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experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review.this review discusses key factors important in successful experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis (ne) in chickens, and how these factors can be adjusted to affect the severity of the lesions induced. the critical bacterial factor is the need to use virulent, netb-positive, strains of clostridium perfringens; disease severity can be enhanced by using netb-positive c. perfringens strains that are also tpel-positive, by the use of young rather than old broth cultures, and by the number of ...201626813025
the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens: what we know and what we need to know: a review.this review summarizes advances in understanding the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis of chickens caused by netb-positive clostridium perfringens. the discovery of netb as the essential toxin trigger for the disease was followed by recognition that it forms part of a large plasmid-encoded 42 kb pathogenicity locus (neloc-1). while the locus is critical for toxin production, it likely has additional functions related to colonization and degradation of the mucus barrier, which are essential both ...201626813023
clostridium perfringens delta-toxin induces rapid cell necrosis.clostridium perfringens delta-toxin is a β-pore-forming toxin and a putative pathogenic agent of c. perfringens types b and c. however, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of delta-toxin remains unclear. here, we investigated the mechanisms of cell death induced by delta-toxin in five cell lines (a549, a431, mdck, vero, and caco-2). all cell lines were susceptible to delta-toxin. the toxin caused rapid atp depletion and swelling of the cells. delta-toxin bound and formed oligomers predominantly in pla ...201626807591
direct dynamic kinetic analysis and computer simulation of growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey during cooling.this research applied a new 1-step methodology to directly construct a tertiary model that describes the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey meat under dynamically cooling conditions. the kinetic parameters of the growth models were determined by numerical analysis and optimization using multiple dynamic growth curves. the models and kinetic parameters were validated using independent growth curves obtained under various cooling conditions. the results showed that the residual err ...201626801359
generation and characterization of recombinant bivalent fusion protein r-cpib for immunotherapy against clostridium perfringens beta and iota toxemia.clostridium perfringens beta (cpb) and iota (cpi) toxaemias result in some of the most lethal forms of haemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis and sudden death syndrome affecting especially neonates. while cpb enterotoxemia is one of the most common forms of clostridial enterotoxemia, cpi enterotoxemia though putatively considered to be rare is an emerging cause of concern. the similarities in clinical manifestation, gross and histopathology findings of both types of toxaemias coupled to the infrequ ...201626774054
case-control study of pathogens involved in piglet diarrhea.diarrhea in piglets directly affects commercial swine production. the disease results from the interaction of pathogens with the host immune system and is also affected by management procedures. several pathogenic agents such as campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., group a rotavirus (rv-a), coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus; porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), as well as nematode and protozoan parasites, can be associated with disease cas ...201626754836
multidrug resistance in clostridium perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand.clostridium perfringens causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets, thereby affecting commercial swine farming. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterize antimicrobial resistance in c. perfringens isolated from diarrheal neonatal piglets in thailand. a total of 260 rectal swab samples were collected from 13 farms and were subjected to c. perfringens isolation. a total of 148 samples were pcr-positive for c. perfringens toxin genes, from which 122 were recovered. all i ...201626752714
occurrence of human-associated bacteroidetes genetic source tracking markers in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin and comparison to standard and alternative indicators of faecal pollution.this was a detailed investigation of the seasonal occurrence, dynamics, removal and resistance of human-associated genetic bacteroidetes faecal markers (gebam) compared with iso-based standard faecal indicator bacteria (sfib), human-specific viral faecal markers and one human-associated bacteroidetes phage in raw and treated wastewater of municipal and domestic origin. characteristics of the selected activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) from austria and germany were studied in de ...201626745175
variable protection against experimental broiler necrotic enteritis after immunization with the c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and a non-toxic netb variant.necrotic enteritis toxin b (netb) is a pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been shown to play a key role in avian necrotic enteritis, a disease causing significant costs to the poultry production industry worldwide. the aim of this work was to determine whether immunization with a non-toxic variant of netb (netb w262a) and the c-terminal fragment of c. perfringens alpha-toxin (cpa247-370) would provide protection against experimental necrotic enteritis. immunized birds ...201626743457
bacterial quality and prevalence of foodborne pathogens in edible offal from slaughterhouses in korea.edible offal meats have recently received significant attention worldwide. however, studies evaluating the microbial quality of diverse edible offal and specifically investigating contamination by pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses are rare. our study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality of six kinds of edible offal produced from 11 pigs and 8 cattle slaughterhouses in the republic of korea and the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms such as salmonella, clostridium ...201626735045
implications of decreased nitrite concentrations on clostridium perfringens outgrowth during cooling of ready-to-eat meats.increased popularity of natural and organic processed meats can be attributed to the growing consumer demand for preservative-free foods, including processed meats. to meet this consumer demand, meat processors have begun using celery juice concentrate in place of sodium nitrite to create products labeled as no-nitrate or no-nitrite-added meat products while maintaining the characteristics unique to conventionally cured processed meats. because of flavor limitations, natural cures with celery co ...201626735043
