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characterisation of streptococcus suis isolates from wild boars (sus scrofa).wild boar are widely distributed throughout the iberian peninsula and can carry potentially virulent strains of streptococcus suis. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of s. suis in wild boars from two large geographical regions of spain. serotypes 1, 2, 7 and 9 identified were further genetically characterised by virulence-associated genotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) to determine the population structure of s. suis ...201424726078
streptococcus suis-related prosthetic joint infection and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome in a pig farmer in the united states.streptococcus suis is an emerging swine-associated zoonotic agent that can cause meningitis and septicemia in humans. we present, to our knowledge, the first case of s. suis arthroplasty infection and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome due to an nonencapsulated serotype 5 strain in north america.201424719433
streptococcus suis serotyping by a new multiplex pcr.a multiplex pcr was developed to detect all true serotypes of streptococcus suis. this multiplex pcr was composed of four reaction sets. the first set identified nine serotypes (serotypes 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 14 and 16), the second set identified eight serotypes (serotypes 4, 5, 8, 12, 18, 19, 24 and 25), the third set identified seven serotypes (serotypes 6, 10, 13, 15, 17, 23 and 31), and the last set identified five serotypes (serotypes 21, 27, 28, 29 and 30). this assay correctly detected ...201424696517
antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus suis isolated from clinically healthy swine in brazil.streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in the swine industry. this study is the first to report on the antimicrobial susceptibility of s. suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs in brazil; the fourth major pork producer in the world. the antimicrobial susceptibility of 260 strains was determined by disc diffusion method. strains were commonly susceptible to ceftiofur, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, and florfenicol, with more than 80% of the strains being susceptible to these antimicrobials ...201424688177
functional analysis of c-di-amp phosphodiesterase, gdpp, in streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes serious diseases in pigs and humans. gdpp protein is a recently discovered specific phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-amp). it is widely distributed among the firmicutes phylum and altered expression of gdpp is associated with several phenotypes in various bacterial strains. we investigated the role of gdpp in physiology and virulence in ss2. an in-frame mutant of gdpp was const ...201424680501
the ccpa regulon of streptococcus suis reveals novel insights into the regulation of the streptococcal central carbon metabolism by binding of ccpa to two distinct binding motifs.streptococcus suis (s. suis) is a neglected zoonotic streptococcus causing fatal diseases in humans and in pigs. the transcriptional regulator ccpa (catabolite control protein a) is involved in the metabolic adaptation to different carbohydrate sources and virulence of s. suis and other pathogenic streptococci. in this study, we determined the dna binding characteristics of ccpa and identified the ccpa regulon during growth of s. suis. electrophoretic mobility shift analyses showed promiscuous d ...201424673665
streptococcus suis type 2 ssu0587 protein is a beta-galactosidase that contributes to bacterial adhesion but not to virulence in mice.bacterial surface proteins play key roles in virulence and often contribute to bacterial adhesion and invasion. we discovered that the streptococcus suis type 2 (ss2) gene ssu0587 encodes a protein of 1,491 amino acids that possesses β-galactosidase activity. the surface association of the protein was dependent upon sortase activity. deleting ssu0587 from clinical ss2 isolate jx081101 caused a loss of both β-galactosidase activity and adherence to microvascular endothelial cells. deleting ssu058 ...201424670993
streptococcus suis infection: an emerging/reemerging challenge of bacterial infectious diseases?streptococcus suis (s. suis) is a family of pathogenic gram-positive bacterial strains that represents a primary health problem in the swine industry worldwide. s. suis is also an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe human infections clinically featuring with varied diseases/syndromes (such as meningitis, septicemia, and arthritis). over the past few decades, continued efforts have made significant progress toward better understanding this zoonotic infectious entity, contributing in par ...201424667807
capsule loss or death: the position of mutations among capsule genes sways the destiny of streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis, an emerging zoonotic pathogen, is responsible for various diseases in swine and humans. most s. suis strains from clinical cases possess a group of capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) genes and phenotypically express capsular polysaccharides (cps). although cps are considered to be an important virulence factor, our previous study showed that many s. suis isolates from porcine endocarditis lost their cps, and some of these unencapsulated isolates had large insertions or d ...201424654559
carbohydrate availability regulates virulence gene expression in streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis is a major bacterial pathogen of young pigs causing worldwide economic problems for the pig industry. s. suis is also an emerging pathogen of humans. colonization of porcine oropharynx by s. suis is considered to be a high risk factor for invasive disease. in the oropharyngeal cavity, where glucose is rapidly absorbed but dietary α-glucans persist, there is a profound effect of carbohydrate availability on the expression of virulence genes. nineteen predicted or confirmed s. s ...201424642967
contribution of eukaryotic-type serine/threonine kinase to stress response and virulence of streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is an important swine and human pathogen responsible for septicemia and meningitis. the bacterial homologues of eukaryotic-type serine/threonine kinases (estks) have been reported to play critical roles in various cellular processes. to investigate the role of stk in ss2, an isogenic stk mutant strain (δstk) and a complemented strain (cδstk) were constructed. the δstk showed a significant decrease in adherence to hep-2 cells, compared with the wild-type strain ...201424637959
detection of streptococcus suis in bioaerosols of swine confinement buildings.streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen that can cause septicemia, meningitis, and pneumonia. also recognized as an emerging zoonotic agent, it is responsible for outbreaks of human infections in asian countries. serotype 2 is the predominant isolate from diseased animals and humans. the aerosolization of s. suis in the air of swine confinement buildings (scb) was studied. the presence of s. suis in bioaerosols was monitored in scb where cases of infection had been reported and in heal ...201424632262
