Publications

effects of pulp mill chlorate on baltic sea algae.	the long-term effects of pulp mill chlorate on different algal species of the baltic sea were studied in land-based model ecosystems simulating the littoral zone. brown algae (phaeophyta) exhibited an extraordinarily high sensitivity to chlorate and pulp mill effluents containing chlorate. all brown algal species ceased growth or showed major signs of toxicity at all concentrations tested, down to microgram per litre levels. ec50 levels for growth of fucus vesiculosus were about 80-100 microg cl ...	1994	15091680
phylogenetic spectrum of fungi that are pathogenic to humans.	recent phylogenetic studies based on ribosomal rna sequences have confirmed that the organisms traditionally treated as fungi include those that have evolved from several different lines (multiphyletic organisms), as has been suspected. even organisms causing disease in humans represent at least two evolutional lines. pythium insidiosum and prototheca species are both believed to have evolved from one line, while the rest of the pathogens have evolved from another line. p. insidiosum is more clo ...	1994	7948565
[blue-green algae as a cause of human disease].	blue-green algae can cause significant public health problems. there is an abundance of scientific literature on their effects, but much of it either reports laboratory studies of toxicological effects or discusses practical problems affecting water supply. there are many reports of poisonings of farm animals and wildlife, and a number of reports of adverse health effects in humans, but the effects of blue-green algae on human health do not seem to have attracted serious attention amongst practi ...	1994	8079249
antimutagenic properties of fresh-water blue-green algae.	the antimutagenic properties of whole fresh-water blue-green algae aphanisomenon flos-aquae, marketed under the commercial name "alpha sun" were tested using the ames test. simultaneous addition of both algae and nitrovin (a mutagen) to the test medium did not reduce the mutagenic activity. on the other hand, addition of freeze-dried blue-green algae to the test medium 2-24 h before the application of mutagen reduced its mutagenic activity.	1994	7729766
probable role of blue-green algae in maintaining endemicity and seasonality of cholera in bangladesh: a hypothesis.		1994	7751564
isolation and functional reconstitution of a phosphate binding protein of the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans induced during phosphate-limited growth.	adaptation of the blue-green algae anacystis nidulans to phosphate-deficient growth leads to the expression of two membrane proteins, which appear as major constituents after separation by gel electrophoresis. one of these proteins, referred to as high affinity phosphate binding protein, has been isolated and its function reconstituted in liposomes. partial sequencing showed no significant homologies to other proteins. the binding capacity of the proteoliposomes could be inhibited by arsenate bu ...	1994	8119882
rapid growth of lymnaea viridis, the intermediate host of fasciola hepatica, under laboratory conditions.	reported in this communication is a unusually rapid growth of lymnaea viridis, the intermediate host of fasciola hepatica, maintained in the laboratory for experimental purposes. when the snails were fed on blue-green algae at about 20 degrees c, they attained a shell length of 12 mm in 37 days from the date of hatching. the snails began laying eggs from 18 to 24 days following hatching.	1994	8171836
fluorescence polarization of triple-chromophore complexes with energy transfer.	the formula for the determination of a fluorescence polarization degree is derived for triple-chromophore complexes with energy transfer: p = (3b - 1 + 2a)/(3 + b + 4a). in this formula b = q(12) cos(2)(?(12)) + q(13) cos(2)(?(13)) + q(23) cos(2)(?(23)) and parameters a and q(ij) are dependent on the kinetic parameters of energy exchange and the chromophore spectroscopic parameters. the angle ?ij is the angle between the transition dipole moments of the i and j chromophores. the formula was test ...	1994	20941161
computer simulation of energy migration in the c-phycocyanin of the blue-green algae agmenellum quadruplicatum.	two methods for simulation of energy migration in the c-phycocyanin fragments of pbs were developed. both methods are based on the statistical analysis of an excitation behavior in modeling complexes with a limited number (up to hundreds) of chromophores using the monte-carlo approach and calculation of migration rates for the system of linear balance equations. energy migration rates were calculated in the case of c-phycocyanin of the blue-green algae agmenellum quadruplicatum. the main channel ...	1993	19431892
hepatic ultrastructural changes induced by the toxin microcystin-lr (mclr) in mice.	microcystin-lr (mclr) is a cyclic heptapeptide produced by the blue-green algae microcystis aeruginosa. it is highly toxic and causes death in rodents due to hypovolemic shock with associated intrahepatic hemorrhage. the molecular mechanism of toxicity is unknown. in order to provide additional information regarding the toxicity of mclr, the ultrastructural changes present in livers of mice following the administration of 100 micrograms mclr/kg intraperitoneally, (i.p.) were examined. time-depen ...	1993	8189358
protein phosphatase activity in cyanobacteria: consequences for microcystin toxicity analysis.	hepatotoxic microcystin levels in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) were assessed by an assay based on inhibition of protein phosphatases type 1 (pp1) and type 2a (pp2a) in crude chicken forebrain extracts using 32p-labelled glycogen phosphorylase as substrate. while cyanobacteria are reported to be devoid of phosphorylase phosphatase activity, two samples obtained from cyanobacterial scums, containing predominantly anabaena circinalis, were found to contain high levels of a phosphorylase phospha ...	1993	8266349
action of tolytoxin on cell morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and actin polymerization.	tolytoxin, a cytostatic, antifungal macrolide produced by blue-green algae of the genus scytonema, is a potent, reversible inhibitor of cytokinesis in cultured mammalian cells. treatment of kb cells with 2-16 nm tolytoxin results in profound morphological changes, beginning with the formation of zeiotic processes and culminating in nuclear protrusion. in l1210 cells, cytokinesis is inhibited by as little as 2 nm tolytoxin, while karyokinesis proceeds normally, resulting in polynucleation. tolyto ...	1993	8319266
