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the coronavirus pandemic: what does the evidence show?coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a newly emerged disease that has become a global public health concern as it rapidly spread around the world. the etiologic agent responsible for this disease has been named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses as it shows similar genomic features to that of sars-cov which caused a pandemic in 2002. this disease first appeared in hubei province of china and it follows human-to- ...202032335585
a pilot study of the antiviral activity of anionic and cationic polyamidoamine dendrimers against the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus that causes infection with a potentially fatal outcome. dendrimers are highly branched molecules that can be added to antiviral preparations to improve their delivery, as well as their intrinsic antiviral activity. studies on identifying anti-mers-cov agents are few. three types of polyanionic dendrimers comprising the terminal groups sodium carboxylate (generations 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5), hydroxyl (generations 2, ...202032330296
t-cell responses to mers coronavirus infection in people with occupational exposure to dromedary camels in nigeria: an observational cohort study.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) remains of global public health concern. dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. over 70% of mers coronavirus (mers-cov)-infected dromedaries are found in africa but no zoonotic disease has been reported in africa. we aimed to understand whether individuals with exposure to dromedaries in africa had been infected by mers-cov.202033035474
comparative analysis of the genome structure and organization of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) 2012 to 2019 revealing evidence for virus strain barcoding, zoonotic transmission, and selection pressure.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in late 2012 in saudi arabia. for this study, we conducted a large-scale comparative genome study of mers-cov from both human and dromedary camels from 2012 to 2019 to map any genetic changes that emerged in the past 8 years. we downloaded 1309 submissions, including 308 full-length genome sequences of mers-cov available in genbank from 2012 to 2019. we used bioinformatics tools to describe the genome structure and organization ...202032803835
some pathological observations on the naturally infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia 2018-2019.background: the natural mers-cov infection in dromedary camels is understudied. recent experimental studies showed no obvious clinical signs in the infected dromedary camels.aim: to study the pathological changes associated with natural mers-cov infection in dromedary camels.methods: tissues from three mers-cov positive animals as well as two negative animals were collected and examined for the presence of pathological changes. the screening of the animals was carried out first by the rapid aggl ...202032543343
cross-sectional prevalence study of mers-cov in local and imported dromedary camels in saudi arabia, 2016-2018.the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) is an endemic virus in dromedaries. annually, saudi arabia imports thousands of camels from the horn of africa, yet the epidemiology of mers-cov in these animals is largely unknown. here, mers-cov prevalence was compared in imported african camels and their local counterparts. a total of 1399 paired sera and nasal swabs were collected from camels between 2016 and 2018. imported animals from sudan (n = 829) and djibouti (n = 328) were sa ...202032453746
detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camel's seminal plasma in saudi arabia 2015-2017.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emergent respiratory virus. dromedary camels are currently the only known reservoir of mers-cov and are capable of transmitting the virus within a herd. the role of semen in the transmission of mers-cov has never been investigated as yet, to the best of our knowledge. our goal was to test semen collected from dromedary camels for mers-cov. a total of 67 seminal plasma samples from infertile and 13 from fertile dromedary camels wer ...202032374945
seroprevalence of mers-cov in healthy adults in western saudi arabia, 2011-2016.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a newly recognized zoonotic coronavirus. current evidence confirms the role of dromedaries in primary human infections but does not explain the sporadic community cases. however, asymptomatic or subclinical cases could represent a possible source of infection in the community.202032005618
coronavirus interactions with the cellular autophagy machinery.the covid-19 pandemic, caused by the sars-cov-2 virus, is the most recent example of an emergent coronavirus that poses a significant threat to human health. virus-host interactions play a major role in the viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis, and cellular pathways such as macroautophagy/autophagy prove to be either detrimental or beneficial to viral replication and maturation. here, we describe the literature over the past twenty years describing autophagy-coronavirus interactions. there ...202032964796
immunogenicity of a dna vaccine candidate for covid-19.the coronavirus family member, sars-cov-2 has been identified as the causal agent for the pandemic viral pneumonia disease, covid-19. at this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease. we have previously engineered a synthetic dna vaccine targeting the mers coronavirus spike (s) protein, the major surface antigen of coronaviruses, which is currently in clinical study. here we build on this prior experience to generate a synthetic dna-based vaccine candidate ta ...202032433465
selection of viral variants during persistent infection of insectivorous bat cells with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) are speculated to have originated in bats. the mechanisms by which these viruses are maintained in individuals or populations of reservoir bats remain an enigma. mathematical models have predicted long-term persistent infection with low levels of periodic shedding as a likely route for virus maintenance and spillover from bats. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that bat cells and m ...202032350357
antiviral therapy in management of covid-19: a systematic review on current evidence.the purpose of the current systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral therapies in treatment of covid-19. in addition, clinical trials on the efficacy of antiviral therapies in the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) or middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) have also been reviewed, in order to identify potential treatment options for covid-19.202032309809