the arginine-ornithine antiporter arcd contributes to biological fitness of streptococcus suis.the arginine-ornithine antiporter (arcd) is part of the arginine deiminase system (ads), a catabolic, energy-providing pathway found in a variety of different bacterial species, including the porcine zoonotic pathogen streptococcus suis. the ads has recently been shown to play a role in the pathogenicity of s. suis, in particular in its survival in host cells. the contribution of arginine and arginine transport mediated by arcd, however, has yet to be clarified. in the present study, we showed b ...201425161959
breed-specific transcriptome response of spleen from six to eight week old piglet after infection with streptococcus suis type 2.different pig breeds have shown differential susceptibility to the pathogen infection; however, molecular mechanisms of the infection susceptibility are not fully understood. streptococcus suis type 2 (ss2) is an important zoonotic pathogen. to identify the genes responsible for infection susceptibility, pigs from two different breeds (enshi black and landrace) were inoculated with ss2 and their spleen transcriptome profiles were investigated in the present study. the differentially expressed ge ...201425160908
whole-genome sequence of streptococcus suis serotype 4 reference strain 6407.we report here the second complete genome sequence of streptococcus suis serotype 4 (strain 6407). the genome is 2,292,360 bp in length, covering 2,239 coding sequences, 58 trnas, and 4 rrna loci.201425125641
[acute bacterial meningitis as an occupational disease].streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen with worldwide distribution, responsible for more than 700 human cases globally reported. this infection affects mostly men, exposed to pig or pork, which leads to its usual classification as an occupational disease. we report a case of acute bacterial meningitis in a 44 years old male. according to his past medical history, the patient had chronic alcoholism and worked in a restaurant as a piglet roaster. microbiological examination of blood and csf rev ...201425203963
assessment of the pathogenesis of streptococcus suis type 2 infection in piglets for understanding streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome, meningitis, and sequelae.streptococcus suis type 2 (ss2) is an zoonotic pathogen that had caused outbreaks in 1998 and 2005 in china. it is still not very clear how the disease progresses into the streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (stsls) or meningitis, as well as the sequelae from the survivals. the present study used piglets as infection model to systematically investigate the pathogenesis of the infection caused by the ss2 strain 05zyh33. the infected piglets showed joint swelling, lameness, and crouch at begin ...201425200597
a naturally occurring nucleotide polymorphism in the orf2/folc promoter is associated with streptococcus suis virulence.streptococcus suis is a major problem in the swine industry causing meningitis, arthritis and pericarditis in piglets. pathogenesis of s. suis is poorly understood. we previously showed that introduction of a 3 kb genomic fragment from virulent serotype 2 strain 10 into a weakly virulent serotype 2 strain s735, generated a hypervirulent isolate. the 3 kb genomic fragment contained two complete open reading frames (orf) in an operon-structure of which one orf showed similarity to folylpolyglutama ...201425384512
the identification of six novel proteins with fibronectin or collagen type i binding activity from streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis, a major swine pathogen, is an emerging zoonotic agent that causes meningitis and septic shock. bacterial cell wall and secreted proteins are often involved in interactions with extracellular matrix proteins (ecms), which play important roles in the initial steps of pathogenesis. in this study, 2d sds-page, western blotting-based binding affinity measurements, and microtiter plate binding assays were used to identify cell wall and secreted proteins from s. suis that interact w ...201425359271
raw pig blood consumption and potential risk for streptococcus suis infection, vietnam.we assessed consumption of raw pig blood, which is a risk factor for streptococcus suis infection in vietnam, by using a mix-method design. factors associated with consumption included rural residency, age, sex, occupation, income, and marital status. we identified risk groups and practices and perceptions that should be targeted by communication programs.201425340391
isolation of streptococcus suis from 2 lambs with a history of lameness.streptococcus suis was isolated postmortem from 2 lambs with a history of lameness. identity of s. suis was confirmed by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and by 16s rrna gene sequencing. one isolate was untypable by serotyping and non-encapsulated, while the other isolate was serotype 33. the lambs had come from the same farm, and there was no evidence of contact between the lambs and pigs. although the natural niche for s. suis is considered to be the pig, a wide range of host s ...201425320381
streptococcus suis meningoencephalitis with seizure from raw pork ingestion: a case report.streptococcus suis meningoencephalitis is a rare but increasingly important condition. good history taking will give clues to the diagnosis. this is the fourth case report in the united states.201425285249
establishment of a cre recombinase based mutagenesis protocol for markerless gene deletion in streptococcus suis.the lack of knowledge about pathogenicity mechanisms of streptococcus (s.) suis is, at least partially, attributed to limited methods for its genetic manipulation. here, we established a cre-lox based recombination system for markerless gene deletions in s. suis serotype 2 with high selective pressure and without undesired side effects.201425281472
[comparison of monosaccharide composition of capsular polysaccharides in streptococcus suis serotype 1, 2, 14 and 1/2].there are one-way or two-way cross-reactions among streptococcus suis serotype 1, 2, 1/2 and 14, the reason to which was unknown.201425272814
two spx regulators modulate stress tolerance and virulence in streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe infections in pigs and humans. the pathogenesis of s. suis 2 infections, however, is still poorly understood. spx proteins are a group of global regulators involved in stress tolerance and virulence. in this study, we characterized two orthologs of the spx regulator, spxa1 and spxa2 in s. suis 2. two mutant strains (δspxa1 and δspxa2) lacking the spx genes were constructed. the δspxa1 and δspxa2 mutants displayed diff ...201425264876
increased production of suilysin contributes to invasive infection of the streptococcus suis strain 05zyh33.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is widely recognized in the veterinary world as the cause of rapidly progressive and fatal sepsis in infant pigs, manifested with meningitis, polyarthritis and pneumonia. it has evolved into a highly infectious strain, and caused two large-scale outbreaks of human epidemic in china, characterized bytypical toxic-shock syndrome and invasive infection. however, the molecular basis of virulence of this emerging zoonotic pathogen is still largely unknown. the pres ...201425241621