illness associated with blue-green algae.		1993	8341201
[synthesis of acyclic 1,3-polyols and its application to structural study of natural products].	a 1,3-polyhydroxylated chain is often found on the backbone of biologically important natural products. the acyclic nature and the regular array of many hydroxyl groups are main obstacles to structural and synthetic studies, and many efforts have been made to this end. we have developed a new general synthetic method of 1,3-polyols based on the coupling of a chiral dithiane, a four-carbon unit, and an epoxide, followed by 1,3-diastereoselective reduction. we applied the method to the synthesis o ...	1993	8355146
[cyclic peptide hepatotoxins from spring water cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) from blooming water sources in the ukraine and in the european part of russia].		1993	8358312
clinical and pathologic findings of blue-green algae (microcystis aeruginosa) intoxication in a dog.	a healthy dog developed signs of lethargy and vomiting after ingesting water from a tide pool containing blue-green algae. fulminant hepatic failure occurred, and the dog was euthanized 52 hours later. at necropsy, the liver was large, friable, and discolored a dark red. histopathology showed hepatocyte dissociation, degeneration, and necrosis. the alga was identified as microcystis aeruginosa, a known hepatotoxin. the intraperitoneal administration of lyophilized cell material from the bloom ca ...	1993	8373855
paralytic shellfish poisons from freshwater blue-green algae.		1993	8377696
the genes in the thermophilic cyanobacterium synechococcus vulcanus encoding cytochrome-c oxidase.	it is still controversial whether cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) contain an aa3-type cytochrome-c oxidase. we have approached this problem using dna analysis. using a dna probe coding for the most conserved part of subunit i of the bacillus enzymes, structural genes for the oxidase of a thermophilic cyanobacterium synechococcus vulcanus were cloned and sequenced. we found genes for subunits ii, i, iii and iv of this order like those of the bacillus enzymes, and a terminator structure after the ...	1993	8399373
hazardous freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).		1993	8099388
hepatic necrosis in sheep associated with ingestion of blue-green algae.		1993	8116173
inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by extracts of cultured blue-green algae (cyanophyta).	lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of over 900 strains of cultured blue-green algae (cyanophyta) were examined in vitro for their ability to inhibit the reverse transcriptases (rt) of avian myeloblastosis virus (amv) and human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (hiv-1). eighteen (2.0%) aqueous extracts showed activity against amv and hiv rts. the maximal level of rt inhibition achieved by some of the active extracts was equivalent to that measured for 3'-azido-2',3'-di-deoxythymidine (azt) at 668 n ...	1993	7683817
seasonal changes in an intertidal community affected by sewage pollution.	seasonal changes in structure of a rocky intertidal community affected by sewage pollution at quequén (argentina) were studied over a period of 2 years. most species showed a decrease in cover values in the polluted area. on the other hand, a small proportion of organisms favoured by organic enrichment predominated around the outfall during the period of study. community structure was not significantly altered by frosts or windstorms. desiccation is identified as the main physical stress. a comb ...	1993	15091785
on the origin of mitosing cells. 1967	a theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells ("higher" cells which divide by classical mitosis) is presented. by hypothesis, three fundamental organelles: the mitochondria, the photosynthetic plastids and the (9+2) [9(2)+2] basal bodies [kinetosomes] of flagella [undulipodia] were themselves once free-living (prokaryotic) cells. the evolution of photosynthesis under the anaerobic [anoxic] conditions of the early atmosphere to form anaerobic bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria and eventually blue-gre ...	1993	11541390
illness associated with blue-green algae.		1992	1734199
of cabbages and chlorine: cholera in peru.	the low case fatality rates (1%) from the 1991 cholera epidemic in peru was more a result of including diarrheas of a less virulent etiology than that of cholera. in fact, a study during the early phases of the cholera epidemic in trujillo, peru revealed that only 79% of suspected cholera cases were infected with vibrio cholera 01. further other people contended that the government of peru did not chlorinate many water supplies because studies by the us environmental protection agency suggeste ...	1992	1351603
identification of anatoxin-a in benthic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and in associated dog poisonings at loch insh, scotland.	dog deaths occurred in 1990 and 1991 after the animals drank water containing blooms of benthic cyanobacteria along the shoreline of loch insh, scotland. signs of poisoning in the affected animals and the high neurotoxicity of bloom extracts in laboratory bioassays indicated acute poisoning due to cyanobacterial neurotoxin(s). the neurotoxic blooms consisted largely of benthic oscillatoria species which were also observed in the stomach contents of the poisoned dogs. stomach contents were also n ...	1992	1440622
beyond the barcoo--probable human tropical cyanobacterial poisoning in outback australia.	to determine the cause of a disease known variously as "barcoo fever, barcoo spews, barcoo sickness", or simply "the barcoo", once prevalent in outback northern and central australia.	1992	1454012
effect of the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins from microcystis aeruginosa on isolated enterocytes from the chicken small intestine.	livestock deaths, and clinical reports of human injury, follow the consumption of toxic blue-green algae. the experiments described show that isolated intestinal enterocytes from chicks are both deformed and killed by exposure to microcystis toxins, in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. the enterocytes were protected from toxicity by deoxycholate, bromosulphothalein and rifampicin. it was concluded that the gastroenteritis clinically associated with accidental microcystis ingestion is l ...	1992	1509499
