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phagosomal rupture by mycobacterium tuberculosis results in toxicity and host cell death.survival within macrophages is a central feature of mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. despite significant advances in identifying new immunological parameters associated with mycobacterial disease, some basic questions on the intracellular fate of the causative agent of human tuberculosis in antigen-presenting cells are still under debate. to get novel insights into this matter, we used a single-cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret)-based method to investigate the potential c ...201222319448
host genotype-specific therapies can optimize the inflammatory response to mycobacterial infections.susceptibility to tuberculosis is historically ascribed to an inadequate immune response that fails to control infecting mycobacteria. in zebrafish, we find that susceptibility to mycobacterium marinum can result from either inadequate or excessive acute inflammation. modulation of the leukotriene a(4) hydrolase (lta4h) locus, which controls the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, reveals two distinct molecular routes to mycobacterial susceptibility converging on dysregulated tnf ...201222304914
both phthiocerol dimycocerosates and phenolic glycolipids are required for virulence of mycobacterium marinum.phthiocerol dimycocerosates (pdims) and structurally related phenolic glycolipids (pgls) are complex cell wall lipids unique to pathogenic mycobacteria. while these lipids have been extensively studied in recent years, there are conflicting reports on some aspects of their biosynthesis and on the role of pdims and especially pgls in virulence of mycobacterium tuberculosis. this has been complicated by the natural deficiency of pgls in many clinical strains of m. tuberculosis and the frequent los ...201222290144
esx-5-deficient mycobacterium marinum is hypervirulent in adult zebrafish.esx-5 is a mycobacterial type vii protein secretion system responsible for transport of numerous pe and ppe proteins. it is involved in the induction of host cell death and modulation of the cytokine response in vitro. in this work, we studied the effects of esx-5 in embryonic and adult zebrafish using mycobacterium marinum. we found that esx-5-deficient m. marinum was slightly attenuated in zebrafish embryos. surprisingly, the same mutant showed highly increased virulence in adult zebrafish, ch ...201222256857
genetic diversity and population structure of mycobacterium marinum: new insights into host and environmental specificities.mycobacterium marinum causes a systemic tuberculosis-like disease in fish and skin infections in humans that can spread to deeper structures, resulting in tenosynovitis, arthritis, and osteomyelitis. however, little information is available concerning (i) the intraspecific genetic diversity of m. marinum isolated from humans and animals; (ii) m. marinum genotype circulation in the different ecosystems, and (iii) the link between m. marinum genetic diversity and hosts (humans and fish). here, we ...201222952269
mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand and wrist.to review records of 166 patients who underwent treatment for mycobacterium marinum tenosynovitis of the hand and wrist to identify factors associated with functional outcome.201222933682
fish tank granuloma caused by mycobacterium marinum.mycobacterium marinum causes skin and soft tissue, bone and joint, and rare disseminated infections. in this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between treatment outcome and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. a total of 27 patients with m. marinum infections were enrolled.201222911774
analysis of the immune response in infections of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.) with mycobacterium marinum.the rapid doubling time and genetic relatedness of the fish pathogen mycobacterium marinum to mycobacterium tuberculosis has rendered the former an attractive model for investigating mycobacterial host-pathogen interactions. we employed the m. marinum-goldfish infection model to investigate the in vivo immune responses to this pathogen in the context of a natural host. histological analysis revealed mycobacterial infiltrates in goldfish kidney and spleen tissues, peaking 28 days post infections ...201222885635
mycobacterium marinum: an increasingly common opportunistic infection in patients on infliximab. 201222859009
an in vivo platform for rapid high-throughput antitubercular drug discovery.treatment of tuberculosis, like other infectious diseases, is increasingly hindered by the emergence of drug resistance. drug discovery efforts would be facilitated by facile screening tools that incorporate the complexities of human disease. mycobacterium marinum-infected zebrafish larvae recapitulate key aspects of tuberculosis pathogenesis and drug treatment. here, we develop a model for rapid in vivo drug screening using fluorescence-based methods for serial quantitative assessment of drug e ...201222840407
identification of the mycobacterium marinum apa antigen o-mannosylation sites reveals important glycosylation variability with the m. tuberculosis apa homologue.the 45/47 kda apa, an immuno-dominant antigen secreted by mycobacterium tuberculosis is o-mannosylated at multiple sites. glycosylation of apa plays a key role in colonization and invasion of the host cells by m. tuberculosis through interactions of apa with the host immune system c-type lectins. mycobacterium marinum (m.ma) a fish pathogen, phylogenetically close to m. tuberculosis, induces a granulomatous response with features similar to those described for m. tuberculosis in human. although ...201222828516
mycobacterium marinum osteomyelitis of the first metatarsal.mycobacterium marinum (mm) infections secondary to injuries occurring in the aquatic environment have been widely described in literature, especially in immunosuppressed patients. the most frequent locations are the hands and forearms in patients exposed to water. the infection usually presents as a granuloma affecting superficial structures. however, due to the difficulty of diagnosis and the chronic course of the condition, deeper structures may eventually become affected. late presentation of ...201226662782