development of an appropriate pcr system for the reclassification of streptococcus suis.thirty-five serotypes of streptococcus suis (serotypes 1-34 and serotype 1/2) have so far been described on the basis of their polysaccharide capsular antigens. however, in the last decade, some serotype reference strains have been reexamined for their taxonomic status, and the reference strains of serotypes 20, 22, 26, 32, 33, and 34 may be different from taxon s. suis. in the present study, we developed a novel pcr method targeting the recombination/repair protein (recn) gene of s. suis, desig ...201425229648
population analysis of streptococcus suis isolates from slaughtered swine by use of minimum core genome sequence typing.streptococcus suis, an important zoonotic pathogen, is a highly diverse species with only a subset of strains that cause disease in humans. our previous study proposed a minimum core genome (mcg) sequence typing method and defined seven mcg groups, with mcg group 1 as the prevalent group causing human infections. in this study, we identified a set of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) distributed in six genes that were used to identify the seven mcg groups. the 10 snps were typed for 179 ...201425056323
catabolite control protein a is an important regulator of metabolism in streptococcus suis type 2.streptococcus suis (s. suis) type 2 is an extremely important gram-positive bacterial pathogen that can cause human or swine endocarditis, meningitis, bronchopneumonia, arthritis and sepsis. catabolite control protein a (ccpa) is a major transcriptional regulator in s. suis type 2 that functions in catabolite control, specifically during growth on glucose or galactose. the regulation of central metabolism can affect the virulence of bacteria. in the present study, a metabolomics approach was use ...201425054015
characterization of dnase activity and gene in streptococcus suis and evidence for a role as virulence factor.the gram-positive bacterium streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent. multilocus sequence typing allowed dividing s. suis serotype 2 into sequence types (sts). the three major sts of s. suis serotype 2 from north america are 1 (most virulent), 25 (intermediate virulence) and 28 (less virulent). although the presence of dnase activity in s. suis has been previously reported, little data is available. the aim of this study was to investigate dnase ac ...201424996230
the truncated major pilin subunit sbp2 of the srtbcd pilus cluster still contributes to streptococcus suis pathogenesis in the absence of pilus shaft.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is an emerging zoonotic agent responsible for a number of infections in pigs and humans. pili have been proposed as virulence factors in gram-positive bacteria. however, due to the abolition of pili production, the function of the srtbcd pilus cluster, especially the truncated major pilin subunit sbp2 (sbp2', sbp2″), has not been explored. in this study, isogenic mutants (δsbp2', δsbp2″) were constructed by homologous replacement in ss2 strain p1/7. deletion o ...201424989484
comparative genomic analysis shows that streptococcus suis meningitis isolate sc070731 contains a unique 105k genomic island.streptococcus suis (ss) is an important swine pathogen worldwide that occasionally causes serious infections in humans. ss infection may result in meningitis in pigs and humans. the pathogenic mechanisms of ss are poorly understood. here, we provide the complete genome sequence of s. suis serotype 2 (ss2) strain sc070731 isolated from a pig with meningitis. the chromosome is 2,138,568bp in length. there are 1933 predicted protein coding sequences and 96.7% (57/59) of the known virulence-associat ...201424316490
[streptococcus suis acute meningitis]. 201424314816
the contribution of suilysin to the pathogenesis of streptococcus suis meningitis.streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, and causes sepsis and meningitis in humans. although sequence type (st) 1 and st104 strains are capable of causing sepsis, st1 strains commonly cause meningitis. in this study, we investigated the role of suilysin, a member of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, in differential pathogenicity between st1 and st104 strains.201424285845
development of a two-step multiplex pcr assay for typing of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters of streptococcus suis.we developed a practical and easy two-step multiplex pcr assay to aid in serotyping of streptococcus suis. the assay accurately typed almost all of the serotype reference strains and field isolates of various serotypes and also identified the genotypes of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters of some serologically nontypeable strains.201424574288
atypical streptococcus suis in man, argentina, 2013. 201424565286
septic arthritis caused by streptococcus suis serotype 5 in pig farmer. 201424565084
the β-galactosidase (bgac) of the zoonotic pathogen streptococcus suis is a surface protein without the involvement of bacterial virulence.streptococcal pathogens have evolved to express exoglycosidases, one of which is bgac β-galactosidase, to deglycosidate host surface glycolconjucates with exposure of the polysaccharide receptor for bacterial adherence. the paradigm bgac protein is the bgac product of streptococcus, a bacterial surface-exposed β-galactosidase. here we report the functional definition of the bgac homologue from an epidemic chinese strain 05zyh33 of the zoonotic pathogen streptococcus suis. bioinformatics analyses ...201424556915
synthesis of multi-fullerenes encapsulated palladium nanocage, and its application in electrochemiluminescence immunosensors for the detection of streptococcus suis serotype 2.a novel functionalized material is synthesized using surface-decorated fullerene (c60) to encapsulate hollow and porous palladium nanocages (pdncs), and is applied to fabricate an electrochemiluminescence (ecl) immunosensor for the detection of streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2). pdncs with hollow interiors and porous walls are prepared using a galvanic replacement reaction between silver nanocubes and metal precursor salts. then, c60 reacts with l-cysteine (l-cys) to form l-cys functionalized ...201424554632
deregulated balance of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids following infection by the zoonotic pathogen streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and an emergent zoonotic pathogen. excessive inflammation caused by s. suis is responsible for early high mortality in septic shock-like syndrome cases. polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas) may contribute to regulating inflammatory processes. this study shows that mouse infection by s. suis is accompanied by an increase of arachidonic acid, a proinflammatory omega-6 (ω-6) pufa, and by a decrease of docosahexaenoic acid, an anti-inflammatory ω-3 pu ...201424549326
the protective protein sao (surface antigen one) is not a critical virulence factor for streptococcus suis serotype 2.surface antigen one (sao) is protein that was shown to protect pigs in vaccination trials against disease caused by streptococcus suis. here, we used an isogenic δsao mutant to investigate the insofar unknown role of sao in s. suis virulence. the δsao mutant and its wild-type parent strain (sequence type 1, european strain) did not present significant differences on levels of adhesion/invasion of swine respiratory epithelial cells. moreover, the δsao mutant resisted phagocytosis by macrophages s ...201424530923
