Publications

from genome to structure and back again: a family portrait of the transcarbamylases.	enzymes in the transcarbamylase family catalyze the transfer of a carbamyl group from carbamyl phosphate (cp) to an amino group of a second substrate. the two best-characterized members, aspartate transcarbamylase (atcase) and ornithine transcarbamylase (otcase), are present in most organisms from bacteria to humans. recently, structures of four new transcarbamylase members, n-acetyl-l-ornithine transcarbamylase (aotcase), n-succinyl-l-ornithine transcarbamylase (sotcase), ygew encoded transcarb ...	2015	26274952
glycosylation of phenolic compounds by the site-mutated β-galactosidase from lactobacillus bulgaricus l3.	β-galactosidases can transfer the galactosyl from lactose or galactoside donors to various acceptors and thus are especially useful for the synthesis of important glycosides. however, these enzymes have limitations in the glycosylation of phenolic compounds that have many physiological functions. in this work, the β-galactosidase from lactobacillus bulgaricus l3 was subjected to site-saturation mutagenesis at the w980 residue. the recombinant pet-21b plasmid carrying the enzyme gene was used as ...	2015	25803778
burkholderia diffusible signal factor signals to francisella novicida to disperse biofilm and increase siderophore production.	in many bacteria, the ability to modulate biofilm production relies on specific signaling molecules that are either self-produced or made by neighboring microbes within the ecological niche. we analyzed the potential interspecies signaling effect of the burkholderia diffusible signal factor (bdsf) on francisella novicida, a model organism for francisella tularensis, and demonstrated that bdsf both inhibits the formation and causes the dispersion of francisella biofilm. specificity was demonstrat ...	2015	26231649
ohr protects corynebacterium glutamicum against organic hydroperoxide induced oxidative stress.	ohr, a bacterial protein encoded by the organic hydroperoxide resistance (ohr) gene, plays a critical role in resistance to organic hydroperoxides. in the present study, we show that the cys-based thiol-dependent ohr of corynebacterium glutamicum decomposes organic hydroperoxides more efficiently than hydrogen peroxide. replacement of either of the two cys residues of ohr by a ser residue resulted in drastic loss of activity. the electron donors supporting regeneration of the peroxidase activity ...	2015	26121694
genomic and proteomic evidences unravel the uv-resistome of the poly-extremophile acinetobacter sp. ver3.	ultraviolet radiation can damage biomolecules, with detrimental or even lethal effects for life. even though lower wavelengths are filtered by the ozone layer, a significant amount of harmful uv-b and uv-a radiation reach earth's surface, particularly in high altitude environments. high-altitude andean lakes (haals) are a group of disperse shallow lakes and salterns, located at the dry central andes region in south america at altitudes above 3,000 m. as it is considered one of the highest uv-exp ...	2015	25954258
diversity and activity of lysobacter species from disease suppressive soils.	the genus lysobacter includes several species that produce a range of extracellular enzymes and other metabolites with activity against bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes. lysobacter species were found to be more abundant in soil suppressive against the fungal root pathogen rhizoctonia solani, but their actual role in disease suppression is still unclear. here, the antifungal and plant growth-promoting activities of 18 lysobacter strains, including 11 strains from rhizoctonia-suppressive ...	2015	26635735
comparative genomics and metabolic profiling of the genus lysobacter.	lysobacter species are gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in soil, plant and freshwater habitats. lysobacter owes its name to the lytic effects on other microorganisms. to better understand their ecology and interactions with other (micro)organisms, five lysobacter strains representing the four species l. enzymogenes, l. capsici, l. gummosus and l. antibioticus were subjected to genomics and metabolomics analyses.	2015	26597042
progress in the development of gelling agents for improved culturability of microorganisms.	gelling agents are required for formulating both solid and semisolid media, vital for the isolation of microorganisms. gelatin was the first gelling agent to be discovered but it soon paved the way for agar, which has far superior material qualities. source depletion, issues with polymerase-chain-reaction and inability to sustain extermophiles etc., necessitate the need of other gelling agents. many new gelling agents, such as xantham gum, gellan gum, carrageenan, isubgol, and guar gum have been ...	2015	26257708
seaweed hydrocolloid production: an update on enzyme assisted extraction and modification technologies.	agar, alginate, and carrageenans are high-value seaweed hydrocolloids, which are used as gelation and thickening agents in different food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. the annual global production of these hydrocolloids has recently reached 100,000 tons with a gross market value just above us$ 1.1 billion. the techno-functional properties of the seaweed polysaccharides depend strictly on their unique structural make-up, notably degree and position of sulfation and presence ...	2015	26023840
systems biology of microbial exopolysaccharides production.	exopolysaccharides (epss) produced by diverse group of microbial systems are rapidly emerging as new and industrially important biomaterials. due to their unique and complex chemical structures and many interesting physicochemical and rheological properties with novel functionality, the microbial epss find wide range of commercial applications in various fields of the economy such as food, feed, packaging, chemical, textile, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine. epss ...	2015	26734603
the multiple dsf-family qs signals are synthesized from carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acids via the fas elongation cycle.	members of the diffusible signal factor (dsf) family are a novel class of quorum sensing (qs) signals in diverse gram-negative bacteria. although previous studies have identified rpff as a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of dsf family signals, many questions in their biosynthesis remain to be addressed. in this study with the phytopathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), we show that xcc produces four dsf-family signals (dsf, bdsf, cdsf and idsf) during cell culture, and that idsf i ...	2015	26289160
exploring the microbiota dynamics related to vegetable biomasses degradation and study of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria for industrial biotechnological application.	the aims of this study were to evaluate the microbial diversity of different lignocellulosic biomasses during degradation under natural conditions and to isolate, select, characterise new well-adapted bacterial strains to detect potentially improved enzyme-producing bacteria. the microbiota of biomass piles of arundo donax, eucalyptus camaldulensis and populus nigra were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing. a highly complex bacterial community was found, composed of ubiquitous bacteria, with ...	2015	25641069
