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environmental survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in different climatic zones of eastern australia.the duration of survival of both the s and c strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in feces was quantified in contrasting climatic zones of new south wales, australia, and detailed environmental temperature data were collected. known concentrations of s and c strains in feces placed on soil in polystyrene boxes were exposed to the environment with or without the provision of shade (70%) at bathurst, armidale, condobolin, and broken hill, and subsamples taken every 2 weeks were c ...201424463974
survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in ultra-filtered white cheese.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is considered as a potential public health threat due to its possible association with crohn's disease in humans. this study aimed to investigate the survival of map in ultra-filtered white (ufw) cheese, with special reference to the effect of initial inoculum level, addition of starter culture and salt concentration. behaviour of map was monitored during the storage of ufw cheese using f57-quantitative real-time pcr and culture assay. according ...201424433166
experimental infection of lambs with c and s-type strains of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: immunological and pathological findings.the two main genotypes of recognized isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) are cattle (c) and sheep (s) strains. an experimental infection was conducted to establish the effect of map strain on the pathogenesis of ovine paratuberculosis. twenty-four out of thirty 1.5-month-old assaf lambs were divided into 4 groups of 6 and infected orally with three low passage field isolates, two of s- (22g and the pigmented ovicap49) and one of c- (764) type, and the reference k-10 str ...201424428881
the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis protein map1305 modulates dendritic cell-mediated t cell proliferation through toll-like receptor-4.in this study, we show that mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis map1305 induces the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmdcs), a representative antigen presenting cell (apc). map1305 protein induces dc maturation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (il)-6), tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α, and il-1β) through toll like receptor-4 (tlr-4) signaling by directly binding with tlr4. map1305 activates the phosphorylation of mapks, such as erk, p38mapk, an ...201424393523
high-throughput direct fecal pcr assay for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in sheep and cattle.johne's disease (jd) is a chronic enteric disease caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that affects ruminants. transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route. a commonly used antemortem diagnostic test for the detection of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in feces is liquid culture; however, a major constraint is the 2- to 3-month incubation period needed for this method. rapid methods for the detection of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis based on pcr have been reported, but compre ...201424352996
genetic structure of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis population in cattle herds in quebec as revealed by using a combination of multilocus genomic analyses.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, a granulomatous enteritis affecting a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. a variety of molecular typing tools are used to distinguish m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains, contributing to a better understanding of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis epidemiology. in the present study, pcr-based typing methods, including mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units/variable-number tandem rep ...201424829229
host responses to the pathogen mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and beneficial microbes exhibit host sex specificity.differences between microbial pathogenesis in male and female hosts are well characterized in disease conditions connected to sexual transmission. however, limited biological insight is available on variances attributed to sex specificity in host-microbe interactions, and it is most often a minimized variable outside these transmission events. in this work, we studied two gut microbes-a pathogen, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and a probiotic, lactobacillus animalis np-51-and the i ...201424814797
virulence and immunity orchestrated by the global gene regulator sigl in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease in ruminants, a chronic enteric disease responsible for severe economic losses in the dairy industry. global gene regulators, including sigma factors are important in regulating mycobacterial virulence. however, the biological significance of such regulators in m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis rremains elusive. to better decipher the role of sigma factors in m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogenesis, we targeted a key sigma f ...201424799632
evaluation of the single cervical skin test and interferon gamma responses to detect mycobacterium bovis infected cattle in a herd co-infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.this study reports the performance of the single intradermal tuberculin (sit) test and the interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) assay for mycobacterium bovis in a cattle herd with high prevalence of paratuberculosis (ptb). a total of 58/350 animals were selected for necropsy based on one or more of the following criteria: positive to sit, ifn-γ, a breeding cow that seroconverted to ptb and showed signs compatible with a wasting disease. infection status was determined by post mortem diagnostic tests that in ...201424794166
erratum to "apparent prevalence of beef carcasses contaminated with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis sampled from danish slaughter cattle". 201424790769
evaluation of immunodominant proteins of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis cell wall by western blot analysis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) is a slow growing mycobactin, whose dependence on mycobacterial species is known to be the causative agent of johne's disease (paratuberculosis) in all species of domestic ruminants worldwide. the organism is transmitted via close contact, ingestion, or transplacentally from mother to fetus and occurs commonly in grazing domestic animals. johne's disease (jd) is characterized by gradual weight loss, decreased milk production, ...201424746151
influence of stress connected with moving to a new farm on potentially map-infected mouflons.there is no european legislation concerning paratuberculosis that requires that imported animals be kept in quarantine and commonly they are directly released into areas with other animals. in this study, detection of latent infection of paratuberculosis in healthy mouflons previously diagnosed as paratuberculosis-free, but originating from a real time quantitative pcr- (qpcr-) positive herd, occurred after their transport to a new farm. during a twelve-day quarantine period, all mouflons irregu ...201424729908
lymphoproliferative and gamma interferon responses to stress-regulated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis recombinant proteins.johne's disease in ruminants is a chronic infection of the intestines caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. an important strategy to control disease is early detection, and a potentially efficient method for early detection is measurement of cell-mediated immune responses developed by the host in response to exposure or infection. one method is to measure lymphoproliferation and cytokine release from the host cells when exposed to the organism or parts of the organism. in this s ...201424695774