characterization and proteome analysis of inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase in epidemic streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes severe disease symptoms in pigs and humans. in the present study, we found one isogenic mutant lacking inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) δzy05719 was attenuated in pigs compared with the wild-type ss2 strain zy05719. comparative proteome analysis of the secreted proteins expression profiles between zy05719 and δzy05719 allowed us to identify triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and glyceraldehyde phosphate d ...201424458764
streptococcus suis adenosine synthase functions as an effector in evasion of pmn-mediated innate immunit.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (s. suis 2) is a highly invasive pathogen in pigs and humans that can cause severe systemic infection. sepsis and meningitis are the most common clinical manifestations of s. suis 2 infection. however, the mechanisms of s. suis 2 surviving in human blood remains unclear, so to identify novel virulence factors in evasion of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn)-mediated innate immunity play important roles in developing therapies against s. suis 2 infection. here, we fou ...201424446521
biofilm formation, host-cell adherence, and virulence genes regulation of streptococcus suis in response to autoinducer-2 signaling.autoinducer-2 (ai-2) is a universal signal molecule mediating intra- and interspecies communication among bacteria. ai-2 is a byproduct of the luxs enzyme during the catabolism of s-adenosylhomocysteine and plays critical roles in regulating various behaviors of bacteria. in our previous study, the function of luxs in ai-2 production was verified in streptococcus suis (ss). decreased levels of ss biofilm formation and host-cell adherence as well as the inability to produce ai-2 were observed in ...201424370626
the two-component system nisk/nisr contributes to the virulence of streptococcus suis serotype 2.two-component signal-transduction systems (tcstss) may regulate some virulence factors in response to external stimuli, and thus allowing streptococcus suis serotype 2 to interact with the host, promote survival, and cause disease. here, a mutant of the niskr tcsts had attenuated virulence in vitro, as exemplified by lowered hemolytic activity, reduced adherence to epithelial cells, increased elimination by macrophages, and decreased resistance to killing by neutrophils. results also showed that ...201424342108
digoxigenin-labeled in situ hybridization for the detection of streptococcus suis dna in polyserositis and a comparison with biotinylated in situ hybridization.the objective of this study was to develop digoxigenin-labeled in situ hybridization (ish) for the detection of streptococcus suis in naturally infected pigs with polyserositis and to compare it with biotinylated ish. digoxigenin-labeled hybridization signals for s. suis were observed in cells that had infiltrated the fibrous polyserositis and microcolonies in the blood vessels. mock hybridization showed no hybridization signals for endogenous digoxigenin. biotinylated hybridization signals for ...201423985415
heat incubation inactivates streptococcal exotoxins and recombinant cholesterol-dependent cytolysins: suilysin, pneumolysin and streptolysin o.streptococcus species release cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs), which are a main toxin, and their heat susceptibility is poorly understood. the aim of this study was to clarify the heat susceptibility of streptococcal exotoxins and cdcs. streptococcal exotoxins were treated with heat incubation at 60 °c for 10 or 30 min. the streptococcus suis exotoxin of serotypes 1 and 2 exhibited more than 50 % haemolytic activity, and all streptococcus pneumoniae exotoxins exhibited more than 60 % hae ...201424974216
transduction of the streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage φm46.1, carrying resistance genes mef(a) and tet(o), to other streptococcus species.φm46.1 - streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage carrying mef(a) and tet(o), respectively, encoding resistance to macrolides (m phenotype) and tetracycline - is widespread in s. pyogenes but has not been reported outside this species. φm46.1 is transferable in vitro among s. pyogenes isolates, but no information is available about its transferability to other streptococcus species. we thus investigated φm46.1 for its ability to be transduced in vitro to recipients of different streptococcus species ...201425620959
identification of the novel lincosamide resistance gene lnu(e) truncated by isenfa5-cfr-isenfa5 insertion in streptococcus suis: de novo synthesis and confirmation of functional activity in staphylococcus aureus.the novel lincosamide resistance gene lnu(e), truncated by insertion of an isenfa5-cfr-isenfa5 segment, was identified in streptococcus suis. the gene lnu(e) encodes a 173-amino-acid protein with ≤69.4% identity to other lincosamide nucleotidyltransferases. the lnu(e) gene and its promoter region were de novo synthesized, and staphylococcus aureus rn4220 carrying a shuttle vector with the cloned lnu(e) gene showed a 16-fold increase in the lincomycin mic. mass spectrometry experiments demonstrat ...201424366733
transcriptional approach to study porcine tracheal epithelial cells individually or dually infected with swine influenza virus and streptococcus suis.swine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection in pigs affecting the respiratory tract that can have significant economic impacts. streptococcus suis serotype 2 is one of the most important post-weaning bacterial pathogens in swine causing different infections, including pneumonia. both pathogens are important contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex. outbreaks of swine influenza virus with a significant level of co-infections due to s. suis have lately been reported. in o ...201424708855
colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip test compromising optimised combinations of anti-s. suis capsular polysaccharide polyclonal antibodies for detection of streptococcus suis.a rapid diagnosis kit that detects streptococcus suis (s. suis) antigens from urine with an immunochromatographic stripe (ics) test was developed in this study. the ics test was produced using colloidal gold coated with polyclonal antibodies (pabs) against s. suis. the pabs were developed from rabbits immunised with s. suis serotype 2 capsular polysaccharides (cps). development of the pabs was investigated to establish their binding to cps and to determine the maximum sensitivity of two combinat ...201424800681
cloning, expression, and purification of a new antibacterial substance gene from larvae of musca domestica (diptera: muscidae).musca domestica l. (diptera: muscidae), the housefly, exhibits unique immune defenses and can produce antibacterial substances upon stimulation with bacteria. on the basis of the cdna library constructed using the suppression subtractive hybridization method, a 1188-bp antibacterial substance gene, which we named as566, was amplified by rapid amplification of cdna ends from m. domestica larva stimulated with salmonella pullorum (enterobacteriaceae: salmonella). in this study, the full-length as5 ...201425434038