identification of a small molecule signaling factor that regulates the biosynthesis of the antifungal polycyclic tetramate macrolactam hsaf in lysobacter enzymogenes.	lysobacter species are emerging as new sources of antibiotics. the regulation of these antibiotics is not well understood. here, we identified a small molecule metabolite (ledsf3) that regulates the biosynthesis of the antifungal antibiotic heat-stable antifungal factor (hsaf), a polycyclic tetramate macrolactam with a structure and mode of action distinct from the existing antifungal drugs. ledsf3 was isolated from the culture broth of lysobacter enzymogenes, and its chemical structure was esta ...	2015	25301587
identification of a small molecule signaling factor that regulates the biosynthesis of the antifungal polycyclic tetramate macrolactam hsaf in lysobacter enzymogenes.	lysobacter species are emerging as new sources of antibiotics. the regulation of these antibiotics is not well understood. here, we identified a small molecule metabolite (ledsf3) that regulates the biosynthesis of the antifungal antibiotic heat-stable antifungal factor (hsaf), a polycyclic tetramate macrolactam with a structure and mode of action distinct from the existing antifungal drugs. ledsf3 was isolated from the culture broth of lysobacter enzymogenes, and its chemical structure was esta ...	2015	25301587
type iii secretion systems: the bacterial flagellum and the injectisome.	the flagellum and the injectisome are two of the most complex and fascinating bacterial nanomachines. at their core, they share a type iii secretion system (t3ss), a transmembrane export complex that forms the extracellular appendages, the flagellar filament and the injectisome needle. recent advances, combining structural biology, cryo-electron tomography, molecular genetics, in vivo imaging, bioinformatics and biophysics, have greatly increased our understanding of the t3ss, especially the str ...	2015	26370933
bacterial signal transduction by cyclic di-gmp and other nucleotide second messengers.	the first international symposium on c-di-gmp signaling in bacteria (22 to 25 march 2015, harnack-haus, berlin, germany)brought together 131 molecular microbiologists from 17 countries to discuss recent progress in our knowledge of bacterial nucleotide second messenger signaling. while the focus was on signal input, synthesis, degradation, and the striking diversity of the modes of action of the current second messenger paradigm, i.e., cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp), “classics” like camp and (p)ppgpp ...	2015	26055111
genome sequence of lysobacter dokdonensis ds-58(t), a gliding bacterium isolated from soil in dokdo, korea.	lysobacter dokdonensis ds-58, belonging to the family xanthomonadaceae, was isolated from a soil sample in dokdo, korea in 2011. strain ds-58 is the type strain of l. dokdonensis. in this study, we determined the genome sequence to describe the genomic features including annotation information and cog functional categorization. the draft genome sequence consists of 25 contigs totaling 3,274,406 bp (67.24 % g + c) and contains 3,155 protein coding genes, 2 copies of ribosomal rna operons, and 48 ...	2015	26664701
contribution of physical interactions to signaling specificity between a diguanylate cyclase and its effector.	cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) is a bacterial second messenger that controls multiple cellular processes. c-di-gmp networks have up to dozens of diguanylate cyclases (dgcs) that synthesize c-di-gmp along with many c-di-gmp-responsive target proteins that can bind and respond to this signal. for such networks to have order, a mechanism(s) likely exists that allow dgcs to specifically signal their targets, and it has been suggested that physical interactions might provide such specificity. our resu ...	2015	26670387
bacterial signal transduction by cyclic di-gmp and other nucleotide second messengers.	the first international symposium on c-di-gmp signaling in bacteria (22 to 25 march 2015, harnack-haus, berlin, germany)brought together 131 molecular microbiologists from 17 countries to discuss recent progress in our knowledge of bacterial nucleotide second messenger signaling. while the focus was on signal input, synthesis, degradation, and the striking diversity of the modes of action of the current second messenger paradigm, i.e., cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp), “classics” like camp and (p)ppgpp ...	2015	26055111
nodulation characterization and proteomic profiling of bradyrhizobium liaoningense ccbau05525 in response to water-soluble humic materials.	the lignite biodegradation procedure to produce water-soluble humic materials (wshm) with a penicillium stain was established by previous studies in our laboratory. this study researched the effects of wshm on the growth of bradyrhizobium liaoningense ccbau05525 and its nodulation on soybean. results showed that wshm enhanced the cell density of ccbau05525 in culture, and increased the nodule number, nodule fresh weight and nitrogenase activity of the inoculated soybean plants. then the chemical ...	2015	26054030
vapd in xylella fastidiosa is a thermostable protein with ribonuclease activity.	xylella fastidiosa strain 9a5c is a gram-negative phytopathogen that is the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc), a disease that is responsible for economic losses in brazilian agriculture. the most well-known mechanism of pathogenicity for this bacterial pathogen is xylem vessel occlusion, which results from bacterial movement and the formation of biofilms. the molecular mechanisms underlying the virulence caused by biofilm formation are unknown. here, we provide evidence showing t ...	2015	26694028
new insights into the biological role of the osmoregulated periplasmic glucans in pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria.	this review emphasizes the biological roles of the osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs). osmoregulated periplasmic glucans occur in almost all α-, β- and γ-proteobacteria. this polymer of glucose is required for full virulence. the roles of the opgs are complex and vary depending on the species. here, we outline the four major roles of the opgs through four different pathogenic and one symbiotic bacterial models (dickeya dadantii, salmonella enterica, pseudomonas aeruginosa, brucella abortus ...	2015	26265506
fleq coordinates flagellum-dependent and -independent motilities in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	motility plays an essential role in bacterial fitness and colonization in the plant environment, since it favors nutrient acquisition and avoidance of toxic substances, successful competition with other microorganisms, the ability to locate the preferred hosts, access to optimal sites within them, and dispersal in the environment during the course of transmission. in this work, we have observed that the mutation of the flagellar master regulatory gene, fleq, alters bacterial surface motility and ...	2015	26296726
tonb energy transduction systems of riemerella anatipestifer are required for iron and hemin utilization.	riemerella anatipestifer (r. anatipestifer) is one of the most important pathogens in ducks. the bacteria causes acute or chronic septicemia characterized by fibrinous pericarditis and meningitis. the r. anatipestifer genome encodes multiple iron/hemin-uptake systems that facilitate adaptation to iron-limited host environments. these systems include several tonb-dependent transporters and three tonb proteins responsible for energy transduction. these three tonb genes are present in all the r. an ...	2015	26017672
how do base-pairing small rnas evolve?	the increasing numbers of characterized base-pairing small rnas (srnas) and the identification of these regulators in a broad range of bacteria are allowing comparisons between species and explorations of srna evolution. in this review, we describe some examples of trans-encoded base-pairing srnas that are species-specific and others that are more broadly distributed. we also describe examples of srna orthologs where different features are conserved. these examples provide the background for a d ...	2015	25934120