the first clusters of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in oman: time to act.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), is an emerging infectious disease of growing global importance. this review describes the latest mers-cov clusters and the first cases of nosocomial transmission within health care facilities in oman. we have highlighted lessons learned and proposed steps to prevent healthcare-associated infections.202032307315
novel guanosine derivatives against mers cov polymerase: an in silico perspective.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers cov), also termed camel flu, is a new viral infection that first reported in the year 2012 in the middle east region and further spread during the last seven years. mers cov is characterized by its high mortality rate among different human coronaviruses. mers cov polymerase shares more than 20% sequence identity with the hepatitis c virus (hcv) non-structural 5b (ns5b) rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). despite the low sequence identity, t ...202032306854
coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: covid-19, sars-cov-1, mers-cov and lessons from the past.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a novel coronavirus strain disease, has recently emerged in china and rapidly spread worldwide. this novel strain is highly transmittable and severe disease has been reported in up to 16% of hospitalized cases. more than 600,000 cases have been confirmed and the number of deaths is constantly increasing. covid-19 hospitalized patients, especially those suffering from severe respiratory or systemi ...202032305883
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.emerging infectious diseases continue to be of a significant importance worldwide with the potential to cause major outbreaks and global pandemics. in 2002, the world had witnessed the appearance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in china which disappeared abruptly within 6 months. about a decade later, a new and emerging novel coronavirus named the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was described in a patient from saudi arabia. these two coronaviruses sha ...202032305045
crystal structure of nsp15 endoribonuclease nendou from sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is rapidly spreading around the world. there is no existing vaccine or proven drug to prevent infections and stop virus proliferation. although this virus is similar to human and animal sars-covs and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-covs), the detailed information about sars-cov-2 proteins structures and functions is urgently needed to rapidly develop effective vaccines, antibodies, and antivirals. we applied high-thr ...202032304108
structural basis of sars-cov-2 3clpro and anti-covid-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants.the recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by sars-cov-2 has raised global health concerns. the viral 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3clpro) enzyme controls coronavirus replication and is essential for its life cycle. 3clpro is a proven drug discovery target in the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). recent studies revealed that the genome sequence of sars-cov-2 is very simila ...202032296570
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein suppresses type i and type iii interferon induction by targeting rig-i signaling.type i and type iii interferons (ifns) are the frontline of antiviral defense mechanisms that trigger hundreds of downstream antiviral genes. in this study, we observed that mers-cov nucleocapsid (n) protein suppresses type i and type iii ifn gene expression. the n protein suppresses sendai virus-induced ifn-β and ifn-λ1 by reducing their promoter activity and mrna levels, as well as downstream ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) is known to recognize viral rna an ...202032295922
coronavirus infections: epidemiological, clinical and immunological features and hypotheses.coronaviruses (covs) are a large family of enveloped, positive-strand rna viruses. four human covs (hcovs), the non-severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-like hcovs (namely hcov 229e, nl63, oc43, and hku1), are globally endemic and account for a substantial fraction of upper respiratory tract infections. non-sars-like cov can occasionally produce severe diseases in frail subjects but do not cause any major (fatal) epidemics. in contrast, sars like covs (namely sars-cov and middle-east respira ...202032292881
a review of sars-cov-2 and the ongoing clinical trials.the sudden outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov, later named sars-cov-2) in wuhan, china, which rapidly grew into a global pandemic, marked the third introduction of a virulent coronavirus into the human society, affecting not only the healthcare system, but also the global economy. although our understanding of coronaviruses has undergone a huge leap after two precedents, the effective approaches to treatment and epidemiological control are still lacking. in this article, we present a ...202032290293
remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits rna-dependent rna polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency.effective treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) are urgently needed to control this current pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). replication of sars-cov-2 depends on the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), which is the likely target of the investigational nucleotide analogue remdesivir (rdv). rdv shows broad-spectrum antiviral activity against rna viruses, and previous studies with rdrps from ebola virus and middle east respiratory ...202032284326
molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the emergence of sars-cov-2 has been marked as the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the twenty-first century. in this minireview, we provide a brief introduction of the gene ...202032282863
interorganizational coordination and collaboration during the 2015 mers-cov response in south korea.this study examined the way organizations were involved in the response to the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov, mers) outbreak that occurred in korea in 2015.202032279680
cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with covid-19.in december 2019, the world started to face a new pandemic situation, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). although coronavirus disease (covid-19) clinical manifestations are mainly respiratory, major cardiac complications are being reported. cardiac manifestations etiology seems to be multifactorial, comprising direct viral myocardial damage, hypoxia, hypotension, enhanced inflammatory status, ace2-receptors downregulation, drug toxicity, endogenous catecholamine ad ...202032270559