blue-green algae: fact or fantasy?		1992	1588886
fatal canine neurotoxicosis attributed to blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).		1992	1595148
liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-lr.	certain waterblooms of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are a health threat because of their production of toxic peptides, termed microcystins, which cause liver damage in wild and domesticated animals. the most widely studied microcystin is microcystin-lr, a heptapeptide containing the two l-amino acids, leucine and arginine. the inhibition of protein phosphatase type 1 and type 2a activities by microcystin-lr is similar to that of the known protein phosphatase inhibitor and tumor promote ...	1992	1618889
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)		1992	1620033
substances that protect cultured hepatocytes from the toxic effects of microcystin-lr.	primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were used in a screen in vitro for agents which protect against the toxic effects of the hepatoxin microcystin-lr. exposure of cells to microcystin-lr, a cyclic heptapeptide produced by blue-green algae, resulted in clustering of hepatocytes within 15 min of addition. this initial response was followed by disruption of cellular function (measured by a protein synthesis assay) and eventual loss of membrane integrity, resulting in leakage of cytosolic enzymes (m ...	1992	20732161
structure-function relationships of microcystins, liver tumor promoters, in interaction with protein phosphatase.	microcystins, isolated from toxic blue-green algae, are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2a. recently, we have reported that microcystin lr has a potent tumor-promoting activity on rat liver initiated with diethylnitrosamine. the structure of microcystins is unique in having an unusual amino acid, 3-amino-9-methoxy-10-phenyl-2,6,8-trimethyl-deca-4(e),6(e)-dienoic acid (adda), which is thought to be significant for the activity. geometrical isomers at c-7 in the adda portion of mic ...	1991	1657848
the cytochrome c oxidase genes in blue-green algae and characteristics of the deduced protein sequence for subunit ii of the thermophilic cyanobacterium synechococcus vulcanus.	blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) contain both primitive photosynthetic and respiratory systems in their membranes. the controversial genes coding for an alpha alpha 3-type cytochrome oxidase in cyanobacteria were examined. the dna probe coding for the most conserved part of subunit i hybridized with dna fragments from four cyanobacterial species. we have cloned the genes coding for subunits i and ii from the genomic library of the thermophilic cyanobacterium synechococcus vulcanus and determined ...	1991	1659815
role of azolla in controlling mosquito breeding in ghaziabad district villages (u.p.).	a survey was carried out during post-monsoon period (1988-89) in villages of dhaulana primary health centre, distt. ghaziabad (u.p.) to evaluate the utility of azolla pinnata for the control of mosquito breeding in different habitats. results of the survey revealed that pools, ponds, wells, rice fields and drains were infested with azolla. infestation rate and intensity of infestation varied from habitat to habitat. maximum infestation (36.5%) was observed in pools and minimum (3.7%) in rice fie ...	1991	1680758
waterborne-disease outbreaks, 1989-1990.	for the 2-year period 1989-1990, 16 states reported 26 outbreaks due to water intended for drinking; an estimated total of 4,288 persons became ill in these outbreaks. giardia lamblia was implicated as the etiologic agent for seven of the 12 outbreaks in which an agent was identified. the outbreaks of giardiasis were all associated with ingestion of unfiltered surface water or surface-influenced groundwater. an outbreak with four deaths was attributed to escherichia coli o157:h7, the only bacter ...	1991	1770924
[investigations of the immunomodulatory effect of cyanobacterial extracts].	resulting from the knowledge that cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are able to produce pharmacologically active substances the aqueous extracts from several cyanobacteria species and strains (microcystis aeruginosa, synechocystis aquatilis, oscillatoria redekei, anabaena flos-aque, aphanizomenon flos-aquae, oscillatoria rubescens, oscillatoria tenuis) were tested for their immunomodulating activity. extracts from oscillatoria redekei 051, oscillatoria tenuis 01 and synechocystis aquatilis 428 ca ...	1991	1801597
evaluation of potential chemoprotectants against microcystin-lr hepatotoxicity in mice.	microcystin-lr (mclr) is a potent cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin produced by the blue-green algae, microcystis aeruginosa. toxic blooms of this cyanobacteria have been reported throughout the temperate world. in spite of the potential economic loss and health hazard posed by this toxin, few studies on the development of an antidote have been conducted. thus, a number of biologically active compounds were tested in mice for effectiveness in preventing the toxicity of a lethal dose of mclr (100 m ...	1991	1902496
outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)-like bodies--chicago and nepal, 1989 and 1990.	recent reports have described the detection of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)-like bodies (clb) in the stools of persons with a prolonged syndrome of diarrhea, anorexia, and fatigue (1-3). in each of these reports, affected persons either were immunocompromised or had recently traveled to tropical countries. during 1989 and 1990, the first three reported outbreaks of this clb-associated syndrome occurred in immunocompetent populations, affecting at least 150 persons. this report summarizes inv ...	1991	1902548
