested whether chess and face processing overlap in brain activity using fmri. chess experts and novices exhibited face selective areas, but these regions showed no selectivity to chess configurations relative to other stimuli. we next compared neural responses to chess and to scrambled chess displays to isolate are ...201121635936
many faces of expertise: fusiform face area in chess experts and novices.the fusiform face area (ffa) is involved in face perception to such an extent that some claim it is a brain module for faces exclusively. the other possibility is that ffa is modulated by experience in individuation in any visual domain, not only faces. here we test this latter ffa expertise hypothesis using the game of chess as a domain of investigation. we exploited the characteristic of chess, which features multiple objects forming meaningful spatial relations. in three experiments, we show ...201121752997
exponential growth combined with exponential decline explains lifetime performance evolution in individual and human species.the physiological parameters characterizing human capacities (the ability to move, reproduce or perform tasks) evolve with ageing: performance is limited at birth, increases to a maximum and then decreases back to zero at the day of death. physical and intellectual skills follow such a pattern. here, we investigate the development of sport and chess performances during the lifetime at two different scales: the individual athletes' careers and the world record by age class in 25 olympic sports ev ...201121695422
Optimal dimensionality reduction of complex dynamics: the chess game as diffusion on a free-energy landscape.Dimensionality reduction is ubiquitous in the analysis of complex dynamics. The conventional dimensionality reduction techniques, however, focus on reproducing the underlying configuration space, rather than the dynamics itself. The constructed low-dimensional space does not provide a complete and accurate description of the dynamics. Here I describe how to perform dimensionality reduction while preserving the essential properties of the dynamics. The approach is illustrated by analyzing the che ...201121867141
are we more moral than we think? exploring the role of affect in moral behavior and moral forecasting.can people accurately predict how they will act in a moral dilemma? our research suggests that in some situations, they cannot, and that emotions play a pivotal role in this dissociation between behavior and forecasting. in the current experiment, individuals in a moral action condition cheated significantly less on a math task than participants in a forecasting condition predicted they themselves would cheat. furthermore, we found that participants in the action condition displayed significantl ...201121415242
temporal view of the costs and benefits of self-deception.researchers have documented many cases in which individuals rationalize their regrettable actions. four experiments examine situations in which people go beyond merely explaining away their misconduct to actively deceiving themselves. we find that those who exploit opportunities to cheat on tests are likely to engage in self-deception, inferring that their elevated performance is a sign of intelligence. this short-term psychological benefit of self-deception, however, can come with longer-term c ...201121383150
flexible decisions and chess expertise. 201121326618
dishonest deed, clear conscience: when cheating leads to moral disengagement and motivated forgetting.people routinely engage in dishonest acts without feeling guilty about their behavior. when and why does this occur? across four studies, people justified their dishonest deeds through moral disengagement and exhibited motivated forgetting of information that might otherwise limit their dishonesty. using hypothetical scenarios (studies 1 and 2) and real tasks involving the opportunity to cheat (studies 3 and 4), the authors find that one's own dishonest behavior increased moral disengagement and ...201121307176
children's eating attitudes test: validation in a sample of spanish schoolchildren.to validate the spanish version of the children's eating attitudes test (cheat).201120957702
two rfid-based solutions to enhance inpatient medication safety.owing to the low cost and convenience of identifying an object without physical contact, radio frequency identification (rfid) systems provide innovative, promising and efficient applications in many domains. an rfid grouping protocol is a protocol that allows an off-line verifier to collect and verify the evidence of two or more tags simultaneously present. recently, huang and ku (j. med. syst, 2009) proposed an efficient grouping protocol to enhance medication safety for inpatients based on lo ...201120703553
empirical correlates and expanded interpretation of the mmpi-2-rf restructured clinical scale 3 (cynicism).the recent release of the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2-restructured form (mmpi-2-rf) has received much attention from the clinical psychology community. particular concerns have focused on restructured clinical scale 3 (rc3; cynicism). this article briefly reviews the major criticisms and responses regarding the restructuring of clinical scale 3. the primary purpose of the article is to provide expanded interpretive perspectives on rc3 by correlating it with a selection of exter ...201121057135