mycobacterium avium subsp. avium infection in four veal calves: differentiation from intestinal tuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (maa) is an intracellular pathogen belonging to the mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (mac). reservoirs of mac are the natural environment, wildlife and domestic animals. in adult bovine, mac infections are typically caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). maa infections in bovine are rarely reported but may cause clinical disease and pathological lesions similar to those observed in paratuberculosis or those induced by members of th ...201424689051
liver biopsy histopathology for diagnosis of johne's disease in sheep.sheep with johne's disease develop epithelioid macrophage microgranulomas, specific to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection, in the terminal ileum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and organs distant to the alimentary tract such as the liver. the objectives of this study were to determine whether liver pathology was present in ewes affected by map and whether liver cores provide adequate tissue for this potential diagnostic marker. one hundred and twenty-six adult, low body conditi ...201424676594
estimation of flock/herd-level true mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis prevalence on sheep, beef cattle and deer farms in new zealand using a novel bayesian model.the study aimed to estimate the national- and island-level flock/herd true prevalence (htp) of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in pastoral farmed sheep, beef cattle and deer in new zealand. a random sample of 238 single- or multi-species farms was selected from a postal surveyed population of 1940 farms. the sample included 162 sheep flocks, 116 beef cattle and 99 deer herds from seven of 16 geographical regions. twenty animals from each species present on farm were r ...201425457132
systematic review of the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle, sheep, and goats in latin america and the caribbean.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis or johne's disease (jd) in domestic ruminants and wild species. the aim of the present study was to systematically review the prevalence of paratuberculosis among farmed animals (cattle, sheep, and goats) in latin america and the caribbean. the initial search for existing publications reporting systematic reviews and primary studies was carried out by searching the available databases. for the final selection of studies, an init ...201425169696
detection and confirmation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in direct quantitative pcr positive fecal samples by the manual fluorescent mgit culture system.an efficient protocol for the manual fluorescent mgit culture system combined with rapid confirmation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) growth in the broth culture was established and evaluated for the detection of viable map in direct quantitative pcr (qpcr) positive bovine feces. manually detected fluorescence emissions from mgit tubes were analyzed objectively using an open source software, imagej. for molecular confirmation of map growth, dna samples harvested by simply bo ...201424065085
analysis of sediments and plants from the system of five fishponds in the czech republic using culture and pcr methods.nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are ubiquitous organisms that have been isolated from a variety of environmental sources. several ntm species are responsible for diseases in humans and/or animals known as mycobacterioses. the aim of this study was to determine the levels of ntm in the sediments and plants of five fish ponds in the czech republic using culture and quantitative real time pcr (qpcr). additionally, we investigated if there was any link between environmental samples from the fish p ...201424342091
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in faeces using different procedures of pre-treatment for real-time pcr in comparison to culture.one of the most relevant aspects in the diagnosis of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in cattle is the availability of a method for the rapid and sensitive detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in order to facilitate the prompt removal of pathogen-shedding animals from a herd. to meet this requirement, methods for pre-treatment of bovine faecal samples and subsequent extraction of dna for detection of map by real-time pcr were compared with map culture results. a total ...201424280588
multiple strain infections and high genotypic diversity among mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis field isolates from diseased wild and domestic ruminant species in the eastern alpine region of austria.johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic fatal ruminant gastroenteritis caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) whose foodborne zoonotic potential and association with crohn's disease are still under debate. the disease is widespread but its epidemiology and epizootiology remains elusive. wildlife is suspected to play a major role. after a surge in map seroprevalence in austrian cattle, paratuberculosis was declared a notifiable disease in austria in 2006. at th ...201424270014
effect of inflammatory bowel disease therapies on immunogenicity of mycobacterium paratuberculosis proteins.the link between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and crohn's disease (cd) is supported by several studies that have reported the detection and isolation of map from human tissues, but causation has not yet been proven. preliminary studies have shown higher levels of antibodies in sera from cd patients against secreted protein from map within human macrophages when compared to healthy controls. the immunogenicity of this protein in cd patients under different treatment regimes w ...201424256081
improved short-sequence-repeat genotyping of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.accurate sequence analysis of mononucleotide repeat regions is difficult, complicating the use of short sequence repeats (ssrs) as a tool for bacterial strain discrimination. although multiple ssr loci in the genome of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis allow genotyping of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates with high discriminatory power, further characterization of the most discriminatory loci is limited due to inherent difficulties in sequencing mononucleotide repeats. here, a ...201424212568
bulk tank milk elisa for detection of antibodies to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: correlation between repeated tests and within-herd antibody-prevalence.detection of bulk tank milk (btm) antibodies using elisa (btm-elisa) may constitute an inexpensive test for surveillance of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in dairy cattle herds provided that the test is accurate and consistent. the objectives of this study were to determine: (a) the correlation between repeated btm reactions; and (b) the association between the btm antibody elisa-level and the within-herd prevalence of antibody-positive cows. eight btm samples per he ...201424200370