perception of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the frontline.	plants are continuously monitoring the presence of microorganisms to establish an adapted response. plants commonly use pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to perceive microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (mamps/pamps) which are microorganism molecular signatures. located at the plant plasma membrane, the prrs are generally receptor-like kinases (rlks) or receptor-like proteins (rlps). mamp detection will lead to the establishment of a plant defense program called mamp-triggered i ...	2015	25904927
genome-wide identification of genes necessary for biofilm formation by nosocomial pathogen stenotrophomonas maltophilia reveals that orphan response regulator fsnr is a critical modulator.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen of increasing concern to human health. most clinical isolates of s. maltophilia efficiently form biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces, making this bacterium resistant to a number of antibiotic treatments and therefore difficult to eliminate. to date, very few studies have investigated the molecular and regulatory mechanisms responsible for s. maltophilia biofilm formation. here we constructed a random transposon insertion muta ...	2015	25480754
phenotypic heterogeneity, a phenomenon that may explain why quorum sensing does not always result in truly homogenous cell behavior.	phenotypic heterogeneity describes the occurrence of "nonconformist" cells within an isogenic population. the nonconformists show an expression profile partially different from that of the remainder of the population. phenotypic heterogeneity affects many aspects of the different bacterial lifestyles, and it is assumed that it increases bacterial fitness and the chances for survival of the whole population or smaller subpopulations in unfavorable environments. well-known examples for phenotypic ...	2015	26025903
exploiting quorum sensing interfering strategies in gram-negative bacteria for the enhancement of environmental applications.	quorum sensing (qs) is a widespread intercellular form of communication to coordinate physiological processes and cooperative activities of bacteria at the population level, and it depends on the production, secretion, and detection of small diffusible autoinducers, such as acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls), auto-inducing oligo-peptides (aips) and autoinducer 2. in this review, the function of qs autoinducers of gram-negative bacteria in different aspects of wastewater treatment systems is examine ...	2015	26779175
exploiting quorum sensing interfering strategies in gram-negative bacteria for the enhancement of environmental applications.	quorum sensing (qs) is a widespread intercellular form of communication to coordinate physiological processes and cooperative activities of bacteria at the population level, and it depends on the production, secretion, and detection of small diffusible autoinducers, such as acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls), auto-inducing oligo-peptides (aips) and autoinducer 2. in this review, the function of qs autoinducers of gram-negative bacteria in different aspects of wastewater treatment systems is examine ...	2015	26779175
genome wide transcriptional profiling of herbaspirillum seropedicae smr1 grown in the presence of naringenin.	herbaspirillum seropedicae is a diazotrophic bacterium which associates endophytically with economically important gramineae. flavonoids such as naringenin have been shown to have an effect on the interaction between h. seropedicae and its host plants. we used a high-throughput sequencing based method (rna-seq) to access the influence of naringenin on the whole transcriptome profile of h. seropedicae. three hundred and four genes were downregulated and seventy seven were upregulated by naringeni ...	2015	26052319
a bioinformatic survey of distribution, conservation, and probable functions of luxr solo regulators in bacteria.	luxr solo transcriptional regulators contain both an autoinducer binding domain (abd; n-terminal) and a dna binding helix-turn-helix domain (hth; c-terminal), but are not associated with a cognate n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) synthase coding gene in the same genome. although a few luxr solos have been characterized, their distributions as well as their role in bacterial signal perception and other processes are poorly understood. in this study we have carried out a systematic survey of distri ...	2015	25759807
dna-binding properties of a cgmp-binding crp homologue that controls development of metabolically dormant cysts of rhodospirillum centenum.	rhodospirillum centenum utilizes 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cgmp) as a messenger to regulate development of desiccation-resistant cysts. in this study, we demonstrated that gcya, gcyb and gcyc, coding for putative subunits of a guanylyl cyclase, increase expression from 8- to 500-fold when cells transition from vegetative to cyst phases of growth. this induction did not occur in a strain that is defective in cgmp synthesis or in a strain that contains a deletion of cgra that codes for ...	2015	26362215
a novel pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent 2-keto-d-glucose dehydrogenase from pseudomonas aureofaciens.	a gene encoding an enzyme similar to a pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq)-dependent sugar dehydrogenase from filamentous fungi, which belongs to new auxiliary activities (aa) family 12 in the cazy database, was cloned from pseudomonas aureofaciens. the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned enzyme showed only low homology to previously characterized pqq-dependent enzymes, and multiple-sequence alignment analysis showed that the enzyme lacks one of the three conserved arginine residues that functi ...	2015	25645559
role of host cell-derived amino acids in nutrition of intracellular salmonella enterica.	the facultative intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica resides in a specific membrane-bound compartment termed the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv). despite being segregated from access to metabolites in the host cell cytosol, salmonella is able to efficiently proliferate within the scv. we set out to unravel the nutritional supply of salmonella in the scv with focus on amino acids. we studied the availability of amino acids by the generation of auxotrophic strains for alanine, asparagine ...	2015	26351287
investigating the roles of the c-terminal domain of plasmodium falciparum gyra.	malaria remains as one of the most deadly diseases in developing countries. the plasmodium causative agents of human malaria such as plasmodium falciparum possess an organelle, the apicoplast, which is the result of secondary endosymbiosis and retains its own circular dna. a type ii topoisomerase, dna gyrase, is present in the apicoplast. in prokaryotes this enzyme is a proven, effective target for antibacterial agents, and its discovery in p. falciparum opens up the prospect of exploiting it as ...	2015	26566222
crystal structure and substrate recognition of cellobionic acid phosphorylase, which plays a key role in oxidative cellulose degradation by microbes.	the microbial oxidative cellulose degradation system is attracting significant research attention after the recent discovery of lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases. a primary product of the oxidative and hydrolytic cellulose degradation system is cellobionic acid (cba), the aldonic acid form of cellobiose. we previously demonstrated that the intracellular enzyme belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 94 from cellulolytic fungus and bacterium is cellobionic acid phosphorylase (cbap), which cata ...	2015	26041776