protection against microcystin-lr-induced hepatotoxicity by silymarin: biochemistry, histopathology, and lethality.	microcystin-lr, a cyclic heptapeptide synthesized by the blue-green algae, microcystis aeruginosa, is a potent hepatotoxin. pathological examination of livers from mice and rats that received microcystin-lr revealed severe, peracute, diffuse, centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis, and hemorrhage. these changes were correlated with increased serum activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. pretreatment of either rats or mice with a single dose of si ...	1991	1902564
immunosuppressive substances from blue-green algae.		1991	1905459
spirulina as a source of vitamin a.	experiments were carried out to assess spirulina fusiformis-a blue green algae as a source of vitamin a in rats. in one experiment, the control rats were fed synthetic vitamin a and the experimental rats spirulina as the sole source of vitamin a. the liver vitamin a concentration of spirulina-fed rats of both sexes was found to be significantly higher than that of the control rats. in another experiment the absorption of carotenes from the solvent extract of spirulina and their availability (vit ...	1991	1906616
the early development and evolution of the human brain.	the chemistry of the brain: the brain and nervous system is characterised by a heavy investment in lipid chemistry which accounts for up to 60% of its structural material. in the different mammalian species so far studied, only the 20 and 22 carbon chain length polyenoic fatty acids were present and the balance of the n-3 to n-6 fatty acids was consistently 1:1. the difference observed between species, was not in the chemistry but in the extent to which the brain is developed. this paper discuss ...	1990	2077700
use of rifampin as an effective chemoprotectant and antidote against microcystin-lr toxicity.	microcystin-lr (mclr) is a potent cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin that is produced by the blue-green algae, microcystis aeruginosa. this organism forms blooms in freshwater lakes and ponds. following ingestion of contaminated waters, deaths of wildlife and domestic animals frequently occur. due to the lack of available methods and drugs for treating cases of poisoning with this toxin, development of an effective antidote to this toxin is needed. we have examined the ability of the semisynthetic ...	1990	2080233
microcystin-lr-induced ultrastructural changes in rats.	the ultrastructure of hepatic, pulmonary, and renal lesions was evaluated in rats injected intraperitoneally with a lethal dose of microcystin-lr (mclr, 160 micrograms/kg), a cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin produced by the blue-green algae, microcystis aeruginosa. hepatic lesions were first seen at 10 minutes post-dosing and consisted of mild widening of hepatocyte intercellular spaces centrilobularly. at 20 minutes post-dosing, hepatocyte plasma membrane alterations were more pronounced, consis ...	1990	2106745
effects of petroleum oils and their paraffinic, asphaltic, and aromatic fractions on photosynthesis and respiration of microalgae.	inhibition of photosynthesis was more severe than that of respiration in anabaena doliolum exposed to assam crude oil, furnace oil, petrol, diesel, and kerosene. variabilities in toxicity of these oils, which seem to be related to their aromatic and asphaltic contents, were observed. diesel and furnace oil, due to greater concentrations of aromatics, were more toxic than other oils. the toxic effects of asphaltic fractions were similar to those of aromatics. the study showed that the effects of ...	1990	2107072
isolation and characterization of the minor components associated with microcystins lr and rr in the cyanobacterium (blue-green algae).	two structurally similar analogues of microcystins lr and rr, cyclic peptide hepatotoxins from microcystis, were isolated by chromatographic methods. although they have the same mol. wt and amino acid compositions as those of the parent toxins, they do not possess similar toxicities. ultraviolet and 1h-nmr spectral data for both components demonstrate clear structural difference of these cyclic peptides from the parent toxins, which are probably responsible for the marked decreases in their obse ...	1990	2109908
the nutritional value of dehydrated, blue-green algae (spirulina platensis) for poultry.	three experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of the blue-green algae, spirulina platensis, grown on a synthetic media. in experiment 1, day-old, white leghorn cockerel chicks (120) were fed isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of dried spirulina. at 3 wk of age, the growth of the chicks fed 10 and 20% of spirulina was depressed (p less than .05), although feed efficiency was not affected. in experiment 2, 250 1-day-old, hubbard by hubbard, male broiler chic ...	1990	2114613
alga associated with diarrhea in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in travelers.	spherical bodies resembling coccidian oocysts and measuring 8.0 to 9.0 microns in diameter were seen in the stools of eight persons with explosive, watery diarrhea. seven had recently traveled to tropical countries, mostly in the caribbean, and four had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the structures were easily discernible in wet mounts by light microscopy and contained variable numbers of granular inclusions, but were refractory to, or stained partially with, 12 commonly used laboratory sta ...	1990	2116443
cloning and nucleotide sequence of the crti gene encoding phytoene dehydrogenase from the cyanobacterium aphanocapsa pcc6714.	the membrane-bound phytoene dehydrogenase (pd) is an enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis which is essential in all microorganisms and plants containing these colored pigments. despite its key role in the regulation of carotenogenesis, the biochemistry and molecular biology of pd are poorly understood. we have cloned, sequenced and expressed a portion of the pd-encoding gene, crti, from the blue-green algae aphanocapsa pcc6714. the gene codes for a 532-amino acids (aa) protein, with a calculated mr ...	1990	2119326
hepatic lipid peroxidation, sulfhydryl status, and toxicity of the blue-green algal toxin microcystin-lr in mice.	microcystin-lr (mclr), a cyclic heptapeptide produced by the blue-green algae microcystis aeruginosa, produces death in female mice treated with 100 micrograms mclr/kg. kupffer-cell hyperplasia was observed histologically after treatment with 50 or 100 micrograms mclr/kg. no other changes or lethality were observed with the 50 micrograms mclr/kg, while 100% lethality occurred in less than 2 h in mice treated with 100 micrograms/kg. in these animals liver weights increased by 45% and hepatic hemo ...	1990	2120461