insight into 2019 novel coronavirus - an updated interim review and lessons from sars-cov and mers-cov.the rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by a zoonotic beta-coronavirus entitled 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), has become a global threat. awareness of the biological features of 2019-ncov should be updated in time and needs to be comprehensively summarized to help optimize control measures and make therapeutic decisions.202032247050
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and covid-19 infection during pregnancy. 202032247017
[progress and challenge of vaccine development against 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-ncov)].the outbreak of 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) infection poses a serious threat to global public health. vaccination is an effective way to prevent the epidemic of the virus. 2019-ncov along with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) belong to the same β-genus of coronavirus family. basing on the previous experience and the technical platform of developing sars-cov and mers-cov vaccines, scientists from all over t ...202032234130
cd-sace2 inclusion compounds: an effective treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).coronaviruses are common human viruses and include the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the sars-cov-2. coronaviruses mainly bind to transmembrane receptor proteins on the human cell membrane through spike proteins (s-proteins), thus releasing the rna of the virus into the interior of the host cell to cause an infection. in this article, we discuss the mechanism and production of cyclodextrin-soluble angiotensin-conver ...202032232976
competing endogenous rna network profiling reveals novel host dependency factors required for mers-cov propagation.circular rnas (circrnas) are an integral component of the host competitive endogenous rna (cerna) network. these noncoding rnas are characterized by their unique splicing reactions to form covalently closed loop structures and play important rna regulatory roles in cells. recent studies showed that circrna expressions were perturbed in viral infections and circrnas might serve as potential antiviral targets. we investigated the host cerna network changes and biological relevance of circrnas in h ...202032223537
[epidemiology, treatment, and epidemic prevention and control of the coronavirus disease 2019: a review].this review summarizes the ongoing researches regarding etiology, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, treatment, and prevention and control strategies of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), with comparison to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and pandemic h1n1 virus. sars-cov-2 may be originated from bats, and the patients and asymptomatic c ...202032220177
managing oncology services during a major coronavirus outbreak: lessons from the saudi arabia experience.outbreaks of infectious etiology, particularly those caused by a novel virus that has no known treatment or vaccine, may result in the interruption of medical care provided to patients with cancer and put them at risk for undertreatment in addition to the risk of being exposed to infection, a life-threatening event among patients with cancer. this article describes the approach used to manage patients with cancer during a large-scale middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus hospital outbreak ...202032216653
covid-19 and the digestive system.the novel coronavirus disease is currently causing a major pandemic. it is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a member of the betacoronavirus genus that also includes the sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. while patients typically present with fever and a respiratory illness, some patients also report gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. studies have identified the sars-cov-2 rna in stool specim ...202032215956
a numerical study of ventilation strategies for infection risk mitigation in general inpatient wards.aerial dispersion of human exhaled microbial contaminants and subsequent contamination of surfaces is a potential route for infection transmission in hospitals. most general hospital wards have ventilation systems that drive air and thus contaminants from the patient areas towards the corridors. this study investigates the transport mechanism and deposition patterns of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) within a typical six bedded general inpatient ward cubicle through numer ...202032211123
teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of covid-19?in december 2019, a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), emerged from china causing pneumonia outbreaks, first in the wuhan region of china and then spread worldwide because of its probable high transmission efficiency. owing to the lack of efficient and specific treatments and the need to contain the epidemic, drug repurposing appears to be the best tool to find a therapeutic solution. chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, ribavirin and ritonavir ...202032179150
covid-19 in the shadows of mers-cov in the kingdom of saudi arabia.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has plagued the middle east since it was first reported in 2012. recently, at the end of december 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases were reported from wuhan city, hubei province, china, linked to a wet seafood market with a new coronavirus identified as the etiologic agent currently named sars-cov-2. most cases are in mainland china with international spread to 25 countries. the novelty of the virus, the rapid national and international sp ...202032175703
early estimation of the case fatality rate of covid-19 in mainland china: a data-driven analysis.an ongoing outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov)-2], named covid-19, hit a major city of china, wuhan in december 2019 and subsequently spread to other provinces/regions of china and overseas. several studies have been done to estimate the basic reproduction number in the early phase of this outbreak, yet there are no reliable estimates of case fatality rate (cfr) for covid-19 to date.202032175421
liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the pathogen of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (covid-19), has posed a serious threat to global public health. the who has declared the outbreak of sars-cov-2 infection an international public health emergency. lung lesions have been considered as the major damage caused by sars-cov-2 infection. however, liver injury has also been reported to occur during the course of the disease in severe cases. similarly, previous studies have ...202032170806