enzymatic synthesis using glycoside phosphorylases.	carbohydrate phosphorylases are readily accessible but under-explored catalysts for glycoside synthesis. their use of accessible and relatively stable sugar phosphates as donor substrates underlies their potential. a wide range of these enzymes has been reported of late, displaying a range of preferences for sugar donors, acceptors and glycosidic linkages. this has allowed this class of enzymes to be used in the synthesis of diverse carbohydrate structures, including at the industrial scale. as ...	2015	25060838
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.	initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...	2015	25653643
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.	initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...	2015	25653643
the capsicum annuum class iv chitinase chitiv interacts with receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase pik1 to accelerate pik1-triggered cell death and defence responses.	the pepper receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase, capik1, which mediates signalling of plant cell death and defence responses was previously identified. here, the identification of a class iv chitinase, cachitiv, from pepper plants (capsicum annuum), which interacts with capik1 and promotes capik1-triggered cell death and defence responses, is reported. cachitiv contains a signal peptide, chitin-binding domain, and glycol hydrolase domain. cachitiv expression was up-regulated by xanthomonas c ...	2015	25694549
the xanthomonas campestris type iii effector xopj proteolytically degrades proteasome subunit rpt6.	many animal and plant pathogenic bacteria inject type iii effector (t3e) proteins into their eukaryotic host cells to suppress immunity. the yersinia outer protein j (yopj) family of t3es is a widely distributed family of effector proteins found in both animal and plant pathogens, and its members are highly diversified in virulence functions. some members have been shown to possess acetyltransferase activity; however, whether this is a general feature of yopj family t3es is currently unknown. th ...	2015	25739698
functional analysis of plant defense suppression and activation by the xanthomonas core type iii effector xopx.	many phytopathogenic type iii secretion effector proteins (t3es) have been shown to target and suppress plant immune signaling but perturbation of the plant immune system by t3es can also elicit a plant response. xopx is a "core" xanthomonas t3e that contributes to growth and symptom development during xanthomonas euvesicatoria infection of tomato but its functional role is undefined. we tested the effect of xopx on several aspects of plant immune signaling. xopx promoted ethylene production and ...	2015	25338145
arabidopsis hfr1 is a potential nuclear substrate regulated by the xanthomonas type iii effector xopd(xcc8004).	xopdxcc8004, a type iii effector of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) 8004, is considered a shorter version of the xopd, which lacks the n-terminal domain. to understand the functions of xopdxcc8004, in planta, a transgenic approach combined with inducible promoter to analyze the effects of xopdxcc8004 in arabidopsis was done. here, the expression of xopdxcc8004, in arabidopsis elicited the accumulation of host defense-response genes. these molecular changes were dependent on salicylic ...	2015	25647296
cyclic nucleotide gated channel gene family in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance.	the cyclic nucleotide gated channel (cngc) is suggested to be one of the important calcium conducting channels. nevertheless, genome-wide identification and systemic functional analysis of cngc gene family in crop plant species have not yet been conducted. in this study, we performed genome-wide identification of cngc gene family in the economically important crop tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and analyzed function of the group ivb slcngc genes in disease resistance. eighteen cngc genes were ...	2015	25999969
a secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides maize leaf cells to form tumors.	the biotrophic smut fungus ustilago maydis infects all aerial organs of maize (zea mays) and induces tumors in the plant tissues. u. maydis deploys many effector proteins to manipulate its host. previously, deletion analysis demonstrated that several effectors have important functions in inducing tumor expansion specifically in maize leaves. here, we present the functional characterization of the effector see1 (seedling efficient effector1). see1 is required for the reactivation of plant dna syn ...	2015	25888589
pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase caaldh1 interacts with xanthomonas effector avrbst and promotes effector-triggered cell death and defence responses.	xanthomonas type iii effector avrbst induces hypersensitive cell death and defence responses in pepper (capsicum annuum) and nicotiana benthamiana. little is known about the host factors that interact with avrbst. here, we identified pepper aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (caaldh1) as an avrbst-interacting protein. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between caaldh1 and avrbst in planta. caaldh1:smgfp fluorescence was detected in the cyto ...	2015	25873668
unmasking host and microbial strategies in the agrobacterium-plant defense tango.	coevolutionary forces drive adaptation of both plant-associated microbes and their hosts. eloquently captured in the red queen hypothesis, the complexity of each plant-pathogen relationship reflects escalating adversarial strategies, but also external biotic and abiotic pressures on both partners. innate immune responses are triggered by highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or pamps, that are harbingers of microbial presence. upon cell surface receptor-mediated recognition of ...	2015	25873923
osmotin: a plant sentinel and a possible agonist of mammalian adiponectin.	osmotin is a stress responsive antifungal protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related (pr)-5 family that confers tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. protective efforts of osmotin in plants range from high temperature to cold and salt to drought. it lyses the plasma membrane of the pathogens. it is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. it is a differentially expressed and developmentally regulated protein that protects the cells from osmotic stress and invading patho ...	2015	25852715
ecological genomics in xanthomonas: the nature of genetic adaptation with homologous recombination and host shifts.	comparative genomics provides insights into the diversification of bacterial species. bacterial speciation usually takes place with lasting homologous recombination, which not only acts as a cohering force between diverging lineages but brings advantageous alleles favored by natural selection, and results in ecologically distinct species, e.g., frequent host shift in xanthomonas pathogenic to various plants.	2015	25879893
structure and function of the bacterial root microbiota in wild and domesticated barley.	the microbial communities inhabiting the root interior of healthy plants, as well as the rhizosphere, which consists of soil particles firmly attached to roots, engage in symbiotic associations with their host. to investigate the structural and functional diversification among these communities, we employed a combination of 16s rrna gene profiling and shotgun metagenome analysis of the microbiota associated with wild and domesticated accessions of barley (hordeum vulgare). bacterial families com ...	2015	25732064