non-contrast-enhanced hepatic mr angiography: do two-dimensional parallel imaging and short tau inversion recovery methods shorten acquisition time without image quality deterioration?to study whether shortening the acquisition time for selective hepatic artery visualization is feasible without image quality deterioration by adopting two-dimensional (2d) parallel imaging (pi) and short tau inversion recovery (stir) methods.201119556088
postsurgical spinal magnetic resonance imaging with iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation.magnetic resonance imaging (mri) is the most popular follow-up study for patients who have undergone spinal surgery. however, the image quality often becomes poor because of artifacts from metal implants and/or from failed fat suppression, which obscure diagnosis. iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (ideal) is a new fat suppression method that is less affected by inhomogeneity of the magnetic field. here, we compared postsurgical spinal mri w ...201121245684
an e-health solution for people with alcohol problems.self-management of chronic diseases has been a research focus for years. information and communication technologies (icts) have played a significant role in aiding patients and their families with that management task. the recent dramatic increase in smartphone capabilities has expanded the potential of these technologies by facilitating the integration of features specific to cell phones with advanced capabilities that extend the reach of what type of information can be assessed and which servi ...201123293549
microcrystallography, high-pressure cryocooling and biosaxs at macchess.the macromolecular diffraction facility at the cornell high energy synchrotron source (macchess) is a national research resource supported by the national center for research resources of the us national institutes of health. macchess is pursuing several research initiatives designed to benefit both chess users and the wider structural biology community. three initiatives are presented in further detail: microcrystallography, which aims to improve the collection of diffraction data from crystals ...201121169696
magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the cervical cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.the objective of this study was to use magnetic resonance spectroscopy (mrs) to compare metabolite ratios in the cervical spinal cord of als patients to healthy controls. fourteen als patients and 16 controls were scanned using a 3t scanner. a rectangular voxel (8 × 5 × 35 mm) was placed along the main axis of the cord with the lower limit at the inferior aspect of the c2 vertebral body. mrs was performed with a point-resolved spectroscopy (press) sequence. water signals were suppressed using a ...201121143004
emotional eating scale for children and adolescents: psychometric characteristics in a spanish sample.the aims of this study were to validate the emotional eating scale version for children (ees-c) in a spanish population and study the differences in emotional eating among children with binge eating (be), overeating (oe), and no episodes of disordered eating (ned). the questionnaire was completed by 199 children aged 9 to 16 years. confirmatory factor analysis revealed five scales: eating in response to anger, anxiety, restlessness, helplessness, and depression. the ees-c showed good internal co ...201121534053
online health consultation: examining uses of an interactive cancer communication tool by low-income women with breast cancer.to examine how psychosocial variables predicted use of an online health consultation service among low-income breast cancer patients and in turn how using this service affected these same psychosocial outcomes.201121530381
moral credentialing and the rationalization of misconduct.recent studies lead to the paradoxical conclusion that the act of affirming one's egalitarian or pro-social values and virtues might subsequently facilitate prejudiced or self-serving behavior, an effect previously referred to as "moral credentialing." the present study extends this paradox to the domain of academic misconduct and investigates the hypothesis that such an effect might be limited by the extent to which misbehavior is rationalizable. using a paradigm designed to investigate deliber ...201121503267
temporal and geographic variation in the validity and internal consistency of the nursing home resident assessment minimum data set 2.0.the minimum data set (mds) for nursing home resident assessment has been required in all u.s. nursing homes since 1990 and has been universally computerized since 1998. initially intended to structure clinical care planning, uses of the mds expanded to include policy applications such as case-mix reimbursement, quality monitoring and research. the purpose of this paper is to summarize a series of analyses examining the internal consistency and predictive validity of the mds data as used in the " ...201121496257
initial growth of lutetium(iii) bis-phthalocyanine on ag(111) surface.the adsorption of lutetium(iii) bis-phthalocyanine (lupc(2)) on ag(111) was investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (stm/sts). a comprehensive study was carried out toward understanding the driving mechanism responsible for the formation of the first and second monolayers (mls). in both mls, the adsorbed molecules are found to exhibit different in-plane orientations arranged according to a "chess-board" like pattern. highly resolved stm images allowed an exact determina ...201121417330