a novel low-cost method for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis dna extraction from an automated broth culture system for real-time pcr analysis.pcr is a highly accurate technique for confirming the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in broth culture. in this study, a simple, efficient, and low-cost method of harvesting dna from map cultured in liquid medium was developed. the proposed protocol (universidad austral de chile [uach]) was evaluated by comparing its performance to that of two traditional techniques (a qiaamp dna stool mini kit and cethyltrimethylammonium bromide [ctab] method). the results were sta ...201424136213
antigenicity of recombinant maltose binding protein-mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fusion proteins with and without factor xa cleaving.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease (jd) in ruminants. proteomic studies have shown that m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis expresses certain proteins when exposed to in vitro physiological stress conditions similar to the conditions experienced within a host during natural infection. such proteins are hypothesized to be expressed in vivo, are recognized by the host immune system, and may be of potential use in the diagnosis of jd. in this study, 50 recombinant malto ...201324132604
volatile emissions from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mirror bacterial growth and enable distinction of different strains.control of paratuberculosis in livestock is hampered by the low sensitivity of established direct and indirect diagnostic methods. like other bacteria, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) emits volatile organic compounds (vocs). differences of voc patterns in breath and feces of infected and not infected animals were described in first pilot experiments but detailed information on potential marker substances is missing. this study was intended to look for characteristic volatile su ...201324116177
host-mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis interactome reveals a novel iron assimilation mechanism linked to nitric oxide stress during early infection.the initial interaction between host cell and pathogen sets the stage for the ensuing infection and ultimately determine the course of disease. however, there is limited knowledge of the transcripts utilized by host and pathogen and how they may impact one another during this critical step. the purpose of this study was to create a host-mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) interactome for early infection in an epithelium-macrophage co-culture system using rna-seq.201324112552
bayesian estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of individual fecal culture and paralisa to detect mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in young farmed deer.a bayesian latent class model was used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of an immunoglobulin g1 serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (paralisa) and individual fecal culture to detect young deer infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. paired fecal and serum samples were collected, between july 2009 and april 2010, from 20 individual yearling (12-24-month-old) deer in each of 20 south island and 18 north island herds in new zealand and subjected to culture and para ...201324105379
evaluation of pms-pcr technology for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis directly from bovine fecal specimens.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes paratuberculosis, or johne's disease, in animals. diagnosis of map infection is challenging because of the pathogen's fastidious in vitro growth requirements and low-level intermittent shedding in feces during the preclinical phase of the infection. detection of these "low-shedders" is important for effective control of paratuberculosis as these animals serve as sources of infection for susceptible calves. magnetic separation technology, u ...201324100005
mannosylated lipoarabinomannans from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis alters the inflammatory response by bovine macrophages and suppresses killing of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium organisms.analysis of the mechanisms through which pathogenic mycobacteria interfere with macrophage activation and phagosome maturation have shown that engagement of specific membrane receptors with bacterial ligands is the initiating event. mannosylated lipoarabinomannan (man-lam) has been identified as one of the ligands that modulates macrophage function. we evaluated the effects of man-lam derived from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) on bovine macrophages. man-lam induced a rapid an ...201324098744
stability of genotyping target sequences of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis upon cultivation on different media, in vitro- and in vivo passage, and natural infection.mycobacterium (m.) avium subsp. paratuberculosis - the causative agent of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) - affects domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. recently, different typing techniques have been combined to provide sufficient discriminatory power for the differentiation of isolates and for epidemiological studies. in order to challenge the reliability of this approach the stability of different m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genotypes determined after primary isolation was investiga ...201324095568
novel secreted antigens of mycobacterium paratuberculosis as serodiagnostic biomarkers for johne's disease in cattle.johne's disease is a chronic gastroenteritis of cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis that afflicts 40% of dairy herds worldwide. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle can remain asymptomatic for years while transmitting the pathogen via fecal contamination and milk. current serodiagnosis with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) fails to detect asymptomatic m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle due to the use of poorly defined antigens and kno ...201324089453
anti mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis heat shock protein 70 antibodies in the sera of sardinian patients with multiple sclerosis.heat shock protein (hsp) family members are highly conserved in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and are known to be immunodominant antigens in many bacteria. in particular, hsp70 has been linked to multiple sclerosis (ms), even if the available data are contradictory. since different studies conducted on sardinian subjects, have linked mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) presence to ms disease, and in view of the fact that human hsp70 is highly homologue to the majori ...201324075312
high prevalence of paratuberculosis in rabbits is associated with difficulties in controlling the disease in cattle.there is increasing evidence that the european wild rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) is a wildlife reservoir for paratuberculosis and infected populations may contribute to the persistence of infection in livestock. the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that farms with difficulties controlling paratuberculosis in their cattle herds have a higher prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in their rabbit populations. a total of 281 rabbits from 13 beef farm ...201324075203
effect of delayed exposure of cattle to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis on the development of subclinical and clinical johne's disease.to evaluate the effect of delayed exposure of dairy cattle to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) on the incidence of those cows testing positive for map and developing clinical johne's disease (cjd).201324066914
persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in soil, crops, and ensiled feed following manure spreading on infected dairy farms.the goal of this study was to determine the persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in soil, crops, and ensiled feeds following manure spreading. this bacterium was often found in soil samples, but less frequently in harvested feeds and silage. spreading of manure on fields used for crop harvest is preferred to spreading on grazing pastures.201324179246
evaluation [corrected] of the "iceberg phenomenon" in johne's disease through mathematical modelling.johne's disease (jd) is a chronic, enteric disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). disease progression follows four distinct stages: silent, subclinical, clinical and advanced. available diagnostic tests have poor sensitivity and cannot detect early stages of the infection; as a result, only animals in the clinical and advanced stages, which represent the tip of the 'iceberg', are identified through testing. the iceberg phenomenon is then applied to prov ...201324167547
relationship between paratuberculosis and the microelements copper, zinc, iron, selenium and molybdenum in beef cattle.to study the deficiency of minerals and its relationship with paratuberculosis, blood, serum, and fecal samples were obtained from 75 adult bovines without clinical symptoms of the disease and from two bovines with clinical symptoms of the disease, from two beef herds with a previous history of paratuberculosis in the province of buenos aires, argentina. serum samples were processed by elisa and feces were cultured in herrolds medium. copper, zinc and iron in serum were quantified by spectrophot ...201324159298
comparison of calf weaning weight and associated economic variables between beef cows with and without serum antibodies against or isolation from feces of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.to compare calf weaning weight and associated economic variables for beef cows with serum antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) or from which map was isolated from feces with those for cows that were seronegative for antibodies against or culture negative for map.201324261812
antemortem and postmortem examinations of the cattle calf naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.a male cattle calf was detected as subclinically and naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) by a series of antemortem and postmortem tests. the map infection was identified by strong antibody and cell-mediated immune (cmi) response by a commercial elisa kit and an intradermal johnin test, respectively, in the initial antemortem examination. the antemortem status of the calf was further confirmed by map-specific interferon gamma (ifn-γ) response. for detecti ...201324294493
associations between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies in bulk tank milk, season of sampling and protocols for managing infected cows.the objective of this study was to identify associations between the concentration of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) antibodies in bulk milk and potential risk factors in herd management and herd characteristics, explaining high map antibody titers in milk. an extensive questionnaire was administered to 292 organic and conventional dairy farms from new york, wisconsin and oregon. bulk milk samples were taken from each farm for map enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). a g ...201324283287
apoptosis of lymph node and peripheral blood cells in ovine johne's disease.ovine johne's disease (ojd) is a degenerative wasting condition of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). similar to other pathogenic mycobacterial infections it is a slow-progressing chronic disease and subclinically infected individuals can spread the disease while appearing healthy. map infects macrophages and the host responds by mounting a cell-mediated immune response. disease progression is associated with immune dysfunction but the reasons are unknown. inc ...201324054092
in vivo and in vitro expression pattern of toll-like receptors in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.johne's disease (jd) caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is a chronic infectious disease of ruminants. activation of the toll-like receptors (tlr) in response to microbial stimuli, including map, initiates responses in immune cells of the blood and within peripheral tissues. tlr2, 4 and 9 are believed to play a critical role in the initiation of immune responses against mycobacteria. in this study we report on the in vivo expression pattern of these receptors in sheep ...201324054090
development and validation of a liquid medium (m7h9c) for routine culture of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to replace modified bactec 12b medium.liquid culture of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from clinical samples, such as feces, is the most sensitive antemortem test for the diagnosis of johne's disease in ruminants. in australia, new zealand, the united states, and some other countries, the bactec 460 system with modified bactec 12b medium (becton, dickinson) has been the most commonly used liquid culture system, but it was discontinued in 2012. in this study, a new liquid culture medium, m7h9c, was developed. it consists ...201324048541
increasing the ex vivo antigen-specific ifn-γ production in subpopulations of t cells and nkp46+ cells by anti-cd28, anti-cd49d and recombinant il-12 costimulation in cattle vaccinated with recombinant proteins from mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.t cells, which encounter specific antigen (ag), require additional signals to mount a functional immune response. here, we demonstrate activation of signal 2, by anti-cd28 mab (acd28) and other costimulatory molecules (acd49d, acd5), and signal 3, by recombinant il-12, enhance ag-specific ifn-γ secretion by cd4, cd8, γδ t cells and nk cells. age matched male jersey calves, experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), were vaccinated with a cocktail of recombina ...201324034934
occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples of hunted deer, chamois and ibex in switzerland. 201323985097
use of enoyl coenzyme a hydratase of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for the serological diagnosis of johne's disease.johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), remains difficult to control because of the lack of specific and sensitive diagnostic tests. in order to improve the specificity of sero-diagnosis for jd, the phage display library derived from genomic dna of map was immunoscreened to identify novel antigenic targets. we selected a clone using antibodies from map experimentally infected cattle, and annotated its coding sequence as map1197 in the map genome, wh ...201323978306
novel feature of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, highlighted by characterization of the heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis comprises two genotypically defined groups, known as the cattle (c) and sheep (s) groups. recent studies have reported phenotypic differences between m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis groups c and s, including growth rates, infectivity for macrophages, and iron metabolism. in this study, we investigated the genotypes and biological properties of the virulence factor heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin (hbha) for both groups. in mycobacterium tuberculo ...201323974028
evaluation of a salmonella vectored vaccine expressing mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens against challenge in a goat model.johnes disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map), occurs worldwide as chronic granulomatous enteritis of domestic and wild ruminants. to develop a cost effective vaccine, in a previous study we constructed an attenuated salmonella strain that expressed a fusion product made up of partial fragments of map antigens (ag85a, ag85b and sod) that imparted protection against challenge in a mouse model. in the current study we evaluated the differential immune response and ...201323950909