[enolase of streptococcus suis serotype 2 is involved in the antiphagocytosis of streptococcus suis].to prepare the recombinant enolase of streptococcus suis (sseno), analyze the effect of sseno on the antiphagocytosis by antibody-blocking assay in the human blood bactericidal model, and identify the human fibrinogen (hfg)-binding activity of sseno protein.201425374077
impact of antibiotic use in the swine industry.antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with pigs not only affects pig production but also has an impact on human health through the transfer of resistant organisms and associated genes via the food chain. this can compromise treatment of human infections. in the past most attention was paid to glycopeptide and streptogramin resistance in enterococci, fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter and multi-drug resistance in escherichia coli and salmonella. while these are still important the ...201424959754
[expression, purification and higg-binding activity identification of truncated streptococcus suis factor h-binding protein].to construct a prokaryotic expression vector of the his-tagged truncated factor h-binding protein (fhb) fragments, fhb-n (amino acids 45-344aa) and fhb-c (amino acids 345-644aa), of streptococcus suis serotype 2, express it in e.coli bl21 (de3) in order to acquire high-purity recombinant protein, and finally identify the binding activity with human serum igg (higg).201424796751
antimicrobial susceptibility of escherichia coli f4, pasteurella multocida, and streptococcus suis isolates from a diagnostic veterinary laboratory and recommendations for a surveillance system.antimicrobial susceptibility data on escherichia coli f4, pasteurella multocida, and streptococcus suis isolates from ontario swine (january 1998 to october 2010) were acquired from a comprehensive diagnostic veterinary laboratory in ontario, canada. in relation to the possible development of a surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance, data were assessed for ease of management, completeness, consistency, and applicability for temporal and spatial statistical analyses. limited farm locati ...201424688133
a functional peptidoglycan hydrolase characterized from t4ss in 89k pathogenicity island of epidemic streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (s. suis 2) has evolved efficient mechanisms to cause streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (stss), which is a new emerging infectious disease linked to s. suis. we have previously reported that a type iv secretion system (t4ss) harbored by the specific 89k pathogenicity island (pai) of s. suis 2 contributes to the development of stss and mediates horizontal transfer of 89k. however, the 89k t4ss machinery assembly in vivo and in vitro is poorly understood, and the com ...201424655418
adhesion of bacterial pathogens to soil colloidal particles: influences of cell type, natural organic matter, and solution chemistry.bacterial adhesion to granular soil particles is well studied; however, pathogen interactions with naturally occurring colloidal particles (<2 μm) in soil has not been investigated. this study was developed to identify the interaction mechanisms between model bacterial pathogens and soil colloids as a function of cell type, natural organic matter (nom), and solution chemistry. specifically, batch adhesion experiments were conducted using nom-present, nom-stripped soil colloids, streptococcus sui ...201424495985
multiple-class antimicrobial resistance surveillance in swine escherichia coli f4, pasteurella multocida and streptococcus suis isolates from ontario and the impact of the 2004-2006 porcine circovirus type-2 associated disease outbreak.the objective of this work was to describe trends in multiple-class antimicrobial resistance present in clinical isolates of escherichia coli f4, pasteurella multocida and streptococcus suis from ontario swine 1998-2010. temporal changes in multiple-class resistance varied by the pathogens examined; significant yearly changes were apparent for the e. coli and p. multocida data. although not present in the e. coli data, significant increases in multiple-class resistance within p. multocida isolat ...201424309129
restoration of bioactive lantibiotic suicin from a remnant lan locus of pathogenic streptococcus suis serotype 2.lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized, posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptides. their biosynthesis genes are usually organized in gene clusters, which are mainly found in gram-positive bacteria, including pathogenic streptococci. three highly virulent streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains (98hah33, 05zyh33, and sc84) have been shown to contain an 89k pathogenicity island. here, on these islands, we unveiled and reannotated a putative lantibiotic locus designated sui which contains ...201424271178
antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of respiratory tract pathogens isolated from diseased cattle and pigs across europe: the vetpath study.vetpath is an ongoing pan-european antibiotic susceptibility monitoring programme collecting pathogens from diseased antimicrobial non-treated cattle, pigs and poultry. in the current study, 1001 isolates from cattle and pig respiratory tract infections were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibilities. non-replicate lung samples or nasopharyngeal/nasal swabs were collected from animals with acute clinical signs in 11 countries during 2002-2006. pasteurella multocida and mannheimia haemolytic ...201424837878
high-level expression, purification and characterisation of porcine β-defensin 2 in pichia pastoris and its potential as a cost-efficient growth promoter in porcine feed.porcine β-defensin 2 (pbd2), a recently discovered porcine defensin that is produced by the intestine, exerts antimicrobial activities and innate immune effects that are linked to intestinal diseases in pigs. here, we report a codon-optimised protein corresponding to mature pbd2 cdna that was expressed and purified in pichia pastoris yeast. the highest amount of secreted protein (3,694.0 mg/l) was reached 144 h into a 150-h induction during high-density cultivation. precipitation followed by gel ...201424515729
comparative genomic hybridization identifies virulence differences in streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen. however, identification of virulent s. suis strains is complicated because of the high diversity of the species. here we evaluated the genetic difference among s. suis strains using comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) and virulence variation in vivo and in vitro. we showed that different clades differed in their ability to activate tlr2/6 in vitro and their capacity to induce cytokine production in vivo as well as their resistance to phag ...201424503649
epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of streptococcus suis infection in humans.streptococcus suis, a bacterium that affects pigs, is a neglected pathogen that causes systemic disease in humans. we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize global estimates of the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of this zoonosis. we searched main literature databases for all studies through december 2012 using the search term "streptococcus suis." the prevalence of s. suis infection is highest in asia; the primary risk factors are occupational exposure ...201424959701
role of capsule and suilysin in mucosal infection of complement-deficient mice with streptococcus suis.virulent streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains are invasive extracellular bacteria causing septicemia and meningitis in piglets and humans. one objective of this study was to elucidate the function of complement in innate immune defense against s. suis. experimental infection of wild-type (wt) and c3(-/-) mice demonstrated for the first time that the complement system protects naive mice against invasive mucosal s. suis infection. s. suis wt but not an unencapsulated mutant caused mortality asso ...201424686060
bacterial etiologies of five core syndromes: laboratory-based syndromic surveillance conducted in guangxi, china.under the existing national surveillance system in china for selected infectious diseases, bacterial cultures are performed for only a small percentage of reported cases. we set up a laboratory-based syndromic surveillance system to elucidate bacterial etiologic spectrum and detect infection by rare etiologies (or serogroups) for five core syndromes in the given study area.201425360596
suicin 90-1330 from a nonvirulent strain of streptococcus suis: a nisin-related lantibiotic active on gram-positive swine pathogens.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is known to cause severe infections (meningitis, endocarditis, and septicemia) in pigs and is considered an emerging zoonotic agent. antibiotics have long been used in the swine industry for disease treatment/prevention and growth promoters. this pattern of utilization resulted in the spread of antibiotic resistance in s. suis worldwide. interestingly, pigs may harbor s. suis in their tonsils without developing diseases, while north american strains belonging to the ...201424973067
antibody response specific to the capsular polysaccharide is impaired in streptococcus suis serotype 2-infected animals.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an extracellular encapsulated bacterium that causes severe septicemia and meningitis in swine and humans. albeit crucial in the fight against encapsulated bacteria, the nature of the capsular polysaccharide (cps)-specific antibody (ab) response during s. suis type 2 infection is unknown. we compared for the first time the features of cps-specific versus protein-specific ab responses during experimental infections with live virulent s. suis type 2 in mice. the pri ...201425385801
evaluation on a streptococcus suis vaccine using recombinant sao-l protein manufactured by bioreactors as the antigen in pigs.streptococcus suis (s. suis) can be classified into 33 serotypes based on the structure of capsular polysaccharides. recent research indicated that a new surface protein designated as sao (surface antigen one) reacts with 30 serotypes of convalescent-phase sera during s. suis infections, which makes sao a good potential antigen for developing s. suis vaccines. the objectives of this study were to produce recombinant sao-l protein (rsao-l) from a strain of s. suis serotype 2 by a prokaryotic expr ...201423489297
prevalent distribution and conservation of streptococcus suis lmb protein and its protective capacity against the chinese highly virulent strain infection.streptococcus suis (s. suis) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes multiple diseases in both pigs and humans. many studies suggest that streptococcus utilizes host extracellular matrix proteins, including laminin, for adhesion and invasion of host cells. recently, we identified a putative lmb protein (cds 0330) of a highly virulent strain of s. suis (serotype 2). in this study, we characterized the ability of cds 0330 to bind human laminin, and evaluated the protective efficacy of a reco ...201424120016
streptococcus suis dnase ssna contributes to degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) and evasion of net-mediated antimicrobial activity.streptococcus suis is an important cause of different pathologies in pigs and humans, most importantly fibrinosuppurative meningitis. tissue infected with this pathogen is substantially infiltrated with neutrophils, but the function of neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) - a more recently discovered antimicrobial strategy of neutrophils - in host defence against strep. suis has not been investigated. the objective of this work was to investigate the interaction of strep. suis with nets in vitr ...201424222615
surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of pasteurella multocida and streptococcus suis from ontario swine.susceptibility results for pasteurella multocida and streptococcus suis isolated from swine clinical samples were obtained from january 1998 to october 2010 from the animal health laboratory at the university of guelph, guelph, ontario, and used to describe variation in antimicrobial resistance (amr) to 4 drugs of importance in the ontario swine industry: ampicillin, tetracycline, tiamulin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. four temporal data-analysis options were used: visualization of trends ...201425355992
an ultrasensitive peroxydisulfate electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for streptococcus suis serotype 2 based on l-cysteine combined with mimicking bi-enzyme synergetic catalysis to in situ generate coreactant.a novel signal amplification strategy of mimicking bi-enzyme synergetic catalysis to generate coreactant in situ was designed to fabricate an ultrasensitive peroxydisulfate electrochemiluminescence (ecl) immunosensor for detection of streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2). it was the first time to detect ss2 by using ecl. through the interaction between l-cysteine (l-cys) and hollow ptpd bimetal alloy nanoparticles (hptpd) to form ((l-cys-hptpd)n) nanocomposites, the loading amount of l-cys and hpt ...201323277341
use of tetravalent galabiose for inhibition of streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in a mouse model.streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen associated with a variety of infections such as meningitis, arthritis and septicemia. the bacterium is zoonotic and has been found to cause meningitis especially in humans occupationally exposed to infected pigs. since adhesion is a prerequisite for colonization and subsequent infection, anti-adhesion treatment seems a natural alternative to traditional treatment with antibiotics. in order to optimize the inhibitory potency a multivalency approac ...201324832804
clinical resistance and decreased susceptibility in streptococcus suis isolates from clinically healthy fattening pigs.streptococcus suis (s. suis) has often been reported as an important swine pathogen and is considered as a new emerging zoonotic agent. consequently, it is important to be informed on its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. in the current study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) population distribution of nine antimicrobial agents has been determined for nasal s. suis strains, isolated from healthy pigs at the end of the fattening period from 50 closed or semiclosed pig herds. the a ...201323249177