myconanoparticles: synthesis and their role in phytopathogens management.	nanotechnology can offer green and eco-friendly alternatives for plant disease management. apart from being eco-friendly, fungi are used as bio-manufacturing units, which will provide an added benefit in being easy to use, as compared to other microbes. the non-pathogenic nature of some fungal species in combination with the simplicity of production and handling will improve the mass production of silver nanoparticles. recently, a diverse range of fungi have been screened for their ability to cr ...	2015	26019636
a tale of transposition: tn3-like transposons play a major role in the spread of pathogenicity determinants of xanthomonas citri and other xanthomonads.	members of the genus xanthomonas are among the most important phytopathogens. a key feature of xanthomonas pathogenesis is the translocation of type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector proteins (t3ses) into the plant target cells via a t3ss. several t3ses and a murein lytic transglycosylase gene (mlt, required for citrus canker symptoms) are found associated with three transposition-related genes in xanthomonas citri plasmid pxac64. these are flanked by short inverted repeats (irs). the region ...	2015	25691597
long-chain bases, phosphatidic acid, mapks, and reactive oxygen species as nodal signal transducers in stress responses in arabidopsis.	due to their sessile condition, plants have developed sensitive, fast, and effective ways to contend with environmental changes. these mechanisms operate as informational wires conforming extensive and intricate networks that are connected in several points. the responses are designed as pathways orchestrated by molecules that are transducers of protein and non-protein nature. their chemical nature imposes selective features such as specificity, formation rate, and generation site to the informa ...	2015	25763001
downy mildew disease promotes the colonization of romaine lettuce by escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica.	downy mildew, a plant disease caused by the oomycete bremia lactucae, is endemic in many lettuce-growing regions of the world. invasion by plant pathogens may create new portals and opportunities for microbial colonization of plants. the occurrence of outbreaks of escherichia coli o157:h7 (eco157) and salmonella enterica typhimurium (s. typhimurium) infections linked to lettuce prompted us to investigate the role of downy mildew in the colonization of romaine lettuce by these human pathogens und ...	2015	25648408
minimal genomes of mycoplasma-related endobacteria are plastic and contain host-derived genes for sustained life within glomeromycota.	arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf, glomeromycota) colonize roots of the majority of terrestrial plants. they provide essential minerals to their plant hosts and receive photosynthates in return. all major lineages of amf harbor endobacteria classified as mollicutes, and known as mycoplasma-related endobacteria (mre). except for their substantial intrahost genetic diversity and ability to transmit vertically, virtually nothing is known about the life history of these endobacteria. to understand m ...	2015	25964324
the knottin-like blufensin family regulates genes involved in nuclear import and the secretory pathway in barley-powdery mildew interactions.	plants have evolved complex regulatory mechanisms to control a multi-layered defense response to microbial attack. both temporal and spatial gene expression are tightly regulated in response to pathogen ingress, modulating both positive and negative control of defense. blufensins, small knottin-like peptides in barley, wheat, and rice, are highly induced by attack from fungal pathogens, in particular, the obligate biotrophic fungus, blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh), causal agent of barley p ...	2015	26089830
small rnas--the secret agents in the plant-pathogen interactions.	eukaryotic regulatory small rnas (srnas) that induce rna interference (rnai) are involved in a plethora of biological processes, including host immunity and pathogen virulence. in plants, diverse classes of srnas contribute to the regulation of host innate immunity. these immune-regulatory srnas operate through distinct rnai pathways that trigger transcriptional or post-transcriptional gene silencing. similarly, many pathogen-derived srnas also regulate pathogen virulence. remarkably, the influe ...	2015	26123395
chloroplast stromules function during innate immunity.	inter-organellar communication is vital for successful innate immune responses that confer defense against pathogens. however, little is known about how chloroplasts, which are a major production site of pro-defense molecules, communicate and coordinate with other organelles during defense. here we show that chloroplasts send out dynamic tubular extensions called stromules during innate immunity or exogenous application of the pro-defense signals, hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and salicylic acid. int ...	2015	26120031
trapping and assembly of living colloids at water-water interfaces.	we study the assembly of inert and living colloids in a two-phase water-water system that provides an environment that can sustain bacteria, providing a new structure with rich potential to confine and structure microbial communities. the water-water system, formed via phase separation of a casein and xanthan mixture, forms a 3-d structure of coexisting casein-rich and xanthan-rich phases. fluorescent labelling and confocal microscopy reveal the attachment of these living colloids, including esc ...	2015	25600991
plant ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, play a role in nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens.	characterizing the molecular mechanism involved in nonhost disease resistance is important to understand the adaptations of plant-pathogen interactions. in this study, virus-induced gene silencing (vigs)-based forward genetics screen was utilized to identify genes involved in nonhost resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. genes encoding ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, were identified in the screening. these genes when silenced in n. benthamiana caused a delay in nonhost bacteria induced hyper ...	2015	26779226
plant ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, play a role in nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens.	characterizing the molecular mechanism involved in nonhost disease resistance is important to understand the adaptations of plant-pathogen interactions. in this study, virus-induced gene silencing (vigs)-based forward genetics screen was utilized to identify genes involved in nonhost resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. genes encoding ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, were identified in the screening. these genes when silenced in n. benthamiana caused a delay in nonhost bacteria induced hyper ...	2015	26779226
edwardsiella tarda esce (orf13 protein) is a type iii secretion system-secreted protein that is required for the injection of effectors, secretion of translocators, and pathogenesis in fish.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of edwardsiella tarda is crucial for its intracellular survival and pathogenesis in fish. the orf13 gene (esce) of e. tarda is located 84 nucleotides (nt) upstream of esrc in the t3ss gene cluster. we found that esce is secreted and translocated in a t3ss-dependent manner and that amino acids 2 to 15 in the n terminus were required for a completely functional t3ss in e. tarda. deletion of esce abolished the secretion of t3ss translocators, as well as the secr ...	2015	26459509