predictive model for growth of staphylococcus aureus on raw pork, ham, and sausage.recent staphylococcus aureus outbreaks linked to meat and poultry products underscore the importance of understanding the growth kinetics of s. aureus in these products at different temperatures. raw pork, ham, and sausage (each 10 ± 0.3 g) were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of s. aureus, resulting in an initial level of ca. 3 log cfu/g. samples were stored isothermally at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°c, and s. aureus was enumerated at appropriate time intervals. the square root mode ...201626735039
total combining power: technique for the evaluation of the quality control process of clostridiosis vaccines.an efficient technique for evaluation of the quality control of vaccines against clostridiosis is described in this study. this technique is capable of quantifying the toxoid of the bacterium clostridium perfringens type d, which is commonly found within these vaccines. the described method is performed in vivo to quantify the toxoid, replacing the current predominant approaches that use the titration of toxins before the inactivation process. this method is based on the partial neutralization o ...201627569385
enhanced expression of recombinant beta toxin of <i>clostridium perfringens</i> type b using a commercially available <i>escherichia coli</i> strain.clostridium perfringens beta toxin is only produced by types b and c and plays an important role in many human and animal diseases, causing fatal conditions that originate in the intestines. we compared the expression of c. perfringens type b vaccine strain recombinant beta toxin gene in the escherichia coli strains rosettatm(de3) and bl21(de3). the beta toxin gene was extracted from pjetβ and ligated with pet22b(+). pet22β was transformed into e. coli strains bl21(de3) and rosettatm(de3). recom ...201627543150
microwave ablation of liver metastasis complicated by clostridium perfringens gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess (gpla) in a patient with past gastrectomy.gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess (gpla) caused by c. perfringens is rare but fatal. patients with past gastrectomy may be prone to such infection post-ablation.201627529833
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin as a potential drug for intravesical treatment of bladder cancer.the current intravesical treatment of bladder cancer (bc) is limited to a few chemotherapeutics that show imperfect effectiveness and are associated with some serious complications. thus, there is an urgent need for alternative therapies, especially for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive (nmibc). clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), cytolytic protein binds to its receptors: claudin 3 and 4 that are expressed in epithelial cells. this binding is followed by rapid cell death. claudi ...201627520378
gram staining of blood cultures for clostridium perfringens. 201627516231
acute necrotizing colitis with pneumatosis intestinalis in an amazonian manatee calf.on 25 january 2014, a 1 mo old female amazonian manatee trichechus inunguis calf weighing 12 kg was rescued by air transport in guajará, brazil, and transferred to mamirauá institute's community-based amazonian manatee rehabilitation center. the calf presented piercing/cutting lesions on the back, neck, and head, in addition to dehydration and intermittent involuntary buoyancy. x-ray analysis revealed a large amount of gases in the gastrointestinal tract. daily procedures included wound cleaning ...201627503914
the river ruhr - an urban river under particular interest for recreational use and as a raw water source for drinking water: the collaborative research project "safe ruhr" - microbiological aspects.along the intense industrialization of the ruhr valley (germany), the river ruhr became increasingly polluted. over time, using it for recreational purposes became a serious health hazard and bathing was banned due to chemical and microbiological risks. the purpose of the collaborative project "safe ruhr" was to verify the current status and to provide a scientific basis for lifting the bathing ban. as the river also provides a raw water source for drinking water production, it was investigated ...201627495908
a case of acute onset postoperative gas gangrene caused by clostridium perfringens.gas gangrene is a necrotic infection of soft tissue associated with high mortality rates. we report a case of postoperative gas gangrene with very acute onset and rapid progression of symptoms. to our knowledge, this case is the most acute onset of postoperative gas gangrene ever reported.201627488346
effects of live yeast dietary supplementation on nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in beagle dogs.the effects of live yeast (strain cncm i-4407; actisaf sc 47; phileo lesaffre animal care, marcq-en-baroeul, france) administration on nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in dogs were investigated. the study included 24 young beagle dogs. they were allocated in control and live yeast (ly) groups (6 males and 6 females in each). during the adaptation (d 1 to 28) and trial (d 29 to 70) periods, the dogs received a standard dry pelleted diet. in the trial period, the ly dogs were given caps ...201627482677
a chimeric protein composed of the binding domains of clostridium perfringens phospholipase c and trueperella pyogenes pyolysin induces partial immunoprotection in a mouse model.trueperella pyogenes and clostridium perfringens are two kinds of conditional pathogens frequently associated with wound infections and succeeding lethal complications in various economic livestock. pyolysin (plo) and phospholipase c (plc) are the key virulence factors of these two pathogens, respectively. in our study, a chimeric protein called rpc-pd4, which is composed of the binding regions of plo and plc, was synthesized. the toxicity of rpc-pd4 was evaluated. results revealed that rpc-pd4 ...201627473983
oligomer formation of clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin is induced by activation of neutral sphingomyelinase.clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin is responsible for fatal enterotoxemia in ungulates. the toxin forms a heptamer in the lipid rafts of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, leading to cell death. here, we showed that epsilon-toxin requires neutral sphingomyelinase (nsmase) activity during oligomerization.201627453200
dietary casein and soy protein isolate modulate the effects of raffinose and fructooligosaccharides on the composition and fermentation of gut microbiota in rats.although diet has an important influence on the composition of gut microbiota, the impact of dietary protein sources has only been studied to a minor extent. in this study, we examined the influence of different dietary protein sources regarding the effects of prebiotic oligosaccharides on the composition and metabolic activity of gut microbiota. thirty female rats were fed casein and soy protein isolate with cellulose, raffinose (raf), and fructooligosaccharides (fos). microbiota composition wa ...201627434756
modeling and kinetic characterization of wastewater disinfection using chlorine and uv irradiation.sewage disinfection has the primary objective of inactivating pathogenic organisms to prevent the dissemination of waterborne diseases. this study analyzed individual disinfection, with chlorine alone, ultraviolet radiation alone, and a combined disinfection process (chlorine-uv radiation). pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 15442, escherichia coli atcc 11229, salmonella typhi atcc 14028, and clostridium perfringens were selected to evaluate the efficiency of different disinfection processes. the aim o ...201627421857
outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis in a senior high school in south-eastern ghana: a retrospective cohort study.on 4th february 2015, a group of senior high school students from fanteakwa district presented to the emergency unit of the district hospital with complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. all the students had eaten from a specific food vendor and had neither eaten any other common meal that day nor the previous day. a foodborne disease outbreak was suspected. we investigated to verify the outbreak, determine its magnitude, identify the source and implement control measures.201627411682
prevalence of netf-positive clostridium perfringens in foals in southwestern ontario.netf-producing clostridium perfringens have recently been identified as a cause of necrotizing enteritis in neonatal foals, but little is known about its prevalence in clinically normal foals. foals (n = 88) ranging in age from < 1 wk to 2 to 4 mo (median age 2 to 4 wk) on 8 horse-breeding farms in ontario were examined on 1 or 2 occasions for the presence of c. perfringens. of the foals that tested positive, 5 isolates (n = 675) were examined for the netf and enterotoxin (cpe) genes. colonizati ...201627408339
regulation of toxin production in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. c. perfringens causes gas gangrene and food poisoning, and it produces extracellular enzymes and toxins that are thought to act synergistically and contribute to its pathogenesis. a complicated regulatory network of toxin genes has been reported that includes a two-component system for regulatory rna and cell-cell communication. ...201627399773
gut microbiome analysis in neuromyelitis optica reveals overabundance of clostridium perfringens.t cells from neuromyelitis optica (nmo) patients, which recognize the immunodominant epitope of aquaporin-4, exhibit th17 polarization and cross-react with a homologous sequence of a clostridium perfringens adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter. therefore, this commensal microbe might participate in nmo pathogenesis. we examined the gut microbiome by phylochip g3 from 16 nmo patients, 16 healthy controls (hc), and 16 multiple sclerosis patients. a significant difference in the abun ...201627398819
emphysematous cholecystitis due to clostridium perfringens successfully treated by cholecystectomy.emphysematous cholecystitis is life threatening if left untreated. it is associated with arteriosclerosis, embolic events, and diabetes mellitus. in this report, a patient was presented with an early diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis and was treated by cholecystectomy without complications. a 46-year-old male presented at the emergency department. laboratory results as well as the abdominal ultrasound showed no abnormalities. one day after admission, infection parameters started rising. a ...201627385144
enhanced expression of recombinant beta toxin of clostridium perfringens type b using a commercially available escherichia coli strain.clostridium perfringens beta toxin is only produced by types b and c and plays an important role in many human and animal diseases, causing fatal conditions that originate in the intestines. we compared the expression of c. perfringens type b vaccine strain recombinant beta toxin gene in the escherichia coli strains rosetta(de3) and bl21(de3). the beta toxin gene was extracted from pjetβ and ligated with pet22b(+). pet22β was transformed into e. coli strains bl21(de3) and rosetta(de3). recombina ...201627380656
faecal contamination of commuters' hands in main vehicle stations in dhaka city, bangladesh.faecal-oral carriage via hands is an important transmission pathway for diarrhoeal pathogens. the level of faecal contamination of commuters' hands in dhaka, bangladesh, was examined in this study.201627358288
putative function of hypothetical proteins expressed by clostridium perfringens type a strains and their protective efficacy in mouse model.the whole genome sequencing and annotation of clostridium perfringens strains revealed several genes coding for proteins of unknown function with no significant similarities to genes in other organisms. our previous studies clearly demonstrated that hypothetical proteins cpf_2500, cpf_1441, cpf_0876, cpf_0093, cpf_2002, cpf_2314, cpf_1179, cpf_1132, cpf_2853, cpf_0552, cpf_2032, cpf_0438, cpf_1440, cpf_2918, cpf_0656, and cpf_2364 are genuine proteins of c. perfringens expressed in high abundanc ...201627353489
clostridium perfringens sporulation and sporulation-associated toxin production.the ability of clostridium perfringens to form spores plays a key role during the transmission of this gram-positive bacterium to cause disease. of particular note, the spores produced by food poisoning strains are often exceptionally resistant to food environment stresses such as heat, cold, and preservatives, which likely facilitates their survival in temperature-abused foods. the exceptional resistance properties of spores made by most type a food poisoning strains and some type c foodborne d ...201627337447
prevalence and factors associated with the occurrence of bacterial enteropathogens in suckling piglets in farrow-to-finish herds.the aim of the study was to determine both environmental and infectious factors, influencing occurrence of bacterial enteropathogens in suckling piglets. for this purpose, a cross-sectional study in 70 polish farrow-to-finish pig herds was performed. in each herd, presence of selected intestinal pathogens (escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and salmonella species) in faeces of suckling piglets were determined using bacteriological and pcr methods. using logistic regression models, risk fa ...201627655436
fatal clostridium perfringens septicemia after colonoscopic polypectomy, without bowel perforation.since its introduction, colonoscopy has played an important role as a diagnostic, therapeutic, and screening tool. in general, colonoscopy is regarded as a safe procedure, but complications may occur. the most dreaded of these complications is colonic perforation. bacteremia postprocedure may occur, and although it is not uncommon, it rarely results in clinically significant complications. patients with ibd (inflammatory bowel disease) are a high-risk population for bacteremia, which may leads t ...201627654636
prebiotic effects of xylooligosaccharides on the improvement of microbiota balance in human subjects.it has been indicated that probiotics can be nourished by consuming prebiotics in order to function more efficiently, allowing the bacteria to stay within a healthy balance. in this study, we investigated the effects of xylooligosaccharides- (xos-) enriched rice porridge consumption on the ecosystem in the intestinal tract of human subjects. twenty healthy subjects participated in this 6-week trial, in which 10 subjects received xos-enriched rice porridge while the others received placebo rice p ...201627651791