application of a risk analysis tool to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak in saudi arabia.the grunow-finke assessment tool (gft) is an accepted scoring system for determining likelihood of an outbreak being unnatural in origin. considering its high specificity but low sensitivity, a modified grunow-finke tool (mgft) has been developed with improved sensitivity. the mgft has been validated against some past disease outbreaks, but it has not been applied to ongoing outbreaks. this study is aimed to score the outbreak of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi a ...202032170774
the origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak - an update on the status.an acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2, previously known as 2019-ncov), the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has spread throughout china and received worldwide attention. on 30 january 2020, world health organization (who) officially declared the covid-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. the emergence of sars-cov-2, since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002 and middle east respiratory syndrome cor ...202032169119
the potential chemical structure of anti-sars-cov-2 rna-dependent rna polymerase.an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) occurred in wuhan and it has rapidly spread to almost all parts of the world. for coronaviruses, rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is an important polymerase that catalyzes the replication of rna from rna template and is an attractive therapeutic target. in this study, we screened these chemical structures from traditional chinese medicinal compounds proven to show antiviral activity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) ...202032167173
[potential antiviral therapeutics for 2019 novel coronavirus].the recent outbreak of respiratory illness in wuhan, china is caused by a novel coronavirus, named 2019-ncov, which is genetically close to a bat-derived coronavirus. 2019-ncov is categorized as beta genus coronavirus, same as the two other strains-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). antiviral drugs commonly used in clinical practice, including neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, paramivir, zanamivir, etc.), gan ...202032164080
a computational vaccine designing approach for mers-cov infections.the aim of this study was to use iedb software to predict the suitable mers-cov epitope vaccine against the most known world population alleles through four selecting proteins such as s glycoprotein and envelope protein and their modification sequences after the pandemic spread of mers-cov in 2012. iedb services is one of the computational methods; the output of this study showed that s glycoprotein, envelope (e) protein, and s and e protein modified sequences of mers-cov might be considered as ...202032162250
compounds with therapeutic potential against novel respiratory 2019 coronavirus.currently, the expansion of the novel human respiratory coronavirus (known as sars-cov-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], covid-2019 [coronavirus disease 2019], or 2019-ncov [2019 novel coronavirus]) has stressed the need for therapeutic alternatives to alleviate and stop this new epidemic. the previous epidemics of infections by high-morbidity human coronaviruses, such as sars-cov in 2003 and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012, prompted the cha ...202032152082
serologic detection of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus functional antibodies.we developed and validated 2 species-independent protein-based assays to detect middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus functional antibodies that can block virus receptor-binding or sialic acid-attachment. antibody levels measured in both assays correlated strongly with virus-neutralizing antibody titers, proving their use for serologic confirmatory diagnosis of middle east respiratory syndrome.202032150528
demographic variations of mers-cov infection among suspected and confirmed cases: an epidemiological analysis of laboratory-based data from riyadh regional laboratory.introduction. middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in september 2012 in saudi arabia. the clinical presentations of mers and non-mers sari are often similar. therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of mers-cov is essential. however, the real challenge is to flag these patients through some demographic markers. the nature of these markers has not previously been investigated in saudi arabia, and hence, ...202032149148
novel coronavirus 2019-ncov: prevalence, biological and clinical characteristics comparison with sars-cov and mers-cov.human infections with zoonotic coronavirus contain emerging and reemerging pathogenic characteristics which have raised great public health concern. this study aimed at investigating the global prevalence, biological and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus, wuhan china (2019-ncov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection outbreaks.202032141570
covid-19 (novel coronavirus 2019) - recent trends.the world health organization (who) has issued a warning that, although the 2019 novel coronavirus (covid-19) from wuhan city (china), is not pandemic, it should be contained to prevent the global spread. the covid-19 virus was known earlier as 2019-ncov. as of 12 february 2020, who reported 45,171 cases and 1115 deaths related to covid-19. covid-19 is similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) virus in its pathogenicity, clinical spectrum, and epidemiology. comparison o ...202032141569
influence of trust on two different risk perceptions as an affective and cognitive dimension during middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak in south korea: serial cross-sectional surveys.this study aimed to assess the affective and cognitive risk perceptions in the general population of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) during the 2015 mers coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreak in south korea and the influencing factors.202032139484
small molecule inhibitors of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion by targeting cavities on heptad repeat trimers.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a newly emerging viral disease with fatal outcomes. however, no mers-cov-specific treatment is commercially available. given the absence of previous structure-based drug discovery studies targeting mers-cov fusion proteins, this set of compounds is considered the first generation of mers-cov small molecule fusion inhibitors. after a virtual screening campaign of 1.56 million compounds followed by cell-cell fusion assay and mers-cov plaqu ...202032126736