edwardsiella tarda esce (orf13 protein) is a type iii secretion system-secreted protein that is required for the injection of effectors, secretion of translocators, and pathogenesis in fish.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of edwardsiella tarda is crucial for its intracellular survival and pathogenesis in fish. the orf13 gene (esce) of e. tarda is located 84 nucleotides (nt) upstream of esrc in the t3ss gene cluster. we found that esce is secreted and translocated in a t3ss-dependent manner and that amino acids 2 to 15 in the n terminus were required for a completely functional t3ss in e. tarda. deletion of esce abolished the secretion of t3ss translocators, as well as the secr ...	2015	26459509
evaluation of a sumo e2 conjugating enzyme involved in resistance to clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in solanum peruvianum, through a tomato mottle virus vigs assay.	clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (cmm) causes bacterial wilt and canker of tomato. currently, no solanum lycopersicum resistant varieties are commercially available, but some degree of cmm resistance has been identified in solanum peruvianum. previous research showed up-regulation of a sumo e2 conjugating enzyme (scei) transcript in s. peruvianum compared to s. lycopersicum following infection with cmm. in order to test the role of scei in resistance to cmm, a fragment of scei from ...	2015	26734014
host target modification as a strategy to counter pathogen hijacking of the jasmonate hormone receptor.	in the past decade, characterization of the host targets of pathogen virulence factors took a center stage in the study of pathogenesis and disease susceptibility in plants and humans. however, the impressive knowledge of host targets has not been broadly exploited to inhibit pathogen infection. here, we show that host target modification could be a promising new approach to "protect" the disease-vulnerable components of plants. in particular, recent studies have identified the plant hormone jas ...	2015	26578782
o antigen modulates insect vector acquisition of the bacterial plant pathogen xylella fastidiosa.	hemipteran insect vectors transmit the majority of plant pathogens. acquisition of pathogenic bacteria by these piercing/sucking insects requires intimate associations between the bacterial cells and insect surfaces. lipopolysaccharide (lps) is the predominant macromolecule displayed on the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria and thus mediates bacterial interactions with the environment and potential hosts. we hypothesized that bacterial cell surface properties mediated by lps would be import ...	2015	26386068
pbl13 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that negatively regulates arabidopsis immune responses.	receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (rlcks) are a subset of plant receptor-like kinases lacking both extracellular and transmembrane domains. some of the 46 members in the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) rlck subfamily vii have been linked to plant innate immunity; however, most remain uncharacterized. thus, multiple subfamily vii members are expected to be involved in plant immune signaling. here, we investigate the role of avrpphb susceptible1-like13 (pbl13), a subfamily vii rlck with unique ...	2015	26432875
mini-tn7 vectors for stable expression of diguanylate cyclase pled* in gram-negative bacteria.	the cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) is currently considered an ubiquitous second messenger in bacteria that influences a wide range of cellular processes. one of the methodological approaches to unravel c-di-gmp regulatory networks involves raising the c-di-gmp intracellular levels, e.g. by expressing a diguanylate cyclase (dgc), to provoke phenotypic changes.	2015	26415513
selection and validation of potato candidate genes for maturity corrected resistance to phytophthora infestans based on differential expression combined with snp association and linkage mapping.	late blight of potato (solanum tuberosum l.) caused by the oomycete phytophthora infestans (mont.) de bary, is one of the most important bottlenecks of potato production worldwide. cultivars with high levels of durable, race unspecific, quantitative resistance are part of a solution to this problem. however, breeding for quantitative resistance is hampered by the correlation between resistance and late plant maturity, which is an undesirable agricultural attribute. the objectives of our research ...	2015	26442110
maize homologs of hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, bind the nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat rp1 proteins to modulate the defense response.	in plants, most disease resistance genes encode nucleotide binding leu-rich repeat (nlr) proteins that trigger a rapid localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (hr) upon pathogen recognition. the maize (zea mays) nlr protein rp1-d21 derives from an intragenic recombination between two nlrs, rp1-d and rp1-dp2, and confers an autoactive hr in the absence of pathogen infection. from a previous quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association study, we identified a single-nucleotide ...	2015	26373661
genome-wide identification and validation of reference genes in infected tomato leaves for quantitative rt-pcr analyses.	the gram-negative bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) causes bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato by direct translocation of type iii effector proteins into the plant cell cytosol. once in the plant cell the effectors interfere with host cell processes and manipulate the plant transcriptome. quantitative rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) is usually the method of choice to analyze transcriptional changes of selected plant genes. reliable results depend, however, on measuring stably expre ...	2015	26313760
xanthomonas campestris cell-cell signalling molecule dsf (diffusible signal factor) elicits innate immunity in plants and is suppressed by the exopolysaccharide xanthan.	several secreted and surface-associated conserved microbial molecules are recognized by the host to mount the defence response. one such evolutionarily well-conserved bacterial process is the production of cell-cell signalling molecules which regulate production of multiple virulence functions by a process known as quorum sensing. here it is shown that a bacterial fatty acid cell-cell signalling molecule, dsf (diffusible signal factor), elicits innate immunity in plants. the dsf family of signal ...	2015	26248667
the xanthomonas effector xopj triggers a conditional hypersensitive response upon treatment of n. benthamiana leaves with salicylic acid.	xopj is a xanthomonas type iii effector protein that promotes bacterial virulence on susceptible pepper plants through the inhibition of the host cell proteasome and a resultant suppression of salicylic acid (sa) - dependent defense responses. we show here that nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently expressing xopj display hypersensitive response (hr) -like symptoms when exogenously treated with sa. this apparent avirulence function of xopj was further dependent on effector myristoylation as w ...	2015	26284106