structural basis for disruption of claudin assembly in tight junctions by an enterotoxin.the food-poisoning bacterium clostridium perfringens produces an enterotoxin (~35 kda) that specifically targets human claudin-4, among the 26 human claudin proteins, and causes diarrhea by fluid accumulation in the intestinal cavity. the c-terminal domain of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe, ~15 kda) binds tightly to claudin-4, and disrupts the intestinal tight junction barriers. in this study, we determined the 3.5-å resolution crystal structure of the cell-free synthesized human ...201627647526
the neat domain-containing proteins of clostridium perfringens bind heme.the ability of a pathogenic bacterium to scavenge iron from its host is important for its growth and survival during an infection. our studies on c. perfringens gas gangrene strain jir325, a derivative of strain 13, showed that it is capable of utilizing both human hemoglobin and ferric chloride, but not human holo-transferrin, as an iron source for in vitro growth. analysis of the c. perfringens strain 13 genome sequence identified a putative heme acquisition system encoded by an iron-regulated ...201627637108
ensuring safe reuse of residential wastewater: reduction of microbes and genes using peat biofilter and batch chlorination in an on-site treatment system.a batch chlorination system was optimized for on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system (owrs) and its efficiency was evaluated for reducing viruses, protozoa, bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in cold and warm seasons.201627588570
acute hemolysis with renal failure due to clostridium bacteremia in a patient with aml.we present a case of acute hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and clostridium perfringens bacteremia in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. the high fatality of c. perfringens bacteremia requires that clinicians recognize and rapidly treat patients at risk for this infection. although other hemolytic processes are in the differential diagnosis of these events, the presence of high fever, chills, and rapidly positive blood cultures may help narrow the diagnosis. most cases of c. perfringens ...201627774325
fulminant sepsis caused by clostridium perfringens. 201627765298
antimicrobial activity of lactobacillus strains of chicken origin against bacterial pathogenss.this study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some lactobacillus isolates of chicken origin. among 90 isolates 14 lactobacillus species were distinguished using maldi-tof mass spectrometry and 16s-ardra. the dominant species was l. salivarius (34.4%), followed by l. johnsonii (23.3%), l. crispatus (13.3%) and l. reuteri (11.1%). all lactobacilli were screened for antimicrobial activity against wild-type strains of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli, and clost ...201627762430
the crystal structure of clostridium perfringens slem, a muramidase involved in cortical hydrolysis during spore germination.clostridium perfringens spores employ two peptidoglycan lysins to degrade the spore cortex during germination. slec initiates cortex hydrolysis to generate cortical fragments that are degraded further by the muramidase slem. here, we present the crystal structure of the c. perfringens s40 slem protein at 1.8 å. slem comprises an n-terminal catalytic domain that adopts an irregular α/β-barrel fold that is common to gh25 family lysozymes, plus a c-terminal fibronectin type iii domain. the latter i ...201627488615
water sources in a zoological park harbor genetically diverse strains of clostridium perfringens type a with decreased susceptibility to metronidazole.the presence of clostridium perfringens in water is generally regarded as an indicator of fecal contamination, and exposure to waterborne spores is considered a possible source of infection for animals. we assessed the presence and genetic diversity of c. perfringens in water sources in a zoological park located in madrid (spain). a total of 48 water samples from 24 different sources were analyzed, and recovered isolates were toxinotyped, genotyped by fluorophore-enhanced repetitive polymerase c ...201627115499
clostridium perfringens sialidases: potential contributors to intestinal pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.clostridium perfringens is a major cause of histotoxic and intestinal infections of humans and other animals. this gram-positive anaerobic bacterium can produce up to three sialidases named nanh, nani, and nanj. the role of sialidases in histotoxic infections, such as gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), remains equivocal. however, recent in vitro studies suggest that nani may contribute to intestinal virulence by upregulating production of some toxins associated with intestinal infection, in ...201627869757
adult necrotising enterocolitis-pig-bel disease: a pacific disease in london.adult necrotising enterocolitis secondary clostridium perfringens type c-pig-bel disease-is rarely seen outside of pacific populations, with the highest incidence being in papau new guinea. we present the first reported case of pig-bel disease in a previously well patient without diabetes following food poisoning since 1996. in this case, the enterotoxin-induced disease necessitated emergency laparotomy and bowel resection following the failure of medical treatment and worsening septic shock. we ...201627793875
crystal structure of the adp-ribosylating component of bec, the binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens.binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens (bec), consisting of the components beca and becb, was recently identified as a novel enterotoxin produced by c. perfringens that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. although the detailed mechanism of cell intoxication by bec remains to be defined, beca shows both nad(+)-glycohydrolase and actin adp-ribosyltransferase activities in the presence of nad(+). in this study, we determined the first crystal structure of beca in its apo-state and in com ...201627751850
nitrate salts suppress sporulation and production of enterotoxin in clostridium perfringens strain nctc8239.clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of food-borne illness in humans. ingested vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and in the process produce c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of food-borne illness, the molecules triggering/inhibiting sporulation are still largely unknown. it has previously been reported by our group that sporulation is induced in c. perfringens strain nctc8239 co-cultured with caco- ...201627594514
enforcement of science-using a clostridium perfringens outbreak investigation to take legal action.we report an outbreak of clostridium perfringens in a care home in north east england.201625972386
plasma membrane origin of the steroidogenic pool of cholesterol used in hormone-induced acute steroid formation in leydig cells.hormone-sensitive acute steroid biosynthesis requires trafficking of cholesterol from intracellular sources to the inner mitochondrial membrane. the precise location of the intracellular cholesterol and its transport mechanism are uncertain. perfringolysin o, produced by clostridium perfringens, binds cholesterol. its fourth domain (d4) retains cholesterol-binding properties but not cytotoxicity. we transfected steroidogenic ma-10 cells of mouse leydig cell tumors with the mcherry-d4 plasmid. ta ...201627815506