in silico screening of chinese herbal medicines with the potential to directly inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus.in this study we execute a rational screen to identify chinese medical herbs that are commonly used in treating viral respiratory infections and also contain compounds that might directly inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), an ongoing novel coronavirus that causes pneumonia.202032113846
potential rapid diagnostics, vaccine and therapeutics for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov): a systematic review.rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) outbreak. it is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov, to guide policymakers globally on their prioritization of resources for research and development. a systematic search was carried out in three major elect ...202032110875
the neuroinvasive potential of sars-cov2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of covid-19 patients.following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), another highly pathogenic coronavirus named sars-cov-2 (previously known as 2019-ncov) emerged in december 2019 in wuhan, china, and rapidly spreads around the world. this virus shares highly homological sequence with sars-cov, and causes acute, highly lethal pneumonia coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) with clinical symptoms similar to those reported for sars-cov ...202032104915
syndromic surveillance system for mers-cov as new early warning and identification approach.this commentary presents a novel outlook for public health authorities in the affected countries to detect and respond quickly to the emerging public health threats such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). implementing an innovative electronic surveillance system called syndromic surveillance system is essential for global health security.202032104115
nanoplasmonic on-chip pcr for rapid precision molecular diagnostics.emerging molecular diagnosis requires ultrafast polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on chip for rapid precise detection of infectious diseases in the point-of-care test. here, we report nanoplasmonic on-chip pcr for rapid precision molecular diagnostics. the nanoplasmonic pillar arrays (npa) comprise gold nanoislands on the top and sidewall of large-scale glass nanopillar arrays. the nanoplasmonic pillars enhance light absorption of a white light-emitting diode (led) over the whole visible range due ...202032101396
the antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits rna-dependent rna polymerase from middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.antiviral drugs for managing infections with human coronaviruses are not yet approved, posing a serious challenge to current global efforts aimed at containing the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (cov-2). remdesivir (rdv) is an investigational compound with a broad spectrum of antiviral activities against rna viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers-cov). rdv is a nucleotide analog inhibitor of rna-dependent r ...202032094225
rigidity of the outer shell predicted by a protein intrinsic disorder model sheds light on the covid-19 (wuhan-2019-ncov) infectivity.the world is currently witnessing an outbreak of a new coronavirus spreading quickly across china and affecting at least 24 other countries. with almost 65,000 infected, a worldwide death toll of at least 1370 (as of 14 february 2020), and with the potential to affect up to two-thirds of the world population, covid-19 is considered by the world health organization (who) to be a global health emergency. the speed of spread and infectivity of covid-19 (also known as wuhan-2019-ncov) are dramatical ...202032092911
detecting emerging infectious diseases: an overview of the laboratory response network for biological threats.the laboratory response network (lrn) was established in 1999 to ensure an effective laboratory response to high-priority public health threats. the lrn for biological threats (lrn-b) provides a laboratory infrastructure to respond to emerging infectious diseases. since 2012, the lrn-b has been involved in 3 emerging infectious disease outbreak responses. we evaluated the lrn-b role in these responses and identified areas for improvement. lrn-b laboratories tested 1097 specimens during the 2014 ...202031682559
a potent postentry restriction to primate lentiviruses in a yinpterochiropteran bat.bats are primary reservoirs for multiple lethal human viruses, such as ebola, nipah, hendra, rabies, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov), and, most recently, sars-cov-2. the innate immune systems of these immensely abundant, anciently diverged mammals remain insufficiently characterized. while bat genomes contain many endogenous retroviral elements indicative of past exogenous infections, little is known about ...202032934084
effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) on the nervous system. what can we expect from sars -cov-2?coronaviruses cause respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders in animals and humans. the current sars-cov-2, the covid-19 infectious agent, belongs to a subgroup called betacoronavirus including the sars-cov and mers-cov responsible for epidemics in 2002 and 2012, respectively.these viruses can also infect the nervous system due to their affinity for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) expressed in neurons and glial cells. infections with sars-cov, mers-cov, and now sars-cov-2 also ...202033152201
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus gene 5 modulates pathogenesis in mice.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a highly lethal pneumonia that emerged in 2012. there is limited information on mers-cov pathogenesis, as data from patients are scarce and the generation of animal models reproducing mers clinical manifestations has been challenging. human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 knock-in (hdpp4-ki) mice and a mouse-adapted mers-cov (mersma-6-1-2) were recently described. hdpp4-ki mice infected with mersma-6-1-2 show pathological signs of respiratory ...202033144319
anti-s1 mers-cov igy specific antibodies decreases lung inflammation and viral antigen positive cells in the human transgenic mouse model.the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified in 2012 and causes severe and often fatal acute respiratory illness in humans. no approved prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are currently available. in this study, we have developed egg yolk antibodies (immunoglobulin y (igy)) specific for mers-cov spike protein (s1) in order to evaluate their neutralizing efficiency against mers-cov infection. s1-specific immunoglobulins were produced by injecting chickens with ...202033139631