engineering bacterial surface displayed human norovirus capsid proteins: a novel system to explore interaction between norovirus and ligands.	human noroviruses (hunovs) are major contributors to acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks. many aspects of hunovs are poorly understood due to both the current inability to culture hunovs, and the lack of efficient small animal models. surrogates for hunovs, such as recombinant viral like particles (vlps) expressed in eukaryotic system or p particles expressed in prokaryotic system, have been used for studies in immunology and interaction between the virus and its receptors. however, it ...	2015	26733983
peptidoglycan perception in plants.		2015	26679352
novel glucose-1-phosphatase with high phytase activity and unusual metal ion activation from soil bacterium pantoea sp. strain 3.5.1.	phosphorus is an important macronutrient, but its availability in soil is limited. many soil microorganisms improve the bioavailability of phosphate by releasing it from various organic compounds, including phytate. to investigate the diversity of phytate-hydrolyzing bacteria in soil, we sampled soils of various ecological habitats, including forest, private homesteads, large agricultural complexes, and urban landscapes. bacterial isolate pantoea sp. strain 3.5.1 with the highest level of phytas ...	2015	26209662
stress-responsive expression, subcellular localization and protein-protein interactions of the rice metacaspase family.	metacaspases, a class of cysteine-dependent proteases like caspases in animals, are important regulators of programmed cell death (pcd) during development and stress responses in plants. the present study was focused on comprehensive analyses of expression patterns of the rice metacaspase (osmc) genes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses and stress-related hormones. results indicate that members of the osmc family displayed differential expression patterns in response to abiotic (e.g., dro ...	2015	26193260
tight regulation of plant immune responses by combining promoter and suicide exon elements.	effector-triggered immunity (eti) is activated when plant disease resistance (r) proteins recognize the presence of pathogen effector proteins delivered into host cells. the eti response generally encompasses a defensive 'hypersensitive response' (hr) that involves programmed cell death at the site of pathogen recognition. while many r protein and effector protein pairs are known to trigger hr, other components of the eti signaling pathway remain elusive. effector genes regulated by inducible pr ...	2015	26138488
global transcriptional analysis of burkholderia pseudomallei high and low biofilm producers reveals insights into biofilm production and virulence.	chronic bacterial infections occur as a result of the infecting pathogen's ability to live within a biofilm, hence escaping the detrimental effects of antibiotics and the immune defense system. burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative facultative pathogen, is distinctive in its ability to survive within phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, to persist in vivo for many years and subsequently leading to relapse as well as the development of chronic disease. the capacity to persist has been attrib ...	2015	26092034
phylogenomics of xanthomonas field strains infecting pepper and tomato reveals diversity in effector repertoires and identifies determinants of host specificity.	bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato is caused by four distinct xanthomonas species and is a severely limiting factor on fruit yield in these crops. the genetic diversity and the type iii effector repertoires of a large sampling of field strains for this disease have yet to be explored on a genomic scale, limiting our understanding of pathogen evolution in an agricultural setting. genomes of 67 xanthomonas euvesicatoria (xe), xanthomonas perforans (xp), and xanthomonas gardneri (xg) strai ...	2015	26089818
specific detection and identification of american mulberry-infecting and italian olive-associated strains of xylella fastidiosa by polymerase chain reaction.	xylella fastidiosa causes bacterial leaf scorch in many landscape trees including elm, oak, sycamore and mulberry, but methods for specific identification of a particular tree host species-limited strain or differentiation of tree-specific strains are lacking. it is also unknown whether a particular landscape tree-infecting x. fastidiosa strain is capable of infecting multiple landscape tree species in an urban environment. we developed two pcr primers specific for mulberry-infecting strains of ...	2015	26061051
perturbation of maize phenylpropanoid metabolism by an avre family type iii effector from pantoea stewartii.	avre family type iii effector proteins share the ability to suppress host defenses, induce disease-associated cell death, and promote bacterial growth. however, despite widespread contributions to numerous bacterial diseases in agriculturally important plants, the mode of action of these effectors remains largely unknown. wtse is an avre family member required for the ability of pantoea stewartii ssp. stewartii (pnss) to proliferate efficiently and cause wilt and leaf blight symptoms in maize (z ...	2015	25635112
the sulfur/sulfonates transport systems in xanthomonas citri pv. citri.	the xanthomonas citri pv. citri (x. citri) is a phytopathogenic bacterium that infects different species of citrus plants where it causes canker disease. the adaptation to different habitats is related to the ability of the cells to metabolize and to assimilate diverse compounds, including sulfur, an essential element for all organisms. in escherichia coli, the necessary sulfur can be obtained by a set of proteins whose genes belong to the cys regulon. although the cys regulon proteins and their ...	2015	26169280
discovery of core biotic stress responsive genes in arabidopsis by weighted gene co-expression network analysis.	intricate signal networks and transcriptional regulators translate the recognition of pathogens into defense responses. in this study, we carried out a gene co-expression analysis of all currently publicly available microarray data, which were generated in experiments that studied the interaction of the model plant arabidopsis thaliana with microbial pathogens. this work was conducted to identify (i) modules of functionally related co-expressed genes that are differentially expressed in response ...	2015	25730421
development of pcr and taqman pcr assays to detect pseudomonas coronafaciens, a causal agent of halo blight of oats.	pseudomonas coronafaciens causes halo blight on oats and is a plant quarantine bacterium in many countries, including the republic of korea. using of the certificated seed is important for control of the disease. since effective detection method of p. coronafaciens is not available yet, pcr and taqman pcr assays for specific detection of p. coronafaciens were developed in this study. pcr primers were designed from the draft genome sequence of p. coronafaciens lmg 5060 which was obtained by the n ...	2015	25774107
bacterial expansins and related proteins from the world of microbes.	the discovery of microbial expansins emerged from studies of the mechanism of plant cell growth and the molecular basis of plant cell wall extensibility. expansins are wall-loosening proteins that are universal in the plant kingdom and are also found in a small set of phylogenetically diverse bacteria, fungi, and other organisms, most of which colonize plant surfaces. they loosen plant cell walls without detectable lytic activity. bacterial expansins have attracted considerable attention recentl ...	2015	25833181
nuclear processes associated with plant immunity and pathogen susceptibility.	plants are sessile organisms that have evolved exquisite and sophisticated mechanisms to adapt to their biotic and abiotic environment. plants deploy receptors and vast signalling networks to detect, transmit and respond to a given biotic threat by inducing properly dosed defence responses. genetic analyses and, more recently, next-generation -omics approaches have allowed unprecedented insights into the mechanisms that drive immunity. similarly, functional genomics and the emergence of pathogen ...	2015	25846755