blue-green algae toxicoses in oklahoma.		1990	2124747
characterization of microcystin-lr, a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2a protein phosphatases.	the level of protein phosphorylation is dependent on the relative activities of both protein kinases and protein phosphatases. by comparison with protein kinases, however, there have been considerably fewer studies on the functions of serine/threonine protein phosphatases. this is partly due to a lack of specific protein phosphatase inhibitors that can be used as probes. in the present study we characterize the inhibitory effects of microcystin-lr, a hepatotoxic cyclic peptide associated with mo ...	1990	2174036
inhibition of protein phosphatases by microcystins and nodularin associated with hepatotoxicity.	microcystins and nodularin, isolated from toxic blue-green algae, are hepatotoxic monocyclic polypeptides. both microcystins and nodularin inhibited in vitro protein phosphatase activity present in a cytosolic fraction of mouse liver, bound to the okadaic acid receptors, protein phosphatases 1 and 2a, and thus resulted in the increase of phosphoproteins; this was referred to as the apparent "activation" of protein kinases. their concentrations causing 50% of the maximal effects are comparable to ...	1990	2174896
analysis of pneumocystis carinii cyst wall. i. evidence for an outer surface membrane.	it has long been thought that the cyst form of pneumocystis carinii, which can resist host defenses and antimicrobial drugs, is responsible for relapses of p. carinii pneumonia. the thick wall of the cyst is immunogenic and rich in glucosyl/mannosyl and n-acetyl-d-glucosamine residues. in this study we have demonstrated the presence of a hitherto unreported outer membrane in the cyst wall of p. carinii. this membrane was detected by a combination of techniques, including transmission electron mi ...	1990	2213655
seasonal changes of larval food and feeding of chironomus crassicaudatus (diptera: chironomidae) in a subtropical lake.	the food of chironomus crassicaudatus midge larvae in lake monroe, central florida, was investigated from may 1981 to april 1982. gut contents of larvae collected monthly from 16 stations in the lake were analyzed. quantitative samples of water collected monthly at the mud-water interface at each station were analyzed for the larval food composition in the water. the larvae fed primarily on cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). blue-green algae were predominant in the water as well as in the larval ...	1990	2324728
copper-zinc superoxide dismutase of caulobacter crescentus: cloning, sequencing, and mapping of the gene and periplasmic location of the enzyme.	although widely found in the cytoplasm of eucaryotes, the copper-zinc form of superoxide dismutase (cuznsod) has been identified in only a small number of bacterial species. one species is the freshwater bacterium caulobacter crescentus, which also contains an sod with iron as the metal cofactor (fesod). to investigate the function of this cuznsod and its structural relationship to the eucaryotic cuznsods, the gene encoding cuznsod (sodc) of c. crescentus cb15 was cloned and sequenced. by hybrid ...	1990	2345128
ca requirement for aerobic nitrogen fixation by heterocystous blue-green algae.	the requirement of ca(2+) for growth and nitrogen fixation has been investigated in two strains of heterocystous blue-green algae (anabaena sp. and anabaena atcc 33047). with combined nitrogen (nitrate or ammonium) or with n(2) under microaerobic conditions, ca(2+) was not required for growth, at least in concentrations greater than traces. in contrast, ca(2+) was required as a macronutrient for growth and nitrogen fixation with air as the nitrogen source. addition of ca(2+) to an aerobic cultur ...	1990	16667401
saskatchewan. blue green algae (anabaena sp.) poisoning in cattle.		1989	17423446
an enzymatic conversion of lipoxygenase products by a hydroperoxide lyase in blue-green algae (oscillatoria sp.).	an enzyme has been isolated from blue-green algae oscillatoria sp. which utilizes the product, 13-hydroperoxy-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid (13-hpod), of lipoxygenase for its substrate. this enzyme, termed hydroperoxide lyase, converts the conjugated diene 13-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid to 13-oxotrideca-9, 11-dienoic acid. the structure of the latter has been determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. 9-hpod is not a substrate for this enzyme. the hydroperoxide lyase from osci ...	1989	16667177
coupling of solar energy to hydrogen peroxide production in the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans.	hydrogen peroxide production by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) under photoautotrophic conditions is of great interest as a model system for the bioconversion of solar energy. our experimental system was based on the photosynthetic reduction of molecular oxygen with electrons from water by anacystis nidulans 1402-1 as the biophotocatalyst and methyl viologen as a redox intermediate. it has been demonstrated that the metabolic conditions of the algae in their different growth stages strongly inf ...	1989	16347855
analysis of the biomass quality and photosynthetic efficiency of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium grown outdoors with two agitation systems.	the efficiency of two different agitation systems (airlift and paddlewheel) in the biomass photoproduction of a nitrogen-fixing filamentous blue-green alga was evaluated outdoors, and the elemental and molecular composition of the cells grown with each system was analyzed. with the paddlewheel system, the productivity values achieved were over 30% higher than with the airlift system, both in summer and winter. in this last season, a conversion efficiency of total solar energy into stored biomass ...	1989	18588168