sociosexual orientation, commitment, and infidelity: a mediation analysis.individuals with an unrestricted sociosexual orientation (so) are less committed to their romantic relationships and more likely to engage in infidelity. furthermore, commitment is negatively associated with tendencies to cheat. however, no previous research has examined the possible mediating role of commitment in the relationship between so and infidelity. the current study examined whether commitment mediated the relationship between so and willingness to engage in three types of cheating beh ...201121675178
testing the accuracy of the retrospective recall method used in expertise research.expertise typically develops slowly over years, and controlled experiments to study its development may be impractical. researchers often use a correlational, retrospective recall method in which participants recall career data, sometimes over many years before. however, recall accuracy is uncertain. the present study investigated the accuracy of recalled career data for up to 38 years, in over 600 international chess players. participants' estimates of their entry year into international chess, ...201121671138
resolving the iterated prisoner's dilemma: theory and reality.pairs of unrelated individuals face a prisoner's dilemma if cooperation is the best mutual outcome, but each player does best to defect regardless of his partner's behaviour. although mutual defection is the only evolutionarily stable strategy in one-shot games, cooperative solutions based on reciprocity can emerge in iterated games. among the most prominent theoretical solutions are the so-called bookkeeping strategies, such as tit-for-tat, where individuals copy their partner's behaviour in th ...201121599777
the body image, weight satisfaction, and eating disorder tendency of school children: the 2-year follow-up study.this 2-year follow-up study was conducted to enhance our understanding of changes and rates of disturbed eating attitudes/behaviors, weight satisfaction, and prevalence of obesity in elementary school students between the ages of 10 and 12 years.201121730220
optimizing ehealth breast cancer interventions: which types of ehealth services are effective?little is known about the effective elements of interactive cancer communication systems (iccss). a randomized trial explored which types of services of a multifaceted iccs benefited patients and the nature of the benefit. women with breast cancer (n=450) were randomized to different types of iccs services or to a control condition that provided internet access. the comprehensive health enhancement support system (chess), served as the iccs. iccs services providing information and support, but n ...201121709810
the use of genes for performance enhancement: doping or therapy?recent biotechnological advances have permitted the manipulation of genetic sequences to treat several diseases in a process called gene therapy. however, the advance of gene therapy has opened the door to the possibility of using genetic manipulation (gm) to enhance athletic performance. in such 'gene doping', exogenous genetic sequences are inserted into a specific tissue, altering cellular gene activity or leading to the expression of a protein product. the exogenous genes most likely to be u ...201122030863
combination of two fat saturation pulses improves detectability of glucose signals in carbon-13 mr spectroscopy.in order to improve the fat suppression performance of in vivo (13)c-mrs operating at 3.0 tesla, a phantom model study was conducted using a combination of two fat suppression techniques; a set of pulses for frequency (chemical shift) selective suppression (chess), and spatial saturation (sat). by optimizing the slab thickness for sat and the irradiation bandwidth for chess, the signals of the -(13)ch(3) peak at 49 ppm and the -(13)ch(2)- peak at 26 ppm simulating fat components were suppressed ...201121785260
computer aided diagnostic tools aim to empower rather than replace pathologists: lessons learned from computational chess. 201121773056
fibrosis, regeneration, and aging: playing chess with evolution. 201121757767
the kras p.g13d mutation in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a cheat in the orchestra of predictive biomarkers? 201121872595
chess & schizophrenia: murphy v mr endon, beckett v bion.this paper reconvenes samuel beckett's psychotherapy with wilfred bion during 1934-1936 during which time beckett's conceived and began writing this second novel, murphy. based on beckett's visits to the bethlem & maudsley hospital and his observation of the male nurses, the climax of murphy is a chess match between mr endon (a male schizophrenic patient) and murphy (a male psychiatric nurse). the precise notation of the endon v murphy chess match tells us that the beckett intended it to be an e ...201121870181
prolonged-release melatonin for insomnia - an open-label long-term study of efficacy, safety, and withdrawal.prolonged-release melatonin (prm) 2 mg is indicated for insomnia in patients aged 55 years and older. a recent double-blind placebo-controlled study demonstrated 6-month efficacy and safety of prm in insomnia patients aged 18-80 and lack of withdrawal and rebound symptoms upon discontinuation.201121845053