plant expansins: diversity and interactions with plant cell walls.	expansins were discovered two decades ago as cell wall proteins that mediate acid-induced growth by catalyzing loosening of plant cell walls without lysis of wall polymers. in the interim our understanding of expansins has gotten more complex through bioinformatic analysis of expansin distribution and evolution, as well as through expression analysis, dissection of the upstream transcription factors regulating expression, and identification of additional classes of expansin by sequence and struc ...	2015	26057089
selection of a protein solubilization method suitable for phytopathogenic bacteria: a proteomics approach.	finding the best extraction method of proteins from lysed cells is the key step for detection and identification in all proteomics applications. these are important to complement the knowledge about the mechanisms of interaction between plants and phytopathogens causing major economic losses. to develop an optimized extraction protocol, strains of acidovorax citrulli, pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and ralstonia solanacearum were used as representative cells in the study of phytop ...	2015	25670925
microbial effectors target multiple steps in the salicylic acid production and signaling pathway.	microbes attempting to colonize plants are recognized through the plant immune surveillance system. this leads to a complex array of global as well as specific defense responses, which are often associated with plant cell death and subsequent arrest of the invader. the responses also entail complex changes in phytohormone signaling pathways. among these, salicylic acid (sa) signaling is an important pathway because of its ability to trigger plant cell death. as biotrophic and hemibiotrophic path ...	2015	26042138
prhn, a putative marr family transcriptional regulator, is involved in positive regulation of type iii secretion system and full virulence of ralstonia solanacearum.	the marr-family of transcriptional regulators are involved in various cellular processes, including resistance to multiple antibiotics and other toxic chemicals, adaptation to different environments and pathogenesis in many plant and animal pathogens. here, we reported a new marr regulator prhn, which was involved in the pathogenesis of ralstonia solanacearum. prhn mutant exhibited significantly reduced virulence and stem colonization compared to that of wild type in tomato plants. prhn mutant c ...	2015	25972849
genomics and transcriptomics of xanthomonas campestris species challenge the concept of core type iii effectome.	the bacterial species xanthomonas campestris infects a wide range of brassicaceae. specific pathovars of this species cause black rot (pv. campestris), bacterial blight of stock (pv. incanae) or bacterial leaf spot (pv. raphani).	2015	26581393
absence of lysogeny in wild populations of erwinia amylovora and pantoea agglomerans.	lytic bacteriophages are in development as biological control agents for the prevention of fire blight disease caused by erwinia amylovora. temperate phages should be excluded as biologicals since lysogeny produces the dual risks of host resistance to phage attack and the transduction of virulence determinants between bacteria. the extent of lysogeny was estimated in wild populations of e. amylovora and pantoea agglomerans with real-time polymerase chain reaction primers developed to detect e. a ...	2015	25678125
secretion systems and signal exchange between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and legumes.	the formation of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots and/or stem of leguminous plants involves a complex signal exchange between both partners. since many microorganisms are present in the soil, legumes and rhizobia must recognize and initiate communication with each other to establish symbioses. this results in the formation of nodules. rhizobia within nodules exchange fixed nitrogen for carbon from the legume. symbiotic relationships can become non-beneficial if one partner ceases t ...	2015	26191069
validation and application of a real-time pcr protocol for the specific detection and quantification of clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in potato.	clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (cms) multiplies very rapidly, passing through the vascular strands and into the stems and petioles of a diseased potato. therefore, the rapid and specific detection of this pathogen is highly important for the effective control of the pathogen. although several pcr assays have been developed for detection, they cannot afford specific detection of cms. therefore, in this study, a computational genome analysis was performed to compare the sequenced gen ...	2015	26060431
xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria secretes proteases and xylanases via the xps type ii secretion system and outer membrane vesicles.	many plant-pathogenic bacteria utilize type ii secretion (t2s) systems to secrete degradative enzymes into the extracellular milieu. t2s substrates presumably mediate the degradation of plant cell wall components during the host-pathogen interaction and thus promote bacterial virulence. previously, the xps-t2s system from xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria was shown to contribute to extracellular protease activity and the secretion of a virulence-associated xylanase. the identities and funct ...	2015	26124239
rpon1, but not rpon2, is required for twitching motility, natural competence, growth on nitrate, and virulence of ralstonia solanacearum.	the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum has two genes encoding for the sigma factor σ(54): rpon1, located in the chromosome and rpon2, located in a distinct "megaplasmid" replicon. in this study, individual mutants as well as a double mutant of rpon were created in r. solanacearum strain gmi1000 in order to determine the extent of functional overlap between these two genes. by virulence assay we observed that rpon1 is required for virulence whereas rpon2 is not. in addition rpon1 controls othe ...	2015	25852679
comparative genomics of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of xanthomonas arboricola unveil molecular and evolutionary events linked to pathoadaptation.	the bacterial species xanthomonas arboricola contains plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. it includes the pathogen x. arboricola pv. juglandis, causing the bacterial blight of juglans regia. the emergence of a new bacterial disease of j. regia in france called vertical oozing canker (voc) was previously described and the causal agent was identified as a distinct genetic lineage within the pathovar juglandis. symptoms on walnut leaves and fruits are similar to those of a bacterial blight ...	2015	26734033
gene expression profiling in viable but nonculturable (vbnc) cells of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	pseudomonas syringae infects diverse crop plants and comprises at least 50 different pathovar strains with different host ranges. more information on the physiological and molecular effects of the host inhibitory environment on the pathogen is needed to develop resistant cultivars. recently, we reported an in vitro model system that mimics the redox pulse associated with the oxidative burst in plant cells inoculated with pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. using this system, we demonstrated that ...	2015	26733964