insights into tuberculosis from the zebrafish model.mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) continues to plague humanity because of significant gaps in our understanding of mtb infection, including the nature of a protective versus pathological host response, why antimicrobial cure is so difficult, and the ineffectiveness of vaccination. the development of a zebrafish model, utilizing infection with the natural fish pathogen mycobacterium marinum (mm), has yielded important insights into tuberculosis with immediate clinical applications.201223084762
successful treatment of refractory cutaneous infection caused by mycobacterium marinum with a combined regimen containing amikacin.the incidence of mycobacterium marinum infection has been increasing. first-line antituberculous drugs and other common antibiotics are effective for most cutaneous m. marinum infections; however, treatment failure still occurs in some rare cases. we report a case of a 70-year-old man with refractory cutaneous infection caused by m. marinum. reasons for delayed diagnosis and related factors of the refractory infection are also discussed.201223226012
on the origin of mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of buruli ulcer.mycobacterium ulcerans is an unusual bacterial pathogen with elusive origins. while closely related to the aquatic dwelling m. marinum, m. ulcerans has evolved the ability to produce the immunosuppressive polyketide toxin mycolactone and cause the neglected tropical disease buruli ulcer. other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria (mpm) have been identified in fish and frogs and given distinct species designations (m. pseudoshottsii, m. shinshuense, m. liflandii and m. marinum), however the evoluti ...201222712622
musculoskeletal ultrasound prompts a rare diagnosis of mycobacterium marinum infection. 201222632095
direct detection of bacterial protein secretion using whole colony proteomics.bacteria use a variety of secretion systems to transport proteins beyond their cell membrane to interact with their environment. for bacterial pathogens, these systems are key virulence determinants that transport bacterial proteins into host cells. genetic screens to identify bacterial genes required for export have relied on enzymatic or fluorescent reporters fused to known substrates to monitor secretion. however, they cannot be used in analysis of all secretion systems, limiting the implemen ...201222580590
unexpected link between lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis and surface protein release in mycobacterium marinum.the mycobacterial cell envelope is characterized by the presence of a highly impermeable second membrane, which is composed of mycolic acids intercalated with different unusual free lipids, such as lipooligosaccharides (los). transport across this cell envelope requires a dedicated secretion system for extracellular proteins, such as pe_pgrs proteins, which are specific mycobacterial proteins with polymorphic gc-rich sequence (pgrs). in this study, we set out to identify novel components involve ...201222505711
mycobacterium ulcerans causes minimal pathogenesis and colonization in medaka (oryzias latipes): an experimental fish model of disease transmission.mycobacterium ulcerans causes buruli ulcer in humans, a progressive ulcerative epidermal lesion due to the mycolactone toxin produced by the bacterium. molecular analysis of m. ulcerans reveals it is closely related to mycobacterium marinum, a pathogen of both fish and man. molecular evidence from diagnostic pcr assays for the insertion sequence is2404 suggests an association of m. ulcerans with fish. however, fish infections by m. ulcerans have not been well documented and is2404 has been found ...201222465732
two-drug antimicrobial chemotherapy: a mathematical model and experiments with mycobacterium marinum.multi-drug therapy is the standard-of-care treatment for tuberculosis. despite this, virtually all studies of the pharmacodynamics (pd) of mycobacterial drugs employed for the design of treatment protocols are restricted to single agents. in this report, mathematical models and in vitro experiments with mycobacterium marinum and five antimycobacterial drugs are used to quantitatively evaluate the pharmaco-, population and evolutionary dynamics of two-drug antimicrobial chemotherapy regimes. time ...201222253599
mycobacterium marinum causes a latent infection that can be reactivated by gamma irradiation in adult zebrafish.the mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation of human tuberculosis are still unclear, mainly due to the lack of standardized animal models for latent mycobacterial infection. in this longitudinal study of the progression of a mycobacterial disease in adult zebrafish, we show that an experimental intraperitoneal infection with a low dose (≈ 35 bacteria) of mycobacterium marinum, results in the development of a latent disease in most individuals. the infection is characterized by limited mor ...201223028333
neutrophils exert protection in the early tuberculous granuloma by oxidative killing of mycobacteria phagocytosed from infected macrophages.neutrophils are typically the first responders in host defense against invading pathogens, which they destroy by both oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. however, despite a longstanding recognition of neutrophil presence at disease sites in tuberculosis, their role in defense against mycobacteria is unclear. here we exploit the genetic tractability and optical transparency of zebrafish to monitor neutrophil behavior and its consequences during infection with mycobacterium marinum, a natural f ...201222980327
mycobacterium marinum seca2 promotes stable granulomas and induces tumor necrosis factor alpha in vivo.seca2 is an atpase present in some pathogenic gram-positive bacteria, is required for translocation of a limited set of proteins across the cytosolic membrane, and plays an important role in virulence in several bacteria, including mycobacteria that cause diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy. however, the mechanisms by which seca2 affects virulence are incompletely understood. to investigate whether seca2 modulates host immune responses in vivo, we studied mycobacterium marinum infection in ...201222851747