molecular diversity of coronavirus host cell entry receptors.coronaviruses are a group of viruses causing disease in a wide range of animals including humans. since 2002, the successive emergence of bat-borne severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov) and sars-cov-2 have reinforced efforts in uncovering the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms governing coronavirus cell tropism and interspecies transmission. decades of studies have ...202033118022
neutralizing and binding activities against sars-cov-1/2, mers-cov, and human coronaviruses 229e and oc43 by normal human intravenous immunoglobulin derived from healthy donors in japan.there are several types of coronaviruses that infect humans and cause disease. the latest is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which is an emerging global threat with no current effective treatment. normal intravenous immunoglobulin (n-ivig) has been administered to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) patients to control severe inflammation and the cellular immune response. however, the neutralizing activity of n-ivig against sars-cov-2 has not yet been fully evaluate ...202033104267
utility of proteomics in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases caused by rna viruses.emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to rna viruses cause major negative consequences for the quality of life, public health, and overall economic development. most of the rna viruses causing illnesses in humans are of zoonotic origin. zoonotic viruses can directly be transferred from animals to humans through adaptation, followed by human-to-human transmission, such as in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respir ...202033095583
inhibition of coronavirus entry in vitro and ex vivo by a lipid-conjugated peptide derived from the sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein hrc domain.the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (sars-cov-2), the etiological agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (covid-19), has erupted into a global pandemic that has led to tens of millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. the development of therapeutics to treat infection or as prophylactics to halt viral transmission and spread is urgently needed. sars-cov-2 relies on structural rearrangements within a spike (s) glycoprotein to mediate fu ...202033082259
update of the current knowledge on genetics, evolution, immunopathogenesis, and transmission for coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19).in december 2019, an acute respiratory disease caused by novel species of coronavirus (sars-cov-2), emerged in china and has spread throughout the world. on 11th march 2020, the world health organization (who) officially declared coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) a pandemic, severe coronavirus-mediated human disease. based on genomic and phylogenetic studies, sars-cov-2 might originate from bat coronaviruses and infects humans directly or through intermediate zoonotic hosts. however, the exact o ...202033061805
immunopathogenesis of coronavirus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards): potential infection-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in december 2019 in wuhan, china, introduced the third highly pathogenic coronavirus into humans in the 21st century. scientific advance after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) epidemic and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emergence enabled clinicians to understand the epidemiology and pathophysiology of sars-cov-2. in this review, we summarize and discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, an ...202033055229
the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).dromedary camels remain the currently identified reservoir for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the virus is released in the secretions of the infected camels, especially the nasal tract. the virus shedding curve through the nasal secretions was studied. although human transmission of the virus through the respiratory tract of close contact people with dromedary reported previously, the exact mechanism of transmission is still largely unknown. the main goal of this st ...202033050973
immunosuppressive drugs and covid-19: a review.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). it is currently unknown whether immunosuppressive drugs are advantageous or detrimental in patients with covid-19. immunosuppressive drugs could be harmful in the initial phase of covid-19. in this phase, the host immune response is necessary to inhibit viral replication. however, immunosuppressive drugs might have a beneficial effect in the later, more severe phase of covid-19. in this ...202032982743
targeting polyamines inhibits coronavirus infection by reducing cellular attachment and entry.coronaviruses first garnered widespread attention in 2002 when the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged from bats in china and rapidly spread in human populations. since then, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged and still actively infects humans. the recent sars-cov-2 outbreak and the resulting disease (coronavirus disease 2019, covid19) have rapidly and catastrophically spread and highlighted significant limitations to our ability to contr ...202032966040
stability of mers-cov rna on spin columns of rna extraction kit at room temperature.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus causing a highly fatal respiratory disease in humans. confirmation of mers-cov infection and molecular study on the virus may require transportation of samples to specialized laboratories. while freezing at -80 °c is the gold standard method for rna preservation, maintaining the integrity of viral rna during transport will require additional precautions and, as a result, increase transport costs. we aimed at testing the ...202032947111
molecular basis of pathogenesis of coronaviruses: a comparative genomics approach to planetary health to prevent zoonotic outbreaks in the 21st century.in the first quarter of the 21st century, we are already facing the third emergence of a coronavirus outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. comparative genomics can inform a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of covid-19. previous strains of coronavirus, sars-cov, and middle-east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov), have been known to cause acute lung injuries in humans. sars-cov-2 ...202032940573
coronavirus infections in children: from sars and mers to covid-19, a narrative review of epidemiological and clinical features.emerging and re-emerging viruses represent an important challenge for global public health. in the 1960s, coronaviruses (covs) were recognized as disease agents in humans. in only two decades, three strains of covs have crossed species barriers rapidly emerging as human pathogens resulting in life-threatening disease with a pandemic potential: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002, middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012 and the recently emerged ...202032921726