structural characterization of toxic cyclic peptides from blue-green algae by tandem mass spectrometry.	combined use of chemical degradation, derivatization, and tandem mass spectrometry for rapid structural characterization of toxic cyclic peptides from blue-green algae at the nanomole level is described. previously, all blue-green algal toxins were thought to belong to a family of seven-residue cyclic peptides, having the general structure cyclo-d-ala-l-xaa-erythro-beta-methyl-d-isoaspartic acid-l-yaa-adda-d-isoglutamic acid-n-methyldehydroalanine, where xaa and yaa represent variable amino acid ...	1989	2492662
blue-green algae (anabaena spiroides) toxicosis in pigs.	toxicosis caused by anabaena spiroides was diagnosed in 7 of 26 finishing hogs in a farrow-to-finish operation in kentucky. several sick pigs in the herd had the following clinical signs: vomiting, dull appearance, lethargy, anorexia, muscle tremors, frothing at the mouth, coughing, sneezing, dyspnea, and bloody diarrhea. of the 7 dead pigs, 2 were necropsied. tissue speciments and stomach contents were obtained for microscopic, microbiologic, and toxicologic evaluations. in addition, vomitus fr ...	1989	2502512
aids-antiviral sulfolipids from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).	a recently developed tetrazolium-based microculture assay was used to screen extracts of cultured cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) for inhibition of the cytopathic effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), which is implicated as a causative agent of aids. a number of extracts were found to be remarkably active against the aids virus. a new class of hiv-1-inhibitory compounds, the sulfonic acid-containing glycolipids, was discovered through the use of the microculture assay to guide th ...	1989	2502635
algae intoxication in livestock and waterfowl.	blue-green algae toxins include (1) hepatotoxic peptides that are known to be toxic to cattle, dogs, swine, waterfowl, and sometimes other species; (2) a nicotinic agonist neurotoxin that appears to be toxic to a wide range of animal species; (3) a peripheral-acting cholinesterase inhibitor that is very toxic to swine, birds, and dogs; (4) toxins that impair nervous transmission by blocking sodium channels in nerve cells; and (5) lipopolysaccharide endotoxins. this article provides current infor ...	1989	2503241
interaction of microcystin-lr with superchar: water decontamination and therapy.	activated charcoal (superchar) has been recommended for therapeutic use against poisoning by several toxic agents, but it has not been tested against microcystin-lr toxicosis. microcystin-lr, a cyclic heptapeptide isolated from fresh water blue-green algae, has been shown to be a potent hepatotoxin in animals and in man. studies were performed to determine the degree of in vitro adsorption of microcystin-lr to superchar and to assess the efficacy of superchar as a therapeutic agent against micro ...	1989	2513418
[poisonings by blue-green algae].		1989	2517137
diagnostic and clinically important aspects of cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxicoses.		1989	2518710
partial amino acid sequence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from the blue-green algae synechococcus leopoliensis.	purified fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from the cyanobacterium synechococcus leopoliensis was s-carboxymethylated and cleaved with trypsin. the resulting peptides were purified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and the amino acid sequence of six of the purified peptides was determined by gas-phase microsequencing. the results revealed sequence homology with other fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases. the obtained sequence data provides information required for the design of oligonuc ...	1989	2550924
evaluation of the metal uptake of several algae strains in a multicomponent matrix utilizing inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry.	three freshwater heat-killed, lyophilized blue-green algae strains have been characterized as to their ability to accumulate heavy metals with a focus on the utilization of these algae as an analytical preconcentration technique. this study examines the metal uptake in several multicomponent mixtures by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (icp-oes). six milligrams of a pure strain of algae was added to 20-ml aliquots of buffered (ph 5.5-6.5) multielement solutions cont ...	1989	2729595
fatty acids as biological markers for bacterial symbionts in sponges.	analyses of fatty acids with carbon numbers between c12 and c22 are reported for five great barrier reef sponges. these analyses indicate that phototrophic cyanobacterial symbionts (blue-green algae) present in three of the sponges are chemically distinct, whereas the other two sponges do not contain cyanobacterial symbionts. all the sponges contain other, nonphototrophic bacteria. the fatty acid analyses indicate that the non-phototrophic bacterial populations present in the different sponges a ...	1988	2906395
anticholinesterase poisonings in dogs from a cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) bloom dominated by anabaena flos-aquae.	cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) implicated in the deaths of 9 dogs at richmond lake, sd, on aug 26, 1985, were analyzed. the dominant cyanobacterial species from the water sample was anabaena flos-aquae. the lyophilized bloom material or the high-performance liquid chromatography purified toxin peak, when administered to mice ip, induced clinical signs of salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, defecation, convulsion, fasciculation, and respiratory arrest. further comparison of the semip ...	1988	3132068
cytotoxic, fungicidal nucleosides from blue green algae belonging to the scytonemataceae.	tubercidin, toyocamycin, and the corresponding 5'-alpha-d-glucopyranose derivatives of the nucleosides are frequently responsible for much of the cytotoxicity and antimycotic activity associated with extracts of cultured cyanophytes belonging to the family scytonemataceae. the 5'-alpha-d-glucopyranoses of tubercidin and toyocamycin, for example, are the major cytotoxic and fungicidal nucleosides in fijian plectonema radiosum and hawaiian tolypothrix tenuis, respectively.	1988	3139604