specific chaperones for the type vii protein secretion pathway.mycobacteria use the dedicated type vii protein secretion systems esx-1 and esx-5 to secrete virulence factors across their highly hydrophobic cell envelope. the substrates of these systems include the large mycobacterial pe and ppe protein families, which are named after their characteristic pro-glu and pro-pro-glu motifs. pathogenic mycobacteria secrete large numbers of pe/ppe proteins via the major export pathway, esx-5. in addition, a few pe/ppe proteins have been shown to be exported by esx ...201222843727
structural determination and toll-like receptor 2-dependent proinflammatory activity of dimycolyl-diarabino-glycerol from mycobacterium marinum.although it was identified in the cell wall of several pathogenic mycobacteria, the biological properties of dimycolyl-diarabino-glycerol have not been documented yet. in this study an apolar glycolipid, presumably corresponding to dimycolyl-diarabino-glycerol, was purified from mycobacterium marinum and subsequently identified as a 5-o-mycolyl-β-araf-(1→2)-5-o-mycolyl-α-araf-(1→1')-glycerol (designated mma_dmag) using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometr ...201222798072
mycobacterium marinum as a cause of skin chronic granulomatous in the hand.mycobacterium marinum infection has a worldwide distribution and the organism occupies many aquatic environments. infections in human consist of nodular cutaneous lesions that can progress to tenosynovitis, arthritis, and osteomyelitis. case presentation : a 27-year-old man was presented with a history of swelling and exudative erythematous lesions and pustules of the right forearm. he worked as a laborer at an aquarium store. a smear from the walls of the necrotic center when stained for acid-f ...201124024015
Antibacterial activities of dendritic amphiphiles against nontuberculous mycobacteria.The anti-mycobacterial activities of nine series of dicarboxyl and tricarboxyl dendritic amphiphiles with one alkyl, two alkyl, and cholestanyl tails against Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium smegmatis have been measured. The dendritic amphiphiles overcame the limited aqueous solubility of natural long-chain fatty acids, alcohols, and amines to enable profiling the susceptibilities of the different mycobacterial species ...201122209468
Aggressive cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium marinum in two patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-alfa agents. 201122000874
[Nontuberculous mycobacteria: M. marinum, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi - brief characteristics of the bacteria and diseases caused by them].Mycobacterium is a variable group of acid-fast bacillus which contains pathogenic bacteria causing tuberculosis (MTC - Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) and leprosy (M. leprae) as well as numerous nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) causing diseases mostly in people with immunodeficiency, although some NTM strains are capable of causing illnesses in non-immunocompromised patients. This group includes for example Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium xenopi. These microo ...201121918261
soft tissue infections caused by marine bacterial pathogens: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.skin and soft tissue infections (sstis) are one of the most common infection syndromes and may be caused by a large number of microorganisms. some principles of aquatic injuries are different than those of land-based trauma. wounds sustained in marine environment are exposed to a milieu of bacteria rarely encountered in different settings. these include vibrio spp., aeromonas spp., shewanella spp., erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, mycobacterium marinum, streptococcus iniae, and other microbes. fail ...201121785929
gntr family regulators of the pathogen of fish tuberculosis mycobacterium marinum.mycobacterium marinum is a slow-growing pathogenic mycobacterium. it was first isolated by aronson in 1926 from fish, fish mycobacteriosis or called fish tuberculosis is the common causative agent of bacterial disease in many species of freshwater and marine fish. m. marinum can infect wild fish, aquaculture and ornamental fish, and it has a close relative of the causative agent of human tuberculosis, mycobacterium tuberculosis. the recently sequenced genome of m. marinum has been shown to conta ...201121703231
outbreak of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in the central pacific.approximately 10% of the island population of satowan (population, 650 persons), a small, remote coral island in the central pacific, suffers from an acquired, chronic, disfiguring skin condition known locally as "spam." this skin disease has affected the island population since shortly after world war ii. an investigation in 2007 revealed that this skin disease is caused by a nontuberculous mycobacterial infection closely related to mycobacterium marinum. this article reviews the fascinating hi ...201121095522
re: alkhodair r, al-khenaizan s. fish tank granuloma: misdiagnosed as cutaneous leishmaniasis. int j dermatol 2010, 49: 53-55. 201121182513
[infections due to mycobacterium marinum: a review].mycobacterium marinum belongs to the non-tuberculous or "atypical" mycobacteria. the reservoirs for these ubiquitous and slowly growing bacteria are both fresh water and salt water. in particular, aquaria should be considered as important source of hobby-related infections especially of fingers, hands and forearms. affected are both immunosuppressed patients and persons with an intact immune system. distinctive are erythematous plaques and nodules with tendency for hyperkeratosis, crusting, and ...201121424893
case of mycobacterium marinum infection with unusual patterns of susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics.mycobacterium marinum, found commonly in salt water and freshwater, is the causative agent of disease in many species of fish and occasionally in humans. mics to most antimicrobial agents are relatively low. susceptibility testing is not routinely performed, and single-drug therapy is used for the treatment of most infections. here, we report an infection caused by a drug-resistant m. marinum strain in an otherwise healthy patient.201121430095
mycobacterium marinum induces a marked lc3 recruitment to its containing phagosome that depends on a functional esx-1 secretion system.autophagy has been implicated as part of the innate immune system against different intracellular microorganisms. mycobacterium marinum is the causative agent of the fish-tank granuloma and has been widely used as an alternative model to study pathogenic mycobacteria. in this report, we show an active interaction of m. marinum with the autophagic protein lc3, an event that requires pathogen viability and bacterial protein synthesis. interestingly, m. marinum lacking the region of difference 1 (r ...201121447143