structural basis of sars-cov-2 main protease inhibition by a broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral drug.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), took tens of thousands of lives and caused tremendous economic losses. the main protease (mpro) of sars-cov-2 is a potential target for treatment of covid-19 due to its critical role in maturation of viral proteins and subsequent viral replication. conceptually and technically, targeting therapy against mpro is similar to target therapy t ...202032905393
predicting the recombination potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) recently emerged to cause widespread infections in humans. sars-cov-2 infections have been reported in the kingdom of saudi arabia, where middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes seasonal outbreaks with a case fatality rate of ~37 %. here we show that there exists a theoretical possibility of future recombination events between sars-cov-2 and mers-cov rna. through computational analyses, we have identified homolog ...202032902372
current state of vaccine development and targeted therapies for covid-19: impact of basic science discoveries.coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). sars-cov-2 is closely related to two other coronaviruses that caused disease epidemic breakouts in humans in the last 2 decades, namely, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the similarities have enabled the scientists to apply the basic scientific discoveries garnered from studying the structure and ...202032889088
coronaviruses and endocrine system: a systematic review on evidences and shadows.coronaviruses are a big family of viruses that can infect mammalians and birds. in humans they mainly cause respiratory tract infections, with a large spectrum of severity, from mild, self-limited infections to highly lethal forms as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). scanty data are reported for the involvement of endocrine glands by human coronaviruses, in particular sars-cov ...202032888287
in silico structure modelling of sars-cov-2 nsp13 helicase and nsp14 and repurposing of fda approved antiviral drugs as dual inhibitors.the high mortality rate from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infections in humans and the lack of effective therapeutic regime for its treatment necessitates the identification of new antivirals. sars-cov-2 relies on non-structural proteins such as nsp13 helicase and nsp14 which are the key components of the replication-transcription complex (rtc) to complete its infectious life cycle. therefore, targeting these essential viral proteins with small molecules will ...202032875166
an overview of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines in preclinical studies.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes high mortality in humans. no vaccines are approved for use in humans; therefore, a consistent effort to develop safe and effective mers vaccines is needed.202032842811
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a viral pneumonia, responsible for the recent pandemic, and originated from wuhan, china, in december 2019. the causative agent of the outbreak was identified as coronavirus and designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars- cov-2). few years back, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars- cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) were reported to be highly pathogenic and caused severe infectio ...202032840560
approach to childhood asthma in the era of covid-19: the official statement endorsed by the saudi pediatric pulmonology association (sppa).coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that infect humans, which may result in mild symptoms similar to those of the common cold. covid-19 is most recent subtype similar or even worse than the two previous pandemic strains which were the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the first cases of covid-19 emerged in december 2019. since then, the virus causing the disease has infected more than four million peo ...202032838011
structure-based virtual screening of phytochemicals and repurposing of fda approved antiviral drugs unravels lead molecules as potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3c-like protease enzyme.coronaviruses are enveloped positive-strand rna viruses belonging to family coronaviridae and order nidovirales which cause infections in birds and mammals. among the human coronaviruses, highly pathogenic ones are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) which have been implicated in severe respiratory syndrome in humans. there are no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines for the treatment of human cov infection to d ...202032837113
covid-19 vaccines: a race against time in the middle of death and devastation!the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has turned into a global human tragedy and economic devastation. governments have implemented lockdown measures, blocked international travel, and enforced other public containment measures to mitigate the virus morbidity and mortality. as of today, no drug has the power to fight the infection and bring normalcy to the utter chaos. this leaves us with only one choice namely an effective and safe vaccine that shall be manufactured as soon as possible and av ...202032837093
antiviral potential of garlic (allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: a systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data.garlic (allium sativum l.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (oscs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. however, so far no systematic review on its antiviral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists.202032836826
neurological manifestations of covid-19 and other coronaviruses: a systematic review.to describe the main neurological manifestations related to coronavirus infection in humans.202032834527
susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective.viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ...202032821661
role of probiotics to combat viral infections with emphasis on covid-19.interspecies transmissions of viruses between animals and humans may result in unpredictable pathogenic potential and new transmissible diseases. this mechanism has recently been exemplified by the discovery of new pathogenic viruses, such as the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic, middle-east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus epidemic in saudi arabia, and the deadly outbreak of ebola in west africa. the. sars-cov-2 causes coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19 ...202032813065