no holes barred: invasion of the intestinal mucosa by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the infection biology of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has recently crystallized, with added details surrounding intestinal invasion. the involvement of pathogen-derived effector proteins such as the major membrane protein, oxidoreductase, and fibronectin attachment proteins have been uncovered. mutations constructed in this pathogen have also shed light on genes needed for invasion. the host cell types that are susceptible to invasion have been defined, along with their transcript ...201323940208
flow cytometric detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific antibodies in experimentally infected and naturally exposed calves.a desirable test to diagnose infections with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis facilitates identification of infected cattle prior to the state of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis shedding. this study aimed at adjusting a flow cytometry (fc)-based assay, using intact m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacteria as the antigen, for diagnosis of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in calves. serum samples were collected from experimentally infected (n = 12) and naturally exposed (n ...201323885032
molecular identification of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in oral biopsies of crohn's disease patients.oral lesions may be found in patients with crohn's disease (cd), in a percentage up to 20%. the aim of this study was to investigate a possible relationship between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and oral lesions in cd patients. 23 oral biopsies were examined performing is900 nested pcr; 9 of them were positive: 8 from cd patients and 1 from a control. our purpose is to go on with this study, amplifying the number of subjects examined and testing subjects with oral lesions rel ...201323842143
inactivation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during cooking of hamburger patties.the role of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in crohn's disease in humans has been debated for many years. milk and milk products have been suggested as possible vectors for transmission since the beginning of this debate, whereas recent publications show that slaughtered cattle and their carcasses, meat, and organs can also serve as reservoirs for map transmission. the objective of this study was to generate heat-inactivation data for map during the cooking of hamburger patties ...201323834794
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis confirmed following serological surveillance of small ruminants in grenada, west indies.surveillance for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in small ruminants of grenada was undertaken using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). among the 479 sheep tested, 11 (2.3%) were elisa positive while only 1 out of 260 goats (0.3%) was elisa positive. five of the 12 elisa-positive animals were also positive in a commercial agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) assay, and 4 of these showed acid-fast rods consistent with map in fecal smears. two sheep that ...201323780930
bayesian mixture models for partially verified data: age- and stage-specific discriminatory power of an antibody elisa for paratuberculosis.bayesian mixture models can be used to discriminate between the distributions of continuous test responses for different infection stages. these models are particularly useful in case of chronic infections with a long latent period, like mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection, where a perfect reference test does not exist. however, their discriminatory ability diminishes with increasing overlap of the distributions and with increasing number of latent infection stages to be ...201323777650
expression profiles of different cytokine genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of goats infected experimentally with native strain of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis (paratb), caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants and may contribute to crohn's disease in humans. key features of host immunity to map infection include an early pro-inflammatory (th1-like) response that eventually gives way to a predominant anti-inflammatory (th2-like) response. many studies have been conducted to understand the underlying mechanism of misdirected host immune response, however, these studies mainly fo ...201323777348
clinical disease upregulates expression of cd40 and cd40 ligand on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.cd40 and cd40 ligand (cd40l) have costimulatory effects as part of a complex series of events in host immunity. in this study, the expression of cd40 and cd40l on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) isolated from cattle with johne's disease were measured on freshly isolated pbmcs and on cells cultured for 8, 24, and 72 h in the presence or absence of live mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and exogenous gamma interferon, interleukin 10, and transforming growth factor β. results d ...201323761659
development of a novel phage-mediated immunoassay for the rapid detection of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.the objective of this study was to develop a novel screening method for detection of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in milk and faeces, as a rapid alternative to map culture.201323742225
analysis of transcriptional profiles to discover biomarker candidates in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages, raw 264.7.paratuberculosis (ptb) or johne's disease is one of the most serious chronic debilitating diseases of ruminants worldwide that is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). map is a slow-growing bacterium that has very long latent periods, resulting in difficulties in diagnosing and controlling the disease, especially regarding the diagnosis of fecal shedders of map without any clinical signs. based on this situation, attempts were made to identify biomarkers that show early re ...201323727801
specific antibody and interferon-gamma responses associated with immunopathological forms of bovine paratuberculosis in slaughtered friesian cattle.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection causes a chronic granulomatous inflammatory regional enteritis in ruminants. cell-mediated immune responses are assumed to be protective and therefore, to be associated with its more delimited lesion types, while humoral responses are mainly associated with diffuse histopathological lesions. however, this duality of immune responses has been recently questioned. the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between both types of ...201323724062
how does a mycobacterium change its spots? applying molecular tools to track diverse strains of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.defining genetic diversity in the wake of the release of several mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) genome sequences has become a major emphasis in the molecular biology and epidemiology of johne's disease research. these data can now be used to define the extent of strain diversity on the farm. however, to perform these important tasks, researchers must have a way to distinguish the many map isolates/strains that are present in the environment or host to enable tracking over time ...201323721475