diagnostic value of an enzyme-linked immunospot assay for interferon-γ in cutaneous tuberculosis.the aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of an enzyme-linked immunospot (elispot) assay (t-spot.tb; oxford immunotec, oxford, uk) for interferon-γ in patients with suspected cutaneous tuberculosis (tb). from march 2007 to june 2010, a total of 45 patients with suspected cutaneous tb were enrolled. data on clinical characteristics of the patients and conventional laboratory results were collected, and blood samples were obtained for elispot assay. ten subjects (22.2%) had ...201121513844
mycobacterium marinum infection in the setting of antitumor necrosis factor alpha therapy for crohn's disease. 201121560204
[skin infection due to mycobacterium marinum in a patient being treated with natalizumab.] 201121563122
characteristics of skin and soft tissue infection caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria in taiwan.a medical centre in taipei, taiwan.201121575304
inactivation of tesa reduces cell-wall lipid production and increases drug susceptibility in mycobacteria.phthiocerol dimycocerosates (pdims) and phenolic glycolipids (pgls) are structurally-related lipids noncovalently bound to the outer cell wall layer of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae and several opportunistic mycobacterial human pathogens. pdims and pgls are important effectors of virulence. elucidation of the biosynthesis of these complex lipids will not only expand our understanding of mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis, but it may also illuminate potential routes to novel ...201121592957
expression of common fluorescent reporters may modulate virulence for mycobacterium marinum: dramatic attenuation results from gfp over-expression.mycobacterium marinum is an established surrogate pathogen for mycobacterium tuberculosis because of its strong conservation of thousands of orthologous genes, lower risk to researchers and similar pathology in fish. this pathogen causes tb-like chronic disease in a wide variety of fish species. as in human tb, the microbe grows within the host macrophages, can mount life-long chronic infections and produces granulomatous lesions in target organs. one of the fish species known to manifest chroni ...201121658470
the fatty acyl chains of mycobacterium marinum lipooligosaccharides:structure, localization and acylation by papa4 (mmar_2343).we have recently established the fine structure of the glycan backbone of lipooligosaccharides (los-i to los-iv) isolated from mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of mycobacterium tuberculosis. these studies culminated with the description of an unusual terminal n-acylated monosaccharide that confers important biological functions to los-iv, such as macrophage activation that may be relevant to granuloma formation. it was, however, also suggested that the lipid moiety was required for loss t ...201121803773
discovery of zebrafish (danio rerio) interleukin-23 alpha (il-23a) chain, a subunit important for the formation of il-23, a cytokine involved in the development of th17 cells and inflammation.this paper reports the cloning and sequencing of interleukin (il)-23 p19 subunit for the first time within a non-mammalian species, the zebrafish (danio rerio), which was discovered using a synteny approach. in addition, amino acid sequences were for il-23 p19 subunits were also predicted from the stickleback, fugu and tetraodon genomes and included in this investigation. the zebrafish il-23 p19 cdna consisted of a 66bp 5' utr, a 249bp 3' utr and a single open reading frame of 567bp giving a pre ...201121324528
Mycobacterial secretion systems ESX-1 and ESX-5 play distinct roles in host cell death and inflammasome activation.During infection of humans and animals, pathogenic mycobacteria manipulate the host cell causing severe diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy. To understand the basis of mycobacterial pathogenicity, it is crucial to identify the molecular virulence mechanisms. In this study, we address the contribution of ESX-1 and ESX-5--two homologous type VII secretion systems of mycobacteria that secrete distinct sets of immune modulators--during the macrophage infection cycle. Using wild-type, ESX-1- an ...201121957139
multistressor interactions in the zebrafish (danio rerio): concurrent phenanthrene exposure and mycobacterium marinum infection.the simultaneous exposure of organisms to toxicants and disease causing agents poses a serious risk to important stocks. worldwide, aquatic animal disease outbreaks have been increasing in both frequency and severity, and many have been associated with anthropogenic environmental change. little is known about the complex interactions of the immune system and biotransformational pathways of vertebrates; however, urbanization and coastal development create a scenario in which a wide range of speci ...201121356180
functional dissection of the pe domain responsible for translocation of pe_pgrs33 across the mycobacterial cell wall.pe are peculiar exported mycobacterial proteins over-represented in pathogenic mycobacterial species. they are characterized by an n-terminal domain of about 110 amino acids (pe domain) which has been demonstrated to be responsible for their export and localization. in this paper, we characterize the pe domain of pe_pgrs33 (pe(rv1818c)), one of the best characterized pe proteins. we constructed several mutated proteins in which portions of the pe domain were deleted or subjected to defined mutat ...201122110736
host-pathogen interactions made transparent with the zebrafish model.the zebrafish holds much promise as a high-throughput drug screening model for immune-related diseases, including inflammatory and infectious diseases and cancer. this is due to the excellent possibilities for in vivo imaging in combination with advanced tools for genomic and large scale mutant analysis. the context of the embryo's developing immune system makes it possible to study the contribution of different immune cell types to disease progression. furthermore, due to the temporal separatio ...201121366518