reappraisal of the taxonomy of streptococcus suis serotypes 20, 22, 26, and 33 based on dna-dna homology and soda and recn phylogenies.to date, streptococcus suis was divided into thirty-three serotypes based on its polysaccharide capsular antigens. although 16s rrna sequence similarities of serotypes 20, 22, 26, and 33 reference strains to the type strain nctc 10234(t) were below the threshold value of 98.5% to assign them to s. suis species, no strong evidence support to reclassification. here, their taxonomic identities were determined by dna-dna hybridization assays and by partial sequencing of the soda and recn genes. our ...201323245487
meningitis caused by an unusual genotype (st3) of streptococcus suis.we describe a case of meningitis due to streptococcus suis with the unusual st3 genotype. the bacterial pathogen was isolated from blood samples. s. suis genotype st3 was initially isolated from carrier pigs, but it has not been previously associated with invasive human infections. the patient developed serious endogenous bilateral endophthalmitis which resulted in severe visual deficiency.201323242963
whole-genome sequence of streptococcus suis serotype 3 strain yb51.we report here the second complete genome sequence of streptococcus suis serotype 3 (strain yb51). the genome is 2,043,655 bp in length, which is 14,840 bp longer than the first reported genome of the same serotype, and it covers 2,012 coding sequences, 56 trnas, and 4 rrna loci.201324179118
antimicrobial susceptibility, tetracycline and erythromycin resistance genes, and multilocus sequence typing of streptococcus suis isolates from diseased pigs in china.streptococcus suis (s. suis) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen causing significant economic losses in the swine industry. here, we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility, associated antibiotic-resistant determinants and sequence type (st) of s. suis isolates from diseased pigs in china from 2008 to 2010. serotype 2 was the most frequently observed strain (n=95) among the 106 s. suis strains collected, followed by serotypes 3 (n=3), 5 (n=3), 4 (n=2), 7 (n=1), 11 (n=1) and 28 (n=1). multiloc ...201323292102
[bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment due to streptococcus suis meningitis 20 days after swine bite].streptococcus suis (s. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen in pigs, which can be transmitted to humans by close contact. meningitis is the most common clinical manifestations of s. suis infection and hearing impairment is a frequent complication. the risk of s. suis meningitis is higher in people who work in the swine industry. the patient was a 53-year-old woman working in the swine industry, who developed headache and fever 20 days after a swine bite. she was diagnosed as meningitis and s. suis was d ...201324097324
subcytolytic effects of suilysin on interaction of streptococcus suis with epithelial cells.suilysin is a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin secreted by streptococcus suis (s. suis), an important swine and zoonotic pathogen. the role of suilysin in s. suis host-cell interaction is still unclear. we found a higher adherence and invasion rate of an unencapsulated sly-positive strain in comparison to its isogenic sly-negative mutant. electron microscopy revealed that formation of membrane ruffles accompanying invasion of the sly-positive strain was abolished in the sly-negative ...201324095145
identification and characterization of a novel hemolysis-related gene in streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcussuis serotype 2 (ss 2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that has caused two major infectious outbreaks of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (stss) in china. a novel gene located in the 89k pathogenicity island (pai) encoding a putative hemolysin-iii-related protein (hhly3) has been previously characterized. in this study, the ss2 deletion mutant of the exogenous gene hhly3 was constructed by homologous recombination. this protein was found to exhibit cytolytic activity, and hemoly ...201324069329
alcohol consumption promotes the intestinal translocation of streptococcus suis infections.streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent. this study aimed to investigate whether s. suis is likely to translocate across the intestines of human hosts who have liver disease and/or consume alcohol. both the alcoholism and cirrhosis models exhibited high mrna expression of tgf and collagen1, but only the cirrhosis model had fibrosis in the liver. after both models were infected with s. suis, significantly different concentrations of s. suis were detected in the blood and brains of the al ...201324036179
proteome analysis of the two-component salk/salr system in epidemic streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is a major swine pathogen of significant commercial importance worldwide and an emerging zoonotic agent of human streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. we previously reported that the chinese highly pathogenic ss2 strains specifically harbor an 89k pathogenicity island, and the salk/salr two-component system encoded within this island mediates a piglet-lethal phenotype. however, its regulatory mechanism remains obscure. in the present study, we performed a p ...201323463517
streptococcus suis meningitis in swine worker, minnesota, usa. 201323460993
genetic analysis of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters from all serotypes of streptococcus suis: potential mechanisms for generation of capsular variation.streptococcus suis strains are classified into 35 serotypes on the basis of the antigenicity of their capsular polysaccharides (cps). cp synthesis genes are known to be clustered on the chromosome (cps gene cluster). the entire cps gene clusters of s. suis have so far been sequenced in 15 serotypes and found to be located between orfz and aroa. in this study, to provide comprehensive information about s. suis cps, we sequenced the entire cps gene clusters of the remaining serotypes and analyzed ...201323416996
complete genome sequence of the streptococcus suis temperate bacteriophage ϕnj2.streptococcus suis is an important cause of meningitis, arthritis, and sudden death in young piglets and of meningitis in humans. a novel temperate s. suis-specific bacteriophage (ϕnj2) was identified. the phage was induced from the s. suis strain nj2 by using mitomycin c, and the whole genome sequence was determined. the ϕnj2 genome is 37,282 bp in length and contains 56 open reading frames (orfs). while 31 orfs (55%) encoded hypothetical proteins, other orfs were predicted to be functional, cl ...201323405352
amperometric immunosensor for simultaneous detection of three analytes in one interface using dual functionalized graphene sheets integrated with redox-probes as tracer matrixes.a novel immunoassay protocol for simultaneous electrochemical determination of alpha-fetoprotein (afp), carcinoembryonic (cea) and streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) was designed. as standard sandwich-type immunoassay format, three primary antibodies (ab1), anti-cea and anti-afp and anti-ss2, were immobilized via protein a (pa) adsorbed by nafion modified electrodes, and functionalized graphene sheets (gs), containing abundant gold nanoparticles (aunps) and carboxyl group, were used to immobili ...201323376803