non-toxic perfringolysin o and α-toxin derivatives as potential vaccine candidates against bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis is a fatal clostridium perfringens type a-induced disease that is characterised by sudden death. recently the involvement of perfringolysin o and α-toxin in the development of necrohaemorrhagic lesions in the gut of calves was suggested, and thus derivatives of these toxins are potentially suitable as vaccine antigens. in the current study, the perfringolysin o derivative pfo(l491d), alone or in combination with α-toxin derivative gst-cpa247-370, was evaluated ...201627810219
role of pannexin 1 in clostridium perfringens beta-toxin-caused cell death.beta-toxin produced by clostridium perfringens is a key virulence factor of fatal hemorrhagic enterocolitis and enterotoxemia. this toxin belongs to a family of β-pore-forming toxins (pfts). we reported recently that the atp-gated p2x7 receptor interacts with beta-toxin. the atp-release channel pannexin 1 (panx1) is an important contributor to p2x7 receptor signaling. hence, we investigated the involvement of panx1 in beta-toxin-caused cell death.201627720686
fecal microbiota in pouchitis and ulcerative colitis.to investigate the changes in microbiota in feces of patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) and pouchitis using genomic technology.201627833384
genomic diversity of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from food and human sources.clostridium perfringens is a serious pathogen which causes enteric diseases in domestic animals and food poisoning in humans. spores can survive cooking processes and play an important role in the possible onset of disease. in this study, rapd-pcr and rep-pcr were used to examine the genetic diversity of 49 isolates of c. perfringens type a from three different sources. the results of rapd-pcr revealed the most genetic diversity among poultry isolates, while human isolates showed the least genet ...201627822244
notes from the field: clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis outbreak associated with a catered lunch - north carolina, november 2015.during november 2015, the north carolina division of public health was notified by the pitt county health department (pchd) that approximately 40 persons who attended a catered company thanksgiving lunch the previous day were ill with diarrhea and abdominal pain. the north carolina division of public health and pchd worked together to investigate the source of illness and implement control measures. within hours of notification, investigators developed and distributed an online survey to all lun ...201627880750
recombinant alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins of clostridium perfringens: production strategies and applications as veterinary vaccines.clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, commensal, ubiquitous bacterium that is present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans and animals. this bacterium produces up to 18 toxins. the species is classified into five toxinotypes (a-e) according to the toxins that the bacterium produces: alpha, beta, epsilon, or iota. each of these toxinotypes is associated with myriad different, frequently fatal, illnesses that affect a range of farm animals and humans. alpha, beta, and epsilon toxi ...201627879630
in vitro selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline on clostridium perfringens versus bifidobacteria in a medium containing chicken ileal digesta.clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis is generally controlled by antibiotics. however, because of increasing antibiotic resistance, other antibacterial agents are required, preferably ones that do not affect the beneficial intestinal microbiota of the host. this study evaluated the in vitro selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq) on c. perfringens vs. bifidobacteria in a medium containing chicken ileal digesta. prior to the experiments, the minimum inhibitory ...201627936245
fulminant clostridium perfringens sepsis in kidney transplant: a case report.infections, particularly urinary tract infections, and cardiovascular accidents are the main causes of morbidity and mortality during the 1st year after kidney transplantation (kt). bacteria and viruses, such as escherichia coli, enteroccoci, and polyoma bk virus are common in the 1st 6 months, so they are controlled routinely. on the other hand, clostridium perfringens infection is a rare life-threatening condition, associated with a high mortality rate especially in the transplant population, ...201627932159
massive haemolysis, gas-forming liver abscess and sepsis due to clostridium perfringens bacteraemia.clostridial soft tissue infections are infrequent, but can be life-threatening when associated with certain underlying conditions, such as immunosuppression or malignancy. when bacteraemia occurs, it can be accompanied by haemolysis. only surgical removal of the focus of infection and early onset of antibiotic therapy can prevent a very poor outcome. we describe the case of a man aged 65 years who presented with sepsis, haemolysis and rapid worsening. the identification of a gas-forming liver ab ...201627888224
structure and inhibition of n-acetylneuraminate lyase from methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.n-acetylneuraminate lyase is the first committed enzyme in the degradation of sialic acid by bacterial pathogens. in this study, we analyzed the kinetic parameters of n-acetylneuraminate lyase from methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). we determined that the enzyme has a relatively high km of 3.2 mm, suggesting that flux through the catabolic pathway is likely to be controlled by this enzyme. our data indicate that sialic acid alditol, a known inhibitor of n-acetylneuraminate lyase ...201627943302
distinct presence of the tight junction protein claudin-3 in olfactory bulb and fila olfactoria of the mouse.the tight junction protein claudin-3 is overexpressed in diverse epithelial tumours and is associated with increased survival, progression and motility of tumour cells. claudin-3 expression profiles are being increasingly used for diagnostic and prognostic tumour classification. claudin-3 has been identified as a receptor for clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, which is under consideration for selective lysis of claudin-3-expressing tumours, particularly brain metastases, and other translationa ...201627943232
the adherent abilities of clostridium perfringens strains are critical for the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis of poultry is an emerging disease of substantial economic importance, but aspects of the pathogenesis of this multi-factorial disease are still unclear. we recently demonstrated that the ability of avian strains of the causative bacterium, clostridium perfringens, to bind to specific collagen types correlated strongly with their virulence and we postulated that binding of the pathogen to collagen types iv and v and gelatin may involve the putative adhesin-encoding gene cnaa, w ...201627938683