potential of mycobacterium vanbaalenii as a model organism to study drug transporters of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium ulcerans: homology analysis of m. tuberculosis drug transporters among mycobacterial species.drug efflux pumps have been one of the important mechanisms of drug resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis. there is a prerequisite to study the behavior and mechanisms of these drug efflux pumps in detail for being considered in future anti-tb drug designing. the need of a rapid grower non-pathogenic mycobacterium with significant genomic homology for such type of studies is often being felt. during microarray and real-time pcr analysis of drug efflux pump genes of m. tuberculosis, we found 1 ...201122127144
mycobacterium marinum infection. 201122125046
zebrafish embryo screen for mycobacterial genes involved in the initiation of granuloma formation reveals a newly identified esx-1 component.the hallmark of tuberculosis (tb) is the formation of granulomas, which are clusters of infected macrophages surrounded by additional macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes. although it has long been thought that granulomas are beneficial for the host, there is evidence that mycobacteria also promote the formation of these structures. in this study, we aimed to identify new mycobacterial factors involved in the initial stages of granuloma formation. we exploited the zebrafish embryo mycobacter ...201121372049
imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases regulate mycobacterial pathogenesis and represent therapeutic targets against tuberculosis.the lengthy course of treatment with currently used antimycobacterial drugs and the resulting emergence of drug-resistant strains have intensified the need for alternative therapies against mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis. we show that mtb and mycobacterium marinum use abl and related tyrosine kinases for entry and intracellular survival in macrophages. in mice, the abl family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib (gleevec), when administered prophylactically ...201122100163
identification of a glycosyltransferase from mycobacterium marinum involved in addition of a caryophyllose moiety in lipooligosaccharides.deletion of mycobacterium marinum mmar2333 resulted in the loss of three of four subclasses of lipooligosaccharides (loss). the mutant was unable to extend an intermediate (los-ii*) by addition of caryophyllose. these data and the predicted domain structure suggest that mmar2333 is a glycosyltransferase involved in the generation of a lipid-linked caryophyllose donor.201121378187
new insights into the pathogenesis of tuberculosis revealed by mycobacterium marinum: the zebrafish model from the systems biology perspective.tuberculosis remains a worldwide health concern, largely due to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (mdr) and extensive-drug-resistant (xdr) mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection with hiv. the exact mechanism of mycobacterium virulence, pathogenesis, and persistence is not fully understood. the hallmark of tuberculosis, granulomas are promoted by mycobacterium virulence factors, and they have long been considered a structural advantage to the host. however, this traditional view has been cha ...201122181703
mycobacterium marinum infection causing extensive tissue destruction in a hypoxic copd patient.we report a skin mycobacterium marinum infection presenting as wide ulcerative lesions of the arm (4 cm for the widest) in a hypoxic copd patient who takes 4 mg methylprednisolone daily and higher doses during exacerbations. diagnostic delay as well as glucocorticoid use could be responsible for the extension of the lesions. clinical resolution occurred after three months of antibiotic therapy. extensive ulcerative lesions are uncommon in mycobacterium marinum infection in an immunocompetent hos ...201121938990
chemistry of mycolactones, the causative toxins of buruli ulcer.buruli ulcer is a severe and devastating skin disease caused by mycobacterium ulcerans infection, yet it is one of the most neglected diseases. the causative toxin, referred to as mycolactone a/b, was isolated and characterized as a polyketide-derived macrolide in 1999. the current status of the mycolactone chemistry is described, highlighting the stereochemistry assignment of mycolactone a/b; total synthesis; the structure determination of mycolactone congeners from the human pathogen m. ulcera ...201121383136
nineteen cases of buruli ulcer diagnosed in japan from 1980 to 2010.the etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of 19 sporadic cases of buruli ulcer (bu) in japan are described. the cases originated in different regions of honshu island, with no evidence of patient contact with an aquatic environment. the majority (73.7%) of cases occurred in females, with an average age of 39.1 years for females and 56.8 years for males. all patients developed ulcers on exposed areas of the skin (e.g., face, extremities). most ulcers were <5 cm in diameter (category i) ...201121880966
mycobacterium marinum epididymoorchitis: case report and literature review.mycobacterium marinum is the most frequent non-tuberculous mycobacterium in humans. we report the first ever described case of epididymoorchitis resulting from hematogenous spread of m. marinum from hand oligoarthritis. this was initially mistaken for rheumatoid disease and methylprednisolone-induced immunosuppression led to hematogenous spread of infection to the testis and epididymis.201121734351
CZE-ESI-MS/MS as an alternative proteomics platform to UPLC-ESI-MS/MS for samples of intermediate complexity.We demonstrate the use of capillary zone electrophoresis with an electrokinetically pumped sheath-flow electrospray interface for the analysis of a tryptic digest of a sample of intermediate protein complexity, the secreted protein fraction of Mycobacterium marinum. For electrophoretic analysis, 11 fractions were generated from the sample using reversed phase liquid chromatography; each fraction was analyzed by CZE-ESI-MS/MS, and 334 peptides corresponding to 140 proteins were identified in 165 ...201122182061
Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient.Mycobacterium marinum is a photochromogenic mycobacterium that is ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. In the general population, exposure to aquaria is the most common cause of M. marinum infection. Known as "swimmer's granuloma" or "fish tank granuloma," M. marinum is an occupational hazard for aquarium cleaners and fishermen. There are several reports in the literature of M. marinum infection in immunocompromised hosts, including those with solid organ transplants, but none in patients who ...201122093773
mycobacterium marinum infections in humans and tracing of its possible environmental sources.the low frequency of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, nonspecific symptoms for individual mycobacteria, and the lack of specific identification methods could alter correct diagnosis. this study presents a combined microbiology and molecular-based approach for mycobacterium marinum detection in four aquarists with cutaneous mycobacterial infection. simultaneously, ecology screening for m. marinum presence in the aquarists' fish tanks was performed. a total of 38 mycobacterial isolates o ...201122182182
outbreak of a cutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection in jiangsu haian, china.mycobacterium marinum is a slow-growing mycobacterium. in november 2008, we diagnosed a patient with m. marinum infection who worked at a fish farm in jiangsu haian, china. we conducted an investigation and found 18 patients with the same infection. in suspected cases, complete data were collected including medical history, clinical manifestations, laboratory features, and responses to treatment. therapeutic regimens, including clarithromycin monotherapy or combined treatment with clarithromycin ...201121996361
first report of disseminated mycobacterium skin infections in two liver transplant recipients and rapid diagnosis by hsp65 gene sequencing.we present here the first report of disseminated skin mycobacterium infections in two liver transplant recipients, in which hsp65 gene sequencing was used for rapid species identification. both patients had hepatitis b virus-related cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus and presented with progressive generalized, nodular skin lesions. in one patient, a 50-year-old woman who had frequent contact with marine fish, an acid-fast bacillus was isolated from skin biopsy tissue after 2 months of culture. whil ...201121880973
[a man with skin lesions on the back of his hand].a 70-year-old man came to the clinic with skin lesions after he cut himself with an orchid leaf. physical examination showed some crusts at the cut and erythematous soft nodules on the back of his hand. it appeared the man also had an aquarium. the skin lesions were caused by mycobacterium marinum.201121771356
regioselective ¤ë-hydroxylation of medium-chain n-alkanes and primary alcohols by cyp153 enzymes from mycobacterium marinum and polaromonas sp. strain js666.the oxofunctionalization of saturated hydrocarbons is an important goal in basic and applied chemistry. biocatalysts like cytochrome p450 enzymes can introduce oxygen into a wide variety of molecules in a very selective manner, which can be used for the synthesis of fine and bulk chemicals. cytochrome p450 enzymes from the cyp153a subfamily have been described as alkane hydroxylases with high terminal regioselectivity. here we report the product yields resulting from c(5)-c(12) alkane and alcoho ...201121837346
rapid screening of innate immune gene expression in zebrafish using reverse transcription - multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. 201121676242
short-term infection of striped bass morone saxatilis with mycobacterium marinum.striped bass morone saxatilis were studied in order to characterize their immune responses over the short term following challenge with mycobacterium marinum. the expression of immunity-related genes (il-1beta, tnf-alpha, nramp and tgf-beta) quickly increased following infection with m. marinum, but these genes were subsequently down-regulated despite the fact that bacterial counts remained high. the number of monocytes and neutrophils also initially increased at 1 d postinfection. this confirms ...201121648240
nasal fish tank granuloma: an uncommon cause for epistaxis. 201121813833
refractory hand ulceration: a case of chronic ulceration and sporotrichoid spread in a fish tank hobbyist following mycobacterium marinum infection.we report the case of a 35-year-old man with a chronic ulceration of the hand in whom an infection with mycobacterium marinum was diagnosed. clarithromycin and doxycycline were prescribed, resulting in a slow resolution of the ulceration. m. marinum is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that causes skin lesions such as nodules, ulcerations, and sporotrichoid spread, but may also be responsible for osteoarticular lesions. in this case report, we discuss the clinical characteristics of this condition, ...201121792350
soft tissue infections with atypical mycobacteria in two patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases using tnf-inhibitors and/or leflunomide.infections of the soft tissues due to atypical mycobacteria are relatively uncommon. we describe two cases. a 61-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) who was treated with the combination of the tnf inhibitor etanercept (enbrel) and leflunomide (arava), developed paronychia and cellulitis of the index finger due to mycobacterium chelonae/abscessus complex. the patient was successfully treated with clarithromycin and surgical debridement. a second case describes a 50-year-old man with ank ...201121630616
discriminatory potential of a novel set of variable number of tandem repeats for genotyping mycobacterium marinum.mycobacterium marinum is a free-living bacterium that infects fish and amphibians, but is also an opportunistic pathogen in humans. although in previous studies, the bacterium has shown a small number of variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) polymorphic loci, the discriminatory power of the known vntr loci is unlikely to be sufficient to distinguish such a globally ubiquitous waterborne microorganism, which has a presumably high genetic variance. the object of this study was to test m. marinum ...201121550732
analysis of the antimicrobial responses of primary phagocytes of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.) against mycobacterium marinum.the slow growth rate of mycobacterium spp. that infect humans coupled with a lack of reliable in vitro infection model systems has hindered the progress of research in host cell-mycobacteria interactions. recent studies have utilized the relatively fast growing mycobacterium marinum to examine the host-pathogen interface in natural fish hosts. here we describe the use of primary goldfish monocyte and mature macrophage cultures to investigate the immune cell-m. marinum interactions. live and heat ...201121530582