streptococcus suis and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, vietnam. 201323343623
lysogenic streptococcus suis isolate ss2-4 containing prophage smp showed increased mortality in zebra fish compared to the wild-type isolate.streptococcus suis (s. suis) infection is considered to be a major problem in the swine industry worldwide. based on the capsular type, 33 serotypes of s. suis have been described, with serotype 2 (ss2) being the most frequently isolated from diseased piglets. little is known, however, about the pathogenesis and virulence factors of s. suis. research on bacteriophages highlights a new area in s. suis research. a s. suis serotype 2 bacteriophage, designated smp, has been previously isolated in ou ...201323326601
characterization of streptococcus suis isolates from slaughter swine.the characterization of 61 streptococcus suis strains isolated from chinese slaughter pigs was investigated. s. suis serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, and 1/2 were found in the isolates by serum agglutination. of all the prevalent serotypes, s. suis serotype 7 is the most predominant circulating in chinese slaughter pigs. the virulence-associated genes profile and multilocus sequence typing scheme of the isolates were analyzed. the mrp-/epf-/sly- vir ...201323224348
human meningitis caused by streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen worldwide, which can be transmitted to human beings by direct contact; therefore, s. suis infections occur mainly in people who handle pigs or pork. we present a case of a patient with s. suis meningitis who worked as a butcher in a meat processing plant for 5 years. the 35-year-old man was admitted to the department of infectious diseases in t. browicz memorial central infectious disease and observation hospital in bydgoszcz, poland, with suspec ...201323222864
evaluation of the pathogenesis of meningitis caused by streptococcus suis sequence type 7 using the infection of bv2 microglial cells.streptococcus suis is an important agent of swine and human meningitis. among several sequence types (sts) characterized within the s. suis strain population, st7 has emerged only in china and has been reported to be the cause of the human outbreak caused by s. suis in 2005. s. suis st7 was shown to be derived from s. suis st1 through a single-nucleotide change in the housekeeping gene thya. the virulence potential of s. suis st7 is reported to be higher than that of the worldwide-studied pathog ...201323222863
molecular mechanism by which surface antigen hp0197 mediates host cell attachment in the pathogenic bacteria streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis, one of the most important and prevalent pathogens in swine, presents a major challenge to global public health. hp0197 is an s. suis surface antigen that was previously identified by immunoproteomics and can bind to the host cell surface. here, we investigated the interaction between hp0197 and the host cell surface glycosaminoglycans (gags) using indirect immunofluorescence and cell adhesion inhibition assays. in addition, we determined that a novel 18-kda domain in the n-te ...201323184929
characterization of streptococcus suis isolates recovered between 2008 and 2011 from diseased pigs in québec, canada.in the present study we report the distribution of different serotypes of streptococcus suis among strains isolated from diseased pigs in québec, canada, recovered between 2008 and 2011. serotype 2 strains were further studied for the presence of the following virulence markers: suilysin (sly), muramidase-released protein (mrp), extracellular protein factor (epf) and the pilus encoded by the srtf cluster. of 1004 field strains collected, 986 were confirmed to be s. suis by either the species-spe ...201323177911
effect of spatial separation of pigs on spread of streptococcus suis serotype 9.the spread of an infectious agent in a population can be reduced by interfering in the infectiousness or susceptibility of individuals, and/or in their contact structure. the aim of this study was to quantify the effect of prevention of direct contact between infectious and susceptible pigs on the transmission of streptococcus suis (s. suis). in three replicate experiments, s. suis-free pigs were housed in boxes either in pairs (25 pairs) or alone (15 pigs). the distance between the boxes was ±1 ...201323593467
rapid visual detection of highly pathogenic streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates by use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (s. suis 2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes considerable economic losses to the pig industry and significantly threatens public health worldwide. the highly pathogenic s. suis 2, which contains the 89k pathogenicity island (pai), has caused large-scale outbreaks of infections in humans, resulting in high mortality rates. in this study, we established two loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp)-based assays that can rapidly detect s. suis 2 and th ...201323884995
capsular sialic acid of streptococcus suis serotype 2 binds to swine influenza virus and enhances bacterial interactions with virus-infected tracheal epithelial cells.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine bacterial pathogen, and it is also an emerging zoonotic agent. it is unknown how s. suis virulent strains, which are usually found in low quantities in pig tonsils, manage to cross the first host defense lines to initiate systemic disease. influenza virus produces a contagious infection in pigs which is frequently complicated by bacterial coinfections, leading to significant economic impacts. in this study, the effect of a preceding swine influ ...201324082069
group b streptococcus and streptococcus suis capsular polysaccharides induce chemokine production by dendritic cells via toll-like receptor 2- and myd88-dependent and -independent pathways.streptococcus agalactiae (also known as group b streptococcus [gbs]) and streptococcus suis are encapsulated streptococci causing severe septicemia and meningitis. bacterial capsular polysaccharides (cpss) are poorly immunogenic, but anti-cps antibodies are essential to the host defense against encapsulated bacteria. the mechanisms underlying anti-cps antibody responses are not fully elucidated, but the biochemistry of cpss, particularly the presence of sialic acid, may have an immunosuppressive ...201323774593
minimum core genome sequence typing of bacterial pathogens: a unified approach for clinical and public health microbiology.bacterial pathogens impose a heavy health burden worldwide. in the new era of high-throughput sequencing and online bioinformatics, real-time genome typing of infecting agents, and in particular those with potential severe clinical outcomes, holds promise for guiding clinical care to limit the detrimental effects of infections and to prevent potential local or global outbreaks. here, we sequenced and compared 85 isolates of streptococcus suis, a zoonotic human and swine pathogen, wherein we anal ...201323720795
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