a canine-specific probiotic product in treating acute or intermittent diarrhea in dogs: a double-blind placebo-controlled efficacy study.a double-blind placebo-controlled intervention study on 60 dogs recruited from a pool of canine patients visiting a veterinary practice and diagnosed with acute diarrhea was conducted. the dogs received in randomized manner either a sour-milk product containing three canine-derived lactobacillus sp. probiotics in combination of lactobacillus fermentum vet 9a, l. rhamnosus vet 16a, and l. plantarum vet 14a (2×10(9)cfu/ml), or placebo. stool consistency, general well-being, and the numbers of spec ...201627938673
clostridium perfringens: a rare cause of spondylodiscitis case report and review of the literature.presented is a case of a 64-year old male with a unique and yet unreported case of a spondylodiscitis caused by clostridium perfringens. becoming symptomatic with massive neurological deficits. computed tomography (ct) revealed typical signs of spondylodiscitis involving the vertebral body l5 with extensive vacuum phenomenon.201627967243
bystander host cell killing effects of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) binds to claudin receptors, e.g., claudin-4, and then forms a pore that triggers cell death. pure cultures of host cells that do not express claudin receptors, e.g., fibroblasts, are unaffected by pathophysiologically relevant cpe concentrations in vitro however, both cpe-insensitive and cpe-sensitive host cells are present in vivo therefore, this study tested whether cpe treatment might affect fibroblasts when cocultured with cpe-sensitive claudin-4 fib ...201627965452
the optimisation of pseudotyped viruses for the characterisation of immune responses to equine influenza virus.pseudotyped viruses (pvs) produced by co-transfecting cells with plasmids expressing lentiviral core proteins and viral envelope proteins are potentially powerful tools for studying various aspects of equine influenza virus (eiv) biology. the aim of this study was to optimise production of equine influenza pvs. co-transfection of the hat protease to activate the haemagglutinin (ha) yielded a higher titre pv than tmprss2 with the ha from a/equine/richmond/1/2007 (h3n8), whereas for a/equine/newma ...201627983716
mechanical stability of a high-affinity toxin anchor from the pathogen clostridium perfringens.the opportunistic pathogen clostridium perfringens assembles its toxins and carbohydrate-active enzymes by the high-affinity cohesin-dockerin (coh-doc) interaction. coh-doc interactions characterized previously have shown considerable resilience toward mechanical stress. here, we aimed to determine the mechanics of this interaction from c. perfringens in the context of a pathogen. using atomic force microscopy based single-molecule force spectroscopy (afm-smfs) we probed the mechanical propertie ...201627991799
microbiological characterization of vegetables and their rhizosphere soil in eastern poland.the aim of this study was to investigate the bacteriological quality of 5 kinds of vegetables (lettuce, dill, radish, beetroot, carrot) and their rhizosphere soil, originating from conventional farms located in the lublin province of eastern poland. a total number of 35 samples of fresh vegetables (fv) taken immediately from soil, 35 samples of soil from rhizosphere of these vegetables (sr) and 35 samples of vegetables sold at retail in the markets in lublin (vr) were examined. the samples were ...201628030923
effect of trehalose and trehalose transport on the tolerance of clostridium perfringens to environmental stress in a wild type strain and its fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant.trehalose has been shown to protect bacterial cells from environmental stress. its uptake and osmoprotective effect in clostridium perfringens were investigated by comparing wild type c. perfringens atcc 13124 with a fluoroquinolone- (gatifloxacin-) resistant mutant. in a chemically defined medium, trehalose and sucrose supported the growth of the wild type but not that of the mutant. microarray data and qrt-pcr showed that putative genes for the phosphorylation and transport of sucrose and treh ...201628058047
cloning and expression of clostridium perfringens type d vaccine strain epsilon toxin gene in e. coli as a recombinant vaccine candidate.clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive obligate anaerobic bacterium, is able to form resistant spores which are widely distributed in the environment. c. perfringens is subdivided into five types a to e based on its four major alpha, beta, epsilon and iota toxins. the aim of the present study was cloning and expression of c. perfringens type d vaccine strain epsilon toxin gene.201628210460
bacterial toxins for oncoleaking suicidal cancer gene therapy.for suicide gene therapy, initially prodrug-converting enzymes (gene-directed enzyme-producing therapy, gdept) were employed to intracellularly metabolize non-toxic prodrugs into toxic compounds, leading to the effective suicidal killing of the transfected tumor cells. in this regard, the suicide gene therapy has demonstrated its potential for efficient tumor eradication. numerous suicide genes of viral or bacterial origin were isolated, characterized, and extensively tested in vitro and in vivo ...201628101690
toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review.toxins are hazardous biochemical compounds derived from bacteria, fungi, or plants. some have mechanisms of action and physical properties that make them amenable for use as potential warfare agents. currently, some toxins are classified as potential biological weapons, although they have several differences from classic living bio-terror pathogens and some similarities to manmade chemical warfare agents. this review focuses on category a and b bio-terror toxins recognized by the centers for dis ...201628265441
receptor-binding and uptake of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins.binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins (e.g., clostridium botulinum c2 toxin or clostridium perfringens iota toxin ) consist of two separate proteins: an adp-ribosyltransferase, which modifies actin thereby inhibiting actin polymerization, and a binding component that forms heptamers after proteolytic activation. while c2 toxin interacts with carbohydrate structures on host cells, the group of iota-like toxins binds to lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (lsr). here, we review lsr and discus ...201627817176
detection of toxigenic clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum from food sold in lagos, nigeria.food-borne diseases contribute to the huge burden of sickness and death globally and in the last decade, have become more frequently reported in africa. in line with this, food safety is becoming a significant and growing public health problem in nigeria. diarrhoea is a common problem in nigeria and has been reported but there has been little data on the possibility of clostridia as aetiological agents. clostridium species are ubiquitous in the environment and in the gastrointestinal tract of ma ...201627789246