evaluation of bact/alert(r) 3d automated unit for detection of nontuberculous mycobacteria requiring incubation at 30{degrees}c for optimal growth.the reliability of the bact/alert®3d unit for automated detection of nontuberculous mycobacterium (ntm) that grow optimally at 30°c was assessed. this system reliably maintained 30°c, and detected 50% of the clinical ntm strains (5 m. marinum and 3 m. gordonae strains) faster compared to 37°c culture.201121543566
cutaneous non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections: a clinical and histopathological study of 17 cases from lebanon.only a few studies characterized cutaneous non-tuberculous mycobacterium (ntm) infections in this region of the world. objective  the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and histological findings of cutaneous ntm infections in lebanon.201120456544
truncated rv2820c enhances mycobacterial virulence ex vivo and in vivo.three hypervirulent strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients suffering from tuberculous meningitis were shown to grow more rapidly inside human macrophages in our previous study. in the current investigation, genomic polymorphisms in these hypervirulent strains were examined using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. among the five genomic polymorphisms identified, two are in-frame deletion (rv0071/4 and rv0613c/6c), two are frameshift deletion (rv1758' and rv2 ...201121362467
[sporotrichoid topographic distribution and mycobacterium marinum grown on a subdermal contraceptive implant].we report a 37-year-old woman who presented a cutaneous papulonodular skin eruption with sporotrichoid topographic distribution. the diagnosis of mycobacterium marinum infection was obtained with the bacteriological examination of a cutaneous biopsy and related to cleaning her aquarium at home. mycobacteriological grown on a subdermal contraceptive implant had not been published before.201120646797
a mycobacterium marinum tesa mutant defective for major cell wall-associated lipids is highly attenuated in dictyostelium discoideum and zebrafish embryos.infection of the zebrafish with mycobacterium marinum is regarded as a well-established experimental model to study the pathogenicity of mycobacterium tuberculosis. herein, a m. marinum transposon mutant library was screened for attenuated m. marinum phenotypes using a dictyostelium discoideum assay. in one attenuated mutant, the transposon was located within tesa, encoding a putative type ii thioesterase. thin-layer chromatography analyses indicated that the tesa::tn mutant failed to produce tw ...201121375593
drug tolerance in replicating mycobacteria mediated by a macrophage-induced efflux mechanism.treatment of tuberculosis, a complex granulomatous disease, requires long-term multidrug therapy to overcome tolerance, an epigenetic drug resistance that is widely attributed to nonreplicating bacterial subpopulations. here, we deploy mycobacterium marinum-infected zebrafish larvae for in vivo characterization of antitubercular drug activity and tolerance. we describe the existence of multidrug-tolerant organisms that arise within days of infection, are enriched in the replicating intracellular ...201121376383
a high-throughput screen for tuberculosis progression.one-third of the world population is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant strains are rapidly evolving. the noticeable absence of a whole organism high-throughput screening system for studying the progression of tuberculosis is fast becoming the bottleneck in tuberculosis research. we successfully developed such a system using the zebrafish mycobacterium marinum infection model, which is a well-characterized model for tuberculosis progression with biomedical signific ...201121390204
noodling and mycobacterium marinum infection mimicking seronegative rheumatoid arthritis complicated by anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy. 201120806275
conserved pro-glu (pe) and pro-pro-glu (ppe) protein domains target lipy lipases of pathogenic mycobacteria to the cell surface via the esx-5 pathway.the type vii secretion system esx-5 is a major pathway for export of pe and ppe proteins in pathogenic mycobacteria. these mycobacteria-specific protein families are characterized by conserved n-terminal domains of 100 and 180 amino acids, which contain the proline-glutamic acid (pe) and proline-proline-glutamic acid (ppe) motifs after which they are named. here we investigated secretion of the triacylglycerol lipase lipy, which in fast-growing mycobacteria contains a signal sequence, but in slo ...201121471225
secb-like chaperone controls a toxin-antitoxin stress-responsive system in mycobacterium tuberculosis.a major step in the biogenesis of newly synthesized precursor proteins in bacteria is their targeting to the sec translocon at the inner membrane. in gram-negative bacteria, the chaperone secb binds nonnative forms of precursors and specifically transfers them to the seca motor component of the translocase, thus facilitating their export. the major human pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis is an unusual gram-positive bacterium with a well-defined outer membrane and outer membrane proteins. assis ...201121536872
phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of mycobacterium isolates from fighting fish betta spp. in malaysia.mycobacteriosis due to mycobacteria is one of the most common bacterial diseases in ornamental fish. we describe here the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of mycobacterium isolates from fighting fish betta spp. using atcc mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium fortuitum and mycobacterium chelonae as references. a total of four isolates (m1, m2, m3, m4) were obtained from four out of 106 fish samples using selective agar, and identified to mycobacterium genus using acid-fast staining and 16 ...201020971487
mycobacterium marinum infection in the setting of antitumor necrosis factor alpha therapy for crohn's disease. 201020976719