divergent immune responses to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection correlate with kinome responses at the site of intestinal infection.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of johne's disease (jd) in cattle. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infects the gastrointestinal tract of calves, localizing and persisting primarily in the distal ileum. a high percentage of cattle exposed to m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis do not develop jd, but the mechanisms by which they resist infection are not understood. here, we merge an established in vivo bovine intestinal segment model for m. avium subsp. paratubercu ...201323716614
contrasting results of culture-dependent and molecular analyses of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from wood bison.reduced to near extinction in the late 1800s, a number of wood bison populations (bison bison athabascae) have been re-established through reintroduction initiatives. although an invaluable tool for conservation, translocation of animals can spread infectious agents to new areas or expose animals to pathogens in their new environment. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, a bacterium that causes chronic enteritis in ruminants, is among the pathogens of potential concern for wood bison man ...201323686265
early weight development of goats experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.johne's disease is an infectious chronic inflammatory bowel disease in ruminants. the key factor for the management of this disease is an early positive diagnosis. unfortunately, most diagnostics detect animals with johne's disease in the clinical stage with positive serology and/or positive fecal cultures. however, for effective management of the disease within herds, it is important to detect infected animals as early as possible. this might only be possible with the help of parameters not spe ...201324349564
first identification of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis sheep strain in argentina.we here identified for the first time the presence of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) sheep (s) strain in argentina. is900 polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was positive. the s strain was compared with map cattle (c) strains by using is1311 pcr-restriction endonuclease analysis (pcr-rea), multiplex pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis.201324516458
specific igg response against mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in children and adults with crohn's disease.presence of serum antibodies against mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) in crohn's disease (cd) as a disease characteristic remains controversial. in the present work, we assessed antibody reactivity of serum and intestinal fluid against four distinct map-antigens, including the recently identified map-specific lipopentapeptide (l5p).201323658774
dynamics of specific anti-mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibody response through age.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes a chronic infection in cattle. map infected cattle with humoral immune (hi) reactions with igg antibodies are usually those where latency of infection has ceased and their infection is progressing towards reduced milk yield, weight loss and significant bacterial excretion in feces. the proportion of detectable infections among all infected animals that will develop disease is often referred to as 'the tip of the iceberg'. the purpose of th ...201323658660
mechanisms of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis induced apoptosis and necrosis in bovine macrophages.the interaction between mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) and macrophages is a complex process to maximize the chances of their respective survival. previous studies have shown that map induces cell death in macrophages, but the mechanism is not known. in the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which map induces cell death in bovine macrophages using the fluorescent and electron microscopic techniques. the macrophages infected with an equal number of map (i.e., multip ...201323639474
chemical decontamination with n-acetyl-l-cysteine-sodium hydroxide improves recovery of viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms from cultured milk.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is shed into the milk and feces of cows with advanced johne's disease, allowing the transmission of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis between animals. the objective of this study was to formulate an optimized protocol for the isolation of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk. the parameters investigated included chemical decontamination with n-acetyl-l-cysteine-sodium hydroxide (nalc-naoh), alone and in combination with antibiotics (vancomycin, amph ...201323637290
characterisation of an elisa detecting immunoglobulin g to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine colostrum.although colostrum has been used to detect specific immunoglobulin (ig) g to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in cattle, confounding, non-specific reactions can be a problem. the objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of non-specific elisa reactions in samples of colostrum taken between 0 and 4 days-in-milk (dim), and to assess the probability of an animal testing positive for map specific igg over this time-period. non-specific reactions were found in 3/365 ( ...201323611487
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bulk tank milk by combined phage-pcr assay: evidence that plaque number is a good predictor of map.conventional culture and a rapid phage-pcr method were used to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in bulk tank milk (btm) samples. only two of 225 samples (0.9%) were found to contain map by culture whereas 50 (22%) map-positive samples were identified using the phage-pcr assay, including both samples that were map-culture positive. results using the phage-based method for independently tested duplicate samples indicated that the assay is very reproducible (r(2)=0.897), esp ...201323603220
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detected in the reproductive tract of cows from an infected herd.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), the causal agent of paratuberculosis, was detected by quantitative real-time is900 pcr in the follicular fluid from the reproductive tracts of cows originating from one infected herd. as well as being detected in follicular fluid of cows shedding bacteria in their faeces, map was also detected in the follicular fluid of one apparently healthy, non-shedding individual cow. the finding of map in follicular fluid is unexpected and could contrib ...201323600627
culture phenotypes and molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from small ruminants.in this study the suitability of different solid media was investigated for the isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in order to identify the optimum single or combination of media to permit the isolation of all strain types from small ruminants. a subset of these map strains was then further characterized by molecular typing methods to assess the genetic diversity of map strains in the study area (northern greece). map strains were isolated from tissues and faeces of i ...201323587160