chloroquine analog interaction with c2- and iota-toxin in vitro and in living cells.c2-toxin from clostridium botulinum and iota-toxin from clostridium perfringens belong both to the binary a-b-type of toxins consisting of two separately secreted components, an enzymatic subunit a and a binding component b that facilitates the entry of the corresponding enzymatic subunit into the target cells. the enzymatic subunits are in both cases actin adp-ribosyltransferases that modify r177 of globular actin finally leading to cell death. following their binding to host cells' receptors a ...201627517960
involvement of bacteria other than clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) is a common and unintended consequence of antibiotic use. clostridium difficile is the most common infectious aetiology of aad; however, only approximately 25% of all aad cases are associated with c. difficile infection, with the aetiology in the majority of cases remaining undetermined. numerous other bacterial infectious agents have been implicated in aad, including clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, and klebsiella oxytoca. aad is a complex di ...201626897710
clostridium perfringens type a netf and nete positive and clostridium difficile co-infection in two adult dogs.the aim of this study was to report two cases of clostridium perfringens type a and clostridium difficile co-infection in adult dogs. both animals were positive for a/b toxin. toxigenic c. difficile and c. perfringens type a positive for nete and netf-encoding genes were isolated. this report reinforces the necessity of studying a possible synergism of c. difficile and c. perfringens in enteric disorders.201626762654
metagenomic approach for identification of the pathogens associated with diarrhea in stool specimens.the potential to rapidly capture the entire microbial community structure and/or gene content makes metagenomic sequencing an attractive tool for pathogen identification and the detection of resistance/virulence genes in clinical settings. here, we assessed the consistency between pcr from a diagnostic laboratory, quantitative pcr (qpcr) from a research laboratory, 16s rrna gene sequencing, and metagenomic shotgun sequencing (mss) for clostridium difficile identification in diarrhea stool sample ...201626637379
assessing methanobrevibacter smithii and clostridium difficile as not conventional faecal indicators in effluents of a wastewater treatment plant integrated with sludge anaerobic digestion.wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) are an important source of surface water contamination by enteric pathogens, affecting the role of environmental water as a microbial reservoir. we describe the release to the environment of certain anaerobes of human and environmental concern. the work was focused on emerging microbial targets. they are tracing, by rt-qpcr, on wwtp effluents, both liquid and solid, when an anaerobic digestion step is included. the focus is placed on clostridium spp. with the s ...201627697372
effects of high-pressure treatment on spores of clostridium species.this work analyzes the high-pressure (hp) germination of spores of the food-borne pathogen clostridium perfringens (with inner membrane [im] germinant receptors [grs]) and the opportunistic pathogen clostridium difficile (with no im grs), which has growing implications as an emerging food safety threat. in contrast to those of spores of bacillus species, mechanisms of hp germination of clostridial spores have not been well studied. hp treatments trigger bacillus spore germination through spores' ...201627316969
a roadmap for gene system development in clostridium.clostridium species are both heroes and villains. some cause serious human and animal diseases, those present in the gut microbiota generally contribute to health and wellbeing, while others represent useful industrial chassis for the production of chemicals and fuels. to understand, counter or exploit, there is a fundamental requirement for effective systems that may be used for directed or random genome modifications. we have formulated a simple roadmap whereby the necessary gene systems maybe ...201627234263
ega protects mammalian cells from clostridium difficile cdt, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium botulinum c2 toxin.the pathogenic bacteria clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum produce the binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins cdt, iota and c2, respectively. these toxins are composed of a transport component (b) and a separate enzyme component (a). when both components assemble on the surface of mammalian target cells, the b components mediate the entry of the a components via endosomes into the cytosol. here, the a components adp-ribosylate g-actin, resulting in depolymeriz ...201627043629
non-clostridium perfringens infectious agents producing necrotic enteritis-like lesions in poultry.necrotic enteritis (ne) produced by clostridium perfringens is amongst the most prevalent enteric diseases of chickens and turkeys. however, several other bacterial, parasitic and viral agents can cause clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions in poultry very similar to those of ne and the diseases produced by those agents need to be differentiated from ne. the main differential diagnoses for c. perfringens ne include bacterial (clostridium colinum, clostridium sordellii, clostridium diffic ...201627009483
enteropathogen infections in canine puppies: (co-)occurrence, clinical relevance and risk factors.laboratory confirmation of the causative agent(s) of diarrhoea in puppies may allow for appropriate treatment. the presence of potential pathogens however, does not prove a causal relationship with diarrhoea. the aim of this study was to identify specific enteropathogens in ≤12 month old puppies with and without acute diarrhoea and to assess their associations with clinical signs, putative risk factors and pathogen co-occurrence. faecal samples from puppies with (n=113) and without (n=56) acute ...201627771056
decay rates of zoonotic pathogens and viral surrogates in soils amended with biosolids and manures and comparison of qpcr and culture derived rates.the purpose of this study was to establish inactivation decay constants of foodborne pathogens and coliphage in clay and sandy soils for future "downstream" analyses such as quantitative microbial risk analysis and to compare cultivation-dependent and -independent (e.g. qpcr) methods.201627585434
a modified bioautographic method for antibacterial component screening against anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria.direct bioautography is a useful method to identify antimicrobial compounds with potential therapeutic importance. because of technical limitations till now, it has been applied only for aerobic bacteria. in this work we present the modification of the original method by which antimicrobial screening of bacteria requiring modified atmosphere became feasible by direct bioautography. here we demonstrate its applicability by testing three anaerobic clostridium perfringens and three microaerophilic ...201626853123
a necrotizing enterocolitis-associated gut microbiota is present in the meconium: results of a prospective study.anomalous intestinal microbiota development is supposedly associated with development of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec). our aim in this study was to identify the intestinal microbiota of patients at risk for nec.201626787171