the global emergency of novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2): an update of the current status and forecasting.over the past two decades, there have been two major outbreaks where the crossover of animal betacoronaviruses to humans has resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). in december 2019, a global public health concern started with the emergence of a new strain of coronavirus (sars-cov-2 or 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-ncov) which has rapidly spread all over the world from its origin in wuhan, china. sars-cov-2 ...202032764417
[replication and transmission mechanisms of highly pathogenic human coronavirus].the three known highly pathogenic human coronaviruses are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are composed of non-structural proteins, structural proteins, accessory proteins and ribonucleic acid. viral particles recognize host receptors via spike glycoprotein (s protein), enter host cells by membrane fusion, replic ...202032762165
approaches and advances in the development of potential therapeutic targets and antiviral agents for the management of sars-cov-2 infection.virus onslaughts continue to spread fear and cause rampage across the world every now and then. the twenty first century is yet again witnessing a gross global pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). globally no vaccines or drug specific to covid-19 is available. corona viruses have been in mutual relationship with humans and other hosts over many decades though aggressive zoonotic strains have caused havoc. zoonotic e ...202032739174
neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of sars-cov-2: understanding the neurological manifestations in covid-19 patients.respiratory viruses are opportunistic pathogens that infect the upper respiratory tract in humans and cause severe illnesses, especially in vulnerable populations. some viruses have neuroinvasive properties and activate the immune response in the brain. these immune events may be neuroprotective or they may cause long-term damage similar to what is seen in some neurodegenerative diseases. the new "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (sars-cov-2) is one of the respiratory viruses cau ...202032725449
lessons for covid-19 immunity from other coronavirus infections.a key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is developing an effective vaccine. development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective immune response and also features that might be pathogenic. protective and pathogenic aspects of the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) are not well understood, partly because the virus has infected humans for only 6 months. however, insight into coronavirus immunity can be informed by ...202032717182
covid-19: a new turning point for dental practice.recent new zoonotic respiratory viruses have infected humans and led to severe acute respiratory syndrome: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), influenza a h5n1, influenza a h1n1 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the first sars-cov outbreak took place in 2003, in guangdong, china. a decade later, another pathogenic coronavirus, mers-cov caused an endemic in middle eastern countries. the latest pandemic coronavirus infectious disease (covid-19) has ...202032696908
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): state of the science.coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause disease outbreaks ranging from the common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. since 2003, three zoonotic members of this family evolved to cross species barriers infecting humans and resulting in relatively high case fatality rates (cfr). compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov, cfr = 10%) and pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2, cfr = 6%), the middle east respiratory syn ...202032630780
covid-19: precautionary guidelines for ophthalmologists.several coronaviruses can infect humans, and the globally endemic human coronaviruses, hcov-229e (human coronavirus 229e), hcov-nl63 (human coronavirus nl63), and others, tend to cause mild respiratory diseases. the zoonotic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type1 (sars-cov-1) have high fatality rates. in december 2019, the world health organization (who) was notified by chinese authorities about an outbreak of pneumonia bef ...202032607305
covid-19 vaccines: "warp speed" needs mind melds, not warped minds.in this review, we address issues that relate to the rapid "warp speed" development of vaccines to counter the covid-19 pandemic. we review the antibody response that is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection of humans and how it may inform vaccine research. the isolation and properties of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from covid-19 patients provide additional information on what vaccines should try to elicit. the nature and longevity of the anti ...202032591466
human and novel coronavirus infections in children: a review.coronaviruses, seven of which are known to infect humans, can cause a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe illness and death. four human coronaviruses (hcovs)-229e, hku1, nl63 and oc43-circulate globally, commonly infect children and typically cause mild upper respiratory tract infections. three novel coronaviruses of zoonotic origin have emerged during the past two decades: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-1), middle east respir ...202032584199
challenge infection model for mers-cov based on naturally infected camels.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus that infects humans and camels with no approved antiviral therapy or vaccine. some vaccines are in development for camels as a one-health intervention where vaccinating camels is proposed to reduce human viral exposure. this intervention will require an understanding of the prior exposure of camels to the virus and appropriate vaccine efficacy studies in camels.202032552831
genomic determinants of pathogenicity in sars-cov-2 and other human coronaviruses.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) poses an immediate, major threat to public health across the globe. here we report an in-depth molecular analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary origins of the enhanced pathogenicity of sars-cov-2 and other coronaviruses that are severe human pathogens. using integrated comparative genomics and machine learning techniques, we identify key genomic features that differentiate sars-cov-2 and the viruses behind the two previous deadly cor ...202032522874
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