toxins contained in microcystis species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).	cyclic peptide toxins were analyzed for three microcystis species (m. aeruginosa, m. viridis and m. wesenbergii) using an ods-silica gel cartridge and high performance liquid chromatography with ods-silica gel. on strain of m. aeruginosa contained a high amount of microcystin (cyanoginosin) yr and a lesser amount of lr. three toxins, microcystin-rr, -yr and -lr, were detected in two strains of m. aeruginosa and four of m. viridis. the main component of the toxins of these strains was microcystin ...	1988	3149802
naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).		1988	3149803
uptake of dieldrin, dimethoate and permethrin by cyanobacteria, anabaena sp. and aulosira fertilissima.	blue-green algae showed a poor ability to pick up and concentrate dieldrin and dimethoate. however, the uptake and bioconcentration factor for permethrin was very high. the uptake of dieldrin by anabaena and aulosira ranged from 5.1 to 73.2 and 5.5 to 17.4 microg g(-1) (ppm), respectively. the uptake of permethrin was from 9.0 to 249.7 and 4.6 to 1422.5 microg g(-1) by anabaena and aulosira, respectively. the highest bioconcentration factors for permethrin in anabaena and aulosira were 813 and 2 ...	1988	15092535
interaction of endosulfan and malathion with blue-green algae anabaena and aulosira fertilissima.	the growth of anabaena and aulosira fertilissima was adversely affected by endosulfan even at 1 microg ml(-1). the inhibition was significantly above 50% at 20 microg ml(-1) throughout the incubation. anabaena survived up to 500 microg ml(-1) of malathion, but was completely bleached in the presence of 50 microg ml(-1) of endosulfan. aulosira was more sensitive to malathion than anabaena and recovered to control levels only at 10 microg ml(-1). the morphology and hetercyst frequency were not alt ...	1988	15092614
action spectra for nitrate and nitrite assimilation in blue-green algae.	action spectra for the assimilation of nitrate and nitrite have been obtained for several blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) with different accessory pigment composition. the action spectra for both nitrate and nitrite utilization by nitrate-grown anacystis nidulans l-1402-1 cells exhibited a clear peak at about 620 nanometers, corresponding to photosystem ii (psii) c-phycocyanin absorption, the contribution of chlorophyll a (chl a) being barely detectable. the action spectrum for nitrate reductio ...	1988	16666041
kinetics and bioenergetics of light-limited photoautotrophic growth of spirulina platensis.	blue-green algae, spirulina platensis, is cultivated under photoautotrophic growth conditions designed to have nearly uniform growth rate throughout the fermentor by illumination both sides of a rectangular vessel. the results show that growth rate and bioenergetic yield are a function of light intensity. several kinetic models are considered to express the relationship between growth rate and light intensity.	1987	18576528
bioconcentration and metabolism of ddt, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos by the blue-green algae anabaena sp. and aulosira fertilissima.	anabaena and aulosira fertilissima showed a marked ability to accumulate ddt, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos. although the maximum accumulation of ddt was almost the same in both organisms, there were significant differences in their abilities to accumulate fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos. patterns of uptake of ddt under different treatments were also similar in both anabaena and aulosira, but there were significant differences in the patterns of accumulation of fenitrothion between these two organ ...	1987	15092729
nadh:hydroxypyruvate reductase and nadph:glyoxylate reductase in algae: partial purification and characterization from chlamydomonas reinhardtii.	hydroxypyruvate and glyoxylate reductase activities were measured in extracts from the unicellular green algae, chlamydomonas reinhardtii, chlorella vulgaris, chlorella miniata, and dunaliella tertiolecta. only trace levels of these activities were detectable in the blue-green algae, anabaena variabilis and synechococcus leopoliensis. a nadh-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase was purified 130-fold from chlamydomonas to a specific activity of 18 mumol nadh oxidized x min-1 x mg protein-1. the ph ...	1987	3545081
evidence from high-pressure liquid chromatography for the existence of two ferredoxins in plants.	crude ferredoxin preparations were obtained from blue-green algae, green algae, ferns, and higher plants. we analyzed the preparations by high-pressure liquid chromatography using two different types of columns, a hydrophobic phenyl-5pw column and an ion-exchange deae-5pw column. two ferredoxins were detected in all plants analyzed. the ferredoxins from some plants were separated by use of both columns and those from others were separated by one of the two columns. thus, there were three possibl ...	1987	3619441
freshly prepared rat hepatocytes used in screening the toxicity of blue-green algal blooms.	the acute toxicity of extracts of blue-green algae was tested in freshly prepared rat hepatocytes in suspension. the results were compared with the traditional in vivo mouse bioassay. sixty samples of natural algal blooms from freshwater lakes in norway, sweden, and finland and 14 samples cultured in the laboratory were tested. the mouse bioassay revealed hepatotoxins in a large number of the algae, while neurotoxins were not found. acute hepatotoxicity in vitro was scored by measurement of leak ...	1987	3100818
toxic effects of organic solvents on the growth of blue-green algae.		1987	3107637
influence of light on chlorophyll, a content of blue-green algae treated with heavy metals.		1987	3107639
subparticles of anabaena phycobilisomes. ii. molecular assembly of allophycocyanin cores in reference to "anchor" protein.	entire phycobilisomes (pbs) and two derived particles, whole allophycocyanin (apc) cores and the far-red-emitting fragment of apc cores (14.5 s apc), all containing the 115-kda polypeptide ("anchor protein"), were compared for the readiness with which the 115-kda protein could be modified chemically, be degraded by chymotrypsin, and react with the anti-115-kda serum. the 115 kda in pbs and the whole apc cores were digested slightly by chymotrypsin and did not react with anti-115-kda igg. in cont ...	1987	3111377