substrate specificity characterization for eight putative nudix hydrolases. evaluation of criteria for substrate identification within the nudix family.the nearly 50,000 known nudix proteins have a diverse array of functions, of which the most extensively studied is the catalyzed hydrolysis of aberrant nucleotide triphosphates. the functions of 171 nudix proteins have been characterized to some degree, although physiological relevance of the assayed activities has not always been conclusively demonstrated. we investigated substrate specificity for eight structurally characterized nudix proteins, whose functions were unknown. these proteins were ...201627618147
efficient and regioselective synthesis of β-galnac/glcnac-lactose by a bifunctional transglycosylating β-n-acetylhexosaminidase from bifidobacterium bifidum.β-n-acetylhexosaminidases have attracted interest particularly for oligosaccharide synthesis, but their use remains limited by the rarity of enzyme sources , low efficiency, and relaxed regioselectivity of transglycosylation. in this work, genes of 13 β-n-acetylhexosaminidases, including 5 from bacteroides fragilis atcc 25285, 5 from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124, and 3 from bifidobacterium bifidum jcm 1254, were cloned and heterogeneously expressed in escherichia coli the resulting recombi ...201627422836
[postoperative necrotizing fasciitis: a rare and fatal complication].postoperative parietal complications can be exceptionally severe and serious threatening vital prognosis. necrotizing fasciitis is a rare infection of the skin and deep subcutaneous tissues, spreading along fascia and adipose tissue. it is mainly caused by group a streptococcus (streptococcus pyogenes) but also by other bacteria such as vibrio vulnificus, clostridium perfringens or bacteroides fragilis. necrotizing fasciitis is a real surgical and medical emergency. we report, in this study, a v ...201627279950
correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children.childhood obesity is an increasing problem at the global level and considered as a risk factor for obesity development and the associated co-morbidities in adult life. in this study, the occurrence of bacteroides fragilis group, clostridium spp., bifidobacterium spp. and escherichia coli in 84 faecal samples from 30 obese, 24 overweight and 30 lean children was verified by culture technique and quantitative determination by quantitative pcr. in addition, lactobacillus spp. and methanobrevibacter ...201626551842
cpe1786/iscr of clostridium perfringens represses expression of genes involved in fe-s cluster biogenesis.cpe1786 of clostridium perfringens is an rrf2-type regulator containing the three-cysteine residues coordinating a fe-s in iscr, the repressor controlling fe-s homeostasis in enterobacteria. the cpe1786 gene formed an operon with iscsu involved in fe-s biogenesis and tmru. this operon was transcribed from a σ(a)-dependent promoter. we showed that in the heterologous host bacillus subtilis, cpe1786, renamed iscrcp, negatively controlled its own transcription. we constructed an iscr mutant in c. p ...201627020244
dietary probiotics affect gastrointestinal microbiota, histological structure and shell mineralization in turtles.probiotics are widely used in nutrition, and their mode of action is intensively studied in mammals and birds; however, it is almost unknown in reptiles. in the present study, trachemys scripta scripta and sternotherus odoratus were used to assess the effects of dietary probiotics on chelonian gastrointestinal tract microecology. in the first, 20-week experiment, 40 young t. s. scripta were randomly distributed to four experimental groups: 1st, (con)--with no additives; 2nd, (sspa) with bacillus ...201626828367
pore-forming activity of clostridial binary toxins.clostridial binary toxins (clostridium perfringens iota toxin, clostridium difficile transferase, clostridium spiroforme toxin, clostridium botulinum c2 toxin) as bacillus binary toxins, including bacillus anthracis toxins consist of two independent proteins, one being the binding component which mediates the internalization into cell of the intracellularly active component. clostridial binary toxins induce actin cytoskeleton disorganization through mono-adp-ribosylation of globular actin and ar ...201626278641
effects of bacillus licheniformis on the growth performance and expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis (ne), caused by clostridium perfringens, has cost the poultry industry $2 billion in losses. this study aimed to investigate the effect of bacillus licheniformis as dietary supplement on the growth, serum antioxidant status, and expression of lipid-metabolism genes of broiler chickens with c. perfringens-induced ne.201626957116
epidemiology of bacterial toxin-mediated foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks in australia, 2001 to 2013.bacterial toxin-mediated foodborne outbreaks, such as those caused by clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus, are an important and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. due to the short incubation period and duration of illness, these outbreaks are often under-reported. this is the first study to describe the epidemiology of bacterial toxin-mediated outbreaks in australia. using data collected between 2001 and 2013, we identify high risk groups and risk factor ...201628043220
simultaneous identification of 13 foodborne pathogens by using capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism coupled with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and its application in foods.capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism (ce-sscp) coupled with stuffer-free multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (mlpa) was developed to identify 13 species of foodborne pathogens simultaneously. species-specific mlpa probes were designed for nine of these species. these probes were targeted to the groel, glya, mms, tuf, inv, ipah, nuc, vvh, and 16s rrna genes, which corresponded to bacillus cereus, campylobacter coli, cronobacter sakazakii, enterococcus spp ...201627494415
assessment of the microbiological quality of meat pies from retail sale in england 2013.outbreaks of foodborne illness caused by bacillus cereus and listeria monocytogenes in england associated with meat pie consumption were detected in 2012. to obtain baseline data for pies unrelated to outbreaks, 862 samples of ready-to-eat meat pies were collected at retail or from catering facilities in england in 2013 and examined to enumerate food-poisoning bacteria and indicator organisms using organization for standardization (iso) methods for listeria spp. including l. monocytogenes (iso 1 ...201627296425
innovative bionanocomposite films of edible proteins containing liposome-encapsulated nisin and halloysite nanoclay.films and coatings based on natural polymers have gained increased interest for food packaging applications. in this work, halloysite and phosphatidylcholine liposomes encapsulating nisin were used to develop nanocomposite films of gelatin and casein. liposomes prepared with either soybean lecithin or phospholipon(®) showed particle size ranging from 124 to 178nm and high entrapment efficiency (94-100%). considering their stability, phospholipon(®) liposomes with 1.0mg/ml nisin were selected for ...201627289315
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