is an individual calving pen better than a group calving pen for preventing transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in calves? results from a field trial.the objective of this study was to quantify the efficacy of using individual calving pens (icp) from which manure was removed between successive calving compared with group calving pens (gcp) for limiting transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) in holstein calves. every other pregnant cow in three minnesota map endemic herds was assigned to calve in either the icp or the gcp within 48-72 h prior to expected calving. heifer calves born in the icp were assigned to the inte ...201323582519
comparison of pre- and post-vaccination ovine johne's disease prevalence using a bayesian approach.this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of gudair™ vaccine in decreasing the prevalence of shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in flocks of varying initial prevalence. thirty-seven self-replacing merino flocks from new south wales and victoria (australia) that had been vaccinating lambs with gudair™ for at least five years were enrolled in the study. these flocks had been tested prior to or at commencement of vaccination using pooled faecal culture, agar ...201323578910
composite testing for ante-mortem diagnosis of johne's disease in farmed new zealand deer: correlations between bacteriological culture, histopathology, serological reactivity and faecal shedding as determined by quantitative pcr.in the absence of overt clinical signs of johne's disease (jd), laboratory based tests have largely been limited to organism detection via faecal culture or pcr and serological tests for antibody reactivity. in this study we describe the application of quantitative faecal pcr for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in new zealand farmed deer to quantify the bacterial load in cervine faecal samples as an adjunct to an existing serodiagnostic test (paralisa™) tailore ...201323574863
key role for the alternative sigma factor, sigh, in the intracellular life of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during macrophage stress.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease, an enteric infection in cattle and other ruminants, greatly afflicting the dairy industry worldwide. once inside the cell, m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is known to survive harsh microenvironments, especially those inside activated macrophages. to improve our understanding of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogenesis, we examined phagosome maturation associated with transcriptional responses of m. avium subsp. paratubercu ...201323569115
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in wild boars in korea.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes chronic infectious enteritis in various domestic and wild mammals and is widely distributed globally. interspecies transmission has been frequently reported. we investigated the presence of map from december 2010 to march 2011 in blood and feces collected from 222 hunter-killed wild boars. we collected 197 serum and 180 fecal samples and examined them by culture, pcr, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. we investigated the status of map ...201323568919
in vitro expression of the slc11a1 gene in goat monocyte-derived macrophages challenged with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.johne's disease or paratuberculosis is a chronic, progressive intestinal disease of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). one of the genes that have been targeted with regard to resistance or sensitivity to paratuberculosis is the slc11a1 (solute carrier family 11 member a1). here we extend our previous work to the sequence and structure analysis of the caprine slc11a1 gene and we assess the functional impact of the most frequent polymorphisms of the 3' utr regio ...201323567820
disparate host immunity to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens in calves inoculated with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, m. avium subsp. avium, m. kansasii, and m. bovis.the cross-reactivity of mycobacterial antigens in immune-based diagnostic assays has been a major concern and a criticism of the current tests that are used for the detection of paratuberculosis. in the present study, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis recombinant proteins were evaluated for antigenic specificity compared to a whole-cell sonicate preparation (mps). measures of cell-mediated immunity to m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens were compared in calves inoculated with liv ...201323554467
effect of soil slope on the appearance of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in water running off grassland soil after application of contaminated slurry.the study assessed the effect of soil slope on mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transport into rainwater runoff from agricultural soil after application of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-contaminated slurry. under field conditions, 24 plots of undisturbed loamy soil 1 by 2 m(2) were placed on platforms. twelve plots were used for water runoff: 6 plots at a 3% slope and 6 plots at a 15% slope. half of the plots of each slope were treated with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-contamin ...201323542616
cellular and humoral immunogenicity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis specific lipopentapeptide antigens.paratuberculosis caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is a chronic infectious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. antigens currently used for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis are whole-cell derived crude preparations. the identification of map-specific antigens for the specific and early diagnosis of this infection is strongly needed. this study assessed the ability of the map-specific synthetic lipopeptide antigen para-lp-01 to invoke specific serum antibody ( ...201323540605
comparison of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) with conventional pcr, bacterial culture and elisa for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in sheep showing pathology of johne's disease.a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay employing is900 gene specific primers of mycobacterium avium subsp. parartuberculosis (map) was compared with conventional pcr, bacterial culture and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 38 sheep showing granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis with and without demonstration of acid-fast bacilli (afb). the lesions were classified as multibacillary (mb) (n = 23), which had diffuse granulomatous lesions with abundant afb, and paucibacillary (pb) (n = 15), ...201323539663
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the saliva of dairy cows: a pilot study.johne's disease (jd) is a production limiting, intestinal disease of ruminants that is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). transmission of map occurs predominately through feces, colostrum and milk. since other intestinal bacteria can be found in saliva, it possible that saliva might serve as a previously overlooked route of map transmission. therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether map is present in the saliva of cows. methods were validated usi ...201323517764
anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic responses to infection: a common denominator of human and bovine macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of a chronic intestinal inflammation in ruminants named johne's disease or paratuberculosis and a possible etiopathological agent of human crohn's disease (cd). analysis of macrophage transcriptomes in response to map infection is expected to provide key missing information in the understanding of the role of this pathogen in establishing an inappropriate and persistent infection in a susceptible host and of the molecular m ...201323509800