mycobacterium marinum skin infection with tenosynovitis successfully treated with doxycycline.skin infection with mycobacterium marinum can rarely spread to deeper structures, making it more difficult to treat. we report a case of a m. marinum skin infection and hand tenosynovitis that showed a good response to monotherapy with doxycycline in spite of severe hand movement impairment.201020875328
structural analysis of an unusual bioactive n-acylated lipo-oligosaccharide los-iv in mycobacterium marinum.although lipo-oligosaccharides (loss) are recognized as major parietal components in many mycobacterial species, their involvement in the host-pathogen interactions have been scarcely documented. in particular, the biological implications arising from the high degree of structural species-specificity of these glycolipids remain largely unknown. growing recognition of the mycobacterium marinum-danio rerio as a specific host-pathogen model devoted to the study of the physiopathology of mycobacteri ...201020964371
upper extremity mycobacterium marinum infection.mycobacterium marinum is the cause of opportunistic infections in man. although its clinical presentation is usually cutaneous, osteoarticular infections are not rare and should be rapidly diagnosed. orthopaedic surgeons may have to manage a patient with this mycobacterial infection and should be able to make this diagnosis based on information about the patient's history and clinical criteria. lesions develop from a skin wound, with a single nodule or a bright purplish-red patch with papules; t ...201020813602
nodular lymphangitis: report of a case with presentation of a diagnostic paradigm.a 54-year-old man with asthma, mitral valve prolapse, and a back injury developed erythematous nodules that progressed along the lymphatic drainage of his right arm. skin biopsy revealed granulomatous inflammation with microabscess formation. culture confirmed mycobacterium marinum infection. the patient was treated with clarithromycin, ethambutol, rifampin, and topical silver sulfadiazine. oral doxycycline hyclate was later added because of slow healing. mycobacterium marinum is one of a group ...201020875322
mycobacterium marinum infection in a hybrid striped bass farm in italy. 201020690961
interaction of mycobacterium ulcerans with mosquito species: implications for transmission and trophic relationships.mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of buruli ulcer, a severe necrotizing skin disease that causes significant morbidity in africa and australia. person-to-person transmission of buruli ulcer is rare. throughout africa and australia infection is associated with residence near slow-moving or stagnant water bodies. although m. ulcerans dna has been detected in over 30 taxa of invertebrates, fish, water filtrate, and plant materials and one environmental isolate cultured from a water stri ...201020675453
painful red nodule on the right hand. 201020682513
delayed diagnosis of mycobacterium marinum infection: a case report and review of the literature.mycobacterium marinum infection is the most common atypical skin mycobacterial infection of increasing importance. it results from skin injury and contact with contaminated aquarium water, fish, or shellfish; it is only rarely related to swimming pool sources nowadays. diagnosis should be confirmed by isolation and identification of the organism; however, this gold standard is difficult to achieve in practice. therefore, the diagnosis is primarily based on clinical examination, histopathology, a ...201020664920
evaluation of a rapid differentiation test for mycobacterium tuberculosis from other mycobacteria by selective inhibition with p-nitrobenzoic acid using mgit 960.tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (m.tb) as well as non-tubercular mycobacterium (ntm) with similar clinical presentation. infections due to ntm are reported to have increased in the past few years. growth of m.tb is inhibited by p-nitrobenzoic acid (pnb), whereas, ntm are resistant. one hundred and nine isolates from various clinical samples were identified up to species level by their growth rate, pigmentation, and a battery of biochemical tests, including niacin accumulatio ...201021346904
immunostaining for treponema pallidum: caution in its evaluation. 201020571350
host-detrimental role of esx-1-mediated inflammasome activation in mycobacterial infection.the esx-1 (type vii) secretion system is a major virulence determinant of pathogenic mycobacteria, including mycobacterium marinum. however, the molecular events and host-pathogen interactions underlying esx-1-mediated virulence in vivo remain unclear. here we address this problem in a non-lethal mouse model of m. marinum infection that allows detailed quantitative analysis of disease progression. m. marinum established local infection in mouse tails, with esx-1-dependent formation of caseating ...201020463815
esat-6 secretion-independent impact of esx-1 genes espf and espg1 on virulence of mycobacterium tuberculosis.the pathogenesis of mycobacterium tuberculosis largely depends on the secretion of the 6-kd early secreted antigenic target esat-6 (esxa) and the 10-kd culture filtrate protein cfp-10 (esxb) via the esx-1/typevii secretion system. although gene products from the core rd1 region have been shown to be deeply implicated in this process, less is known about proteins encoded further upstream in the 5' region of the esx-1 cluster, such as the esx-1 secretion-associated proteins (esps) espf or espg(1).201021196469
possible role of anti-tnf monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of mycobacterium marinum infection. 201020488924
probing the architecture of the mycobacterium marinum arylamine n-acetyltransferase active site.treatment of latent tuberculosis infection remains an important goal of global tb eradication. to this end, targets that are essential for intracellular survival of mycobacterium tuberculosis are particularly attractive. arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat) represents such a target as it is, along with the enzymes encoded by the associated gene cluster, essential for mycobacterial survival inside macrophages and involved in cholesterol degradation. cholesterol is likely to be the fuel for m. tube ...201021203950
[mycobacterium marinum infection causing extensive cutaneous ulcerations and deep abscesses on the extremities: a case report]. 201020491287
mycobacterium marinum infection following kayaking injury. 201020541959
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