blue-green algae (microcystis aeruginosa) hepatotoxicosis in dairy cows.	twenty cows from a dairy herd consisting of 60 healthy, lactating holsteins developed clinical signs of anorexia, mental derangement, dehydration, recumbency, and ruminal atony after ingesting water containing blue-green algae. of the 20 cows, 9 died. the algal bloom, which developed in a stagnant pond during hot, dry weather, was identified as the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa, a potentially hepatotoxic algae. one week after the onset of toxicosis, affected cows seemed healthy, although ...	1987	3116892
blue-green algae toxicosis in five dairy cows.	five holstein cows developed a sudden clinical syndrome of ataxia, muscle tremors, recumbency, and bloody diarrhea. the pond where these cows obtained water contained a near pure culture of microcystis aeruginosa, a toxic blue-green algae. all cows affected were treated with activated charcoal, procaine penicillin, glucose, and calcium and magnesium gluconate. all 5 cows were clinically normal ten days later. many practicing veterinarians regard blue-green algae toxicosis as a rare syndrome that ...	1987	3119531
toxic peptides from freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). i. isolation, purification and characterization of peptides from microcystis aeruginosa and anabaena flos-aquae.	toxic peptides from two european microcystis aeruginosa and one canadian anabaena flos-aquae species of freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) were purified by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and examined by amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry. a toxic fraction from a butanol/methanol extract of toxic lyophilized cells was separated by g-25 gel filtration and purified by hplc using a c-18 semi-preparative column. a toxic peak with the same elution time was detected for e ...	1986	3101230
observations of toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in some scandinavian lakes.		1986	3105274
use of freshly prepared rat hepatocytes to study toxicity of blooms of the blue-green algae microcystis aeruginosa and oscillatoria agardhii.	extracts from blue-green algal blooms (microcystis aeruginosa and oscillatoria agardhii) from different lakes in southeastern norway were tested for toxicity toward freshly prepared rat hepatocytes. the toxicity effects were scored by means of morphological studies of the cells and by measuring leakage of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) from the cells. the results with the hepatocytes correspond well with results from the traditional mouse bioassay, concerning both ability to distinguish ...	1986	3095554
peculiar feature of the organization of rrna genes of the chlorella chloroplast dna.	the organization of a cloned rrna gene cluster from chlorella ellipsoidea chloroplast dna (cpdna) has been analyzed. southern hybridization experiments with labelled chloroplast rrnas as probes revealed an extraordinarily large size of the 16s-23s rrna spacer region, ca. 4.8 kbp, almost twice as large as those of most higher plants. the nucleotide sequence determined on this region has shown that: (1) the trnaile gene locating in this region is similar to those of higher plant chloroplasts, blue ...	1986	3714498
pilot scale axenic mass cultivation of microalgae ii. sterols of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).		1986	17345372
immunochemistry on cryptomonad biliproteins.	a survey is made of the immunochemical behavior of four of the six known types of cryptomonad biliproteins: phycocyanins 612 and 645 and phycoerythrins 545 and 566. they were compared both among themselves and to selected biliproteins isolated from blue-green and red algae. all the cryptomonad biliproteins were shown to be closely related to each other by ouchterlony double diffusion technics. an antigenic relationship among all the cryptomonad biliproteins and b-phycoerythrin (red alga) and c-p ...	1986	16664604
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content determined with [c]carboxypentitol bisphosphate in plants and algae.	as is the case with spinach ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco), [(14)c]carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate (cabp) bound to purified chlorella rubisco with a molar ratio of unity to large subunit of the enzyme. the concentration of binding sites in extracts of photosynthetic organisms was determined by reacting the extracts with [(14)c]-carboxypentitol bisphosphate (cpbp) and precipitating the resultant rubisco-[(14)c]cabp complex with a combination of polyethylene glycol-4000 and m ...	1985	16664126
properties of phosphoglycolate phosphatase from chlamydomonas reinhardtii and anacystis nidulans.	the levels of activity of 2-phosphoglycolate phosphatase in the green algae, chlamydomonas reinhardtii and chlorella vulgaris, were in the range of 37 to 60 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour and in the blue-green algae, anacystis nidulans and anabaena variabilis were 204 to 310 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour. the activity in each species was similar regardless of whether the algae were grown with air or 5% co(2) in air. the enzyme purified 530-fold from chlamydomonas w ...	1985	16664420
enumeration, isolation, and characterization of n(2)-fixing bacteria from seawater.	marine pelagic n(2)-fixing bacteria have not, in general, been identified or quantified, since low or negligible rates of n(2) fixation have been recorded for seawater when blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are absent. in the study reported here, marine n(2)-fixing bacteria were found in all samples of seawater collected and were analyzed by using a most-probable-number (mpn) method. two different media were used which allowed growth of microaerophiles, as well as that of aerobes and facultative ...	1985	16346855
a possible cause of arteriosclerosis.	a new etiology of arteriosclerosis is proposed. this theory has emerged from the inability of current theories to account for the spontaneously occurring disease and from numerous factual anomalies uncovered by recent research. it is suggested that arteriosclerosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by an infestation of blue-green algae, and that the natural history, histopathologic changes, and many apparently contradictory facts associated with arteriosclerosis are explained by such an eti ...	1985	3839892