postexposure subunit vaccination against chronic enteric mycobacterial infection in a natural host.the control of chronic bacterial diseases with high prevalence in areas of endemicity would strongly benefit from availability of postexposure vaccines. the development of these vaccines against mycobacterial infections, such as (para)tuberculosis, is hampered by lack of experience in natural hosts. paratuberculosis in cattle is both a mycobacterial disease of worldwide importance and a natural host model for mycobacterial infections in general. the present study showed beneficial effects of the ...201323509147
disseminated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in two wild eurasian otters (lutra lutra l.) from portugal.disseminated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infections were found in two eurasian otters (lutra lutra, l. 1758) killed by vehicular trauma in february and march 2010 in castelo branco, portugal. at postmortem examination, the organs showed no significant gross alterations; however, microscopically, both animals had diffuse lymphadenitis with macrophage infiltration and deposition of hyaline material in the center of the lymphoid follicles. acid-fast organisms were isolated fro ...201323505727
association of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and slc11a1 polymorphisms in sardinian multiple sclerosis patients.recent findings propose that mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection could act as risk factor in favoring multiple sclerosis (ms) progression. slc11a1 is a gene associated with mycobacterial survival in the host and it may be involved in the induction and maintenance of autoimmune disease.201323492997
modeling the effect of direct and indirect contamination of on-farm bulk tank milk with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in milk of bovine origin is suspected of being implicated in crohn's disease in humans. milk can be contaminated via direct excretion of map in milk or indirectly via fecal contamination of the milk. this study aimed at estimating the level of map in farm bulk tank milk and simulating the effect of direct and indirect contamination with map. the effect of discarding milk from test-positive cows at different prevalences was assessed. the concentra ...201323489049
genome sequence of the "indian bison type" biotype of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strain s5.we report the 4.79-mb genome sequence of the "indian bison type" biotype of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strain s5, isolated from a terminally sick jamunapari goat at the cirg (central institute for research on goats) farm in india. this draft genome will help in studying novelties of this biotype, which is widely distributed in animals and human beings in india.201323469332
prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) with grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes.to estimate the prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in farmed deer with no gross post-mortem evidence of map infection slaughtered in new zealand, and to assess predictors of infection.201323441922
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and multiple sclerosis in sardinian patients: epidemiology and clinical features.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is an infectious factor recently found in association with multiple sclerosis (ms) in sardinia.201323439580
optimization of hexadecylpyridinium chloride decontamination for culture of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from milk.a protocol was optimized for the isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) from milk and colostrum, with parameters including chemical decontamination, antibiotics, and different culture media. this study demonstrates that the efficiency of map recovery from milk is highly dependent upon the culturing protocol, and such protocols should be optimized to ensure that low concentrations of map in milk can be detected.201323426920
using vaccination to prevent the invasion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy herds: a stochastic simulation study.paratuberculosis, or johne's disease (jd), is a chronic enteric disease of ruminants infected by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) that causes a significant financial loss in dairy industry. to reduce prevalence and transmission in dairy herds infected with map, control programs have been implemented, including test-based culling, improved calf rearing management, and vaccination. the important issue of preventing map invasion into a map-free herd has been less investigated, howe ...201323419983
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates from sheep and goats show reduced persistence in bovine macrophages than cattle, bison, deer and wild boar strains regardless of genotype.assessment of the virulence of isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) exhibiting distinct genotypes and isolated from different hosts may help to clarify the degree to which clinical manifestations of the disease in cattle can be attributed to bacterial or to host factors. the objective of this study was to test the ability of 10 isolates of map representing distinct genotypes and isolated from domestic (cattle, sheep, and goat), and wildlife animal species (fallow deer, d ...201323415474
evaluation of a mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis leud mutant as a vaccine candidate against challenge in a caprine model.johne's disease (jd) is prevalent worldwide and has a significant impact on the global agricultural economy. in the present study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a leud (δleud) mutant and gained insight into differential immune responses after challenge with virulent m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a caprine colonization model. the immune response and protective efficacy were compared with those of the killed vaccine mycopar. in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell ...201323408524
evaluation of the effects of a killed whole-cell vaccine against mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in 3 herds of dairy cattle with natural exposure to the organism.to evaluate effects of vaccination with a killed whole-cell vaccine against mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) on fecal shedding of the organism, development of clinical paratuberculosis (johne's disease [jd]), milk production, measures of reproduction, and within-herd longevity of dairy cattle naturally exposed to map.201323402414
purification of native hbha from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis remains today a major global problem in animal health, especially for dairy cattle. however, the diagnosis of its etiologic agent, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), still lacks sensitivity because of the lack of available antigens. little is known about the virulence factors for this pathogen. in this study we have developed a method to produce and purify the heparin-binding hemagglutinin (hbha), a major adhesin of mycobacteria, from a culture of map.201323390963
pathological findings in young and adult sheep following experimental infection with 2 different doses of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) is assumed to infect young ruminants; however, little is known concerning the possibility of adult animals becoming infected. an experimental infection was conducted to establish the effect of age and doses of map on susceptibility to paratuberculosis in sheep. sixteen of twenty-four 1.5-month-old churra lambs and 23 of 30 adult ewes (from 2-11 years old) were orally challenged with an ovine field strain of map. thirteen ewes and 8 lambs were infe ...201323390077
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