how to catch a cheat: an editor's perspective on a new age of plagiarism and data manipulation. 201121840884
revising superior planning performance in chess players: the impact of time restriction and motivation aspects.in a previous study (unterrainer, kaller, halsband, & rahm, 2006), chess players outperformed non-chess players in the tower of london planning task but exhibited disproportionately longer processing times. this pattern of results raises the question of whether chess players' planning capabilities are superior or whether the results reflect differences in the speed-accuracy trade-off between the groups, possibly attributable to sports motivation. the present study was designed to disambiguate th ...201121834406
deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystem research during the census of marine life decade and beyond: a proposed deep-ocean road map.the chess project of the census of marine life (2002-2010) helped foster internationally-coordinated studies worldwide focusing on exploration for, and characterization of new deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystem sites. this work has advanced our understanding of the nature and factors controlling the biogeography and biodiversity of these ecosystems in four geographic locations: the atlantic equatorial belt (aeb), the new zealand region, the arctic and antarctic and the se pacific off chile. in th ...201121829722
negotiating control: patients' experiences of unsuccessful weight-loss surgery.interviews were carried out with 10 men and women who had undergone weight-loss surgery (wls) up to 10 years ago and felt that it had failed. seven had had a further successful procedure. data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. weight regain following surgery was explained in terms of either the mechanics of the operation or with participants describing ways to 'cheat' as food continued to be used for emotional regulation. everyone spoke of how surgery neglected their ...201121827354
expertise in complex decision making: the role of search in chess 70 years after de groot.one of the most influential studies in all expertise research is de groot's (1946) study of chess players, which suggested that pattern recognition, rather than search, was the key determinant of expertise. many changes have occurred in the chess world since de groot's study, leading some authors to argue that the cognitive mechanisms underlying expertise have also changed. we decided to replicate de groot's study to empirically test these claims and to examine whether the trends in the data hav ...201121981829
chess expertise and the fusiform face area: why it matters. 201122114259
measuring chess experts' single-use sequence knowledge: an archival study of departure from 'theoretical' openings.the respective roles of knowledge and search have received considerable attention in the literature on expertise. however, most of the evidence on knowledge has been indirect--e.g., by inferring the presence of chunks in long-term memory from performance in memory recall tasks. here we provide direct estimates of the amount of monochrestic (single use) and rote knowledge held by chess players of varying skill levels. from a large chess database, we analyzed 76,562 games played in 2008 by individ ...201122110590
experimental loss-tolerant quantum coin flipping.coin flipping is a cryptographic primitive in which two distrustful parties wish to generate a random bit to choose between two alternatives. this task is impossible to realize when it relies solely on the asynchronous exchange of classical bits: one dishonest player has complete control over the final outcome. it is only when coin flipping is supplemented with quantum communication that this problem can be alleviated, although partial bias remains. unfortunately, practical systems are subject t ...201122127057
internet addiction and antisocial internet behavior of adolescents.internet addiction and the moral implication of antisocial internet behavior will be investigated in this paper. more and more people use the internet in their daily life. unfortunately the percentage of people who use the internet excessively also increases. the concept of internet addiction or pathological use of internet is discussed in detail, and the characteristics of internet addicts are also delineated. the social (especially the antisocial) use of internet is discussed. it is argued tha ...201122125466
development and evaluation of low cost game-based balance rehabilitation tool using the microsoft kinect sensor.the use of the commercial video games as rehabilitation tools, such as the nintendo wiifit, has recently gained much interest in the physical therapy arena. motion tracking controllers such as the nintendo wiimote are not sensitive enough to accurately measure performance in all components of balance. additionally, users can figure out how to "cheat" inaccurate trackers by performing minimal movement (e.g. wrist twisting a wiimote instead of a full arm swing). physical rehabilitation requires ac ...201122254685
physician assistant students' attitudes and behaviors toward cheating and academic integrity.to examine physician assistant (pa) students' attitudes towards academic integrity. three integrity factors were assessed: academic environment, personal cheating behaviors, and perceived seriousness of specific cheating behaviors.201021141417
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